The Unstoppable Rise of Mobile Imaging and Aesthetics

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/eva2014.35
7KH8QVWRSSDEOH5LVHRI
0RELOH,PDJLQJDQG$HVWKHWLFV
0XUDW*HUPHQ
6DEDQFL8QLYHUVLW\)$66
2UKDQOL7X]OD
,VWDQEXO7XUNH\
[email protected]
Smart phones are ubiquitous; light, portable and indispensable. The spatial, perceptive and visual
connections among scene, subject and photographer are different, compared to a regular camera.
This fact enables the photographer to focus on different topics, try practices s/he has not tried
before. Mobile devices change the way we create, edit, sequence and share photography. When
you do street photography with a smart phone camera, one of the advantages is that people do not
really understand where you aim at and what you photograph. They do not react as consciously as
they would in front of a regular camera. The reason is; almost all people, including locals and
tourists, own a smart phone and taking a snap with them is very common practice for all. Okabe
and Ito (2006) argue that: “The camera phone is a more ubiquitous presence, and is used for more
personal, less objectified viewpoint and sharing among intimates. It tends to be used more
frequently as a kind of archive of a personal trajectory or viewpoint on the world, a collection of
fragments of everyday life.”
Ease of use seems to make smart phone recording as one of the "sine qua non" practices of
photography. There are many documentary photographers, reporters, journalists, professional
photographers and even artists, film directors who take this apparatus seriously and use it. Some
camera makers, like Samsung, are aware of the power of mobile imaging (described as “quantum
imagery” by Fred Ritchin) and started to produce cameras 3G/4G connectivity.
Before the digital revolution, the percentage of the “amateur” photographers was relatively less as
compared to the digital era. Shooting with film was more difficult as analogue processes allowed
less room for errors. After the launch of cheap compact digital cameras amateurs generated more
self-confidence in imaging since they were offered the possibility of fixing any mistakes by just
erasing any faulty photo. The introduction of cameras into smart phones was yet another
dimension at which people felt even more poised to take photos, since the tool is not a
“professional” apparatus with which you are expected to create expert results. In the light of above
facts, I think it would not be wrong to say that phone cameras give a personalized power to their
users. Nowadays, with the possibilities offered by social media tools, regular people contribute to
the making of their local and global histories with the “amateur” personal images they make, which
partially shape their identities. This can defined as power of the individual, using visual
imagination as a tool.
This paper aims to discuss how mobile digital imaging alters the creation, perception and
aesthetics of visuality. Contemporary photographic culture is definitely more intricately intertwined
with popular culture as compared to photography in the 20th century and this should not be
interpreted as a weakness but strength, when used consciously.
Mobile imaging. Individuality. Digital aesthetics. Visual communication. Contemporary photography.
LPDJH PDNLQJ LW VHHPV ZH DUH JRLQJ EDFN WR WKH
YHU\ILUVWGD\VRIKXPDQNLQGZKHUHLPDJHVGLGQRW
QHHG WH[WXDO H[SODQDWLRQ $QRWKHU FRQWHPSRUDU\
WRRO WKDW SURYHV WKHUH DUH QR ODQJXDJH DQG
FRPPXQLFDWLRQEDUULHUVZLWKLPDJHVLVWKH³3RLQWLW
7UDYHOOHU
V /DQJXDJH .LW´ ZKHUH \RX KDYH RQO\
SKRWRVWRH[SODLQ\RXUQHHGE\SRLQWLQJWRLPDJHV
1. INTRODUCTION
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ WKURXJK YLVXDOV LV QRW QRYHO
SUDFWLFH ,W LV UDWKHU WKH PRVW DUFKDLF ZD\ RI
FRQYH\LQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH 3DODHROLWKLF
GUDZLQJV RI WKH /DVFDX[ &DYH )ROORZLQJ WKH
HYROXWLRQ RI SULPLWLYH LPDJH PDNLQJ LQWR ILJXUDWLYH
SDLQWLQJ DQDORJXH SKRWRJUDSK\ XVLQJ FDPHUD
REVFXUDDQGLWVWHFKQRORJLFDOGHULYDWLYHVLQWRGLJLWDO
The unstoppable rise of mobile imaging and aesthetics
Murat Germen
³This is a time where we are moving away from
photography as a way of recording/storing a past
moment. We are turning photography into a
communication medium. You have images now
that have no possible afterlifeVDLG5RELQ.HOVH\D
SURIHVVRU RI SKRWRJUDSK\ DW +DUYDUG $V D IRUP RI
EULVN YLVXDO UHVSRQVH 6QDSFKDW LV D PRELOH
DSSOLFDWLRQWKDWDOORZVDSHUVRQWRWDNHDQGVHQGD
SLFWXUHRUYLGHRWKHQFRQWUROKRZORQJVHFRQGV
PD[LW¶VYLVLEOHWRWKHSHUVRQZKRUHFHLYHVLW$IWHU
WKH SKRWR LV YLHZHG LW GLVDSSHDUV IRUHYHU OLNH D
FDVXDOH[FKDQJHRQWKHVWUHHW´%LOWRQ
7KH DIRUHVDLG HSKHPHUDOLW\ RI PRELOH YLVXDO
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WXUQV PRELOH GHYLFHV LQWR YLWDO
PHGLD WRROV +HUH DUH VRPH IDFWV WKDW SURYH WKH
SUHYDOHQFH RI VPDUWSKRQHV DQG LQVWDQW LPDJH
PDNLQJ
L
LL
LLL
LY
Y
YL
YLL
YLLL
L[
[
6RFLDO PHGLD JLDQW )DFHERRN KDV RIIHUHG
ELOOLRQ IRU ,QVWDJUDP LQVWDQW LPDJH
VKDULQJSODWIRUP
,Q 3DUN &KDQZRRN 6RXWK .RUHDQ
ILOP GLUHFWRU VKRW KLV QHZ ILOP WLWOHG
³3DUDQPDQMDQJ´ HQWLUHO\ RQ WKH L3KRQH KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL1LJKWB)LVKLQJBIL
OP
6WRFN SKRWR DJHQFLHV HQWHUHG PRELOH
SKRWRJUDSK\ PDUNHW 0DQ\ PDMRU VWRFN
SKRWR DJHQFLHV VWDUWHG WR GHSOR\ LPDJHV
WDNHQ ZLWK VPDUWSKRQHV DQG FRPPLVVLRQ
SKRWRJUDSKHUVXVLQJWKHP
RI WKH ³0RVW 3RSXODU &DPHUDV LQ WKH
)OLFNU &RPPXQLW\´ OLVW DUH L3KRQHV E\ WKH
WLPH WKLV SDSHU ZDV ZULWWHQ L3KRQH V
V UHVSHFWLYHO\ OHDGLQJ &DQRQ (26
5HEHO 7L 7KH VDPH OLVW LQ 1RYHPEHU
ZHQW DV IROORZV L3KRQH V &DQRQ
(26 ' 0DUN ,, L3KRQH &DQRQ (26
(26 ' &DQRQ (26 5HEHO 7L
KWWSZZZIOLFNUFRPFDPHUDV
$Q LQIRJUDSKLF E\ 2YHUJUDP GLVSOD\
LQWHUHVWLQJ WLWELWV )DFHERRN KDV WLPHV PRUH SKRWRV WKDQ WKH /LEUDU\ RI
&RQJUHVVSKRWRVPDNHXSRISRVWVRQ
7XPEOUKWWSPDVKDEOHFRPSK
RWRJUDSK\
$FFRUGLQJ WR 1LJHO 0F1DXJKW 'LUHFWRU RI
WKH3KRWR0DUNHWLQJ$VVRF³LW¶VUHDOLVWLFWR
DVVXPH VRPH RI WKH ORVV LQ FRPSDFW
FDPHUDXQLWVDOHVLVGRZQWRVPDUWSKRQHV´
KWWSZZZGSUHYLHZFRPDUWLFOHV
KRZVPDUWSKRQHVDUHFKDQJLQJGLJLWDO
SKRWRJUDSK\
6PDUWSKRQHVDUHRFFDVLRQDOO\SUHIHUUHGIRU
QHZV UHSRUWLQJ 7,0(6XSHUVWRUP 6DQG\
KWWSZZZDPHULFDQSKRWRPDJFRPSKRWR
JDOOHU\LSKRQHRQO\ $O -D]HHUD ±
&RYHUDJH RI WKH XSULVLQJ LQ 6\ULD
KWWSPDVKDEOHFRPV\ULD
LSKRQHGRFXPHQWDU\ 1HZ <RUN 7LPHV ±
[L
86 $UP\¶V SUHVHQFH LQ $IJKDQLVWDQ
KWWSOHQVEORJVQ\WLPHVFRPW
KURXJKP\H\HQRWKLSVWDPDWLFV
)RUWXQH PDJD]LQH UHSRUWHG LQ 6HSWHPEHU
WKDW ³ RI DOO SKRWRV HYHU WDNHQ
ZHUH
VKRW
LQ
´
KWWSZZZZLUHGFRPUDZILOHVWHSK
HQPD\HVYLLSKRWRJUDSK\
5HOHDVH RI VPDUWSKRQHV ZLWK YHU\ KLJK
UHVROXWLRQ FDPHUDV PHJDSL[HO 1RNLD
/XPLD SURVWKHWLF OHQVHV WKDW FDQ EH
DWWDFKHG RQWR VPDUWSKRQHV WR DXJPHQW
RSWLFDO IHDWXUHV PHJDSL[HO 6RQ\ '6&
4; 'LJLWDO &DPHUD 0RGXOH IRU
6PDUWSKRQHV VKRZ WKDW FRPSDQLHV LQYHVW
RQVPDUWSKRQHLPDJLQJDQGZLOOFRQWLQXHWR
GRVRLQWKHIXWXUH
2QH RI *RRJOH¶V ODWHVW WHFKQRORJLHV
*RRJOH*ODVVLVDZHDUDEOHFRPSXWHUZLWK
DQRSWLFDOKHDGPRXQWHGGLVSOD\DQGEULQJV
DQH[WUDIDFHWWRPRELOHLPDJLQJ
³&RPSDUDWLYHLQWHUQDWLRQDOVWDWLVWLFVFRQYH\
WKHPDJQLWXGHDQGVSHHGRIWKHVHFKDQJHV
DQGWKHJURZWKRIWKHPRELOHSKRQHSHRSOH
ZRUOGZLGH DUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR RZQ D
WHOHSKRQH WKDQ WKH PRUH FHOHEUDWHG
µPLUDFOH¶ RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ WKH
79´.DW]$DNKXV
Figure 1: Most popular cameras in the Flickr community:
iPhone 5, 4s, 5s, 4 respectively, leading
Canon EOS Rebel T3i
Figure 2: Facebook has 10,000 times more photos than
the Library of Congress (infographic by Overgram)
7KH GRPLQDQFH RI PRELOH LPDJLQJ GHYLFHV FDQ
IXUWKHU EH H[SODLQHG E\ WKH IROORZLQJ TXRWH
³,PDJHV¶ PHDQLQJV PRUSK PRYH DQG FDQ H[LVW LQ
PXOWLSOH SODFHV DQG PHDQLQJV DW RQH WLPH )UHG
The unstoppable rise of mobile imaging and aesthetics
Murat Germen
UHJXODU FDPHUD 7KLV LV SHUIHFW LQ WKH VHQVH WKDW
³FDQGLG´ SKRWRV DUH H[SHFWHG LQ W\SLFDO VWUHHW
SKRWRJUDSK\ 7KH RWKHU DGYDQWDJH LV WKDW SHRSOH
GR QRW UHDOO\ XQGHUVWDQG ZKHUH \RX DLP DW DQG
ZKDW \RX H[DFWO\ SKRWRJUDSK 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG
ZKHQ \RX ZRUN ZLWK PRGHOV DZDUH RI \RX
SKRWRJUDSKLQJ ZLWK D VPDUWSKRQH VXEMHFWV IHHO
PRUH FRPIRUWDEOH DQG WKHUHIRUH DOORZ WKH SHUVRQD
WR FRPH RXW PRUH VLQFH WKH\ FDQ VWDUH DW WKH
SKRWRJUDSKHU¶V IDFH LQVWHDG RI WKH OHQVFDPHUD
VHW )XUWKHUPRUH W\SLFDO FDPHUD YLHZILQGHU YLVLRQ
DQG GLVWDQWO\ KHOG VPDUWSKRQH YLVLRQ DUH QRW WKH
VDPH \RX KDYH D ODUJHU VFRSH RI YLHZ ZLWK
VPDUWSKRQHVVLQFH\RXGRQRWIHHOFRQILQHGWRWKH
YLHZILQGHU¶VWXQQHOOLNHYLVLRQ
$ SURSKRWRJUDSKHU PXVW FKDQJH KLVKHU LPDJLQJ
GHYLFH SHULRGLFDOO\ LQ RUGHU WR EH DEOH WR EHKDYH
GLIIHUHQWO\ WRZDUGV WKH VXEMHFWREMHFW 'HSHQGLQJ
RQ WKH SDUWLFXODU SURMHFW VKHKH LV ZRUNLQJ RQ
H[SHULPHQWLQJ ZLWK GLIIHUHQW HTXLSPHQW OLNH
DQDORJXHFDPHUDZLWKILOP'6/5*R3URFDPHUD
*LJD3DQ (SLF 3UR /RPR VPDUWSKRQH ZLWK DSSV
HWF ZLOO DGG D VHUHQGLSLWRXV GLPHQVLRQ
DGYHQWLWLRXV PRGH RI FUHDWLYLW\ WKDW ZDV QRW
SUHYLRXVO\WHVWHG
5LWFKLQ SURIHVVRU RI SKRWRJUDSK\ DQG LPDJLQJ DW
1<8 GHVFULEHV WKLV DV µQuantum imagery¶ 'LJLWDO
SKRWRJUDSK\ LV DQ\WKLQJ DQG HYHU\WKLQJ DW DQ\
VLQJOHPRPHQWLWKDVFRQWUDGLFWRU\PHDQLQJVDOODW
RQFH :KDW WKH FHOO SKRQH GRHV LV LW WDNHV DOO WKH
DWWULEXWHV RI GLJLWDO DQG PDJQLILHV WKHP´
KWWSZZZZLUHGFRPUDZILOHVWHSKHQ
PD\HVYLLSKRWRJUDSK\
2. ADVANTAGES OF SMARTPHONES AS
MOBILE IMAGING DEVICES
7KH ILUVW EHQHILW LV YHU\ REYLRXV XELTXLWRXVQHVV
:H DOUHDG\ QHHG WKH GHYLFH IRU EDVLF
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ,W LV VPDOO OLJKWZHLJKW ILWV DOPRVW
DQ\ SRFNHW ,W FUHDWHV WKH IHHOLQJ RI ³XQEHDUDEOH
OLJKWQHVV´E\JHWWLQJULGRIWKHSK\VLFDODQGPHQWDO
ZHLJKW RI KDYLQJ WR FDUU\ SURFDPHUD
SDUDSKHUQDOLD 7KH QH[W ELJ DGYDQWDJH LV
FRQQHFWLYLW\ 7KLV LV VR FUXFLDO WKDW 6DPVXQJ
SURGXFHG D QHZ FDPHUD WLWOHG *DOD[\ &DPHUD *
:L)LZKLFKSURYLGHVLPPHGLDWH,QWHUQHWDFFHVV
IRUVKDULQJSKRWRVRQVRFLDOPHGLD
µ,QVWDQW H\HZLWQHVV¶ LV DQRWKHU FKLHI GLPHQVLRQ DQ
LQVWDQWSKRWRLVDQLQVWDQWHYLGHQFH<RXFDQXVHLW
WR GRFXPHQW D FDU DFFLGHQW WR SUHSDUH \RXU FODLP
IRU WKH LQVXUDQFH FRPSDQ\ \RX FDQ SURYH \RX
ZHUH DW D FHUWDLQ ORFDWLRQ DW D FHUWDLQ WLPH WR
DQVZHUTXHVWLRQVRI³ZKHUHZHUH\RXODVW«"´\RX
FDQVWDUWGRFXPHQWLQJWKHGUDVWLFSK\VLFDOFKDQJHV
LQ \RXU QHLJKERXUKRRG HJ WKH DXWKRU¶V ³XUEDQ
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ´VHULHVLQSURJUHVVLQKLVKRPHWRZQ
RI ,VWDQEXO DQG \RX FDQ DOVR MRLQ VRFLDO SROLWLFDO
PRYHPHQWV E\ SURYLGLQJ WHVWLPRQLDO LPDJHV WKDW
DUH QRW FRYHUHG E\ PDLQ VWUHDP PHGLD $PRQJ
VRPH UHFHQW H[DPSOHV WR WKLV HQOLJKWHQLQJ W\SH RI
LPDJH PDNLQJ DUH WKH FHOO SKRQH SKRWRV WDNHQ E\
,UDTL FLYLOLDQV WKDW DOOHJH LQGLVFULPLQDWH XVH RI
YLROHQFH DJDLQVW FLYLOLDQV DQG FKLOGUHQ E\ PLOLWDU\
IRUFHV RI WKH 86$ LQ WKH FLW\ RI )DOOXMDK LQ ,UDT
GXULQJ WKH )DOOXMDK 2IIHQVLYH RI 1RYHPEHU 7KH SKRWRV WDNHQ E\ ³DPDWHXUV´ GXULQJ WKH 7DKULU
6TXDUH &DLUR (J\SW DQG 7DNVLP *H]L 3DUN
UHVLVWDQFH GHPRQVWUDWLRQV ,VWDQEXO 7XUNH\ DQG
VKDUHG LQ VRFLDO PHGLD DLPLQJ D WUDQVSDUHQW
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZHUH YHU\ VWURQJ KXPDQ ULJKWV
YLRODWLRQ HYLGHQFHV RI VWDWH DJJUHVVLRQ WRZDUGV
SURWHVWLQJFLYLOLDQVWKDWZHUHQRWFRYHUHGE\PDVV
PHGLDIULJKWHQHGE\VWDWHLQVWLWXWLRQV
7KHVPDUWSKRQHIRUDSURSKRWRJUDSKHULVDQLGHDO
WRRO 7KH GHYLFH LV XVHG E\ DOPRVW HYHU\ERG\
WDNLQJDVQDSZLWKLWLVYHU\FRPPRQSUDFWLFHDQGLW
GRHV QRW KDYH D ³SUR´ ORRN 6R WKH SUR
SKRWRJUDSKHU LV SDUW RI WKH FODQ QRERG\ WDNHV
KHUKLP VHULRXVO\ DQG SRVHV DFFRUGLQJO\ MXVW OLNH
WKH FKLOGUHQ SKRWRJUDSKHUV DUH XVXDOO\ WUHDWHG ,Q
FDVH RI VPDUWSKRQH SKRWRJUDSK\ SHRSOH GR QRW
UHDFW DV FRQVFLRXVO\ DV WKH\ ZRXOG LQ IURQW RI D
3. POSSIBLE DRAWBACKS OF WORKING
WITH MOBILE CAMERAS
3KRWRJUDSK\ UHYHDOV WKLQJV WKDW DUH RWKHUZLVH QRW
YLVLEOH WR XV DW WKDW YHU\ PRPHQW ,I WKH FRQWHQW WR
EHUHYHDOHGLVFRQILGHQWLDORUSULYDWHWKHLVVXHVRI
HWKLFV KDYH WR EH FRQVLGHUHG 7KH PRUH
RPQLSUHVHQW LV WKH VPDUWSKRQH FDPHUD WKH PRUH
WKHUHLVSRWHQWLDOWRYLRODWHWKHSULYDF\RILQGLYLGXDOV
DQG FRQYH\LQJ PLVLQIRUPDWLRQ E\ GRFXPHQWLQJ
PRPHQWVWKDWDUHLVRODWHGIURPWKHLUFRQWH[WV³7KH
6RFLHW\ RI 3URIHVVLRQDO -RXUQDOLVWV PDQGDWHV WKH
IROORZLQJ LQ LWV &RGH RI (WKLFV 1HYHU GLVWRUW WKH
FRQWHQWRIQHZVSKRWRVRUYLGHR $YRLGPLVOHDGLQJ
UHHQDFWPHQWV RU VWDJHG QHZ HYHQWV ,I UH
HQDFWPHQW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR WHOO D VWRU\ ODEHO LW
(WKLFVUHIHUVWRDGLVFLSOLQHWKHRU\RURWKHUV\VWHP
WKDW VHHNV WR SURYLGH PRUDO JXLGHOLQHV E\
LQWHJUDWLQJ RU EDODQFLQJ SHUVRQDO YDOXHV ZLWK
LQVWLWXWLRQDO RU FRPPXQLW\ REOLJDWLRQV´ :KHHOHU
9DULRXV FRXQWULHV DSSO\ GLIIHUHQW VDQFWLRQV
LQ FDVHV RI SULYDF\ YLRODWLRQ YLRODWLRQ RI FRS\ULJKW
IRU SKRWRJUDSKLQJ GHVLJQ REMHFWV WR EH UHSOLFDWHG
ZLWKRXW SHUPLVVLRQ ODFN RI VLJQHG PRGHO UHOHDVH
IURPWKHVXEMHFWZKRZDVSKRWRJUDSKHGDQGVLPLODU
FRQWHQW SUREOHPV 7KHVH GLIIHUHQW SURFHGXUHV
WDNHQDJDLQVW YDULRXVFDVHVDUHXVXDOO\VKDUHG RQ
WKH,QWHUQHWLQRUGHUWRIRUPDSRRORISRVVLEOHOHJDO
DFWLRQV WKDW LQGLYLGXDOV LQVWLWXWLRQV FDQ UHIHU WR
$VLGH IURP WKH FROOHFWLYH OHJDO GLPHQVLRQV WKH
VXEMHFW RI HWKLFV KDV ILUVW WR GR ZLWK SHUVRQDO
FRQGXFWVDQGGLVFLSOLQH7KHEDVLFPRWWRLVHDV\DV
µUHVSHFWRWKHUVLI\RXZDQWWREHUHVSHFWHG¶
The unstoppable rise of mobile imaging and aesthetics
Murat Germen
VKDUHGSHULRGLFDOO\ZLWKRWKHUV7KHVHSKRWRVZHUH
GLVSOD\HGSXEOLFO\DQGPHDQWWREHVHHQE\RWKHUV
<HW WKLV SXEOLF JURXS RI IRONV ZDV FRPSRVHG RI
UHODWLYHV DQG IULHQGV RU IULHQGV RI IULHQGV DW WKH
RXWHUPRVW UDQJH 7KHVH SKRWRV UHIHUUHG WR WKH
SDVWUHFHQWRUUHPRWHDQGWKH\ZHUHYLVXDOSURRIV
RI,ZDVZHZHUHWKHUHOLNHWKLVZLWKRWKHUVDWD
SDUWLFXODU WLPH 7KLV VWUXFWXUH FKDQJHG TXLWH D ELW
ZLWK LQVWDQW SKRWRJUDSK\ DQG VKDULQJ 1RZ ZH
KDYH D PXFK ODUJHU JURXS RI SHRSOH ZH JHW
FRQQHFWHG WR PXFK PRUH WKDQ ZH FDQ KRVW RI
KRPHDQGZHDUHPRUHLQWHUHVWHG LQ ZKDW ZHDUH
GRLQJ QRZ DV RSSRVHG WR ZKDW ZH KDYH GRQH LQ
WKH SDVW 6R WKH IDPRXV ³.LOUR\ ZDV KHUH´ JUDIILWL
PD\QHHGWREHPRGLILHGDV³.LOUR\LVKHUHULJKWDW
WKLV WLPH GRQ¶W PLVV´ 7KLV VLPXOWDQHLW\ PDWWHUV VR
PXFK IRU VRPH SHRSOH WKDW LI \RX DUH QRW GRLQJ
DQ\WKLQJ DW WKLV WLPH \RX PD\ QRW EH HYHQ
FRQVLGHUHGDOLYH
7KH XVH RI VPDUWSKRQHV LQFOXGLQJ WKH VLPSOHU
PRGHOV RQO\ ZLWK 606 006 FDSDELOLWLHV LV TXLWH
ZLGHVSUHDG DPRQJ WKH \RXWK ³7KH SRSXODULW\ RI
PRELOHSKRWRJUDSK\DPRQJ\RXQJSHRSOHLVURRWHG
LQ WKH LQWULQVLFDOO\ LGHQWLILFDWLRQDO DQG UHODWLRQDO
SUDFWLFHV DQG ULWXDOV RI PRELOH VQDSVKRWV 7KH
IRFXV LV WKH VRFLDO QHWZRUNV RI EHORQJLQJ PRUH
RIWHQ WKDQ WKH VXEMHFW %RWK RQOLQH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
DQGPRELOHSKRWRJUDSK\DUHSHUIRUPDWLYHSUDFWLFHV
FRQQHFWHG WR WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ DQG QDUUDWLRQ RI
GDLO\ OLIH DQG RIWHQ RULHQWHG WRZDUGV WKH EXLOGLQJ
DQGSUHVHUYDWLRQRIPHPRU\<HWDWWKHVDPHWLPH
WKH\ DUH XVHG WR H[KLELW RQH¶V VRFLDO PHPEHUVKLSV
DQGDLPHGDWPDLQWDLQLQJUHFLSURFDOFRQQHFWLYLW\,Q
D VHQVH WKH FLUFXODWLRQ RI PRELOH SLFWXUHV LQ :HE
HQYLURQPHQWV VKRZV WKDW PRELOH LPDJHV DUH D
VRFLR FXOWXUDO SKHQRPHQD´ 6FLIR ³)RU
WHHQV WKUHH SURFHVVHV DUH IRUPDWLYH LQ
FRQVWUXFWLQJ WKHLU LGHQWLWLHV UHIOH[LYLW\ PDNHDELOLW\
DQGLQGLYLGXDOL]DWLRQ´=LHKH
([KLELWLRQLVWLF RYHUSUHVHQFH LQ WKH VRFLDO PHGLD
SODWIRUPV XVLQJ µVHOILH¶V DQG VRFLDOLVDWLRQ SKRWRV
PD\ SRLQW WR WKH HIIRUWV RI VKRUWOLYHG PHGLD
SXEOLFLW\ FHOHEULW\ DQG UHPLQG WKH H[SUHVVLRQ
FUHGLWHG WR $QG\ :DUKRO WKDW JRHV DV IROORZV ³,Q
WKH IXWXUH HYHU\RQH ZLOO EH ZRUOGIDPRXV IRU
PLQXWHV´ 7KLV WUHQG LQ DGGLWLRQ WR RWKHU VRFLDO
PHGLD WHQGHQFLHV LV QRW VSHFLILF WR FXOWXUHV
³0RELOH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ FKDQJHV WKH QDWXUH DQG
TXDOLW\RIVRFLDOEHKDYLRXUDQGRUJDQLVDWLRQ7KHVH
FKDQJHV DUH QRW UHVWULFWHG WR WKH LQGXVWULDOL]HG
FRXQWULHV EXW DUH SDQGHPLF´ .DW] $DNKXV
7KH PRVW SUREDEOH UHDVRQ LV WKH IDFW WKDW
³SKRWRV UHIOHFW VRFLDO UHODWLRQVKLSV EXW WKH\ DOVR
KHOS WR FRQVWUXFW DQG PDLQWDLQ WKHP´ 9DQ +RXVH
HWDO
8VHRIVPDUWSKRQHVLVDOVRFORVHO\OLQNHGZLWKKRZ
ZHXVHSXEOLFVSDFH:KHQ7XUNLVKSHRSOHVWDUWHG
WR XVH FHOO SKRQHV SXEOLFO\ EHIRUH WKH µPRELOH
7KH HDVH RI FUHDWLQJ D SKRWR LQVWDQWO\ FDUULHV WKH
SRWHQWLDO RI OHDGLQJ SHRSOH WR SKRWRJUDSK MXVW
DQ\WKLQJ DQG VKDUH FDUHOHVVO\ ZLWKRXW PXFK
HOLPLQDWLRQ VFUHHQLQJ 2QFH SKRWRJUDSKHUV
EHFRPH IDPRXV DOPRVW OLNH :RUOG RI :DUFUDIW
DYDWDUV LQ SODWIRUPV OLNH ,QVWDJUDP DQG WKHLU WHQ
WKRXVDQGV RI IROORZHUV NHHS OLNLQJ DQ\ SKRWR WKH\
VKDUHWKHUHLVWKHGDQJHURIH[SHULHQFLQJDTXDOLW\
ORVV ERWK LQ FRQWHQW DQG DHVWKHWLFV 7KLV LV OLNH
DOPRVW OLNH 1DUFLVVXV V\QGURPH ZKLFK LV D
FKDUDFWHUWKDWIHOOLQORYHWRGHDWKZLWKKLVUHIOHFWLRQ
RQDSRROQRWUHDOL]LQJLWZDVPHUHO\DQLPDJH:H
HDVLO\ IDOO LQ ORYH ZLWK RXU RZQ VRFLDO PHGLD
SUHVHQFH QRW UHDOL]LQJ WKH IDFW WKDW PRVW RI WKH
LPDJHV WKDW ZH FUHDWH FDUU\ WKH VLJQDWXUH RI WKH
UHWUR ILOWHUV WKDW ZH KDSSHQ WR FKRRVH ZKHQ ZH
VKDUH LPDJHV IURP SODWIRUPV OLNH ,QVWDJUDP
+LSVWDPDWLF(\H(P96&2&DPDQGVRRQ6RPH
RI WKHVH GLJLWDO HQKDQFHPHQWV DUH TXLWH HDV\ WR
LGHQWLI\DQG\RXULPDJHPD\EHILUVWEHODEHOOHGE\
DSSQDPHVEHIRUH\RXUQDPH
Figure 3: Image obtained with the combination of iPhone
5 + Slitscan app on iOS. Copyright: Murat Germen, 2013
6PDUWSKRQHV DUH WHFKQRORJLFDO ZRQGHUV DQG
SHRSOHZKRGRQRWFRQFHLYHWKHPMXVWDVWRROVEXW
UDWKHUDVSUHVWLJHLWHPVZLOOPLVVWKHWUDLQ7HFKQR
IHWLVKLVWLF LGRODWU\ RU WHFKQRORJLFDO WULXPSKDOLVP
XQGHUWKHIRUPRIL3KRQH6DPVXQJRUL26$QGURLG
IDQDWLFLVP ZLOO VHUYH GRPLQDQW WHFKQRFXOWXUH WKDW
GLVFXVVHVWHFKIHDWXUHVLQVWHDGRIGLVFXVVLQJKRZ
\RXFDQFRQWULEXWHWR\RXUFXOWXUHDQGSROLWLFV
4. SOCIOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF MOBILE
IMAGE MAKING
)RU D PRPHQW IRUJHW GLJLWDO WHFKQRORJLHV DQG
UHPHPEHUWKHROGWUDYHOIDPLO\SKRWRVWKDWH[LVWHG
DWKRPHHLWKHUIUDPHGDQGORFDWHGRQDEXIIHWLQD
OLYLQJ URRP RU RQ WKH SDJHV RI DQ DOEXP WR EH
The unstoppable rise of mobile imaging and aesthetics
Murat Germen
IURP EHLQJ XVHG LQ PRVW SURIHVVLRQDO SKRWRJUDSK\
FDVHV$VDUHVXOWRIWKHVHWHFKQLFDOVKRUWFRPLQJV
PRVWLPDJHVFUHDWHGE\VPDUWSKRQHVDUHGHIHFWLYH
LQ WKH VHQVH RI KDYLQJ QRLVH OLJKW OHDNV DZNZDUG
FRPSRVLWLRQV GXH WR IDVW XVDJH URXWLQH HWF 7KLV
IDFW LV KLJKO\ FRPSDWLEOH ZLWK WKH SUHVHQW GD\
SKRWRJUDSK\ DHVWKHWLFV RI LPSHUIHFWLRQV DQG
GLODSLGDWLRQV )ROORZLQJ WKH PDQ\GHFDGHVROG
QRUPDWLYH DSSURDFK RI H[FHVVLYH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RQ
DHVWKHWLFV WHFKQLFDO SHUIHFWLRQ LQ SKRWRJUDSK\
VRPH FRQWHPSRUDU\ SKRWRJUDSKHUV SUHIHUUHG WR
IRFXV RQ LPSHUIHFWLRQV DV D UHIXVDO RI RYHU
DHVWKHWLFL]HG LPDJHU\ ,Q VRPH FDVHV RI VXFK
SUDFWLFH LPSHUIHFWLRQ UHIHUUHG WR WKH JHQXLQHQHVV
RI WKH WHVWLPRQ\ ZKHUH LQ RWKHUV LW ZDV SXUHO\ D
TXHVWIRUQRYHODHVWKHWLFVGHI\LQJWKHWUDGLWLRQDO
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ HWLTXHWWH¶ ZDV ZLGHO\ DGRSWHG E\
WKH FXOWXUH WKHUH ZHUH SUREOHPV RI SXEOLF
GLVWXUEDQFH GXH WR KLJK YRLFH YROXPH RU FXOWXUDO
YDULDWLRQVLQWKHGHILQLWLRQRIZKLFKVSHHFKFRQWHQW
LV SXEOLF RU SULYDWH ³0RELOH SKRQH XVH DSSHDUV WR
HQFRXUDJH WKH SULYDWLVDWLRQ RI SXEOLF VSDFH DV
SULYDWH GLVFRXUVH ILOOV WKH VWUHHW FODVVURRP DQG
HYHU\ RWKHU FRQFHLYDEOH SXEOLF VSDFH ,Q VR GRLQJ
VSHDNHUVµDEVHQW¶WKHPVHOYHVIURPWKHVSDFHVWKH\
LQKDELW0RELOHWHFKQRORJLHVSHUPLWDUHRUJDQLVDWLRQ
RI SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH UHDOPV RI H[SHULHQFH ZKHUH
ZKDW LV WUDGLWLRQDOO\ FRQFHLYHG RI DV µSULYDWH¶
H[SHULHQFH LV EURXJKW RXW LQWR SXEOLF UHDOPV LQ WKH
DFW RI LQGLYLGXDOL]HG OLVWHQLQJ RU WDONLQJ 7KHVH
WHFKQRORJLHV SHUPLW XVHUV WR SULRULWL]H WKHLU
H[SHULHQFH LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKHLU JHRJUDSKLFDO VRFLDO
DQG LQWHUSHUVRQDO HQYLURQPHQW HQDEOLQJ WKHP WR
H[LVW LQ D YDULHW\ RI ZD\V ZLWKLQ WKHLU RZQ SULYDWH
VRXQGZRUOG´%XOO
6PDUW SKRQHV DUH QRW LQLWLDOO\ PHDQW DV LPDJLQJ
GHYLFHVDQGWKHUHDUHVRPHVRFLDOLVVXHVLQYROYHG
LQ XVLQJ WKHP DV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ GHYLFHV 9DULRXV
FXOWXUHVJHQHUDWHGGLIIHUHQWUHDFWLRQVDQGKDELWV
L
LL
LLL
LY
Y
YL
YLL
³7KH PRELOH DV D SHUVRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
GHYLFH QRW MRLQWO\ XVHG E\ WKH IDPLO\ OLNH
WKH
WUDGLWLRQDO
IL[HGOLQH
SKRQH´
.DVHVQLHPL5DXWLDLQHQ
³7KH606SKHQRPHQRQWKDWKDVJHQHUDWHG
LWV RZQ WHUPLQRORJ\ FXVWRPV DQG VRFLDO
QRUPV´.DVHVQLHPL5DXWLDLQHQ
³606 DV FOLTXHEDVHG DEEUHYLDWHG
ODQJXDJH´6NRJ
³7KH VLJQLILFDQFH RI VRFLDO EDFNJURXQG
GHFUHDVLQJ ZKLOH WKHVXEMHFWLYHLPSRUWDQFH
RI WKH LQQHU ZRUOG LQFUHDVLQJ DV LQGXVWULDO
VRFLHW\GHYHORSV´6NRJ
³0RELOH SKRQH DV D VWDWXV V\PERO DPRQJ
ZRUNLQJFODVVWHHQDJHUV´6NRJ
³0RELOH SKRQH DV D WRRO RI XQHGXFDWHG
SHRSOH WR VKRZ RII QHZ VRFLDO VWDWXV´
9DUEDQRY
³8VDJH RI PRELOH SKRQH LQ WKH KRXVH DV D
VXEVWLWXWH IRU D FRUGOHVV SKRQH´ )RUWXQDWL
Figure 4: Instagram photo: Murat Germen, inside an
airplane, 2014
%HUQG6WLHJOHUVWDWHVLQKLVDUWLFOHGDWHGDQG
WLWOHG µ,PSHUIHFWLRQ¶ SXEOLVKHG RQOLQH DW WKH
)RWRPXVHXP :LQWHUWKXU VLWH ³WKDW LPSHUIHFWLRQ
VHUYHV DV WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ PRGXV RI WKH UHDO LQ
SKRWRJUDSK\)RUWKLVYHU\UHDVRQSKRWRJUDSK\KDV
EHFRPH HQDPRXUHG RI DQG FRPPLWWHG WR
LQDFFXUDF\ EHFDXVH LW HQDEOHV D IRUP RI
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ WKDW DLPV WR FRQFHSWXDOL]H UHDOLW\ LQ
DXQLTXHDHVWKHWLFPDQQHU´
KWWSEORJIRWRPXVHXPFK
LPSHUIHFWLRQ
2EWDLQLQJLPSHUIHFWLRQLQSKRWRJUDSK\FDQKDSSHQ
DW QXPHURXV OHYHOV )LUVW PHWKRG UHIXVHV WKH
SHUIHFWLRQ RI WHFKQRORJ\ E\ PDNLQJ SKRWRJUDSKV
WKDW GHOLEHUDWHO\ XWLOL]H SUHSODQQHG WHFKQLFDO
HUURUV7KHVHHUURQHRXVSURFHVVHVFDQEHOLVWHGDV
IROORZV 'HILFLHQW FDPHUDV H[SLUHG SDUWLDOO\
H[SRVHGWRUQILOPVYDULRXVFKHPLFDOWZHDNLQJVLQ
WKH GDUNURRP HWF $Q\ FRQWHQW SKRWRJUDSKHG ZLWK
VXFK IODZHG HTXLSPHQW LV GRRPHG WR \LHOG DQ
LPSHUIHFW UHVXOW HYHQ LI \RX GRFXPHQW SHUIHFWLRQ
6HFRQG PHWKRG LV DW WKH XVHU OHYHO 3KRWRJUDSKHU
H[SORLWVXVHUFRQWUROOHGLQDFFXUDFLHVOLNHEOXUULQHVV
7KHDERYHDUHVHYHUDOHDUO\FRQYHQWLRQVWKDWZHUH
DGRSWHGLQFRXQWULHVOLNH)LQODQG1RUZD\%XOJDULD
DQG,WDO\
5. EFFECTS OF MOBILE IMAGING ON
CONTEMPORARY PHOTOGRAPHY, VISUAL
AESTHETICS AND CONTENT CREATION
7KRXJK VPDUWSKRQH FDPHUDV DUH WHFKQLFDOO\
GHFHQWWRDQDFFHSWDEOHGHJUHHWKH\FDQQRWUHDFK
WKHTXDOLW\RISURIHVVLRQDO FDPHUDV6RPHRIWKHP
DUHORZLQ03YDOXHDOORIWKHPKDYHZHDNKL,62
SHUIRUPDQFH DOPRVW QRQH RIIHU RSWLFDO ]RRP
FDSDELOLW\ DQG WKHVH IDFWV SUHYHQW WKHVH GHYLFHV
The unstoppable rise of mobile imaging and aesthetics
Murat Germen
QDWXUH RI SKRWRJUDSK\ E\ PRYLQJ LW IURP D IL[HG
LPDJH WR D IOXLG RQH 2XU QHZ UHODWLRQVKLS LV OHVV
DERXW ZLWQHVV HYLGHQFH DQG GRFXPHQW DQG PXFK
PRUH DERXW H[SHULHQFH VKDULQJ PRPHQW DQG
VWUHDPLQJ 7KH FHOO SKRQH LV D KDUELQJHU IRU
VRPHWKLQJKXJHO\VLJQLILFDQW*LYHQWKHFHQWUDOLW\RI
SHUVRQDO SKRWRJUDSK\ WR SURFHVVHV RI LGHQWLW\
IRUPDWLRQ DQG PHPRULDOLVDWLRQ FKDQJHV WR WKH
ZD\V LQ ZKLFK ZH FDSWXUH VWRUH DQG GLVVHPLQDWH
SHUVRQDO SKRWRJUDSKV WKURXJK WKH XVH RI GHYLFHV
OLNH FDPHUD SKRQHV ZLOO KDYH LPSRUWDQW
UHSHUFXVVLRQV IRU KRZ ZH XQGHUVWDQG ZKR ZH DUH
DQGKRZZHUHPHPEHUWKHSDVW´*\H
7KH GHPRFUDWLVDWLRQ RI LPDJH PDNLQJ EURXJKW E\
PRELOH GHYLFHV DQG UHVXOWLQJ LQFUHDVH LQ WKH
LQWURGXFWLRQ RI SHUVRQDO QDUUDWLYHV IRUPLQJ D
FROOHFWLYH SRRO RI H[SHULHQFHV FDQ EH H[HPSOLILHG
ZLWK WKH UHFHQW VRFLDO PRYHPHQWV OLNH WKH $UDE
6SULQJ RU WKH 7DNVLP *H]L 3DUN UHVLVWDQFH LQ
7XUNH\ ³5HVHDUFK KDV GHPRQVWUDWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ
VKDULQJ YLD PRELOH SKRQHV DV EHLQJ D VLJQLILFDQW
PHDQV IRU GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ LQ LQIRUPDO JURXSV´
0LUDQGD 6DXQGHUV 7KH SOXUDOLW\ RI
GLIIHUHQW RU HYHQ RSSRVLQJ LQIRUPDO LQGLYLGXDOLWLHV
LV FHQWUDO WR WKH FRQFHSW RI D GHYHORSHG FXOWXUH
7KH SRRO RI LPDJHV FUHDWHG E\ ³DPDWHXUV´ FDUULHV
WKH SRWHQWLDO RI EHLQJ WUXHU LQ WKH VHQVH WKDW WKH\
DUH QHLWKHU SKRWRV UHTXLUHG FRPPLVVLRQHG E\
KHJHPRQLFSUHVVDJHQFLHV5HXWHUV$)3HWFQRU
WDNHQ E\ SURIHVVLRQDO SKRWRJUDSKHUV ZKR DUH YHU\
H[SHULHQFHG LQ FUHDWLQJ SKRWRV DV LQVWUXPHQWV WR
EH H[SORLWHG E\ SUHYDLOLQJ QDWLRQV ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV
WKHUH LV DQ LQFUHDVLQJ DXWRQRP\ RI WKH PDNLQJ RI
LPDJHV SLFWXUHV DQG GHFUHDVLQJ VLJQLILFDQFH RI
SKRWRV RI FRPPLVVLRQHG E\ RIILFLDO SULYDWH
LQVWLWXWLRQV WR FOHDQ WKHLU LPDJHV DSSHDUDQFH
9LVXDO DSSURSULDWLRQ PDQLSXODWLRQ DQG FRQWURO RI
WKHZRUOGDUHQRWLQWKHKDQGVRIH[FOXVLYHSHRSOH
LQVWLWXWLRQV DQ\PRUH 7KH ZD\ SKRWRJUDSK\
FRQVWUXFWHG WKH ZRUOG YLVXDOO\ FKDQJHG ³WKH
FHUWDLQWLHV RI WKH SKRWRJUDSKLF HUD KDYH EHHQ
GHFRQVWUXFWHGDQGZHDUHQRZUHDG\LWVHHPVWR
FRPH WR WHUPV ZLWK WKH IUDJLOLW\ RI RQWRORJLFDO
GLVWLQFWLRQV EHWZHHQ LPDJLQDU\ DQG UHDO´ 5RELQV
, UHPHPEHU WKH ROG GD\V ZKHQ , ZDV ZRUNLQJ ZLWK
SRVLWLYH ILOP 0\ EXGJHW ZDV OLPLWHG DV D \RXQJ
SKRWRJUDSKHU RQ WKH RWKHU VLGH VOLGH ILOP ZDV
KLJKO\ XQVSDULQJ DQG LW ZRXOG QRW IRUJLYH DQ\
PLVWDNHV7KHUHIRUHEUDFNHWLQJZDVLQHYLWDEOHDQG
HYHU\WLPH,EUDFNHWHG,ZRXOGEHFRQFHUQHGDERXW
WKHILQDOH[SHQVHV2QHILOPIUDPHKDGDSDUWLFXODU
YDOXH DV DQ ³REMHFW´ RI REVHVVLRQ ERWK SK\VLFDOO\
DQG PHQWDOO\ 7KLV LV QRW WKH FDVH DQ\PRUH ZLWK
GLJLWDOO\ WDNHQ IUDPHV $OO WKH SKRWRV \RX WDNH DUH
³IUHH´ RI FRVW WLPH FRQFHUQ KHVLWDWLRQ \RX WDNH
WKHP FRQWLQXRXVO\ LQ D VXFFHVVLRQ \RX QHYHU
LQWHQGHG EHIRUH 7KLV FDUHOHVVQHVV IUHHV \RX IURP
WKH SK\VLFDO DWWDFKPHQW \RX IHHO WRZDUGV D VLQJOH
³EDG´ IUDPLQJ RYHUH[SRVXUH XQGHUH[SRVXUH
DFFLGHQWDO VKXWWHU PRYHV HWF ,I WKLV LV FRPELQHG
ZLWKWKHILUVWPHWKRGUDUHUHVXOWVGXHWRDFFLGHQWDO
LGLRV\QFUDV\ DUH JXDUDQWHHG $V DQ DUWLVW WU\LQJ WR
EH DV ³HFFHQWULF´ DV SRVVLEOH RQH FDQ HDVLO\
V\PSDWKL]H ZLWK WKHVH PHWKRGV VLQFH FRPSO\LQJ
ZLWK UXOHV DQG WHFKQLFDO UHTXLUHPHQWV RIIHUV \RX
OHVV RSSRUWXQLW\ LQ FUHDWLQJ VRPHWKLQJ XQLTXH
$QRWKHU PHWKRG LV FORVHO\ UHODWHG WR WKH FRUH
IXQFWLRQ RI SKRWRJUDSK\ ZKLFK LV GRFXPHQWDWLRQ
'RFXPHQWLQJ WKH LPSHUIHFWLRQV LQ OLIH LQ D YHU\
VWUDLJKW PDQQHU DYRLGLQJ DERYHPHQWLRQHG
PHWKRGV UHVWLQJ RQ WHFKQLFDO IODZV HQDEOHV
SKRWRJUDSKHUV WR UHIHU WR WKH QHZ DHVWKHWLF RI
IDXOWLQHVV 7KH UHFHQW RFFXUUHQFH RI SKRWRJUDSKLF
LPSHUIHFWLRQ LQ PRELOH LPDJLQJ HQYLURQPHQWV
SDUWLDOO\VHHPVWREHQRVWDOJLFDVPDQ\ILOWHUVWKDW
DUH XVHG LQ VPDUWSKRQH SKRWR DSSV VLPXODWH WKH
DIRUHPHQWLRQHG WHFKQLFDO LPSHUIHFWLRQV 7KLV DOVR
PHDQV WKDW WKH RULJLQDO ³DQWLDHVWKHWLF´ DSSURDFK
DLPLQJ LPSHUIHFWLRQ KDV EHFRPH D GRPLQDQW
DHVWKHWLFLWVHOIMXVWOLNH'XFKDPS¶VDSSURSULDWLRQRI
UHDG\PDGHVORVWLWVUHYROXWLRQDU\PHDQLQJ
Figure 5: Instagram photo: Murat Germen, Istanbul,
Turkey, 2014
,I RQH WULHV WR FRQQHFW WKH KDELW RI XVLQJ
VPDUWSKRQHV WR FRQWHPSRUDU\ SKRWRJUDSK\
SUDFWLFHV LW LV SRVVLEOH WR WDON DERXW DQ RYHUODS RI
ERWK SUDFWLFHV LQ FRYHULQJ SHUVRQDO QDUUDWLYHV
)ROORZLQJ 1DQ *ROGLQ¶V SHUVRQDO VWRU\ PDNLQJ RI
RQH¶V RZQ VXUURXQGLQJV PDQ\ UHODWLYHO\ QHZ
JHQHUDWLRQ SKRWRJUDSKHUV FKRVH VWLOO FKRRVH WR
ZRUN RQ µFORVH TXDUWHUV¶ ³3HRSOH FDSWXUH RUGLQDU\
WKLQJVLQLPPHGLDWHOLIHDQGVKDUHWKHPZLWKIULHQGV
DQG DFTXDLQWDQFHV LQ PRQDGLF FOXVWHUV WKDW
EHFRPH HYHQ PRUH HPRWLRQDOO\ DQG UHODWLRQDOO\
PRUH VHOIUHOLDQW WKDQ EHIRUH´ .RVNLQHQ ³6WHSKHQ 0D\HVGLUHFWRU RI 9,, 3KRWR $JHQF\
DUJXHV WKDW WKH ULVH RI GLJLWDO FKDQJHG WKH YHU\
The unstoppable rise of mobile imaging and aesthetics
Murat Germen
RIRQH
VYLHZRIWKHSDQRUDPLFODQGVFDSH´.DW]
$DNKXV
IUDPH \HV ZH SURGXFH TXLFNO\ \HV ZH FRQVXPH
TXLFNO\ EXW DOVR FUHDWH H[WUD H[SUHVVLRQV DERXW
VLWXDWLRQV ZH DUH LPSUHVVHG E\ :KDW ZH
LQGLYLGXDOO\ FUHDWH QRZDGD\V LV QRW D
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQDO SURRI WKDW ZLOO VHUYH WKH RIILFLDO
KLVWRU\GLFWDWHGWRXVIRUORQJ\HDUVLWLVUDWKHURXU
KXPEOH SHUVRQDO REVHUYDWLRQ WKDW KDV D GHVWLQ\ RI
LWV RZQ LQ WHUPV RI VXVWDLQDELOLW\ 7KH LPDJH QR
ORQJHU VHUYHV WR VLJQLI\ WKH REMHFW EXW UDWKHU
VXJJHVWVLWXQFRYHUVLWPDNHVLWVXEVLVW$V*HQH
<RXQJEORRG SXWV LW ³D GLJLWDOO\ SURFHVVHG
SKRWRJUDSK IRU H[DPSOH FDQ QR ORQJHU EH
UHJDUGHGDVHYLGHQFHRIDQ\WKLQJH[WHUQDOWRLWVHOI
'LJLWDO VFHQH VLPXODWLRQ KDV GHSULYHG SKRWRJUDSK\
RILWVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDODXWKRULW\MXVWDVSKRWRJUDSK\
GLVTXDOLILHG SDLQWLQJ LQ WKH QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ EXW
WKLV WLPH WKH TXHVWLRQ RI UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ KDV EHHQ
WUDQVFHQGHGDOWRJHWKHU´<RXQJEORRG
7KH RPQLSUHVHQFH RI VPDUWSKRQHV DV LPDJLQJ
GHYLFHV KDV D VWURQJ LPSDFW RQ WKH IDFW WKDW WKH\
HQFRXUDJH KHOS XV WR WDNH SKRWRV LQ SODFHV
LQVWDQFHV VHWWLQJV RFFDVLRQV ZH ZRXOG QRW
RWKHUZLVH WKLQN RI SKRWRJUDSKLQJ )ROORZLQJ D
KXPEOH SHUVRQDO REVHUYDWLRQ , WKLQN ZH VWDUWHG WR
VHHPRUHDHULDOSKRWRVIURPDLUSODQHVPRUHDQLPDO
IRRG DFWLRQ SKRWRV PRUH VHOISRUWUDLWV PRUH
SKRWRV IURP 79 VFUHHQV DQG VR IRUWK 7KH DQJOH
SHUVSHFWLYH YLHZSRLQW IUDPLQJ RI WKLV UHODWLYHO\
XQXVXDO FRQWHQW LV DOVR XQFRPPRQ $ ORW RI
³UHJXODU´ SHRSOH ZKR SUHYLRXVO\ KDG DYHUDJH
DSSURDFK WRZDUGV SKRWRJUDSK\ VWDUWHG WR
H[SHULPHQW WKH\ DUH QRW VFDUHG RI PDNLQJ
PLVWDNHV SURGXFLQJ VWUDQJH EL]DUUH DW\SLFDO
LPDJHV LQ DGGLWLRQ WR µQRUPDO¶ RQHV 0RUH SHRSOH
ZDQW WR EH FUHDWLYH DQG DSSUHFLDWHG WKLV ZLOO
KRSHIXOO\IRUFHDUWSURIHVVLRQDOVDQGDUWLVWVWRWKLQN
RIDQXSGDWHZKLFKLVORQJQHHGHGDIWHUWKHWK
\HDUFRPPHPRUDWLRQRI'XFKDPS¶VZRUNV
/DVWGLPHQVLRQ,ZRXOGOLNHWRPHQWLRQLVUHODWHGWR
WZR RI WKH PRVW LQGLVSHQVDEOH FRPSRQHQWV RI
SKRWRJUDSK\ 7LPH DQG VSDFH 0RVW RI WKH
VPDUWSKRQHV KDYH EXLOWLQ *36 PRGXOHV DQG
FRQVHTXHQWO\ SKRWRV FRPH WDJJHG ZLWK *36
PHWDGDWD ZKLFK DOORZV ORFDWLQJ WKH SKRWR RQ D
PDS LQ D SUHFLVLRQ WKDW ZDV QRW DYDLODEOH EHIRUH
7KLV JHRORFDWLRQ FRGLQJ FRXSOHG ZLWK WLPH FRGLQJ
UHIHU WR D VSDFH LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW ZH FDQ FDOO *,6
WHUULWRU\*,6SODFHGDWDODQGVFDSH,QDGGLWLRQWR
WKH YLVXDO FXOWXUDO DHVWKHWLFDO DUWLVWLF VRFLDO
DQWKURSRORJLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQ HPEHGGHG LQWR WKHP
GLUHFWO\ RU LQGLUHFWO\ SKRWRV VWDUWHG WR FRQYH\
ORFDWLRQ GDWD DV ZHOO $HVWKHWLFV FDQ EH VHHQ DV
SXUHO\ YLVXDO UHDGLQJ \HW FRQWH[W ZLOO DOZD\V
LQIOXHQFH WKH ZD\ ZH SHUFHLYH DQG LQWHUSUHW
YLVXDOLWLHV 7DONLQJ DERXW ODQGVFDSH DV FXOWXUDO
FRQWH[W RQH PXVW DOVR NHHS LQ PLQG WKDW ³WKH
SK\VLFDO ODQGVFDSH LV DOVR FKDQJLQJ 8QJDLQO\
VLJQDO WUDQVPLVVLRQ WRZHUV DUH SURPLQHQW IHDWXUHV
Figure 6: Compressed landscape image taken from a
moving train with an iPhone app named Slitscan
(Photograph: Murat Germen, Morocco, 2013)
6. CONCLUSION
,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RI WKH FRQFHSWV RI SODFH FRJQLWLRQ
FRQFHSWLRQ PDNLQJ DQG DHVWKHWLFV RI PRELOH
LPDJLQJ LQ SKRWRJUDSKLF DQG SRSXODU FXOWXUHV LV
FUXFLDOFRQVLGHULQJWKHUDSLGO\FKDQJLQJODQGVFDSH
RI WRGD\
V F\EHUFXOWXUH 7KH HVFDODWLRQ RI
VPDUWSKRQH SKRWRJUDSK\ KDV JLYHQ FRQWURO WR
LQGLYLGXDOV WR KDYH WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR FUHDWH WKHLU
RZQQDUUDWLYHVYLVXDOVWRULHVDQGVKDUHWKHPZLWK
RWKHUV ZLWKRXW KLQGUDQFH RU PRGHUDWLRQ 7KLV QHZ
SRSXODU FXOWXUH LOOXVWUDWHG E\ D G\QDPLF YLVXDO
DVVHPEODJH LV LQWHUWZLQHG ZLWK FRQWHPSRUDU\
SKRWRJUDSKLF FXOWXUH DQG WKLV OLQN VKRXOG EH VHHQ
DV D VWUHQJWK ZKHQ XVHG SHUFHLYHG FRQVFLRXVO\
,QGLYLGXDOV IRUPLQJ D FROOHFWLYH SRRO RI LQVWDQW
SHUVRQDO H[SHULHQFHV DQG UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV LQ
F\EHUVSDFH SRLQW WR WKH WULXPSK RI VXEMHFWLYH
FDVXDOQHVV RYHU REMHFWLYH IRUPDOLVP 7KLV
LQGLYLGXDOFRQVFLHQFHFDQEHIXUWKHUH[SODLQHGZLWK
.HYLQ5RELQV¶VWDWHPHQW³LQWKHOLJKWRIDIHOWVHQVH
RI LQVHFXULW\ LPDJHV DUH PRELOLVHG WR DFKLHYH
V\PEROLFRULPDJLQDU\SRVVHVVLRQRYHUVSDFHWKH\
DUHDERXWFRQWDLQPHQWDQGFRQWURO´5RELQV
7KHSUHVHQWO\PXFKRPLQRXVQRWLRQRIVXUYHLOODQFH
YLRODWLRQ RI SHUVRQDO SULYDF\ LQ WKH QDPH RI
VHFXULW\ GLVWXUELQJ SUHVHQFH RI WKH H[FHVVLYH
QXPEHUV RI &&79 FDPHUDV FRQVWLWXWH LPSRUWDQW
DVSHFWVWRFRQVLGHULQPRELOHLPDJLQJDVLQGLYLGXDO
PRGHRIH[LVWHQFH7KHIDFWWKDWDOPRVWDQ\ERG\DW
DQ\ WLPH FDQ SKRWRJUDSK DQ\ERG\ HOVH ZLWK WKH
KHOS RI XELTXLWRXV VPDUWSKRQHV FDQ EH VHHQ
DOWHUQDWLYHO\DVDQDFWRIVXEMHFWLYHUHVLVWDQFHWRRO
UHPLQLVFHQW RI VPDOO EURWKHUV ZDWFKLQJ WKH ³ELJ
EURWKHU´ DJDLQVW WKH XQFRQVHQWHG YLVXDO UHFRUGLQJ
IRUVHFXULW\H[FXVHV7KLVFRQFHSWLRQFDQEHWDNHQ
DV D JOREDO FROOHFWLYH SDQRSWLFRQ ZLWK PDQ\
FRQWULEXWRUV IURP DURXQG WKH ZRUOG ZKLFK DUH QRW
³SULVRQHUV´ RI WHFKQRORJ\ EXW KRSHIXOO\ FRQVFLRXV
LQGLYLGXDOV ZKR DUH QRW EOLQGHG E\ WKH
³$SSDUDWJHLVW´VSLULWRIWKHPDFKLQHDWHUPFRLQHG
E\ -DPHV ( .DW] DQG 0DUN $ $DNKXV .DW] $DNKXV
The unstoppable rise of mobile imaging and aesthetics
Murat Germen
Private Talk, Public Performance &DPEULGJH
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV(QJODQG
)LQDOO\ , WKLQN ZH RZH WR GLJLWDO SKRWRJUDSK\ DQG
WKH UHFHQW PRELOH LPDJLQJ GHYLFHV D ELJ GHDO MXVW
EHFDXVH WKH\ PDGH XV VWDUW TXHVWLRQLQJ WKH
SUHYLRXVO\
WUXVWHG
UHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQ
SKRWRJUDSK\ DQG WUXWK ,PDJH PDNLQJ LV QRW VROHO\
LQ WKH KDQGV RI SURIHVVLRQDO LPDJH PDNHUV
DQ\PRUH ZH DUH DEOH WR FUHDWH RXU RZQ OLWWOH
FRQWH[WXDO WHPSRUDO UHDOLWLHV DQG VXVWDLQ WKHP E\
RXUVHOYHV
ZLWKRXW
WKH
GLFWDWLRQ
DQGRU
PDQLSXODWLRQVRIRIILFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQV
0LUDQGD 6 0 DQG 6DXQGHUV & 6 7KH
VRFLDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI PHDQLQJ DQ DOWHUQDWLYH
SHUVSHFWLYH RQ LQIRUPDWLRQ VKDULQJ Information
Systems Research, ±
2NDEH'DQG,WR0(YHU\GD\FRQWH[WVRI
FDPHUD SKRQH XVH VWHSV WRZDUG WHFKQRVRFLDO
HWKQRJUDSKLF IUDPHZRUNV ,Q +|IOLFK - DQG
+DUWPDQQ 0 HGV Mobile Communication in
Everyday Life: an Ethnographic View )UDQN 7LPPH%HUOLQ
7. REFERENCES
5RELQV . Into the Image: Culture and
Politics in the Field of Vision5RXWOHGJH1HZ<RUN
$DNKXV 0 $ DQG .DW] - ( Perpetual
Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk,
Public Performance &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV
(QJODQG
6FLIR%7KH6RFLRFXOWXUDO)RUPVRI0RELOH
3HUVRQDO 3KRWRJUDSKV LQ D &URVV0HGLD (FRORJ\
5HIOHFWLRQV 6WDUWLQJ IURP WKH <RXQJ ,WDOLDQ
([SHULHQFH Knowledge, Technology & Policy,
6HSWHPEHU9RO,VVXHSS±
%LOWRQ1'LVUXSWLRQV6RFLDO0HGLD,PDJHV
)RUPD1HZ/DQJXDJH2QOLQH
KWWSELWVEORJVQ\WLPHVFRPGLVUXSWLRQ
VVRFLDOPHGLDLPDJHVIRUPDQHZODQJXDJH
RQOLQH"BSKS WUXHBW\SH EORJVBU UHWULHYHG
0DUFK
6NRJ % 0RELOHV DQG WKH 1RUZHJLDQ WHHQ
LGHQWLW\ JHQGHU DQG FODVV ,Q $DNKXV 0 $ DQG
.DW] - ( HGV Perpetual Contact: Mobile
Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance
&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV(QJODQG
%XOO07RHDFKWKHLURZQEXEEOH ±0RELOH
VSDFHV RI VRXQG LQ WKH FLW\ ,Q &RXOGU\ 1 DQG
0F&DUWK\ $ HGV Mediaspace: Place, Scale,
and Culture in a Media Age5RXWOHGJH1HZ<RUN
9DQ+RXVH1$'DYLV07DNKWH\HY<$PHV
0DQG)LQQ0The social uses of personal
photography: methods for projecting future imaging
applications 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &DOLIRUQLD %HUNHOH\
:RUNLQJ3DSHUV&$86$
)RUWXQDWL/DQG0DQJDQHOOL5DWWD]]L$0
7KH6RFLDO5HSUHVHQWDWLRQRI7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, Vol. 12, Issue
6, pp. 479-479
9DUEDQRY 9 %XOJDULD PRELOH SKRQHV DV
SRVWFRPPXQLVW FXOWXUDO LFRQV ,Q $DNKXV 0 $
DQG .DW] - ( HGV Perpetual Contact: Mobile
Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance
&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV(QJODQG
*\H / 3LFWXUH 7KLV WKH ,PSDFW RI 0RELOH
&DPHUD 3KRQHV RQ 3HUVRQDO 3KRWRJUDSKLF
3UDFWLFHV Continuum (Journal of Media & Cultural
Studies), SS±
:KHHOHU 7 Phototruth or Photofiction?
Ethics and Media Imagery in the Digital Age
/DZUHQFH(UOEDXP$VVRFLDWHV0DKZDK1-86$
.DVHVQLHPL (/ DQG 5DXWLDLQHQ 3 0RELOHFXOWXUHRIFKLOGUHQDQGWHHQDJHUVLQ)LQODQG
,Q $DNKXV 0 $ DQG .DW] - ( HGV Perpetual
Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk,
Public Performance &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV
(QJODQG
<RXQJEORRG * 7KH QHZ UHQDLVVDQFH DUW
VFLHQFHDQGWKHXQLYHUVDOPDFKLQH,Q/RYHOHVV5
/ HG The Computer Revolution and the Arts
8QLYHUVLW\RI6RXWK)ORULGD3UHVV7DPSD86$
.RVNLQHQ , 6HHLQJ ZLWK PRELOH LPDJHV
WRZDUGV SHUSHWXDO YLVXDO FRQWDFW ,Q 1\LUL . HG
A Sense of Place: The Global and the Local in
Mobile Communication3DVVDJHQ9HUODJ9LHQQD
=LHKH 7 Ambivalenser og Mangfoldighed.
Tekster om: Ungdom, Skole, Æstetik, Kultur.
(Ambivalences and Multiplicity. Texts on Youth,
School, Aesthetics, Culture) &RSHQKDJHQ 3ROLWLVN
5HY\
0DQWH0HLMHU ( 7KH 1HWKHUODQGV DQG WKH
86$ FRPSDUHG ,Q $DNKXV 0 $ DQG .DW] - (
HGV Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication,