IEEE Spectrum: Why Software Fails
http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/1685
"#
!
$
!
"
%
%
&
"'
"
(
")
"
*
+,
")
!
0.1
"-!
".
34+5
2
/
"-
!
"
6,,,
7
*
%
%8
-*
%
9" 8
")
%9
:
-* $
7
!
:
;
<
1
;
;
"*
$
!
"
*
-*
&
3=
:
4
&
"'
"*
<
-*
=4
"
"8
-*
-*
&
:
"
*
2
"
<
!
<
"2
:
$
;
"
-!
"#
=,
#*8
+
">
=,,
8
1
;
+,=,
"
"
*
?
4
-*
=,
"-
$
-*
"8
:
<
>
=,,
:
" - +,,6
2
3+,"6
-*
:
=+,,
"
#
"
-*
:
:
3=
<
2" " A
3=?"6
@
" - +,,?
"*
B
2@! C
34,"D
3=5
$
#
:
36"4
"
:
:
2" "
35,
-*
%
"% #
$
<
"
-*
$
:
!
!
' $8
1
* $
<
A
<
"1 "
!
"-
34
=EE5"
-*
' -! B
"*
1 of 10
"
3=F,
B1'
1
'
%
8/29/2006 1:28 PM
IEEE Spectrum: Why Software Fails
http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/1685
%
!
-*
#
7
%)
@
B
1
'
&
%
9"
"
&
#
=ED=
2" " '
7
=EE?
3+"5
%#
/
%9"
:
$
"(
;
:
H
34,
)
2" "
G
"
!
:
"-
:
4
"
'
$
+,,?
2" "
35,
H;
"
=4
G
36
4
-*
+,
-
:
3=,
".
:
-
:
2" "
3F4
3+4
"
3F4
!
"C
:
$
:
:
:
"-
:
"
*
!
")
$
35,
3F,
=,,
FFF
"'
+?
>
"
0
"
!
2
#
#
2
:
&
0
:
!
2
0
2
-
:
0
!
$
:
1
-*
:
:
"8
"*
:
' -! B1'
:
"(
$
:
"
1
!
&
"
*
&
"'
!
"*
"*
"
. !
!
"*
2 of 10
$
8/29/2006 1:28 PM
IEEE Spectrum: Why Software Fails
http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/1685
"
*
-
"-!
"
"
!
:
"
-
!
!
"
#
;
"(
!
"
-
?,
4,
!
"
$
=,,
"
-
:
")
$
"-!
!
!
!
"!
-
-*
"*
!
"
:
)
$
1
"
#
+,,+ 7
#
$ %1
I+%9" #
#
>
:
&
&
"
H"
)
:
#
#2 35=
G2
366"+
&
!
"/
$
!
")
!
"
:
<
"
1
"$
:
0
A
-*
;
"
$
-*
-
:
!
&
")
#
:
"*
=EE4
G
H
2
"
(
&
$
"(
2
#
!
"
#
-*
"*
-*
3="?
<
<
-*
!
" - +,,,
)
8
@
1
"
=D
1
"
#
*
")
:
8
8
@
3=6,
!
"
<
-*" '
;
"
'
&
-*
:
!
:
8
"
:
")
"*
"
#
8
#8J
3=54
#
#
J
# 1
" - =EE+
:
"*
"
!
3 of 10
%
")
&
!
"
!
)
8/29/2006 1:28 PM
IEEE Spectrum: Why Software Fails
- -*
http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/1685
:
&
"
:
!
<
")
"
"
- =EEF
3?,
)
-*
!
&
:
"8
"*
-*
' $8
A
"
#
:
!
<
"
"*
:
:
$
G
H
G
;
;
H" >
$
"
!
-*
0
% $
< "J
(
""""(
=,,
$
=?
$
&
"% *
# -*
"
$
=,,
6=F,
"-
=,
"
!
=,, ,,,
" - =EE=
"
:
#*
;*!
=+
"
-*
:
"*
<
(
-
0
1
8
".
!
<
=
".
<
<
".
6
4
&
#
/
188
=F
"
+,,,
"
=
?
-
-*
<
+ 6,
6
4" *
;
" G*
188
<
-*
188 -
188
<
2" " -
J
-J !
! 3?
3D
<
"-
<
$
"'
"
:
"H
$
&
!
!
=EEF
!
2" "
188" -
8
-J
:
$
-*
!
!
"
' (
)
*+
"*
,
!
"
:
:
:
"
=ED5
"
.
($
35,,
$
*
!
$
:
%
"% #
:
7
$ %1
I6%9"
*
-*
"
:
:
<
:
&
"
:
"0
$
"
:
"'
4 of 10
$
8/29/2006 1:28 PM
IEEE Spectrum: Why Software Fails
http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/1685
$
"
;
"
0
:
<<
"(
"*
"-!
-*
:
-*
F4
:
:
+4
"
*
0
:
:
:
-
8
:
C
&
!
"#
0 "
:
&
-*
")
"C
:
0
"
:
:
:
;
"#
!
;
"
%
<
&
A
"
<
- -*
:
<
!
"
-
!
!
"
2" " A
/
$
!
B1'
' :
"*
$
.
'##!
($
:
! *
<
"
#
C
:
#
2@
-*
!
"*
2@
-*
":
:
<
$
&
"
$
"%)
!
"
!
!
!
%
:
7
* 0
"!
$
$
7
9" #
&
<
-
'
"
0
$
$ %1
-
"
*
1
"
=EEF" *
!
!
I=%9" (
!
")
35D
36"?
3+5
"
36
"
(
<
$
"-
A
+,,,
2" " A
A
A A
=6?
+=
"*
==6
A A
K
<
&
0
$
$
-
(
"0
$
:
!
-*
"*
!
&
"
0
$
$
"
#
0
$
"
-*
5 of 10
&
8/29/2006 1:28 PM
IEEE Spectrum: Why Software Fails
http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/1685
"7
-
%
%*
($
%
"9
"-
$
"
-*
"#
$
"
(
!
$
"
-*
-
2" "
! #
1
"*
-*
!
"
$
3FD
"
&
$
"(
=,
36+,
3+,
"*
-* $
"
0
$
">
! -*
"
<
"
.
-*
$
:
"-
-*
$
"$
)
"-
$
"
$
-*#
B " # -(((
- L-(((
-1
"
=5,D4
"
&$
.
0
6 of 10
*
>J# #8
#J1.#ML .
8 (J> C() L.#CA B
8/29/2006 1:28 PM
IEEE Spectrum: Why Software Fails
&$
/
2J1(
&$
7 of 10
http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/1685
#CA
0
8/29/2006 1:28 PM
IEEE Spectrum: Why Software Fails
http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/1685
0
"
*
* AA #CA(J
CL#'0L>(**M -8#>(
.
$" 1/
1
'
)
0
1
:
#
+,,+
"
1
"
&
&
366"+
0
"
8 of 10
!
*
>J(>L#'0L>(**M -8#>(
/
8/29/2006 1:28 PM
IEEE Spectrum: Why Software Fails
http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/1685
$" 10
1
.
'
($
(
=EE6
$
1
:
35,,
0
"
$
3
2
"
'
G "8
/-8 )#*
$
' +,,+H"
! 0
' - 1LL
"
4
N
"
#<
L &L
J
!
L
LL
"
1
->
LL
"
#
G ->H
"
L
! 8
LL
"
:"
LL
F"
L
L
*
5
"
"
0
1
"%
GB1'H%
L
L
$
6'
"
A
"
- 8
/
"'
<
' -! -*
L' - "
*
L' -L ,4,FL
B1'
"
C
L
+,,6
%
#
%*
$"
O
8
<
0
:
%
1
"
"
/
! -
%# +E
"?
'
'
8
%
8
%
/
1
0"
$
'
LL
$
"
J
L
!
B1'"
%' - C
'
*
'
'
#
+,,4 2" "
"
G># H
>
L
!" # $ #%
1
LL
:"
-
'
L
*
>
>
>#
(
#
># ,6 E4E"
!
+=
#
B
"
@
O
#
-
9 of 10
CL#'0L>(**M -8#>(
!
J
'
*
0
'
*
"
"
%'
A
+" "
"
%
LP
L
L-
Q+,/
Q+,#
8" )
! %#
=EE, B " +6
" E"
#&'
#
=EE5 B "
"
8
L
8/29/2006 1:28 PM
IEEE Spectrum: Why Software Fails
O
0
O
$
"
"
LL
http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/1685
"
$
"
L
"
8
'
0"
/ "!
$ ! (
)* #)
"" $" #) #% +
),!)
!),- ./
))!0 " $
1! !#) G#
)
=EE4H; @
(
8
!
#% +
0 (#'& )
!(
"
G8-* 0
+,,6H;
'
!
#% +
!(
) , & )
!(
G/
)
=EE5H; J
." >
!
#% +
) + $" G0
0*J =EEDH; 1
/
!
)" #% #% +
$" &"
!(
)1
"" G*
1
0
=EE5H; 0
C
!
#&'
(
1 !"2" G#
)
=EE4H; 0
!
(
%
GB
=EE5H;
#"
!
#% +
!(
!"2 G0
=EE+H;
(
M
!
G0
=EEFH"
*
%'
LL
"
'
(
"
0"
%
"
"
J
L
0
1
J
%
"
/ "!
#&'
%C
#
=EDF
(
" =, =E"
#
6
$" 1.
1
'
$
0
C
$
3?,,
.
3+5
3++4
354,
=EEF
"
&
36"?
"
35D
"1
0
10 of 10
*
A#B-A J AJ->2(N
8/29/2006 1:28 PM