Slide 1
Emotional Development
Attachment
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
Exploring Emotions
What Are Emotions?
• Feeling or affect in a state or interaction
characterized by
– Behavioral expression
– Conscious experience
– Physiological arousal
• Positive and negative expressions
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
Exploring Emotions
What Are Emotions?
• Facial expressions of basic emotions
– Biological nature; same across cultures
• When, where, and how to express
emotions are not culturally universal
• Biological roots…but shaped by culture
and relationships
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Slide 4
Exploring Emotions
A Functionalist View of Emotion
• Individuals’ attempts to adapt to specific
contextual demands
• Relational
• Linked with an individual’s goals
• Nature of goal can affect experience
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 5
Development of Emotion
Emotional Regulation
• Effectively managing arousal to adapt
and reach a goal
– Involves state of alertness or activation
– States can be too high for effective
functioning
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 6
Exploring Emotions
Developing Emotional Regulation
As one ages or matures:
• Regulation shifts from
external sources to
internal resources
• Develop greater
capacity to modulate
emotional arousal
• Cognitive strategies for
regulation and ability to
shift focus increase
• More adept with age at
selecting and managing
situations, relationships
• Ability to effectively cope
with stress increases
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Slide 7
Exploring Emotions
Emotional Competence Skills
• Being aware of own
emotional states and
those of others
• Understanding inner
emotional states and
outer expressions may
not correspond
• Using appropriate
emotional vocabulary
• Having empathic and
sympathetic sensitivity
to others’ experiences
• Seeing self as feeling
like one wants to feel
• Adaptively coping with
negative emotions
• Being aware that
emotional expression
plays major role in
relationships
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
Development of Emotion
Early Developmental Changes
In Emotions
• Primary emotions (0-18mos)
– Infant Crying
– Infant Smiling
– Fear – Stranger Anxiety, separation
protest
• Self-conscious emotions (18-2yrs)
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
Development of Emotion
Fear
• First appears about 6 mos.; peaks at 18 mos.
• Stranger anxiety — infant’s fear and wariness
of strangers; intense between 9 and 12 mos.
– Affected by social context, stranger’s characteristics
– Individual variations
• Separation protest — crying when caregiver
leaves; peaks about 15 months of age
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Slide 10
Development of Emotion
Separation Protest in Four Cultures
Fig. 10.3
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 11
Development of Emotion
Social Referencing
• “Reading” emotional cues in others to
help determine how to act in a specific
situation
• Ability improves in second year of life
• Many 14- to 22-month-olds look at
mother’s face as source
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 12
Development of Emotion
Emotional Regulation and Coping
• Infants use self-soothing strategies for coping
• Later in infancy, attention is redirected or
infant uses distraction to cope
• By age 2, toddlers use language
• Contexts influence emotional regulation
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Slide 13
Development of Emotion
Early Childhood
• Young children experience many emotions
• Self-Conscious Emotions
– Pride, shame, and guilt
– First appear about age 2½
– Gender and behavioral differences exist
– Ability to reflect on emotions increases with age
– Emotional regulation affects peer relations
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
Development of Emotion
Developmental Changes In Emotions
During Middle and Late Childhood
• Increased ability to
understand pride
and shame
•
• Increased awareness
that more than one
emotion can be
experienced in a
particular situation
• Marked improvements
in ability to suppress
or conceal negative
emotional reactions
• Use of self-initiated
strategies for
redirecting feelings
• Increased tendency to
take fuller account of
events leading to
emotional reactions
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 15
Development of Emotion
Adolescence
• Time of emotional turmoil but not constantly
• Emotional changes instantly occur with little
provocation
– Girls more vulnerable to depression
– Adolescent moodiness is normal
– Hormonal changes and environmental
experiences involved in changing emotions
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Slide 16
Development of Emotion
Self-Reported Extremes of Emotions
by Adolescents and their Parents
Fig. 10.6
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 17
Development of Emotion
Adulthood
• Adapt more effectively when emotionally
intelligent
• Developmental changes in emotion
continue through adult years
• Older adults have more positive emotions,
report better control of emotions
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 18
Development of Emotion
Changes in Positive & Negative
Emotion Across the Adult Years
Fig. 10.7
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6
Slide 19
Development of Emotion
Socio-emotional Selectivity Theory
• Defined…premisis…research
• Older adults become more selective about
their social networks
– Place a high value on emotional satisfaction and
maximize positive emotional experiences
– Spend more time with familiar individuals
providing rewarding relationships
– Seek more emotion-related goals than
knowledge-related goals
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 20
Development of Emotion
Model of Socio-emotional Selectivity
Fig. 10.8
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 21
Attachment and Love
Theories of Attachment
• Attachment — close emotional bond
between two people
• Freud — infants attach to person or object
providing oral satisfaction
– Harlow’s study proved otherwise
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7
Slide 22
Attachment and Love
Theories of Attachment
• Erikson — first year of life is key time for
attachment development
– Sense of trust or mistrust sets later expectations
• Bowlby — stresses importance of attachment
in first year and responsiveness of caregiver
– Four phases of attachment in first 2 years
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 23
Attachment and Love
Individual Differences and the
Strange Situation
• Ainsworth’s measure of infant
attachment to caregiver
– Requires infant to move through a series
of introductions, separations, and reunions
– Some infants have more positive
attachments than others
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 24
Attachment and Love
Attachment Categories
Securely attached
Caregiver is secure base to
explore environment from
Insecure avoidant
Shows insecurity by
avoiding the caregiver
Insecure resistant
Clings to caregiver, then
resists by fighting against
the closeness
Insecure disorganized
Shows insecurity by being
disorganized, disoriented
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Slide 25
Attachment and Love
The Significance of Attachment
• Secure attachment in first year is important
foundation for psychological development
• Some developmentalists believe too much
emphasis on attachment bond in infancy
– Ignores the diversity of socializing agents and
contexts that exists in an infant’s world
– Ignores that infants are highly resilient and
adaptive
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 26
Attachment and Love
Caregiving Styles and Attachment
Classification
Baby’s Attachment
Caregiver Behavior
Secure
Sensitive to signals, available
Avoidant
Unavailable or rejecting
Resistant
Inconsistent
Disorganized
Neglect or physically abuse
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 27
Attachment and Love
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Attachment
Fig. 10.11
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Slide 28
Attachment and Love
Mothers and Fathers as Caregivers
• Maternal interactions usually center on
child-care activities
– Feeding
– Changing diapers
– Bathing
• Paternal interactions more likely to include
play, engage in rough-and-tumble acts
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 29
Attachment and Love
Adolescence
• Attachment to parents
– Secure attachment to both parents positively
related to peer and friendship relations
– Dismissing/avoidant attachment: de-emphasize
importance due to caregiver rejection
– Preoccupied/ambivalent attachment: insecure
adolescent due to inconsistent parenting
– Unresolved/disorganized attachment: insecure
adolescent, high fear due to traumatic experiences
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 30
Attachment and Love
Dating and Romantic Relationships
• Types of dating and developmental changes
• Dating scripts
– Cognitive models that guide dating interactions
• Males are proactive, females are reactive
• Males seek physical attraction, females seek
interpersonal qualities
• Emotion and romantic relationships
• Sociocultural contexts and dating
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
10
Slide 31
Age of Onset of Romantic Activity
Fig. 10.12
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 32
Attachment and Love
Attachment in Adulthood
• Adults count on romantic partners to be a
secure base to which they can return and
obtain comfort, security in stressful times
• Infant attachment style often reflected in
adult partnership
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 33
Attachment and Love
Romantic Love
• Also called passionate love or eros
– Complex intermingling of emotions
– Strong components of sexuality and infatuation
– Often predominates early part of a love
relationship
• Affectionate love or companionate love
– Have deep, caring affection for person
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
11
Slide 34
Attachment and Love
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Love
• Theory that love includes three types
– Passion: physical, sexual attraction
– Intimacy: warmth, closeness, and sharing
– Commitment: intent to remain together
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 35
Sternberg’s Triangle of Love
Fig. 10.14
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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