Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow: Essential Questions
Why were some
settlements and
colonies founded
in North America?
People in the past have searched for new lands when their ideas about
religion, politics, and economics differed from those in power.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow: Essential Questions
How did religion and
economics shape the
formation of the
governments of the
colonies?
Religion and economics shaped the emergence of our
democratic/representative government by determining what political
systems, laws, and culture were established.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow: Essential Questions
What is the difference
between a primary and
secondary source?
Why do we use them?
Primary and secondary sources can be used to answer historical questions
and to see people and events in their historical context. Primary sources
include first-hand accounts of historical events (speeches, diaries, letters,
eyewitness accounts, etc.; secondary sources are historical accounts as
told by historians, other people that were not directly involved in an event
(i.e., textbooks, journal articles, videos, etc.).
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
1. The population grew so rapidly in the
1700s for the following reasons:
a) Immigration
b) Early marriages for women
c) Large families
d) People stayed healthier – they avoided
childhood diseases
e) People lived longer
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
2. A New England
colony was a well
organized town.
There usually was a
meeting house and
a town green in the
center of town.
Farmers lived on
the edge of the
town with their fields
on the outskirts.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
3. New England farms were smaller than those farther
south because New England had long, cold winters
with thin rocky soil. These, along with lots of hills,
meant that farmers had smaller farms.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
4. Subsistence farming:
When a farmer
produces enough
food for his own use
and possibly a little
more to trade for
other food/goods.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
5. On New England
farms in the 1700s
children could be
found spinning yarn,
making preserves,
milking cows,
mending fences, and
sowing and
harvesting crops.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
6. Small businesses in New England were building ships,
making lumber products, making flour, selling fish, making
cloth, garments, candles, and soap.
Some of the larger farms had blacksmiths, shoemakers,
furniture makers, gunsmiths, metalsmiths, and printers.
These products were shipped to Great Britain and other
parts of Europe as well as to Africa, the West Indies, and to
the other colonies.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
7. Triangular trade is a
term used to describe
the trade routes that
developed between
Britain, Africa, and the
American colonies.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
8. The trading of slaves took place on the
Middle Passage – read top of page 91.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
9. Farming in the Middle Colonies was much
different than farming in New England.
There was fertile soil with a much warmer
climate.
There were large tracts of land that
produced large harvests. Farmers in the
Middle Colonies grew crops that could be
easily sold in the colonies and overseas.
These were called cash crops.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
10. In the Middle
Colonies there was
carpentry, mills
producing flour,
lumbering, mining,
iron mills, and
some small scale
manufacturing.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
11. Pennsylvania was
settled by Germans, the
Dutch, Swedish, and
other non-English
immigrants. The fact that
several different ethnic
groups settled in
Pennsylvania meant that
the colony was more
diversified than other
colonies. Pennsylvania
became tolerant of
differing views.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
12. The Southern
Colonies had rich
soil with an even
warmer climate.
They were able to
produce large cash
crops so there was
no need for
industry.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
13. Tobacco farming in the Southern Colonies was a
very large business. Huge amounts of labor were
needed. At first they used indentured servants to
work the fields, then slaves were used. Large
plantations with many slaves could earn tremendous
amounts of money allowing the plantation owner to
get quite wealthy with most of the tobacco produced
sold in Europe.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
14. Rice farming became the main cash crop in the
south. Rice was grown in low-lying coastal areas.
Farmers built dams to create the rice fields which
were called paddies. They flooded the paddies
when the rice was young and drained the paddies
to harvest the crops. The conditions were not
good – they had to work knee deep in mud all day
under the hot sun with insects, snakes, and other
animals. This is why slave labor was used. The
Southern Colonies grew and got wealthy because
of tobacco and rice.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
15. Discuss:
a) Field slaves
b) House slaves
c) Overseers
d) Slave codes
e) Punishments
f) The business of slave trading
g) Getting out of slavery
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
16. The good thing about slavery (from
the perspective of slave owners)
was that it gave the South great
economic success.
Obviously slavery is an inhumane
practice. Because of those
differing opinions some colonies
began to ban slavery, and
eventually these differences led to
the Civil War.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
17. England viewed North America as an
economic resource because the colonies
could provide resources to the
manufacturers in England. The belief in
mercantilism (you get power from wealth)
was strong at this time.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
18. Export:
To sell goods abroad
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
19. Import:
To buy foreign goods
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
20. The Navigation Acts were a set of laws
designed to make sure that only the
English benefitted from the colonies.
They accomplished their purpose by
directing the flow of goods between the
colonies and England.
The British could not use any foreign
ships, and certain products could be
sent only to England.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
21. Smuggling:
Trading illegally with
other nations
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
22. The colonists smuggled goods
in order to beat the Navigation
Acts and to make money.
The Acts caused friction
between the colonists and
England... the colonists
wanted to be able to trade
their goods to other countries,
so they were opposed to the
Navigation Acts.
British ships such as
this one patrolled for
smugglers.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
23. Only white, male,
landowners over the
age of 21 had voting
rights under colonial
legislatures.
Women, indentured
servants, the landless,
the poor, and slaves
could not vote.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
24. Followers of the Puritan
faith had to attend
church.
There were punishments
for those who laughed or
played on Sunday.
Puritans were later called
Congregationalists.
The Bay Psalm Book, printed in
Boston, 1640: the first book
printed in the British colonies.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
25. Women: Cooked, made butter and cheese, preserved
food, spun yarn, made clothes, tended to chickens and
cows. In the backcountry and PA, they worked in the
fields, and were involved in the church. In cities they
might have outside jobs (esp. unmarried women) like
cooks, cleaning, nurses, ran shops and inns, teachers.
Women who were widowed/unmarried could own
property and run businesses.



Men: Worked in the fields, built barns, houses, and
fences, were heads of households, managed farms.
Parents: Cared for children and taught them necessary
skills.
Children: Did whatever they were told to do!!!
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
26. In 1647 the Massachusetts
Puritans passed a law that
said each community had
to have a teacher that was
to be paid from taxes.
Schools were established
as a result of this.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
27. Literacy:
The ability to read and write
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
28.
a) About 85% of the men and
50% of the women were literate
in New England.
b) Dame schools were schools
run by widows or unmarried
women.
c) The schools were run by the
Quakers in the middle colonies.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
29. Harvard was founded by
the Puritans in 1636, and
William & Mary was
founded by the Anglicans
in 1693.
These colleges were
started in order to train
ministers in their respective
faiths.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
30. The Enlightenment was a movement that
started in Europe in the middle 1700s.
It spread the idea that knowledge,
science, and reason could improve
society.
The movement was very popular in spite
of religious leaders who didn't like the
Enlightenment because people were now
thinking for themselves.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
31. Benjamin Franklin made many
contributions to the American colonies,
including: Poor Richard's Almanac,
printing, sayings, advice, electricity,
lightening rod, bifocals, Franklin Stove,
hospital, fire department, library (which
became the Univ. of PA), statesman,
patriot, and founding father.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
32. As the population of the British
colonies grew people began to
explore the Ohio River Valley.
This presented a problem because
the French considered this their
territory, and they had no intention of
letting anyone cut into their fur trade.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
33. The Native Americans
could become a
deciding factor in a
struggle for control of
North America
between the French
and the British.
Tecumseh was the
youthful chief of the
Ohio River Valley’s
Shawnee tribe.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
34. The Native Americans were more likely to side
with the French because:
The French were more interested in furs
whereas the British wanted land.
The French accepted Native culture.
(French/Native marriages were common.)
French missionaries did try to convert the
Natives, but were respectful about it.
Because of these factors, the Natives helped
the French by raiding British forts.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
35. George Washington's (a surveyor) mission in 1753 was to
tell the French they were trespassing on land claimed by the
British. He was unsuccessful with this.
In 1754 GW (now a lieutenant colonel) went with a militia to
build a fort where the Allegheny & Mononghela Rivers meet
to form the Ohio River (Pittsburgh).
The French were already building a fort (Duquesne) there, so
GW built Fort Necessity nearby. GW and his men also
attacked a French scouting party, but were outnumbered,
captured, and then released by the French.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
36. Militia:
A group of civilians trained to fight
in emergencies, similar to today's
National Guard.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
37. George Washington,
in spite of
surrendering to the
French scouting
party, was considered
a hero because he
was the first British
leader to confront the
French.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
38. The Albany Plan of Union was a
plan designed by Ben Franklin
that called for one general
government for all Americans
so they could work together
against the French.
The plan would allow for tax
collection, regulation of trade,
and raising of an army. The
plan didn't work because no
colony signed on. No colony
wanted to give up its own
power.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
39.
The French and Indian War was
a war where the British colonists
were fighting against the French
and the Indians.
The name was from the British
perspective because they were
fighting two different groups. It
was part of a larger struggle that
involved control of world trade
and power on the seas.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
40. In 1754 the British colonists feared
that the French would control the
North American continent since
they already controlled much land
in the Great Lakes region and
Ohio River Valley.
They also had alliances with Native
Americans which helped them have
some control from the St. Laurence
River to New Orleans.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
41. General Edward
Braddock was the
Commander-in-chief
of the British forces in
America.
He was sent in 1754 to
drive the French out of
the Ohio River Valley.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
42. Washington felt that
Braddock's fighting style
was too formal for the
frontier. He felt that lining
up in columns and rows
wouldn't work.
He felt that the British
soldiers in their bright
uniforms were easy targets
for the French and Indian
sharpshooters.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
43. On July 9th the combined forces
of the French and the Indians
attacked Braddock and his
British troops. The Indians fired
from behind trees at the bright
red uniforms.
The British were confused as
they were not used to that
fighting style. Braddock was
killed as there was chaos
everywhere. Almost 1000
British troops were lost in the
battle.
A Warning For
General Braddock. A
painting by Robert
Griffing
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
44. As a result of Braddock's defeat
Britain declared war on France
beginning what was called the 7
Years' War. This war was mainly
fought in Europe and North
America, but was also fought in the
Caribbean and India.
The first years of the war were
disastrous for the British and the
colonies as the Natives used British
roads and bridges to attack British
settlers on the frontier. Settlers
were killed, farmhouses were
burned, and families were driven
back to the East.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
45. William Pitt decided, that in
order to protect Britain's
interests in North America,
Great Britain would pay for
the war.
This would create much
debt that the colonists would
have to pay back later. (And
how would the colonists pay
back such a large debt?)
By the summer of 1758,
the British had 50,000
men in uniform in
North America, serving
as British regulars or in
colonial provincial
regiments—a number
equal to the entire white
population of New
France.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
46. Pitt wanted to clear a path
to the western territories.
He also wanted to
conquer French Canada.
He believed these two
things would drive the
French out of North
America.
The British began to
defeat the French and the
Indians in battle under
Amherst and Wolfe.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
47. Quebec was thought to be
impossible to attack. In 1759
the British spotted a path on the
back side of a cliff.
After overpowering the guards
the British went up the path and
assembled on a field called the
Plains of Abraham.
They then surprised and
defeated the French in what
was the greatest British victory
in the war up to that point.
Modern day view of the
Plains of Abraham, Quebec
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
48. The fall of Quebec in 1759 and the capture of Montreal by
the British in 1760 brought the 7 Years' War to an end.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
49. The Treaty of Paris (1763) resulted in the
following:
a) Britain gained: Florida, French lands east of
the Mississippi, and Canada
b) France lost: Canada, land east of the
Mississippi to the British, land west of the
Mississippi to Spain (ALL LAND IN N.A.!)
c) Spain gained: French lands west of the
Mississippi, Louisiana Territory, New
Orleans
d) Spain lost: Florida
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
50. The Treaty of Paris
marked the end of
France as a power in
North America. The
continent was now
split between the
British and the
Spanish at the
Mississippi River. The
British began to move
further west taking
land from the Natives.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
51. The Proclamation of 1763
said that the Appalachian
Mountains were the western
boundary of the British
colonies.
This angered many people,
especially the stockholders of
the land companies. The
companies had bought land
west of the mountains and
stockholders had purchased
their shares hoping to make a
profit from the western lands.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
52. Speculators
People that invest in a company
hoping that the company will
make a profit and they will share
in that profit.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
53. More conflicts could
arise between the
colonists and the
British because the
colonists were so
furious about the
Proclamation of
1763.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
ESSENTIAL QUESTION #1:
People in the past have
searched for new lands
when their ideas about
religion, politics, and
economics differed from
those in power.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
ESSENTIAL QUESTION #2:
Religion and economics
shaped the emergence of
our democratic
representation government
by determining what political
systems, laws, and culture
was established.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
ESSENTIAL QUESTION #3:
Primary and secondary
sources can be used to
answer historical questions
and to see people and events
in their historical context.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
EQ #1:
People migrated to the New
World for a variety of reasons:
Including, but not limited to
religious, economic, and political
reasons.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
EQ #2:
The colonization of North America
produced a democratic/representative
form of government due to the past
history of the people that migrated to
North America.
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
EQ #3
Primary sources include first-hand
accounts of historical events (speeches,
diaries, letters, eyewitness accounts,
etc.) Secondary sources are historical
accounts as told by historians and other
people that were not directly involved in
an event (textbooks, journal articles,
videos, etc.)
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow
EQ #4:
Religion and economics shaped
American colonization by
determining what political
systems, laws, and culture were
established.