Civil War Amendment
Civil Rights Movement
• All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof,
are citizens of the United States and of the State
wherein they reside. No State shall make or
enforce any law which shall abridge the
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United
States; nor shall any State deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction
the equal protection of the laws.
• 奴隷解放宣言後、修正された合衆国憲法の
第13、14、15条、
• Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime whereof
the party shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist within the United States, or any
place subject to their jurisdiction.
• The right of citizen of the United States to
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any State on account
of race, color ,or previous condition of
servitude.
Sharecroppers
• Reconstruction Act of 1867
自営農地を持たない貧しい南部農民
– Divide the former Confederacy into 5 military
districts
• Civil rights Act of 1875
– Outlawed racial segregation in transportation
and public accommodations and prevented
exclusion of blacks from jury service
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Separate but Equal=
“Jim Crow” segregation
•
１８９６年の最高裁の裁定以降定着した、南部における差別原則
•
ホテル、レストラン、トイレなどで、白人用、有色人種用の施設が平等に用意され
たが、二つの人種を完全に隔絶しようと意図された
•
1896 PLESSY V. FERGUSON
•
The Supreme Court ruling states that segregation does not disagree with
the 14th Amendment granting equal rights to blacks. The ruling establishes
the "separate but equal" doctrine that would become the legal basis for
segregation in schools.
•
One judge dissents, stating that forced segregation would continue to label
blacks as inferior. This dissenting opinion would be used to argue the
Brown case.
One Drop Rule
• アメリカではかつて、黒人の血を一滴でも引
いている人は「黒人」として扱われた
• 「純粋白人」という白人共同体意識を築き、ア
メリカ国内で白人の支配体制を恭子にするた
めに考え出された論理
Separate but Equal=
“Jim Crow” segregation
Segregation Spreads
• “Jim Crow” segregation
• “ separate but equal”
• Lynchings
– From 1890 to 1899, 82% of 187 lynchings in
the South
• Segregation in every area of southern life,
– Street railways, hotels, restaurants , hospitals,
recreations, sports and employments
The Ku Klux Klan
KKK
• In 1866, 6 young Confederate war
veterans in Tennessee founded it.
• Their goals
– to suppress black voting
– to reestablish white supremacy
– to topple the Reconstruction government
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Song by Billie Holiday,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4ZyuULy9zs
1919 Lynching in Georgia
•
•
www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=h4ZyuULy9zs
Civil rights Act of 1875
Outlawed racial segregation in
transportation and public accommodations
and prevented exclusion of blacks from
jury service
The Brown Decision 1954
• A unanimous court declared that “in the
field of public education the doctrine of
‘separate but equal’ has no place.”
• Segregation in every area of southern life,
– Street railways, hotels, restaurants , hospitals,
recreations, sports and employments
Southern Manifesto 1956
• 101 southern members of Congress
signed the manifesto “that denounced the
Court’s decision as ‘a clear abuse of
judicial power.”
• After the end of 1956, in 6 southern states
not a single black child attended school
with whites.
Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955
• In Alabama, “the cradle of the
Confederacy”, Rosa Parks was arrested
for refusing to give up her seat on a city
bus to a white man.
• 26 year-old pastor, Martin Luther King Jr.
launched a massive bus boycott.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
Use the weapon of Love
• Nonviolent, Passive Resistance
compounded by
• the Gospel,
• the writings of H.D. Thoreau,
• and the example of Mahatoma Gandhi in
India
Little Rock 1957
Little Rock 9
• Arkansas Governor called out the National
Guard to prevent nine black students from
entering Little Rock Central High under the
federal court order
Sit-in at the Woolworth 1960
• Several Black students sit-ined at the
lunch counter in Greensbore, N. Carolina.
Freedom Ride 1961
• The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
sent a group of black and white “freedom
riders” on buses to test federal ruling that
had banned segregation on buses, trains,
and their depots.
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Univ. of Alabama 1963
• Governor Wallace stood in the doorway fo
a building at the U. of Alabama to block
the enrollment of several black students
but he stepped aside in the face of
insistent federal marshals.
The March on Washington 1963
• Over 200,000 blacks and whites marched
down the Mall in Washington, D.C. toward
Lincoln Memorial singing “We Shall
Overcome.”
“I have a dream”
•
•
•
•
I have a dream that one day this
nation will rise up and live out the true
meaning of its creed. "We hold these
truths to be self-evident: that all men
are created equal."
I have a dream that one day out in the
red hills of Georgia the sons of former
slaves and the sons of former slave
owners will be able to sit down
together at the table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the
state of Mississippi, a state sweltering
with the heat of oppression, will be
transformed into an oasis of freedom
and justice.
I have a dream that my four little
children will one day live in a nation
where they will not be judged by the
color of their skin but by their character.
•
•
•
•
I have a dream today.
I have a dream that one day down in
Alabama, with its vicious racists, with
its governor having his lips dripping
with the words of interposition and
nullification; that one day right down in
Alabama little black boys and black
girls will be able to join hands with little
white boys and white girls as sisters
and brothers.
I have a dream today.
I have a dream that one day every
valley shall be engulfed, every hill shall
be exalted and every mountain shall
be made low, the rough places will be
made plains and the crooked places
will be made straight and the glory of
the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh
shall see it together.
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Civil Rights Act 1964
Malcolm X
• Non-violent tactics
that had worked in the
rural South would not
work in the northern
cities.
Black Power
• In 1966, Stokely
Carmichael, a 25 year-old
graduate from Howard U.,
said “We reject all
American dreams defined
by white people and must
work to construct an
American reality defined
by Afro-Americans.”
• Get you some guns and
kill the honkies
Free Speech Movement
• Mario Savio called the
depersonalized,
unresponsive
bureaucracy infects
all of American life.
New Left ’60-’71
or Grass-roots Democracy
• Tom Hayden, a core member of the
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
delivered the manifest “The country was
dominated by huge organizational
structure—government, corporations,
universities—all of which conspired to
oppress and
alienate the individual”
Counter Culture
• Hippies, the direct
descendants of the
Beats of the ’50s and
the romantic utopians
of the 1840s.
• Long hair, blue jeans,
tie-dyed shirts,
sandals, mind-altering
drugs, rock music,
and group living
arrangements.
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Communes
• During the 60s and the early 70s
thousands of young and inexperienced
romantics flocked to the countryside,
eager to be liberated from parental and
institutional restrains, to live in harmony
with nature, and to coexist in an
atmosphere of love and openness
Red Power & Brown Power
• In 1968, the leaders
of the American
Indian Movement
occupied Alcatraz
Island in SF Bay.
• Chicano leader, Cezar
Chavez formed United
Farm Workers.
Multiculturalism
• Gay rights
• JACL (Japanese
American Citizens
League )
• １９９０ ダイアン・ラヴィッチが論文で使った
言葉
• E Pluribus Plures (多からなる多）
• 複数の人種民族集団が、複数のまま共存す
る＝＞Diversity
• サラダ・ボール、パッチワーク・キルト
１９６０代以降、政治、教育面での施策
• 政治上の多元化
– クリントン、ブッシュ政権での非白人、女性閣僚入閣
• ＵＣＬＡでの少数民族研究所設置（１９６９）
–
–
–
–
アフリカ系アメリカ研究センター
アメリカ・インディアン研究センター
チカーノ研究センター
アジア系アメリカ研究センター
• 教育カリキュラムにおけるヨーロッパ中心主義批判
６０年代からの人種問題
• ６０年代、公民権法(Civil Rights Movement)以降、
過去の見直し作業
• アファーマティヴ・アクション(Affirmative Action)
•
黒人など少数民族集団や女性への積極的差別
是正策.雇用や教育の機会均等を保障しようという
もので、たとえば企業などへ優先枠をもうけて雇用
するよう義務づけた。
社会正義の実現と過去の過ちを償う、民族的出自や
特徴を自覚し、記憶を子孫に積極的に語り伝える
– アフリカ中心主義（Afrocentrism)を唱道
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Identity politics
• 本来の伝統文化を強調し、それに自己同一
化しようとする
• 民族衣装、伝統芸能、伝統的習慣、合衆国で
の経験を積極的に発掘し回想する
８０年代、９０年代の人種問題
• ８０年代末９０代初期にかけて移民の急増、
• ９０年に５０年後、将来白人は少数派に転じる
との予測
• ９２年ロサンジェルス暴動
• ９３年国際先住民年＝＞人種間格差と対立、
少数民族、人種抑圧という歴史的事実を明る
みにした。
混血化の進むアメリカ社会
• ２０００年の国勢調査
• 混血（racial mixture)であることを示すことが
できるようになった
• ６８０万人（全人口の２．４％）が複数人種の
混血だと答えた
• １８才未満（４．２％）が複数人種の混血と答
えた
political correctness
• 弱者を差別しないだけでなく、その存在を理解する
ことが道徳的に求められる。
• 人種差別、性差別、民族差別、年齢差別、身体障害
的差別を許さない。
• Chair man ->chair person,
• fireman =>fire-fighter,
• indian =>Native American,
• disabled =>physically challenged
多文化主義、multiculturalism
• アメリカでは１９６０年代に、それまで声なき声として
抑圧されてきた人々やものが、社会に認められるた
めの活動を始めました。
• 黒人、女性、ゲイ、レズビアン、アジア系、メキシコ系、
ネイティヴ・アメリカンなど様々な人種、民族、それ
に自然
• アングロサクソン系白人男性ワスプWASPの価値
観に同化することを求める従来のアメリカ的考え方
に揺らぐ
• 異なるもの、多様なものを認め合うことが求められ
始めたのは１９９０年代のことでした。
混血＝ハイブリッド化するアメリカ社会
• Immigrants are
shaping the world’s
first multicultural
society
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