Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
5. RADIONUCLIDE DATA
U.S. Department of Energy
201 Varick Street, 5th Floor
New York, NY 10014-4811
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5-i
Table of Contents, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
Page
5. Radionuclide Data
5.1 Overview
5.2 Alpha
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1-1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1-1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2-1
5.2.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2-1
5.3 Beta
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3-1
5.3.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3-1
5.4 Gamma
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4-1
5.4.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4-1
5.5 X-Ray
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5-1
5.5.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5-1
5.6 Natural Decay Series
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6-1
5.6.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6-1
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5 - ii
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
5. RADIONUCLIDE DATA
5.1 OVERVIEW
This section describes current radionuclide measurement techniques in use at EML and
their associated data. A radionuclide is identified by its three principal characteristics:
half-life, type of emission, and energy of the emission. Sometimes overlooked in the
process are progeny radionuclides with their own particular characteristics.
In the 1960s, routine measurements were being performed at EML for ", $, and
( radionuclides. Measurements in both the Frisch grid ion chamber and the solid-state
surface barrier detection systems were used to identify " energies in sources in
properly calibrated systems. Contained in this section is a table of " emitters by
energy, especially linked to the charts of the naturally occurring radionuclides, which
assists in radionuclide identification in separated samples and in radionuclide purity
checks.
Routine measurement of $ emitters is performed on counters designed at EML. These
counters have a very low background count rate due to anticoincidence counting techniques. The overall counting efficiencies are comparable to proportional counters.
Radiochemical purity is typically assessed by decay measurements.
Use of NaI(T1) ( spectrometry detection systems provides poorly resolved spectra
compared with the Ge(Li) and intrinsic Ge systems presently in use. The resolution of
these present systems require sophisticated computer algorithms to identify energies
associated with particular radionuclides. It is most important that the energies and the
branching ratios used at any facility be documented and a table of ( emitters in the
environment is included.
Contained in the natural decay series are charts of three natural radionuclide series and
the man-made americium series. Pertinent data are included in these charts.
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.1 - 1
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
5.2 ALPHA
Contact Person(s) : Isabel M. Fisenne
5.2.1 SCOPE
The tables on " emitters by atomic number and by energy have been developed for
internal use at EML. The present tables are revisions compiled from the data given in
Table of Radioactive Isotopes by Browne et al. (1986).
REFERENCE
Browne, E., R. B. Firestone and V. S. Shirley (Editors)
Table of Radioactive Isotopes
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1986)
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.2 - 1
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
ALPHA EMITTERS BY ATOMIC NUMBER
Most short-lived nuclides are included as principal members of
the natural decay series (see Section 5.6)
t1/2
Isotopic
Abundance
(%)
60 144Nd
2.1 x 1015 y
23.8
62 147Sm
1.03 x 108 y
Radionuclide
62
147
Sm
64 148Gd
11
1.06 x 10 y
" Emission
(when not
100%)
EMeV
1.83
2.46
15.0
2.233
75.3 y
3.183
64 152Gd
1.79 x 106 y
64 152Gd
1.08 x 1014 y
66 154Dy
2.9 x 106 y
0.20
2.14
2.872
174
Hf
2.0 x 10 y
0.162
2.50
76 186Os
2.0 x 1015 y
1.58
2.80
78 190Pt
6.0 x 1011 y
<0.02
3.175
83 210mBi
3.00 x 106 y
72
15
2.726
83 211Bi(AcC)
2.14 m
83 212Bi(ThC')
1.0092 h
84 206Po
8.83 d
84 208Po
2.898 y
84 209Po
84
210
Po (RaF)
84 212Po (ThC)'
84 213Po
84 214Po(RaC)'
84 215Po(AcC)
84
216
4.946(55.5%), 4.908(38.8%),
4.569(3.8%)
6.623(84%), 6.279(16%)
39.54%
5.45%
6.090(26.8%), 6.051(70.2%),
5.768(1.7%), 5.707(1.1%)
5.223
5.116
102.0 y
4.866
138.376 d
5.305
298.0 ns
8.784
4.28 µs
8.375
163.69 µs
7.687
1.780 ms
7.386
Po(ThA)
150.0 ms
6.779
84 218Po(RaA)
3.05 m
6.003
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.2 - 2
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
ALPHA EMITTERS BY ATOMIC NUMBER (Cont'd)
Radionuclide
t1/2
85 211At
85
Isotopic
Abundance
(%)
7.215 h
217
At
41.7%
32.3 ms
86 219Rn(219Em)
EMeV
5.868
7.067
3.96 s
86 220Rn(220Em, Tn)
" Emission
(when not
100%)
6.819(80.9%), 6.553(12.2%),
6.425(7.5%)
55.6 s
6.288
86 222Rn(222Em, Rn)
3.825 d
5.490
87 221Fr
4.9 m
6.341(83.4%), 6.243(1.3%),
6.127(15.1%)
88 223Ra(AcX)
11.43 d
5.747(9.5%), 5.716(52.5%),
5.607(24.2%), 5.540(9.2%),
others
88 224Ra(ThX)
3.66 d
5.686(95.1%), 5.449(4.9%)
88 226Ra
89
1600.0 y
225
Ac
4.784(94.5%), 4.601(5.6%)
10.0 d
5.829(51.6%), 5.793(18.1%),
5.791(8.6%), 5.731(10%),
5.637(4.5%), others
90 227Th(Rd Ac)
18.718 d
6.038%(24.5%),
5.978(23.4%),
5.757(20.3%), 5.714(4.9%),
5.710(8.2%), others
90 228Th(Rd Th)
1.913 y
5.423(72.7%), 5.341(26.7%)
90 229Th
7340.0 y
5.050(5.2%), 4.968(6.0%),
4.901(10.2%), 4.845(56.2%),
4.814(9.3%), others
90 230Th(Io)
7.54 x 104 y
4.688(76.3%), 4.621(23.4%)
90 232Th(Th)
1.405 x 1010 y
91 231Pa(Pa)
3.276 x 104 y
100.
4.010(77%), 3.952(23%)
5.059(11%), 5.029(20%),
5.013(25.4%), 4.951(22.8%),
4.734(8.4%), others
92 230U
20.8 d
5.889(67.4%), 5.818(32%),
others
92 232U
68.9 y
5.320(68.6%), 5.264(31.2%)
92 233U
92
234
U(UII)
1.592 x 105 y
5
2.454 x 10 y
0.0055
4.825(84.4%), 4.783(13.2%),
others
4.776(72.5%), 4.724(27.5%)
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.2 - 3
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
ALPHA EMITTERS BY ATOMIC NUMBER (Cont'd)
Radionuclide
Isotopic
Abundance
(%)
t1/2
92 235U(AcU)
7.037 x 108 y
92 236U
2.342 x 107 y
EMeV
4.597(5%), 4.556(4.2%),
4.395(55%), 4.364(~11%),
4.218(5.7%), others
4.494(74%), 4.445(26%)
238
4.468 x 10 y
93 237Np
2.14 x 106 y
4.873(2.6%), 4.988(47%),
4.772(25%), 4.766(8%),
4.640(6.2%), others
94 236Pu
2.851 y
5.768(68.1%), 5.721(31.7%)
92
U(UI)
94 238Pu
94
239
Pu
94 240Pu
94
242
94
244
Pu
Pu
9
0.7200
" Emission
(when not
100%)
87.74 y
99.2745
4.196(77%), 4.147(23%)
5.499(71.6%), 5.456(28.3%)
4
2.411 x 10 y
6563.0 y
5.156(73.2%), 5.143(15.1%),
5.105(10.6%)
5.168(73.5%), 5.124(26.4%)
5
3.763 x 10 y
4.901(78%), 4.856(22.4%)
8.26 x 107 y
4.589(80.5%),4.546(19.4%)
95 241Am
432.7 y
95 243Am
7380.0 y
96 240Cm
27.0 d
96 242Cm
162.94 d
96 243Cm
28.5 y
6.067(1.5%), 6.059(5%),
5.992(6.5%), 5.786(73.3%),
5.742(10.6%), others
96 244Cm
18.11 y
5.805(76.4%), 5.763(23.6%),
others
5.486(85.2%), 5.443(12.8%),
5.388(1.4%)
5.277(88%), 5.234(11%),
5.180(1.1%)
6.291(70.6%), 6.248(28.8%)
6.113(74%), 6.070(25%)
96 245Cm
8500.0 y
5.362(93.2%), 5.304(5.0%),
others
96 246Cm
4730.0 y
5.386(79%), 5.343(21%)
96 247Cm
1.56 x 107 y
5.266(13.8%), 5.210(5.7%),
4.869(71%), 4.818(4.7%),
others
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.2 - 4
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
ALPHA EMITTERS BY ATOMIC NUMBER (Cont'd)
Radionuclide
96 248Cm*
97
247
Bk
t1/2
Isotopic
Abundance
(%)
3.40 x 105 y
" Emission
(when not
100%)
91.7%
1380.0 y
98 246Cf
EMeV
5.078(81.9%), 5.035(18%)
5.795(5.5%), 5.712(17%),
5.687(13%), 5.532(45%),
5.501(7%), others
1.487 d
6.750(78.0%), 6.709(21.8%)
98 248Cf
334.0 d
6.262(83.0%), 6.220(17.0%)
98 249Cf
350.6 y
6.194(2.2%), 6.140(1.1%),
5.945(4%), 5.903(2.8%),
5.812(84.4%), others
98 250Cf
98 251Cf
13.09 y
6.031(84.5%), 5.989(15.1%)
898.0 y
6.074(2.7%), 6.014(11.6%),
5.851(27%), 5.812(4.2%),
5.677(35%), others
98 252Cf*
2.646 y
96.9%
6.118(84%), 6.076(15.8%)
252
1.291 y
76.4%
6.632(79.8%), 6.562(13.5%),
6.483(2.2%), others
99
Es*
99 253Es
20.4 d
6.633(89.8%), 6.592(6.6%),
others
99 254Es
275.7 d
6.427(93.1%), 6.416(1.8%),
6.357(2.6%)
99 255Es*
39.8 d
100 52Fm
1.058 d
100 253Fm*
3.00 d
100
255
Fm
20.07 h
100 257Fm
100.5 d
101 258Md
55.4 d
8.0%
6.300(87.5%), 6.260(10.0%),
6.213(2.5%)
7.04(~85%), 6.999(~15%)
12.0%
7.024(6.7%), 6.943(42.7%),
6.901(9.8%), 6.847(8.5%),
6.674(23.3%), others
7.022(93.4%), 6.963(5.0%),
others
6.696(3.4%), 6.519(93.5%),
6.441(2.0%)
6.790(28%), 6.716(72%)
*Relative "-intensity normalized to 100 "-decays.
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.2 - 5
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
ALPHA EMITTERS BY ENERGY (MeV)*
3.8-4.0
4.0-4.2
4.2-4.4
4.4-4.6
4.6-4.8
4.8-5.0
5.0-5.2
5.2-5.4
5.4-5.6
5.6-5.8
5.8-6.0
6.0-6.2
6.2-6.4
Uranium Series:
238
234
U
210
U
Po
222
Rn
228
Th
212
Ra
224
218
Po
Bi
220
Rn
Th
227
230
Th
226
Ra
Thorium Series:
232
Th
232
228
Th
Th
224
Bi
212
Ra
Actinium Series:
235
U
235
U
231
Pa
231
Pa
231
223
Pa
Ra
227
Th
227
Th
Americium Series:
237
Np
233
U
233
241
Am
241
Am
225
Ac
225
Ac
221
Fr
221
Fr
U
229
Th
229
Th
All Emitters:
232
Th
232
Th
235
U
238
U
210m
235
Bi
226
Ra
209
Th
210m
Pa
229
U
231
U
U
230
236
U
231
244
233
Pu
234
237
Np
Po
206
Po
222
Rn
212
Bi
211
At
212
Bi
211
Bi
229
Th
210
Po
223
Ra
223
Ra
225
Ac
218
Po
220
Rn
Th
231
Pa
228
Th
224
Ra
224
Ra
227
Th
221
Fr
221
Fr
Pa
239
Pu
232
U
228
Th
225
Ac
230
U
227
Th
240
Cm
233
U
240
Pu
241
Am
238
Pu
227
Th
243
Cm
242
Cm
248
Cf
237
Np
243
Am
243
Am
241
Am
236
Pu
244
Cm
243
Cm
254
Es
Pu
248
Cm
245
Cm
247
Bk
243
Cm
249
Cf
249
Cf
255
Es
246
Cm
244
Cm
250
Cf
250
Cf
Cm
247
Bk
251
Cf
251
Cf
Po
Bi
242
247
Cm
208
247
251
Cf
252
Cf
*A listing may denote more than one energy.
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U5.S. Department of Energy
5.2 - 6
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
5
ALPHA EMITTERS BY ENERGY (MeV) -- (Cont'd)
6.4-6.6
6.6-.68
6.8-7.0
7.0-7.2
7.2-7.4
7.4-7.6
7.6-7.8
7.8-8.0
8.0-8.2
8.2-8.4
8.4-.86
8.6-8.8
Uranium Series::
214
Po
Thorium Series:
216
212
Po
Actinium Series:
211
Rn
Bi
219
219
215
Rn
Po
Po
Americium Series:
217
All Emmitters:
219
Rn
252
Es
253
Es
254
Es
257
Fm
211
Bi
Po
246
Cf
252
Es
253
Es
253
Fm
257
Fm
258
Md
216
219
Rn
Fm
253
Fm
255
Fm
252
213
217
At
At
Fm
253
Fm
255
Fm
215
Po
214
Po
213
Po
Po
212
Po
252
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.2 - 7
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY OF SELECTED ALPHA EMITTERS
(in order of ascending atomic numbers)
Nuclide
t1/2 (y)
210m
3.00 x 106
208
2.898
Bi
Po
209
102
226
1600
Po
Ra
228
Th
229
Th
1.913
7340
mCi mg-1
5.7 x 10-4
MBq mg-1
2.11 x 10-2
593.1
2.19 x 104
16.8
6.22 x 102
0.989
819.6
3.66 x 101
3.03 x 104
0.213
7.88
230
7.54 x 104
2.062 x 10-2
7.63 x 10-1
232
1.405 x 1010
1.0969 x 10-7
4.06 x 10-6
231
3.276 x 104
4.724 x 10-2
1.75
Th
Th
Pa
232
U
68.9
22.4
8.29 x 102
233
1.592 x 105
9.64 x 10-3
3.57 x 10-1
234
2.454 x 105
6.225 x 10-3
2.30 x 10-1
235
7.037 x 108
1.922 x 10-6
7.11 x 10-5
236
2.342 x 107
6.508 x 10-5
2.41 x 10-3
238
4.468 x 109
3.36237 x 10-7
1.24 x 10-5
237
2.140 x 106
7.05 x 10-4
2.61 x 10-2
236
2.851
U
U
U
U
U
Np
Pu
238
Pu
239
Pu
240
Pu
87.74
2.411 x 104
6563
531.3
17.119
1.97 x 104
6.33 x 102
6.204 x 10-2
2.30
0.22696
8.40
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.2 - 8
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY OF SELECTED ALPHA EMITTERS (Cont'd)
(in order of ascending atomic numbers)
Nuclide
242
Pu
241
Am
243
Am
242
Cm
t1/2 (y)
3.763 x 105
mCi mg-1
MBq mg-1
3.962 x 10-3
1.45 x 10-1
432.7
3.428
1.27 x 102
7380
0.1993
7.37
4.461 x 10-1
3311.4
1.23 x 105
243
28.5
51.6
1.91 x 103
244
18.11
80.90
2.99 x 103
Cm
Cm
245
Cm
248
Cm
247
Bk
248
Cf
249
Cf
250
Cf
251
Cf
8500
3.40 x 105
1380
9.1444 x 10-1
350.6
13.08
898
0.1717
6.35
4.24 x 10-3
1.57 x 10-1
1.05
3.89 x 101
1579
4.095
109.3
1.59
5.84 x 104
1.52 x 102
4.04 x 103
5.88 x 101
252
2.645
536.3
1.98 x 104
252
1.291
1098
4.06 x 104
254
7.54825 x 10-1
1865
6.90 x 104
Cf
Es
Es
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.2 - 9
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
5.3 BETA
Contact Person(s) : Isabel M. Fisenne
5.3.1 SCOPE
The table of $ emitters presented here is useful in identifying unknown $ emitters
whose energies and possibly half-lives have been determined by standard laboratory
techniques, including the Harley-Hallden method (see Procedure A-01-R). It is also a
handy guide to $ emitting isotopes for applications requiring specific half-lives and/or
energies.
The original table was developed by Hallden (1955). Since that time there have been
three revisions based on "current" published compilations. The present table was compiled from the Table of Isotopes (Lederer and Shirley, 1978).
The emitter energy listings are the maximum $ energy (Emax). Isotopes decaying
the emission of $ particles of different energies are listed in the energy group
corresponding to each Emax, provided that the branch contributes > 5% of the total $
emission. Isotopes with longer-lived parents are also listed under the parent half-life.
In the case of multiple long-lived parents, the nuclide is listed under the half-life of the
nearest long-lived parent, as well as its own half-life.
REFERENCES
Hallden, N. A.
"Beta Emitters by Energy and Half-life"
Nucleonics, 13, 78-79 (1955)
Lederer, C. and V. S. Shirley (Editors)
Table of Isotopes - Seventh Edition
John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY (1978)
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.3 - 1
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
BETA EMITTERS BY HALF-LIFE AND ENERGY (EMAX IN MeV)
T1/2
6-12 h
<0.1
0.1-0.3
234
Pa
0.3-0.5
0.5-0.7
1.3-1.5
1.5-1.7
1.7-1.9
1.9-2.1
2.1-2.3
62
52
91
163
73
208
152m
77
91
77
135
184
77
212
208
212
Sm
Ac
244
Am
Zn
Sr
135
152m
101
Pd
171
Er
171
127
Te
245
212
156
Sm
245
228
173
Tm
234
173
Tm
234
180m
43
Eu
Pa
Pa
Mg
64
43
K
64
96
119
197
Pt
236
Np
240
U
I
135
Ac
Nb
Ge
Sr
Rb
Pb
28
Fe
82m
I
Er
Pd
1.1-1.3
212
Pb
112
09.-1.1
156
228
12 h-1 d
0.7-0.9
Cu
Cu
Te
130
159
Gd
187
W
228
Ge
Bi
163
Tb
Am
184
Ta
Eu
Ge
Tl
228
Sr
Pu
Ac
Tl
91
I
K
55
Zn
109
Pd
90
Nb
130
I
Nb
157
Eu
159
Gd
197
187
240m
W
Tl
135
69
187
W
Ta
208
Se
228
Sb
91
Sr
2.7-2.9
93
Y
2.9-3.1
62
Cu
>3.1
66
Ga
Bi
228
Ac
K
142
Pr
Zr
188
Ac
128
2.5-2.7
Ac
Ta
96
I
Xe
Tb
2.3-2.5
Co
150
Eu
157
Eu
159
Gd
86
Y
24
Nb
133
157
97
Na
55
Co
76
Br
42
97
Eu
86
112
187
I
72
Ga
W
240m
Np
Y
Ag
90
Nb
240m
Np
152
Tb
188
Re
Re
194
Ir
240m
Np
72
Ga
28
Al
152
Tb
42
K
72
Ga
76
Br
112
Ag
112
Ag
194
Ir
Pt
Np
197
Pt
200m
Au
236
Np
240m
Np
242
Am
242
Am
248
Bk
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.3 - 2
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
BETA EMITTERS BY HALF-LIFE AND ENERGY (EMAX IN MeV) - (Cont’d)
T1/2
1-3 d
<0.1
231
Th
0.1-0.3
0.3-0.5
0.5-0.7
0.7-0.9
66
67
48
57
72
67
Cu
67
Cu
71
72
Zn
77
As
143
Br
79
Kr
149
Ni
Zn
105
Rh
172
Er
172
Tm
231
Th
Cu
82
99
Mo
121
Sn
Sc
105
115
231
131m
231
151
140
238
172
143
238
172
151
238
232
Pa
153
239
Np
239
Th
Th
Np
Np
Np
Te
Pm
Er
Tm
Np
239
Np
245m
Ni
151
Cd
151
131m
Te
151
143
Ce
69
Ge
149
Pm
83
Ce
151
Pm
99
Pm
189
Re
115
As
Rh
0.9-1.1 1.1-1.3 1.3-1.5
Pm
198
Au
Sb
Sr
131
Te
Mo
140
La
143
Ce
140
La
1.7-1.9
1.9-2.1
2.1-2.3
66
Cu
76
72
Ga
166
131
166
140
131
140
Cd
Pm
Pm
122
1.5-1.7
Te
La
As
Ho
Ho
122
Sb
90
Y
2.3-2.5
76
As
2.5-2.7
66
Cu
Te
72
Ga
La
72
As
2.7-2.9
2.9-3.1
76
As
>3.1
72
Ga
72
As
172
Tm
172
Tm
143
Ce
La
153
Sm
151
Ce
153
Sm
151
Pm
172
Tm
193
Sm
189
Re
226
193
Os
193
Os
193
Os
226
Ac
239
Np
Pm
Pm
Os
Ac
238
Np
245m
Es
Es
Note: Where the symbol for a nuclide appears more than once in any grouping it indicates emission of more than one energy.
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.3 - 3
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
BETA EMITTERS BY HALF-LIFE AND ENERGY (EMAX IN MeV) - (Cont’d)
T1/2
3-5 d
<0.1
175
Yb
0.1-0.3 0.3-0.5 0.5-0.7 0.7-0.9 0.9-1.1 1.1-1.3 1.3-1.5 1.5-1.7 1.7-1.9 1.9-2.1 2.1-2.3 2.3-2.5 2.5-2.7 2.7-2.9 2.9-3.1
132
199
199
5-10 d
237
U
177
196
237
Te
47
Au
166
Au
166
Sc
Sc
127
Zr
Dy
Yb
214
199
Au
214
Bi
Lu
131
I
52
Au
133
Xe
111
Ag
U
161
Tb
131
I
Er
161
Tb
Lu
161
Tb
183
Ta
Ba
140
La
140
Nd
209
Pb
147
Pu
211
Pu
140
147
246
13-15 d
89
175
177
246
Dy
47
Ca
127
169
10-13 d
47
126
I
136
Cs
225
Ra
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
Te
132
Pb
214
I
127
Re
132
Sb
186
I
186
Pb
214
111
Ag
Mn
136
132
Ba
Sb
126
I
166
Ho
Bi
Sb
Re
132
I
214
Bi
214
Bi
148
Pm
140
Ba
143
124
210
140
Pr
126
127
I
Ho
La
I
47
Ca
148
Bi
Nd
I
Sb
166
Pb
Cs
127
140
La
140
207
Tl
246
211
Pb
213
Bi
246
Am
126
La
Am
32
124
I
132
I
Pm
Sb
140
La
246
Am
140
Pr
134
125
Sn
72
148
Pm
La
As
>3.1
214
72
Bi
As
P
5.3 - 4
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
BETA EMITTERS BY HALF-LIFE AND ENERGY (EMAX IN MeV) - (Cont’d)
T1/2
15-20 d
20-30 d
<0.1 0.10.3
0.5-0.7
0.7-0.9 0.91.1
1.1-1.3
1.3-1.5
74
As
156
Eu
74
86
Rb
234
Pa
191
Os
156
Eu
48
253
Cf
156
Eu
230
Pa
233
Pa
Pa
33
P
233
30-40 d
0.3-0.5
V
Pa
234
233
Pa
234
Pa
234
Th
234
Th
234
Pa
141
Ce
95
Nb
103
Ru
103
Ru
141
Ce
84
Rb
74
As
129
Te
1.5-1.7 1.7-1.9
86
As
Rb
1.9-2.1
2.1-2.3
2.3-2.5
156
2.5-2.7
2.7-2.9
2.9-3.1
>3.1
Eu
82
129
Te
84
Rb
Rb
129m
Te
Note: Where the symbol for a nuclide appears more than once in any grouping it indicates emission of more than one energy.
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.3 - 5
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
BETA EMITTERS BY HALF-LIFE AND ENERGY (EMAX IN MeV) - (Cont'd)
T1/2
<0.1
0.1-0.3 0.3-0.5 0.5-0.7 0.7-0.9 0.9-1.1 1.1-1.3 1.3-1.5 1.5-1.7 1.7-1.9 1.9-2.1 2.1-2.3 2.3-2.5 2.5.-2.7 2.7-2.9 2.9-3.1
59
40-50 d
Fe
203
Hg
59
Fe
148m
181
35
50-100 d
95
S
46
Nb
58
124
160
192
253
45
148m
Pm
Sc
124
Tb
Sb
Co
Sb
Zr
192
Ir
Tb
95
Zr
192
Ir
Ir
160
Tb
Cf
185
W
188
W
182
Ta
127
Te
182
Ta
177
115m
160
Tb
56
Sb
170
Tm
170
110m
Ag
144
106
Rh
171
Tm
Co
91
Sr
124
123
Tm
Y
Sb
114
In
188
Re
188
Re
124
Sb
Sn
Lu
Lu
102
249
1-2 y
124
89
200-250 d
250 d-1 y
Cd
Hf
95
Ca
177
Pm
160
100-150 d
150-200 d
Pm
148m
>3.1
Ce
144
Ce
Bk
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
110m
Ag
250
Bk
Rh
68
144
Ga
250
Pr
Bk
106
Rh
106
Rh
106
Rh
5.3 - 6
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
BETA EMITTERS BY HALF-LIFE AND ENERGY (EMAX IN MeV) - (Cont'd)
T1/2
2-3 y
<0.1
134
Cs
0.1-0.3 0.3-0.5 0.5-0.7 0.7-0.9 0.9-1.1 1.1-1.3 1.3-1.5 1.5-1.7 1.7-1.9 1.9-2.1 2.1-2.3 2.3-2.5 2.5-2.7 2.7-2.9 2.9-3.1
125
Sb
125
Pm
125
147
Sb
22
Sb
125
>3.1
Na
Sb
134
Cs
155
3-5 y
Eu
155
Eu
5-10 y
194
Os
228
Ra
154
Eu
60
Co
228
Ac
228
Ra
204
Tl
154
Eu
146
Pm
228
Ac
154
Eu
228
Ac
154
Eu
228
Ac
228
Ac
194
Ir
194
Ir
228
Ac
Note: Where the symbol for a nuclide appears more than once in any grouping it indicates emission of more than one energy.
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.3 - 7
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
BETA EMITTERS BY HALF-LIFE AND ENERGY (EMAX IN MeV) - (Cont'd)
T1/2
10-20 y
<0.1
3
0.1-0.3 0.3-0.5 0.5-0.7 0.7-0.9 0.9-1.1 1.1-1.3 1.3-1.5 1.5-1.7 1.7-1.9 1.9-2.1 2.1-2.3 2.3-2.5 2.5-2.7 2.7-2.9 2.9-3.1
85
H
241
113
Pu
152
Kr
Eu
154
>3.1
Eu
Cd
152
Eu
154
Eu
20-30 y
210
90
Pb
Sr
210
Bi
137
Cs
90
Y
210
Pb
227
Ac
137
30-50 y
50-100 y
151
>100 y
63
121m
Sm
Ni
14
C
94
93
Zr
32
Si
98
107
79
Se
115
166m
87
Rb
182
187
99
225
227
Cs
Nb
10
Tc
39
Be
36
Ar
158
In
Lu
Ta
182
Ta
Ra
233
Pa
126
242
Am
228
129
242
Am
228
135
231
138
Ho
Re
Ac
Ra
Ra
Th
Tc
Sn
I
Sc
40
K
Sn
176
Pd
44
Cl
Tb
26
Al
238
32
P
126
Sb
234m
Pa
Np
Cs
La
231
Th
231
Th
BETA EMITTERS BY HALF-LIFE AND ENERGY (EMAX IN MeV) - (Cont'd)
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.3 - 8
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
T1/2
<0.1
Rev. 0
February 1997
0.1-0.3 0.3-0.5 0.5-0.7 0.7-0.9 0.9-1.1 1.1-1.3 1.3-1.5 1.5-1.7 1.7-1.9 1.9-2.1 2.1-2.3 2.3-2.5 2.5-2.7 2.7-2.9 2.9-3.1
>3.1
231
Th
233
Pa
233
Pa
234
Th
234
Th
Note: Where the symbol for a nuclide appears more than once in any grouping it indicates emission of more than one energy.
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.3 - 9
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
5.4 GAMMA
Contact Person(s) : Colin G. Sanderson
5.4.1 SCOPE
Presented here is a tabulation of ( rays and nuclides that are common to environmental
analyses. These data may be useful for interpreting either field or laboratory measurements.
As an aid in verifying nuclide identifications, two additional (-ray lines are included
when possible as E2 and E3.
The following special notations are used in the table:
Symbol
Meaning
%
ratio of (-rays to disintegrations.
X
indicates X-ray.
KX, LX
sum of K or L X-rays.
D
T
indicates a doublet.
indicates a triplet.
*
indicates annihilation radiation.
Long
in half-life column is used for all members of
the primordial series, % refers to U or Th
decays
REFERENCE
Browne, E., R. B. Firestone and V. S. Shirley (Editors)
Table of Radioactive Isotopes
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1986)
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
5.4 - 1
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
TABLE OF ( RAYS AND NUCLIDES COMMON TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES
Energy
14.4
26.3
30.0
39.6
39.9
40.6
46.5
49.8
53.2
59.5
59.5
60.0
61.5
63.3
66.9
74.8X
74.8X
75.0X
77.1X
77.1X
79.6
80.1
80.2
81.0
81.0
84.3X
86.4
86.5
87.2X
87.2X
88.0
90.0X
91.1
92.6D
93.4X
97.1
99.6
Nuclide
57
Co
Am
140
Ba
129
I
212
Bi
99
Mo
210
Pb
132
Te
133
Ba
237
U
241
Am
155
Eu
239
Np
234
Th
136
Cs
214
Pb
212
Pb
208
Tl
214
Pb
212
Pb
133
Ba
144
Ce
131
I
133
Ba
133
Xe
228
Th
136
Cs
155
Eu
214
Pb
212
Pb
109
Cd
228
Ac
147
Nd
234
Th
228
Ac
237
U
228
Ac
241
%
9.5
2.4
13.6
7.5
1.1
1.1
4.1
14.4
2.2
32.8
35.7
1.1
1.0
3.8
12.5
6.5
10.5
3.6
11.0
17.7
3.2
1.1
2.6
34.2
37.0
1.2
6.3
34.0
3.9
6.3
3.6
3.4
28.0
5.4
5.6
16.0
1.3
T1/2
272D
433Y
12.8D
1.6E7
Long
65.9H
22.3Y
78.2H
10.5Y
6.75D
433Y
4.96Y
2.36D
Long
13.2D
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
10.5Y
285D
8.04D
10.5Y
5.25D
1.91Y
13.2D
4.96Y
Long
Long
463D
Long
11.0D
Long
Long
6.75D
Long
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
E2
%
E3
%
Origin
122.1
59.5
162.7
30.0KX
727.3
18.3X
85.5
35.7
6.2
70.8
6.7
3.2
136.5
17.0LX
304.9
10.7
38.7
4.3
30.0KX
81.0
101.1
26.3
86.5
14.3LX
92.6D
34.0KX
77.1X
77.1X
72.8X
74.8X
74.8X
53.2
133.5
364.5
276.4
79.6
12.3X
66.9
105.3
77.1X
238.6
23.0KX
93.4X
38.5KX
63.3
90.0X
101.0
129.0
70.9
34.2
26.0
2.4
30.4
56.1
5.4
17.6
11.0
17.7
2.1
6.5
10.5
2.2
11.1
81.2
7.3
0.2
3.1
12.5
20.6
11.0
43.6
99.8
5.6
37.4
3.8
3.4
26.0
2.9
Activation
241
Pu
Fallout
Fission
232
Th
Fallout
238
U
Fallout
Activation
Fallout
241
Pu
Fallout
Fallout
238
U
Fission
238
U
232
Th
232
Th
238
U
232
Th
Activation
Fallout
Fission
Activation
Fission
232
Th
Fission
Fallout
238
U
232
Th
Activation
232
Th
Fallout
238
U
232
Th
Fallout
232
Th
1620.7
140.5
111.9
31.0KX
208.0
17.0LX
105.3
101.0KX
1.5
3.5
1.9
101.3
22.0
38.7
20.6
38.9
86.4
87.3X
87.2X
84.8X
87.2X
87.2X
6.3
3.9
6.3
1.3
3.9
6.3
696.5
284.3
79.6
31.0KX
1.3
6.1
3.2
40.1
153.3
60.0
241.9
77.1X
7.5
1.1
7.5
17.7
99.6
319.4
1.3
2.0
99.6
208.0
209.4
1.3
22.0
4.1
5.4 - 2
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
TABLE OF ( RAYS AND NUCLIDES COMMON TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES (Cont'd)
Energy
Nuclide
%
T1/2
E2
%
E3
%
Origin
208.0
60.0
129.0
117.0KX
143.8
116.4
208.0
228.3
244.7
14.4
591.8
325.2
209.4
80.1
14.4
462.8
181.1
20.6X
163.4
22.0
1.1
2.9
11.6
10.5
1.9
22.0
88.2
7.5
9.5
4.8
13.4
4.1
1.1
9.5
30.7
6.1
1.2
4.7
164.0
258.4
30.0
185.7
176.6
4.6
31.5
13.6
53.0
13.6
362.3
380.4
273.7
366.4
205.3
2.3
1.5
12.7
1.2
4.7
101.1
105.3
105.4X
106.1
109.2
111.9
113.9
116.3
121.8
122.1
123.1
127.2
129.0
133.5
136.5
138.0
140.5
140.5
143.8
145.4
151.2
153.3
153.9
162.7
163.4
164.0
165.9
166.0
176.3
176.6
181.1
185.7
186.1
192.3
196.3
198.0
237
U
Eu
228
Ac
239
Np
235
U
132
Te
237
U
132
Te
152
Eu
57
Co
154
Eu
101
Rh
228
Ac
144
Ce
57
Co
138
Cs
99
Mo
99m
Tc
235
U
141
C
85m
Kr
136
Cs
138
Xe
140
Ba
235
U
136
Cs
139
Ce
88
Kr
125
Sb
136
Cs
99
Mo
235
U
226
Ra
59
Fe
88
Kr
101
Rh
26.0
20.6
2.0
22.7
1.5
1.9
25.0
1.9
28.4
85.5
40.5
73.0
2.9
11.1
10.7
1.5
3.5
87.2
10.5
48.4
75.2
7.5
6.0
6.2
4.7
4.6
79.9
3.1
6.8
13.6
6.1
53.0
3.3
3.1
26.0
70.8
6.75D
4.96Y
Long
2.36D
70E7Y
78.2H
6.75D
78.2H
13.3Y
273D
8.8Y
3.3Y
Long
285D
272D
32.2M
65.9H
6.01H
70E7Y
32.5D
4.48H
13.2D
14.1M
12.8D
70E7Y
13.2D
138D
2.84H
2.73Y
13.2D
65.9H
70E7Y
1600Y
44.5D
2.84H
3.3Y
1099.3
362.3
127.2
56.5
2.3
73.0
1291.6
166.0
325.2
43.2
3.1
13.4
Fallout
Fallout
232
Th
Fallout
Natural
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Activation
Fallout
Fallout
232
Th
Fallout
Activation
138
Xe
Fallout
99
Mo
Natural
Fission
Fission
Fission
Fission
Fallout
Natural
Fission
Activation
Fission
Fallout
Fission
Fallout
Natural
Natural
Activation
Fission
Fallout
205.3
208.0
235
4.7
22.0
70E7Y
6.75D
185.7
59.5
53.0
32.8
143.8
101.1
10.5
26.0
Natural
Fallout
155
U
U
237
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
59.5
86.5
99.6
61.5
93.4KX
49.8
101.1
111.9
344.3
136.5
248.0
198.0
99.6
696.5
122.1
227.7
40.6
18.4X
109.2
37.0KX
304.9
86.4
242.7
304.9
143.8
153.3
34.0KX
196.3
427.9
164.0
140.5
143.8
32.8
34.0
1.3
1.0
5.5
14.4
26.0
1.9
26.6
10.7
6.6
70.8
1.3
1.3
85.5
1.5
1.1
6.1
1.5
17.4
13.7
6.3
3.5
4.3
10.5
7.5
79.5
26.0
29.4
4.6
3.5
10.5
5.4 - 3
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
TABLE OF ( RAYS AND NUCLIDES COMMON TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES (Cont'd)
Energy
Nuclide
%
T1/2
209.4
227.7
228.2
228.3
233.2
238.6
240.8
241.9
242.7
244.7
248.0
249.8
258.4
262.8
270.3
273.7
276.4
277.3
277.6
279.2
284.3
295.1
228
Ac
Cs
239
Np
132
Te
133m
Xe
212
Pb
224
Ra
214
Pb
138
Xe
152
Eu
154
Eu
135
Xe
138
Xe
132
I
228
Ac
136
Cs
133
Ba
208
Tl
239
Np
203
Hg
131
I
214
Pb
4.1
1.5
10.7
88.2
10.3
43.6
3.9
7.5
3.5
7.5
6.6
90.0
31.5
1.4
3.8
12.7
7.1
2.4
14.2
81.5
6.1
19.2
Long
32.2M
2.36D
78.2H
2.19D
Long
Long
Long
14.1M
13.3Y
8.8Y
9.10H
14.1M
2.28H
Long
13.2D
10.5Y
Long
2.36D
46.6D
8.04D
Long
300.0
302.9
304.9
304.9
315.9
319.4
320.1
325.2
328.0
328.8
334.3
338.4
340.6
344.3
352.0
356.0
212
3.3
18.4
4.3
13.7
1.6
2.0
9.8
13.4
3.5
20.7
2.1
12.4
48.6
26.6
37.1
62.2
Long
10.5Y
12.8D
4.48H
2.36D
11.0D
27.7D
3.3Y
Long
40.3H
2.36D
Long
13.2D
13.3Y
Long
10.5Y
138
Pb
133
Ba
140
Ba
85m
Kr
239
Np
147
Nd
51
Cr
101
Rh
228
Ac
140
La
239
Np
228
Ac
136
Cs
152
Eu
214
Pb
133
Ba
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
E2
%
E3
%
129.0
138.0
106.1
116.4
30.0KX
300.0
2.9
1.5
22.7
1.9
56.3
3.3
270.3
409.0
277.6
111.9
3.8
4.7
14.2
1.9
295.1
153.9
121.8
123.1
608.2
242.7
505.9
209.4
176.6
302.9
510.6
228.2
74.6X
364.5
351.9
19.2
6.0
28.4
40.5
2.9
3.5
5.0
4.1
13.6
18.4
7.8
10.7
12.9
81.2
37.1
352.0
258.4
344.3
591.8
31.0KX
396.6
522.7
328.0
340.6
81.0
583.0
315.9
37.1
31.5
26.6
4.8
5.2
6.3
16.1
3.5
48.6
34.2
30.9
1.6
238.6
276.4
162.7
151.2
277.6
439.9
43.6
7.1
6.2
75.1
14.2
1.2
127.2
270.3
432.5
315.9
328.0
273.7
244.7
241.9
302.9
73.0
3.8
3.0
1.6
3.5
12.7
7.5
7.5
18.4
80.2
241.9
2.6
7.5
Origin
232
Th
Xe
Fallout
Fallout
Fission
232
Th
232
Th
238
U
Fission
Fallout
Fallout
Fission
Fission
132
Te
232
Th
Fission
Activation
232
Th
Fallout
Fallout
Fission
238
U
138
232
356.0
423.7
62.2
3.1
334.3
91.1
2.1
28.0
198.0
338.4
487.0
61.5
409.6
818.6
411.1
295.1
383.8
70.8
12.4
45.9
1.0
2.2
99.8
2.2
19.2
8.9
Th
Activation
Fallout
Fission
Fallout
Fallout
Activation
Fallout
232
Th
Fallout
Fallout
232Th
Fission
Fallout
238
U
Activation
5.4 - 4
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
TABLE OF ( RAYS AND NUCLIDES COMMON TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES (Cont'd)
Energy
Nuclide
%
T1/2
E2
%
E3
%
Origin
362.3
364.5
366.4
380.4
383.8
396.6
88
Kr
I
99
Mo
125
Sb
133
Ba
138
Xe
2.3
81.2
1.2
1.5
8.9
6.3
2.84H
8.04D
65.9H
2.73Y
10.5Y
14.1M
196.3
637.0
181.1
176.3
356.0
258.4
26.0
7.3
6.1
6.8
62.2
31.5
834.9
284.3
739.5
427.9
302.9
401.5
13.0
6.1
12.1
29.4
18.4
2.2
Fission
Fission
Fallout
Fallout
Activation
Fission
401.5
402.6
409.0
409.6
411.1
415.3
418.5
420.4
423.7
427.9
432.5
434.6
437.6
439.9
444.0D
446.8
462.8
463.1
463.4
468.7
475.1
475.1
475.4
477.6
487.1
497.1
138
Xe
Kr
138
Cs
228
Ac
152
Eu
102
Rh
102
Rh
102
Rh
140
Ba
125
Sb
140
La
138
Xe
140
Ba
147
Nd
152
Eu
110m
Ag
138
Cs
228
Ac
125
Sb
102m
Rh
102m
Rh
102
Rh
134
Cs
7
Be
140
La
103
Ru
2.2
49.6
4.7
2.2
2.2
2.1
10.6
3.2
3.1
29.4
3.0
20.3
1.9
1.2
3.1
3.8
30.7
4.6
10.5
2.9
46.0
95.0
1.5
10.3
45.5
89.5
14.1M
76.3M
32.2M
Long
13.3Y
2.89Y
2.89Y
2.89Y
12.8D
2.73Y
40.3H
14.1M
12.8D
11.0D
13.3Y
250D
32.2M
Long
2.73Y
207D
207D
2.89Y
2.06Y
53.2D
40.2H
39.6D
434.6
845.5
227.7
338.4
344.3
418.5
415.3
418.5
437.6
380.4
487.0
401.5
537.3
319.4
411.1
657.8
547.0
409.6
427.9
475.1
468.7
628.1
563.2
20.3
7.3
1.5
12.4
26.6
10.6
2.1
10.6
1.9
1.5
45.9
2.2
24.4
2.0
2.2
94.6
10.8
2.2
29.4
46.0
2.9
8.5
8.4
396.6
673.9
462.8
463.1
444.0D
420.4
420.4
475.1
304.9
463.4
328.8
1114.3
423.7
531.0
778.9
620.4
409.0
755.3
600.5
556.6
556.6
420.5
569.3
6.3
1.9
30.7
4.6
3.1
3.2
3.2
95.0
4.3
10.5
20.7
1.5
3.1
13.1
13.0
2.8
4.7
1.3
17.8
1.9
1.9
3.2
15.4
751.9
610.3
4.3
5.6
432.6
2.9
Fission
Fission
138
Xe
232
Th
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fission
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Activation
138
Xe
232
Th
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fission
Cosmic
Fallout
Fallout
505.9
510.6
511.0
511.0
132
5.0
7.8
2.9
30.0
2.28H
Long
244D
70.9D
262.8
277.3
1115.5
810.8
1.4
2.4
50.8
99.5
522.7
583.0
16.1
30.9
131
87
I
Tl
65
Zn
58
Co
208
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
132
Te
Th
Activation
Activation
232
5.4 - 5
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
TABLE OF ( RAYS AND NUCLIDES COMMON TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES (Cont'd)
Energy
Nuclide
511.0
511.9
514.0
522.7
526.6
531.0
537.3
547.0
547.0
556.6
563.2
569.3
569.2
583.0
591.8
22
600.5
602.7
604.7
606.6
608.2
609.3
610.3
620.4
621.2
621.9
628.1
628.1
630.3
631.3
635.9
637.0
645.9
650.6
657.8
661.7
665.4
667.7
125
Na
Ru
85
Sr
132
I
135m
Xe
147
Nd
140
Ba
138
Cs
132
I
102m
Rh
134
Cs
134
Cs
207
Bi
208
Tl
154
Eu
106
Sb
Sb
134
Cs
125
Sb
135
Xe
214
Bi
103
Ru
110m
Ag
132
I
106
Ru
102m
Rh
102
Rh
132
I
102
Rh
125
Sb
131
I
124
Sb
132
I
110m
Ag
137
Cs
214
Bi
132
I
124
%
T1/2
E2
%
180.8
20.7
99.3
16.1
81.2
13.1
24.4
10.8
1.3
1.9
8.4
15.4
97.8
30.9
4.8
2.60Y
372D
64.8D
2.28H
15.7M
11.0D
12.8D
32.2M
2.28H
207D
2.06Y
2.06Y
32.2Y
Long
8.8Y
1274.5
1050.4
13.4KX
505.9
30.0KX
439.9
437.6
462.8
522.7
475.1
475.4
563.2
1063.1
510.6
248.0
99.9
1.5
50.6
5.0
14.0
1.2
1.9
30.7
16.1
46.0
1.5
8.4
74.9
7.8
6.6
17.8
97.8
97.6
5.0
2.9
46.1
5.6
2.8
~2.0
9.8
5.5
8.5
13.8
56.0
11.3
7.3
7.4
2.7
94.6
85.2
1.6
98.7
2.73Y
60.2D
2.06Y
2.73Y
9.10H
Long
39.3D
250D
2.28H
372D
207D
~2.9Y
2.28H
~2.9Y
2.73Y
8.04D
60.2D
2.28H
250D
30.0Y
Long
2.28H
463.4
645.9
795.9
600.5
249.8
665.4
497.1
657.8
547.1
511.9
556.6
475.1
621.2
628.1
606.6
364.5
602.7
630.3
620.4
33.0KX
609.3
650.6
10.5
7.4
85.4
17.8
90.0
1.6
88.7
94.6
1.3
20.7
1.9
95.0
~2.0
8.5
5.0
81.2
97.8
13.8
2.8
7.1
46.1
2.7
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
E3
621.9
15.0KX
547.0
319.4
423.7
871.7
621.2
628.1
569.3
604.7
1769.7
860.3
692.5
606.6
709.3
569.3
635.9
31.6KX
768.4
%
9.8
8.7
1.3
2.0
3.1
5.1
~2.0
5.5
15.4
97.6
6.9
4.3
1.7
5.0
1.4
15.4
11.3
5.2
4.9
446.8
630.3
1050.4
1103.2
631.3
650.6
692.4
671.4
722.9
709.3
667.7
677.6
3.8
13.8
1.5
2.9
56.0
2.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.4
98.7
10.4
768.4
669.9
4.9
4.9
Origin
Cosmic
Fallout
Activation
132
Te
Fission
Fallout
Fallout
138
Xe
132Te
Fallout
Fission
Fission
Fallout
232
Th
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fission
Fallout
Fission
238
U
Fallout
Activation
132
Te
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
132
Te
Fallout
Fallout
Fission
Fallout
132
Te
Activation
Fallout
238
U
132
Te
5.4 - 6
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
TABLE OF ( RAYS AND NUCLIDES COMMON TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES (Cont'd)
Energy
Nuclide
%
T1/2
E2
%
E3
%
Origin
669.9
671.4
671.6
673.9
677.6
687.0
692.4
692.5
695.6
696.5
697.6
132
I
Sb
132
I
87
Kr
110m
Ag
110m
Ag
102
Rh
154
Eu
102
Rh
144
Ce
102
Rh
4.9
1.8
5.2
1.9
10.4
6.4
1.8
1.7
2.7
1.3
45.7
2.28H
2.73Y
2.28H
76.3M
250D
250D
~2.9Y
8.8Y
~2.9Y
285D
~2.9Y
667.7
635.9
669.9
845.5
657.8
677.6
631.3
591.8
692.4
133.5
766.9
98.7
11.3
4.9
7.3
94.6
10.4
56.0
4.8
1.8
11.1
34.0
671.6
606.6
727.D
402.6
687.0
706.7
695.6
723.4
697.6
80.1
695.6
5.2
5.0
5.4
49.6
6.4
16.4
2.7
19.7
45.7
1.1
2.7
132
706.7
709.3
713.8
722.8
722.9
723.4
724.2
727.0D
727.3
728.7
739.5
744.3
751.7
755.3
756.7
756.8
763.1
763.9
765.8
766.9
768.4
772.3
772.7
777.9
778.9
780.1
110m
16.4
1.4
2.3
10.9
1.8
19.7
44.1
5.4
6.7
1.1
12.1
4.7
4.3
1.3
54.5
4.3
0.6
22.3
99.8
34.0
5.0
1.1
76.2
4.4
13.0
1.2
250D
60.2D
60.2D
60.2D
8.04D
8.8Y
64.0D
2.28H
Long
2.28H
65.9H
250D
40.3H
Long
64.0D
8.8Y
Long
250D
35.0D
~2.9Y
Long
Long
2.28H
65.9H
13.3Y
2.28H
687.0
645.9
709.3
713.8
364.5
692.5
756.7
671.6
39.9
727.0D
366.4
706.7
487.0
463.1
724.2
723.4
583.0
744.3
6.4
7.4
1.4
2.3
81.2
1.7
54.5
5.2
1.1
5.4
1.2
16.4
45.9
4.6
44.1
19.7
30.9
4.7
744.3
713.8
722.8
968.2
637.0
756.8
4.7
2.3
10.9
1.9
7.3
4.3
728.7
1620.7
772.7
777.9
763.9
815.8
772.3
1.1
1.5
76.2
4.4
22.3
23.6
1.1
873.2
860.3
818.0
11.5
4.3
7.3
697.6
665.6
755.3
728.7
739.5
444.0D
772.7
45.7
1.6
1.3
1.1
12.1
3.1
76.2
1046.6
786.4D
794.8
780.1
366.4
867.4
809.8
34.0
0.3
4.6
1.2
1.2
4.2
2.9
Activation
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fission
Fallout
Fallout
132
Te
232
Th
132
Te
Fallout
Activation
Fallout
232
Th
Fallout
Fallout
232
Th
Activation
Fallout
Fallout
238
U
232
Th
132
Te
Fallout
Fallout
132
Te
125
Ag
Sb
124
Sb
124
Sb
131
I
154
Eu
95
Zr
132
I
212
Bi
132
I
99
Mo
110m
Ag
140
La
228
Ac
95
Zr
154
Eu
208
Tl
110m
Ag
95
Nb
102
Rh
214
Bi
228
Ac
132
I
99
Mo
152
Eu
132
I
124
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
Te
Fallout
132
Te
Fission
Activation
Activation
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
5.4 - 7
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
TABLE OF ( RAYS AND NUCLIDES COMMON TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES (Cont'd)
Energy
Nuclide
785.5
786.4
794.8
795.8
212
802.0
806.2
809.8
810.8
812.3
815.8
818.0
818.6
830.6
834.8
834.9
835.6
840.4
845.5
860.3
867.4
867.8
871.7
873.2
877.2
884.7
898.1
898.0
134
904.3
911.2
919.6
925.2
934.0
937.5
954.6
964.1
964.6
968.2
228
Bi
Bi
228
Ac
134
Cs
214
Cs
Bi
132
I
58
Co
132
I
140
La
110m
Ag
136
Cs
228
Ac
54
Mn
88
Kr
228
Ac
228
Ac
87
Kr
208
Tl
152
Eu
140
La
138
Cs
154
Eu
132
I
110m
Ag
88
Y
88
Rb
214
Ac
Ac
140
La
140
La
214
Bi
110m
Ag
132
I
152
Eu
228
Ac
124
Sb
228
%
T1/2
E2
%
1.1
0.3
4.6
85.4
Long
Long
Long
2.06Y
727.3
768.4
772.3
604.7
6.7
4.9
1.1
97.8
1620.7
806.2
830.6
801.9
1.5
1.2
0.6
8.7
232
8.7
1.2
2.9
99.5
5.6
23.6
7.3
99.8
0.6
100.0
13.0
1.7
0.9
7.3
4.3
4.2
5.6
5.1
11.5
1.1
72.7
92.7
14.1
2.06Y
Long
2.28H
70.9D
2.28H
40.3H
250D
13.2D
Long
312.2D
2.84H
Long
Long
76.3M
Long
13.3Y
40.3H
32.2M
8.8Y
2.28H
250D
107D
17.8M
795.9
786.4
780.1
511.0
809.8
751.7
763.9
340.6
794.8
85.4
0.3
1.2
30.0
2.9
4.3
22.3
48.6
4.6
1038.6
934.0
812.3
1.0
3.2
5.6
877.2
867.8
884.7
1048.1
835.6
1.1
5.6
72.7
79.7
1.7
362.3
830.6
835.6
673.9
2614.4
778.9
815.8
547.0
756.8
812.3
818.0
1836.1
1836.1
2.3
0.6
1.7
1.9
35.8
13.0
23.6
10.8
4.3
5.6
7.3
99.4
21.4
985.8D
840.4
904.3
1175.5
583.0
964.1
919.6
1009.8
996.3
954.6
937.5
1.3
0.9
0.9
1.1
30.9
14.5
2.7
29.8
10.3
18.1
34.4
2677.9
2.0
Fission
238
U
132
Te
Activation
132
Te
Fallout
Activation
Fission
232
Th
Fallout
Fission
232
Th
232
Th
Fission
232
Th
Fallout
Fallout
138
Xe
Fallout
132
Te
Activation
Activation
88
Kr
0.9
29.0
2.7
7.1
3.2
34.4
18.1
14.5
5.8
1.9
Long
Long
40.3H
40.3H
Long
250D
2.28H
13.3Y
Long
60.2D
840.4
966.0D
867.8
487.0
1120.3
1384.3
877.2
1085.9
969.0
1045.1
0.9
23.2
5.6
45.9
15.0
24.3
1.1
9.9
17.4
1.9
911.2
840.4
925.2
919.6
806.2
884.7
1136.2
867.4
911.2
722.8
29.0
0.9
7.0
2.7
1.2
72.7
3.0
4.2
29.0
10.9
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
E3
%
Origin
Th
U
232
Th
Fission
238
232
Th
Th
Fallout
Fallout
238
U
Activation
132
Te
Fallout
232
Th
Fallout
232
5.4 - 8
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
TABLE OF ( RAYS AND NUCLIDES COMMON TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES (Cont'd)
Energy
Nuclide
%
T1/2
E2
%
E3
%
969.0
985.8
996.3
1001.0
1004.8
1009.8
1038.6
1045.1
1046.6
1048.1
1050.4
1063.1
1085.9
1099.3
1103.2
1103.2
1112.1
1112.9
1114.3
1115.5
1120.3
1136.2
1141.4
1143.6
1147.3
1155.2
1167.9
1173.2
1173.3
1175.5
228
Ac
Kr
154
Eu
234m
Pa
154
Eu
138
Cs
134
Cs
124
Sb
102
Rh
136
Cs
106
Ru
207
Bi
152
Eu
59
Fe
102m
Rh
102
Rh
152
Eu
102
Rh
138
Xe
65
Zn
214
Bi
132
I
88
Kr
132
I
138
Cs
214
Bi
134
Cs
60
Co
132
I
87
Kr
17.4
1.3
10.3
0.7
17.9
29.8
1.0
1.9
33.0
79.7
1.5
74.9
9.9
56.5
2.9
4.4
13.6
18.
1.5
50.8
15.0
3.0
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.7
1.8
99.9
1.1
1.1
Long
2.84H
8.8Y
Long
8.8Y
32.2M
2.06Y
60.2D
2.9Y
13.2D
372D
32.2Y
13.3Y
44.5D
207D
2.9Y
13.3Y
2.9Y
14.1M
244D
Long
2.28H
2.84H
2.28H
32.2M
Long
2.06Y
5.27Y
2.28H
76.3M
911.2
1141.4
1004.8
766.4
1274.5
1147.3
1167.9
1325.5
1103.2
818.6
511.9
569.2
1112.1
1291.6
556.6
1046.6
1085.9
1046.6
1768.4
511.0
1155.2
954.6
1369.4
1136.2
1009.8
1238.1
1038.6
1332.5
1143.6
1740.6
29.0
1.3
17.9
0.2
35.5
1.2
1.8
1.6
4.4
99.8
20.7
97.8
13.6
43.2
1.9
33.0
9.9
33.0
16.7
2.9
1.7
18.1
1.5
3.0
29.8
5.9
1.0
100.0
1.4
2.0
1459.2
834.9
873.2
742.8
996.3
871.7
802.0
968.2
766.9
1235.4
621.9
1769.7
964.1
192.3
628.1
1112.9
1212.9
1103.2
434.6
1.1
13.0
11.5
0.1
10.3
5.1
8.7
1.9
34.0
19.8
9.8
6.9
14.
3.1
5.5
18.9
1.4
4.4
20.3
934.0
1143.6
985.8D
1173.3
1343.6
1120.3
1365.2
3.2
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.1
15.0
3.0
1290.8
845.5
1.1
7.3
1212.9
1235.4
1238.1
1274.5
1274.5
1281.0
1290.8
1291.6
152
1.4
19.8
5.9
99.9
35.5
1.5
1.1
43.2
13.3Y
13.2D
Long
2.60Y
8.8Y
Long
2.28H
44.5D
1112.1
818.6
1155.2
511.0
1004.8
1238.1
1173.3
1099.3
13.6
99.8
1.7
181.0
17.9
5.9
1.1
56.5
1299.2
1048.1
1281.0
1.6
79.7
1.5
1596.6
1377.7
1295.4
192.3
1.8
4.0
2.0
3.1
88
Eu
Cs
214
Bi
22
Na
154
Eu
214
Bi
132
I
59
Fe
136
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
Origin
232
Th
Fission
Fallout
238
U
Fallout
138
Xe
Fission
Fallout
Fallout
Fission
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fallout
Fission
Activation
238
U
132
Te
Fission
132
Te
138
Xe
238
U
Fission
Activation
132
Te
Fission
Fallout
Fission
238
U
Cosmic
Fallout
238
U
132
Te
Activation
5.4 - 9
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
TABLE OF ( RAYS AND NUCLIDES COMMON TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES (Cont'd)
Energy
Nuclide
%
T1/2
E2
%
%
Origin
99.2
2.0
1.6
1.83H
2.28H
13.3Y
1290.8
1212.9
1.1
1.4
1372.1
1408.0
2.5
20.8
Activation
132
Te
Fallout
1.6
100.0
1.1
3.0
2.7
100.0
1.5
2.5
4.0
24.3
7.1
1.4
2.5
20.8
76.3
1.3
1.4
1.1
10.7
4.0
1.6
60.2D
5.27Y
32.2M
2.06Y
60.2D
14.7H
2.84H
2.28H
Long
250D
2.28H
Long
Long
13.3Y
32.2M
60.2D
2.28H
Long
1.3E9
250D
Long
1045.1
1173.2
1147.3
1167.9
1325.5
2754.1
1141.4
1295.4
1281.0
1475.8
1372.1
1377.7
1401.5
1299.2
1343.6
1368.2
1398.6
1499.0D
1.9
99.9
1.2
1.8
1.6
99.9
1.3
2.0
1.5
4.0
2.5
4.0
1.4
1.6
1.1
2.7
7.1
1.6
1368.2
2.7
1435.8
1038.6
1436.7
76.3
1.0
1.3
1518.4
1398.6
1401.5
937.5
1442.5
1408.0
1509.2
1212.9
2218.0
1691.0
1921.1
969.0
2.2
7.1
1.4
34.4
1.4
2.5
2.2
1.4
15.2
47.1
1.2
17.4
1384.3
1459.2
24.3
1.1
1505.0
1588.2
13.0
3.6
Fallout
Activation
138
Xe
Fission
Fallout
Activation
Fission
132
Te
238
U
Activation
132
Te
238
U
238
U
Fallout
138
Xe
Fallout
132
Te
232
Th
Natural
Activation
232
Th
4.0
2.5
1.5
2.2
1.6
45.9
35.5
1562.3
1661.3
1529.8
2029.9
1630.5
2521.7
1004.8
1.0
1.2
10.9
4.5
2.0
3.4
17.9
Activation
238
U
Fission
Fission
232
Th
Fallout
Fallout
1293.6
1295.4
1299.2
41
1325.5
1332.5
1343.6
1365.2
1368.2
1368.6
1369.4
1372.1
1377.7
1384.3
1398.6
1401.5
1408.0
1408.0
1435.8
1436.6
1442.5
1459.2
1460.8
1475.8
1499.0D
124
1505.0
1509.2
1518.4
1529.8
1588.2
1596.5
1596.6
110m
Ag
Bi
88
Kr
88
Kr
228
Ac
140
La
154
Eu
13.0
2.2
2.2
10.9
3.6
95.4
1.7
250D
Long
2.84H
2.84H
Long
40.3H
8.8Y
1475.8
1408.0
1369.4
1518.4
1499.0D
487.0
1274.5
1620.7
1630.5
1661.3
1691.0
212
1.5
2.0
1.2
47.1
Long
Long
Long
60.2D
727.3
1588.2
1509.2
2090.9
Ar
I
152
Eu
132
Sb
Co
138
Cs
134
Cs
124
Sb
24
Na
88
Kr
132
I
214
Bi
110m
Ag
132
I
214
Bi
214
Bi
152
Eu
138
Cs
124
Sb
132
I
228
Ac
40
K
110m
Ag
228
Ac
60
214
Bi
Ac
214
Bi
124
Sb
228
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
6.7
3.6
2.2
5.5
E3
785.5
1499.0D
1729.6
1436.7
1.1
1.6
3.1
1.3
232
Th
Th
238
U
Fallout
232
5.4 - 10
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
TABLE OF ( RAYS AND NUCLIDES COMMON TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES (Cont'd)
Energy
Nuclide
%
T1/2
E2
%
E3
%
Origin
1729.6
1740.6
1764.5
1768.4
1769.7
214
Bi
Kr
214
Bi
138
Xe
207Bi
3.1
2.0
15.9
16.7
6.9
Long
76.3M
Long
14.1M
32.2Y
1764.5
1175.5
1729.6
1114.3
1063.1
15.9
1.1
3.1
1.5
74.9
1661.3
2011.9
1847.4
1850.9
569.2
1.2
2.9
2.1
1.4
97.8
238
1836.1
1836.1
1847.4
1850.9
88
21.4
99.4
2.1
1.4
17.8M
107D
Long
14.1M
2677.9
898.1
1764.5
1768.4
2.0
92.7
15.9
16.7
898.1
14.1
88
2118.5
2004.8
1.2
5.4
1921.1
132
1.2
2.28H
1442.5
1.4
2002.4
1.1
132
2002.4
2004.8
2011.9
2015.9
2029.9
2035.5
2079.3
2090.9
132
I
Xe
87
Kr
138
Xe
88
Kr
88
Kr
138
Xe
124
Sb
1.1
5.4
2.9
12.3
4.5
3.7
1.4
5.5
2.28H
14.1M
76.3M
14.1M
2.84H
2.84H
14.1M
60.2D
1921.1
1850.9
1740.6
2004.8
1529.8
2029.9
2015.9
1436.6
1.2
1.4
2.0
5.4
10.9
4.5
12.3
1.3
1.4
12.3
13.1
1.4
3.7
13.2
2.3
47.1
132
2118.5
2195.8
214
1.2
13.2
Long
2.84H
1847.4
2035.5
2.1
3.7
2204.1
2231.8
5.0
3.4
238
2204.1
2217.8
2231.8
2252.3
214
Bi
Cs
88
Kr
138
Xe
5.0
15.2
3.4
2.3
Long
32.2M
2.84H
14.1M
2447.7
1435.8
2195.8
2079.3
1.6
76.3
13.2
1.4
2118.5
2639.4
2392.1
2015.9
1.2
7.6
34.6
12.3
238
2392.1
88
34.6
2.84H
2231.8
3.4
2195.8
13.2
Fission
2447.7
214
1.6
Long
2204.1
5.0
2118.5
1.2
2521.7
2556D
140
3.4
13.1
40.3H
76.3M
1596.5
2011.9
96.4
2.9
487.0
1740.6
45.9
2.0
Fallout
Fission
2614.4
2639.4
208
35.8
7.6
Long
32.2M
860.3
2217.8
4.3
15.2
583.0
1435.8
30.9
76.
232
87
Rb
Y
214
Bi
138
Xe
88
I
138
Bi
Kr
88
138
Kr
Bi
La
Kr
87
Tl
138
Cs
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
1442.5
2015.9
2556.0D
2079.3
2035.5
2195.8
2252.3
1691.0
U
Fission
238
U
Fission
Fallout
Kr
Other
238
U
Fission
Te
Te
Fission
Fission
Fission
Fission
Fission
Fission
Fallout
U
Fission
U
Xe
Fission
Fission
138
238
U
Th
Xe
138
5.4 - 11
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
TABLE OF ( RAYS AND NUCLIDES COMMON TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES (Cont'd)
Energy
Nuclide
%
T1/2
E2
%
E3
%
Origin
2677.9
88
2.0
17.8M
1836.1
21.4
2754.0
24
99.9
14.7H
1368.6
100.0
6129.2
16
68.8
7.13S
7115.2
4.7
Other
7115.2
16
4.7
7.13S
6129.2
68.8
Other
Rb
Na
N
N
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U. S. Department of Energy
898.1
14.1
88
Kr
Activation
5.4 - 12
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
5.5 X-RAY
Contact Person(s) : Colin G. Sanderson
5.5.1 SCOPE
This section presents a table of X-ray energies which are useful for radiochemical
analyses.
A number of nuclides emit X-rays as part of their decay scheme. These X-rays may be
counted with Ar proportional counters with Ge planar or n-type Ge co-axial detectors or
with thin crystal NaI(Tl) scintillation counters. In both cases, spectral measurements can
be made and both qualitative and quantitative information obtained on the sample.
K Shell vacancies are filled by a higher shell election. In the process an energy
Ek - Ex is liberated either as an X-ray or an Auger electron. The most important X-ray
transitions are designated as,
K"1 = K - LIII
K"2 = K - LII
Kß1 = K - MIII
Kß2 = K - NIII
Kß3 = K - MII
Kß4 = K - NII
Kß5 = K - MIV
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U. S. Department of Energy
5.5 - 1
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
With moderate resolution only Kß1' and Kß2' can be resolved,
Kß1' = Kß1 + Kß3 + Kß5
Kß2' = Kß2 + Kß4
The same is true for K"
K" = K"1 + K"2
The present table lists the values for K", Kß1' and Kß2'. Electron binding energies used
in this table were based on the tabulations of Wapstra et al. (1959) and Siegbahn (1965).
REFERENCES
Browne, E. and R. B. Firestone
Table of Radioactive Isotopes
Shirley, V. S. (Editor)
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1986)
Siegbahn, K.
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Ray Spectroscopy
North-Holland Publishing, Co., Amsterdam (1965)
Wapstra, A. H., G. J. Nijgh and R. Van Lieshout
Nuclear Spectroscopy Tables
North-Holland Publishing, Co., Amsterdam (1959)
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U. S. Department of Energy
5.5 - 2
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
Energy
(keV)
Kß1'
Z
Element
K"-
3
4
5
Li
Be
B
0.05
0.11
0.18
6
7
8
C
N
O
0.28
0.40
0.53
9
10
11
F
Ne
Na
0.68
0.85
1.04
12
13
14
Mg
Al
Si
1.25
1.49
1.74
15
16
17
P
S
C1
2.01
2.31
2.62
18
19
20
Ar
K
Ca
2.96
3.31
3.69
3.19
3.59
4.01
21
22
23
Sc
Ti
V
4.09
4.51
4.95
4.46
4.93
5.43
24
25
26
Cr
Mn
Fe
5.42
5.90
6.40
5.95
6.49
7.06
27
28
29
Co
Ni
Cu
6.93
7.47
8.03
7.65
8.26
8.91
30
31
32
Zn
Ga
Ge
8.63
9.24
9.88
9.57
10.3
11.1
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U. S. Department of Energy
Kß2'
5.5 - 3
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
Z
Element
K"-
Energy
(keV)
Kß1-
33
34
35
As
Si
Br
10.5
11.2
11.9
11.7
12.5
13.3
36
37
38
Kr
Rb
Sr
12.6
13.4
14.1
14.1
15.0
15.8
16.1
39
40
41
Y
Zr
Nb
14.9
15.7
16.6
16.7
17.7
18.6
17.0
18.0
19.0
42
43
44
Mo
Te
Ru
17.4
18.3
19.2
19.6
20.6
21.6
20.0
21.0
22.1
45
46
47
Rh
Pd
Ag
20.2
21.1
22.1
22.7
23.8
24.9
23.2
24.3
25.5
48
49
50
Cd
In
Sn
23.1
24.1
25.1
26.1
27.3
28.4
26.6
27.9
29.1
51
52
53
Sb
Te
I
26.3
27.3
28.5
29.7
31.0
32.3
30.4
31.7
33.0
54
55
56
Xe
Cs
Ba
29.6
30.8
32.0
33.6
34.9
36.4
34.4
35.8
37.2
57
58
59
La
Ce
Pr
33.3
34.5
35.9
37.8
39.3
40.7
38.7
40.2
41.8
60
61
62
Nd
Pm
Sm
37.2
38.5
39.8
42.3
43.8
45.4
43.3
44.9
46.6
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U. S. Department of Energy
Kß2'
5.5 - 4
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
K"-
Energy
(keV)
Kß1-
Kß2'
Z
Element
63
64
65
Eu
Cd
Tb
41.3
42.7
44.1
47.0
48.7
50.4
48.2
49.9
51.7
66
67
68
Dy
Ho
Er
45.6
47.1
48.7
52.1
53.8
55.6
53.4
55.3
57.1
69
70
71
Tm
Yb
Lu
50.3
51.9
53.5
57.5
59.4
61.3
59.0
60.9
62.9
72
73
74
Hf
Ta
W
55.2
57.1
58.8
63.2
65.2
67.2
64.9
67.0
69.1
75
76
77
Re
Os
Ir
60.6
62.4
64.3
69.3
71.4
73.6
71.2
73.4
75.6
78
79
80
Pt
Au
Hg
66.2
68.2
70.1
75.7
78.0
80.1
77.8
80.1
82.5
81
82
83
Tl
Pb
Bi
72.1
74.2
76.3
82.4
84.7
87.1
84.9
87.3
89.8
84
85
86
Po
At
Rn
78.4
80.5
82.8
89.6
92.7
94.7
92.3
95.0
97.5
87
88
89
Fr
Ra
Ac
85.0
87.3
89.7
97.3
99.9
102.6
100.2
103.0
105.7
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U. S. Department of Energy
5.5 - 5
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
Element
K"-
Energy
(keV)
Kß1-
90
91
92
Th
Pa
U
92.1
94.5
97.0
105.3
108.1
111.0
108.6
111.4
114.5
93
94
95
Np
Pu
Am
99.5
102.1
104.7
113.9
116.9
119.9
117.5
120.5
123.6
96
97
98
Cm
Bk
Cf
107.5
110.2
113.0
123.0
126.2
129.4
126.9
130.2
133.5
99
100
101
Es
Fm
Md
115.9
118.8
122.8
132.7
136.0
139.4
136.9
140.4
144.9
102
103
104
No
Lw
124.8
127.9
130.5
142.7
146.2
149.7
147.5
151.2
154.5
Z
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U. S. Department of Energy
Kß2'
5.5 - 6
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
5.6 NATURAL DECAY SERIES
Contact Person(s) : Isabel M. Fisenne
5.6.1 SCOPE
Charts of the four heavy element series are given in this section. These are the three
natural series and the artificial Am series.
Data for half-lives and energies have been taken from Browne et al. (1986). Energies
are given in order of abundance and include only the major emissions. Branching in the
chains that amount to one percent or less are also omitted.
REFERENCE
Browne, E. and R. B. Firestone
Table of Radioactive Isotopes
Shirley, V. S. (Editor)
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (1986)
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U. S. Department of Energy
5.6 - 1
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
Principal Members of the Uranium Series
238
U (UI)
4.47 x 109 y
4.2 MeV
U (UII)
2.45 x 105 y
4.7 MeV
234
9
234
234
Th (UX1)
24.1 d
0.2, 0.1 MeV
_
_
9
Pa (UX2)
1.17 min
2.3 MeV
230
Th (Io)
7.54 x 104
4.6 MeV
9
226
Ra (Ra)
1600 y
4.8 MeV
9
222
Rn (Rn)
3.825 d
5.5 MeV
9
218
9
Alpha Decay
Beta Deca
214
_
9
214
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U. S. Department of Energy
_
210
Pb (RaF)
138.376 d
5.3 MeV
210
Bi (RaC)
19.9 m
0.4-3.3 MeV
_
Pb (RaB)
26.8 m
0.7, 1.0 MeV
Po (RaCN)
1.64 x 10-4 s
7.7 MeV
214
Po (RaA)
3.05 m
6.0 MeV
9
210
_
Pb (RaD)
22.3 y
0.02, 0.06 MeV
_
Bi (RaE)
5.013 d
1.2 MeV
9
206
Pb (RaG)
Stable
5.6 - 2
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
Principal Members of the Thorium Series
232
228
Th (Th)
1.405 x 1010 y
4.0 MeV
9
228
228
_
Ac (Ms Th II)
6.13 h
0.4-2.2 MeV
Ra (Ms Th I)
5.75 y
0.01, 0.04 MeV
_
Th (Rd Th)
1.91 y
5.3, 5.4 MeV
9
224
Ra (ThX)
3.66 d
5.4, 5.7 MeV
9
220
Rn (Tn)
55.6 s
6.3 MeV
9
216
Po (ThA)
0.15 s
6.8 MeV
9
218
212
Pb (ThB)
10.64 h
0.3, 0.6 MeV
9
Alpha Decay
Beta Decay
9
_
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U. S. Department of Energy
212
Pb (ThB)
10.64 h
0.3, 0.6 MeV
_
212
_
Po (ThCN)
2.98 x 10-7
8.8 MeV
9
Bi (ThC)
60.6 min
6.1 MeV ", 2.2 MeV $
208
Pb (ThD)
9
208
1/3
TI (ThCO)
3.053 min
1.0-1.8 MeV
_
Stable
5.6 - 3
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
Principal Members of the Actinium Series
235
U (AcU)
7.037 x 108 y
4.4-4.6 MeV
231
9
231
Th (UY)
1.063 d
0.09-0.30 MeV
_
Pa
3.276 x 104 y
4.7-5.1 MeV
9
227
Ac
21.77 y
0.05 MeV
227
Th (Rd Ac)
18.718 d
5.7-6.0 MeV
_
9
223
Ra (AcX)
11.43 d
5.5-5.7 MeV
9
219
Rn (An)
3.96 s
6.4-6.8 MeV
9
215
Po (AcA)
1.78 x 10-3 s
7.4 MeV
9
Alpha Decay
Beta Decay
9
_
211
Pb (AcB)
36.1 min
0.5-1.4 MeV
211
_
Bi (AcC)
2.14 min
6.3, 6.6 MeV
207
Pb
9
207
Ti (AcC'')
4.77 m
1.43 MeV
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U. S. Department of Energy
Stable
_
5.6 - 4
Section 5, Vol. I
HASL-300, 28th Edition
Rev. 0
February 1997
Principal Members of the Americium Series
241
Am
432.7 y
5.4-5.5 MeV
241
Pu
14.4 y
0.02 MeV
9
9
237
Np
2.14 x 106 y
4.6-4.8 MeV
_
237
U
6.75 d
0.09, 0.25 MeV
9
233
9
233
_
Pa
27.0 d
0.15-0.57 MeV
233
Th
22.3 min
1.23 MeV
_
U
1.592 x 105 y
4.8 MeV
9
229
Th
7340 y
4.8-5.1 MeV
9
225
Ra
14.8 d
0.32 MeV
_
225
Ac
10.0 d
5.8 MeV
9
221
Fr
4.9 min
6.1-6.3 MeV
9
217
At
0.032 s
7.1 MeV
9
Alpha Decay
9
_
213
Bi
45.59 min
1.0-1.4 MeV
213
_
Po
4.2 x 10-6 s
8.4 MeV
9
Beta Decay
209
Pb
3.253 h
0.64 MeV
Environmental Measurements Laboratory
U. S. Department of Energy
209
Bi
Stable
_
5.6 - 5