SHEET
REINFORCEMENT
1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
1
Name:
1
Class:
Label the levels of organization. Then complete
the sentence: write highest, lowest, higher, lower.
The
level of organization is the organism; the
level of organization is the cell. Tissues are a
organs, but organ systems are a
24
Date:
level than
level than organs.
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SHEET
REINFORCEMENT
2
Name:
1
1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Class:
Date:
Write the name of each cell: eukaryotic or prokaryotic.
Then label its parts.
cell
cell
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SHEET
REINFORCEMENT
3
Name:
1
26
1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Class:
Date:
Label the organ systems. For each organ system,
label one or two main organs.
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REINFORCEMENT
AND EXTENSION
1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Name:
1
Class:
SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS
The origin of eukaryotic cells
Complete the summary.
a. All living things are organized into of organization.
b. The cell is the unit, the
unit
of all living things. organisms
are made up of one cell. organisms are made up of many cells.
c. Cells can be or The Serial Endosymbiotic Theory (SET) was developed by
biologist Lynn Margulis. According to this theory, eukaryotic
cells evolved from ancient prokaryotic cells between 2 and
1.5 billion years ago. The original prokaryotic cell lost its cell
wall and became larger. As a result, the surface of the cell
membrane increased, improving phagocytic capacity. In later
stages, a pronucleus formed. These cells could ingest other
smaller, free-living aerobic or photosynthetic prokaryotes and
form symbiotic relationships with them.
such as bacteria,
such as those in human beings.
a.The prokaryotic cell loses
its cell wall.
Eukaryotic cells have three structures: b.The surface of the membrane
increases and inner membranes
are formed.
.
d. A tissue is a group of c.A pronucleus is formed.
Endosymbiosis with spirochete
bacteria could be the origin of
flagella.
that work together
to perform a specific function. There are four types:
d.Association with an aerobic
prokaryote could be the origin
of mitochondria.
e. A group of different tissues that work together to perform
a specific function is called an f. An Date:
e.Association with a
photosynthetic prokaryote could
be the origin of chloroplasts.
.
is a group
of organs that work together to carry out one or more
functions.
According to the SET theory, successive symbiotic associations
explain the presence of cell organelles such as mitochondria
and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.
g. The organ systems involved in nutrition are the:
2
What do these terms mean: pronucleus, phagocytic,
aerobic and symbiotic?
3
What does the SET theory try to explain?
4
Explain why this theory is called the Serial
Endosymbiosis Theory.
5
Search for information on SET. Explain why two
prokaryotic organisms were part of the first symbiotic
association.
.
h. The organ systems involved in interaction are the:
.
i. The organ systems involved in reproduction are the
systems.
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SHEET
REINFORCEMENT
1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
5
Name:
Class:
Date:
SUMMARY
Levels of organization
In order of increasing complexity, the different levels into which matter is organized are:
.
The chemical composition of living things
• Biomolecules can be inorganic, such as or organic, such as
• Examples of organic biomolecules are: The structure of human cells
All eukaryotic cells have three structures:
• A cell membrane: • Cytoplasm: • Nucleus: The main organelles are: .
Tissue
The four types of tissue are:
• Epithelial: • Connective: • Muscle: • Nervous: Organs and organ systems
• Organs are structures made up of .
• Organ systems consist of .
Examples of organ systems 28
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SHEET
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REINFORCEMENT
1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND TRANSPLANTS
In multicellular organisms, the zygote and the cells
produced during early cell divisions are embryonic
stem cells: they can form complete new organisms.
These embryonic stem cells can develop into different
types of cells.
Muscle cell
Neuron
There are approximately 200 types of cells in the
human body. During cell differentiation, cells acquire
the appropriate morphological and chemical
characteristics to perform specific functions.
Epithelial cell
Blood cell
Connective cell
ACTIVITIES
1
Answer the questions.
a. Explain what embryonic stem cells are.
b. When a cell specializes to carry out different functions, it
loses its ability to become a new organism. Explain why
this happens.
2
Describe the characteristics of each of the cells above.
Find out the function of each cell.
3
Make correlations between the morphological and
physiological characteristics of each cell and the cell's
function.
4
Why was Japanese professor Shinya Yamanaka awarded
the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2012?
a. What are iPS stem cells?
b. W
hy are these cells important?
5
Explain the meaning of the following: Mature cells can
be reprogrammed to become pluripotent cells.
COOPERATIVE PROJECT
Organ donation campaign
Task: Prepare posters on organ donation.
Work in groups of five. Divide up the work in your
group.
Group A: Who can be a donor? Which organs can be
donated? Why is umbilical cord blood donated?
What is living organ donation?
Group C: How are organ donations and transplants
handled in Spain? What is a donor card and what is
it for? Do organ donors receive any benefits?
Group D: Report on innovative transplant solutions,
for example: stem cells and regenerative medicine,
kidney paired transplants, a registry of intended
kidney donor–recipient pairs.
Group B: What are the criteria for organ and tissue
transplants? What side effects does the patient
experience? Why does rejection occur?
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EXTENSION
1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
EARLY OBSERVATIONS OF MICROSCOPIC LIVING THINGS
PROJECT OBJECTIVE
Find out who was the first person to
observe microscopic organisms.
Leeuwenhoek microscope
Hooke microscope
Binocular microscope
Compound
microscope
PROCEDURE
Recommended research topics:
Prepare the poster:
• Earliest forms of magnification up to the 16th century.
• Zacharias Jansen, the person and his contributions.
1
Do research to complete the sentences.
• 1608 Zacharias Jansen built…
• 1611 Kepler suggested a way to…
• 1665 Robert Hooke observed…
• 1674 Leeuwenhoek reported his discovery of… Later, he observed…
• 1828 William Nicol invented…
• 1838 Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory, which stated…
• 1849 Quekett published…
• 1876 Abbé showed how to…
• 1881 Retzius described many animal…
Ramon y Cajal and other histologists developed…
2
Present your information in chronological order
as a timeline.
• Robert Hooke and his observations.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the person and his
contributions.
• Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbé, their contributions and
collaboration.
• Modern microscopes.
Research sources:
• Key words for various websites: history of the
microscope, names of scientists, animalcule, optical
microscope, simple optical microscope, compound
optical microscope, The Royal Society of London.
• Kruif, P. de. 2002. Microbe hunters, 3rd edition. Mariner
Books, 2002.
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Development time: one week.
Organization: groups of five students.
Presentation: poster approximately 1.2 m by 2 m,
with historical and cultural timelines and explanations.
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EXTENSION
1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
INTERPRETATION OF TISSUE SECTIONS
• Osseous or bone tissue. The basic unit called the osteon is visible in a transverse
section. In the centre of each osteon is the Haversian or central canal. Concentric
layers of bone matrix surround the canal. The osteocytes within the bone matrix are
organized around the central canal. Osteocytes have cytoplasmic extensions that
connect them to other osteocytes to obtain nutrients. Osteocytes are enclosed in small
cavities within the mineralized bone matrix.
• Adipose tissue. Adipose cells (adipocytes) are spherical when isolated, but polygonal
when close together. They vary in size from about 50 to 150 microns. The nucleus
appears flat and is not always visible because it is pushed to one side of the cell by the
large vacuole of lipids (fats). A thin outer layer surrounds each cell. The extracellular
matrix is made up of reticular fibres (type III collagen).
• Smooth muscle tissue. Long fibres (cells) are visible. The cytoplasm is abundant and
pink. Many cells have no visible nucleus. When visible, nuclei are elongated and
centrally located.
• Skeletal muscle tissue. A longitudinal section shows long parallel fibres (cells) and
alternating light and dark bands (striations). During embryonic development, each
skeletal muscle cell is formed by the fusion of many stem cells. In adults, skeletal
muscle fibres (cells) are actually syncytia containing many nuclei. Each cell is
surrounded by an outer layer: a cell membrane (sarcolemma). The cytoplasm of a
muscle fibre is called sarcoplasm.
• Cardiac muscle tissue. Cells appear elliptical in a transverse section. In a longitudinal
section, the branching fibres (cells) and nuclei are visible. Cells have a central nucleus.
Between cells there are thick fibrocollagenous membranes. Desmosomes are
structures that hold the cells together.
• Nervous tissue (cerebral cortex). Neuron cell bodies are visible including some
axons and dentrites. Neurons vary in size and shape according to their function. In
most of the cerebral cortex, there are six layers with different types of cells. Capillaries
are abundant. The darkly stained circles are the nuclei of glial cells; oligodendrocytes
are the most visible. The background is a network of neuronal and glial cell processes
(axons and dendrites).
ACTIVITIES
1
Make a fact file for four types of tissues:
a. Name of tissue.
b. Subtypes of these tissues.
c. Name of the principal cells in the tissue.
d. Function of the tissue in the human body.
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e.Ability to regenerate or not after a destructive process.
f.The type of tumor that is produced when there is
uncontrolled cell division.
g.Non-cellular elements, if any, that form part of the
tissue.
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1
ASSESSMENT
Name:
1
Class:
Date:
Read and write prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells:
a. They are the largest and most complex cells.
b. Their genetic material is dispersed in the cytoplasm. 2
c. The only organelles they contain are ribosomes. d. They have a nucleus and a nucleolus.
e. They contain mitochondria. f. Bacterial cells. Make pairs of related concepts: use these words. Explain why they are related.
Glucose – Protein – DNA – Polysaccharide – RNA – Amino acids – Glycerol – Fatty acid
3
Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. Are the following reactions anabolic or catabolic?
a. amino acids + energy → proteins
b. glucose → inorganic molecules + energy
4
Label the diagram and answer the questions.
a. What type of cell is it?
b. Which two organelles are visible?
c. What are the membranes like?
d. What is the difference between chromatin and
chromosomes?
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1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Name:
5
Class:
Date:
What is the relationship between the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles?
6
Complete the table.
Cells
Tissue and type
Tissue function
Red blood cells
Osteocytes
Neurons
Chondrocytes
7
What are the differences between tissues and organs? And between organs and organ systems? Give examples.
8
Write the parts of the body where each tissue is found.
Endothelium
9
Epidermis
Connective
Smooth muscle
Nervous
Cartilaginous
Name the organ systems involved in nutrition. Name two parts or organs in each system and their function.
10 Identify the following micrographs and describe what you see. What type of microscope was used
for each observation?
a.
b.
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