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> Future Atmospheric Missions > Trautmann • WMO PSGT, DLR> 5-7 October 2015
Future Atmospheric Missions
Thomas Trautmann – DLR-IMF
with contributions by O. Reitebuch & G. Ehret (DLR-IPA)
WMO Polar Space Task Group, 5th Meeting, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-7 Oct 2015
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> Future Atmospheric Missions > Trautmann • WMO PSGT, DLR> 5-7 October 2015
Overview
1. Atmospheric missions and cryosphere‒atmosphere interaction
2. Past and current European atmospheric missions
3. Future European atmospheric missions
a) Passive remote sensing
b) Active remote sensing
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> Future Atmospheric Missions > Trautmann • WMO PSGT, DLR> 5-7 October 2015
Cryosphere ‒ Atmosphere Interaction
Some strategic priorities (WMO) for polar regions
− Establishing satellite Doppler wind lidar profiling capability
− Monitoring of atmospheric composition
− ozone, methane and carbon dioxide
− aerosols
⇒ For a better understanding of
− the polar atmosphere
− cryosphere - atmosphere coupling
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> Future Atmospheric Missions > Trautmann • WMO PSGT, DLR> 5-7 October 2015
Past and current European sensors/platforms
with DLR involvement
Time frame
Wavelength (nm)
Parameters
ENVISAT/
SCIAMACHY
2002-2012
UV-VIS-NIR: 215-1063
SWIR: 1934-2044 &
2259-2386
nadir: O3, NO2, BrO, H2O, SO2, HCHO,
OClO, CHOCHO, CO, CH4, AAIA, clouds
limb: O3, NO2, BrO, clouds
limb/nadir matching: tropospheric NO2
ERS-2/
GOME
1995-2011
UV-VIS-NIR: 237-794
O3, NO2, H2O, BrO, SO2, HCHO, OClO,
tropospheric O3, clouds
MetOp/
GOME-2
MetOp-A: > 2006
MetOp-B: > 2012
MetOp-C: > 2017
UV-VIS-NIR: 240-790
O3, NO2, H2O, BrO, SO2, HCHO,
tropospheric O3, tropospheric NO2, OClO,
CHOCHO, clouds
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> Future Atmospheric Missions > Trautmann • WMO PSGT, DLR> 5-7 October 2015
Information Retrieval Concept – Absorption Spectroscopy
Application – Air pollution
Tropospheric
NO2 2007-2012 (GOME-2)
Artist‘s simulation: Simulated NO2 over Bavaria from
S-5P
− Exploitation of GOME-2
instruments on MetOp
A&B
− Reactive trace gases
(cf. NO2, SO2, HCHO)
− Urban and regional hot
spots
− Further improvement with
Sentinel-5P and Sentinel-5
(7x7 km2)
− Launch: S-5P 2016, S-5
2021
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> Future Atmospheric Missions > Trautmann • WMO PSGT, DLR> 5-7 October 2015
Kasatochi / Aleutian Islands – August 2008
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> Future Atmospheric Missions > Trautmann • WMO PSGT, DLR> 5-7 October 2015
Future European sensors and platforms
active
Time frame
Wavelength (nm)
Parameters
Sentinel 5
Precursor
≥ 2016
UV-VIS-NIR: 270-775
SWIR: 2305-2385
O3, SO2, HCHO, tropospheric O3,
H2O, CO, CH4, NO2, tropospheric
NO2, BrO, clouds
Sentinel 5
≥ 2021
UV-VIS-NIR: 270-775
SWIR: 1590-1675 &
2305-2385
O3, NO2, H2O, BrO, SO2, HCHO, CO,
CH4, tropospheric NO2, tropospheric
O3, OClO, CHOCHO, clouds
Sentinel 4
≥ 2021
UV-VIS-NIR: 305-775
O3, NO2, H2O, BrO, SO2, HCHO,
tropospheric NO2, tropospheric O3,
OClO, CHOCHO, clouds
ADM-Aeolus
≥ 2016/17
UV: 355
Lidar
Line-of-sight wind profiles
MERLIN
≥ 2019
SWIR: 1645
Lidar
CH4
Big challenge = ”Big Data“
Sentinel 5 Precursor Mission
L2 Algorithm Development
- NRT processing of spectrometer data
- 7x7 km2 nadir pixel size
- 860.000 obs. per orbit (100 minutes); GOME-2
20.000 obs./orbit
− Built and procured by ESA, together with industry and research institutions
over Europe; its operation will be paid by the European Commission (EC)
− Launch in 2016
− DLR: Scientific L2 algorithm
development and operational
data processor
− Focus: tropospheric trace gases,
O3, SO2, HCHO, clouds
Artist‘s view. Credit: DLR
Copernicus Sentinel 4 UVN
• First European GOME-type spectrometer in
geostationary orbit
• Launch on Meteosat Third Generation sounder platform:
MTG-S1 ~2021, MTG-S2 ~2029
• Level 2 Products: O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO and AOD over
Europe/North Africa (nadir pixel size 8x8 km2)
• DLR is leading the ESA S4 level 2 development project
 Air quality measurements with fast repeat cycle
every 60 minutes during daytime
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> Future Atmospheric Missions > Trautmann • WMO PSGT, DLR> 5-7 October 2015
GMES/Copernicus Sentinel 5
Some S5 facts
− S5 will fly on EUMETSAT Polar System 2nd Generation
platform (EPS-SG)
− Nadir pixel resolution 7x7 km2,
swath 2700 km
UV
270-370 nm @ < 0.5 nm (< 1.0 nm
below 300 nm)
VIS
370-500 nm @ < 0.5 nm
NIR
(685-)710-775 nm @ (<0.06) 0.4
nm
SWIR 1 xCH4
1590-1675 nm @ < 0.25 nm
SWIR 3 CO (CH4, H2O,
HDO)
2305-2385 nm @ < 0.25 nm
− High spatial resolution => quantitative determination of air pollution on city-scale;
identifying of emission sources and sinks
− Daily coverage in the tropics
− Mission data volume ~ 8 PByte
Global Observing System for Weather Prediction
Observations at ECMWF within 24 h in 2010
WMO Expert Team on
Observational Data
Requirements and
Redesign of the Global
Observing System
Fig. ECMWF
R. Hagedorn,
Statement of Guidance for
Global NWP (April 2014) and
High-Resolution NWP (July
2014):
The critical atmospheric variables
that are not adequately measured
by current or planned systems are
(in order of priority):
1. wind profiles at all levels
“Development of satellite-based wind profiling systems remains a priority for the future global
observing system.” (5th WMO NWP Impact Workshop Final Report, Sedona May 2012)
=> Doppler wind lidar technology can fill this gap
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 Aeolus is the first European lidar
mission from ESA and first wind
lidar mission worldwide
 Objective is to improve weather
forecasting by providing global
wind-profile observations
 Polar orbiting satellite at
400 km with single payload
instrument - the Doppler lidar
ALADIN
Aeolus
The first wind
lidar in space with
launch in 2016/17
The Atmospheric Dynamics Mission ADM-Aeolus
ADM-Aeolus with single payload
Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument
ALADIN
Aeolus Orbits for 1 week

First wind lidar and first High Spectral Resolution
Lidar HSRL in space to obtain aerosol/cloud
optical properties

Measures profiles of wind in line-of-sight
direction from ground up to 20-30 km with a
vertical resolution of 250-2000 m averaged over
90 km

High requirement on random error:
<1 m/s (z=0-2 km, for Δz=0.5 km. HLOS)
<2 m/s (z=2-16 km, for Δz=1.0 km, HLOS)

Very demanding requirements for the systematic
error:
unknown bias <0.4 m/s
linearity error <0.7 % of actual wind speed
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DLR Falcon Flight Tracks May 2015
Greenland
Summit
Satellite
underpass
sea ice
calibration
Jet Stream
Greenland
calibration
Greenland Tip Jet
Aeolus Track
ASCAT underpass
Aeolus Track
Jet Stream
The French-German Climate Mission MERLIN
Mission Objective
 Column-integrated dry-air volume mixing
ratio of CH4 using the IPDA Lidar technique
with following features:
−
−
−
−
−
−
random error:
18 ppb
systematic error:
3 ppb
along track averaging
50 km
individual measurement: 100 m
all season, high latitudes in winter time
no bias from aerosol and cloud
scattering
 Estimates on regional scale (200x200 km2)
CH4 surface emission on a monthly basis
using inverse modelling
 Secondary data products on canopy height,
surface retro-reflectance, cloud-boundaries
and strong aerosol layers
© CNES/Illustration D. Ducros
 Mission Details: Launch: 2019; mission




duration: 3 years; orbit type: low polar sunsynchronous Earth orbit; orbit height ~
500km; LTAN: 6h/18h
Mission status: Phase B (PDR Oct. 15)
PI's: Gerhard Ehret, DLR, Germany and
Philippe Bousquet, LSCE,France
Project manager: Bruno Millet, CNES,
Toulouse and Matthias Alpers, DLR, Bonn
Scientific Advise: Joint Mission Advisory
Group (MERLIN-SAG)
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Inverse Modeling
Results using Synthetic MERLIN
Observations
M. Heimann, J. Marshall, MPI-BGC, Jena
Use of TM3 model resolution
of 3hr x 8° x 10° x 9
aggregation of 50 km lidar
observations along track:
calculation of posterior flux
covariance matrix
C −x1,post = J T C −1d ,pri J + C −x1,pri
1-σpost/σpri
Substantial error reduction in key
regions with respect to the present
knowledge of CH4-fluxes on regional
scale for July
Assumption
• Standard scenario using a priori flux and
flux uncertainty based on Mikaloff-Fletcher
et al., 2004 with updated, process based,
global totals from IPCC AR4
• Neglecting of
- Transport model error
- "Representation” error