Finiteness and Verb Placement in German: A
Challenge for Early Second Language Learners?
Magda Wojtecka, Rabea Schwarze, Angela Grimm, and Petra Schulz
1. Introduction*
The acquisition of finiteness and verb placement has been well-studied in monolingual Germanspeaking children (e.g., Clahsen, 1982; Tracy, 1991; Clahsen and Penke, 1992). According to these
studies, mastery of verb movement to the verb second position (V2) coincides with overtly marking
verbs as finite; nonfinite verbs generally do not occur in V2. Accordingly, a strong relationship between
the acquisition of verb placement and finiteness has been argued to characterize typical grammatical
development in German. With regard to second language acquisition, many researchers agree that child
L2-learners resemble monolingual children in their general developmental patterns if the age of onset of
acquisition (AoA) is between age two and four (cf. Meisel, 2009). This type of child L2 acquisition
with an AoA of between 2;0 and 4;0 is henceforth referred to as early second language acquisition
(eL2). Assuming parallel patterns for monolingual and eL2 acquisition, we hold that typically
developing eL2-learners of German should show a close relationship between acquisition of verb
placement and of finiteness marking as well as absence of nonfinite verbs in V2. First studies on eL2
acquisition in German, based on spontaneous language samples, suggested that eL2-learners do not
resort to nonfinite verbs in V2 (Rothweiler, 2006; Tracy and Thoma, 2009). A detailed case study of
one eL2-learner of German by Prévost (2003) found a complementary distribution of infinitival verb
forms (spiel-en, play-INF) and bare verb forms, consisting only of the verbal stem (spiel-Ø, play-Ø).
Infinitival forms were only produced in verb final (Vf) position, while bare forms were restricted to V2
position. According to Prévost, these data reconcile Rizzi’s Truncation Hypothesis (TH) (1993/1994)
with the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis (MSIH) proposed by Haznedar and Schwarz (1997). In
line with the MSIH, Prévost argued that while infinitival forms are nonfinite, bare forms in V2 position
are covertly marked for finiteness. Notably, Prévost’s single-case study is the first study of eL2 German
to separately analyze bare and infinitival verb forms across different sentence positions.
The present study investigated whether the complementary distribution of bare and infinitival
forms found by Prévost (2003) for one eL2-learner of German can be substantiated by studying a larger
sample of eL2-learners of German and by using the method of elicited speech production. Data from 25
eL2-learners of German were analyzed regarding verb placement and finiteness marking. All children
were tested twice, at age 3;9, with a mean length of exposure to German of 10 months, and again at age
4;8. Our results show that typically developing eL2-learners of German prefer bare forms over
infinitival forms in V2 position, supporting Prévost (2003). At 4;8, after about 21 months of exposure
to the L2 German, bare forms had basically disappeared from children’s verb form repertoire.
Concluding, we argue that a careful distinction of bare verb forms and verb forms overtly marked as
nonfinite is necessary to disentangle typical and atypical eL2 acquisition of German.
Our paper is structured as follows: Section 2 provides the theoretical background on verb
placement and finiteness in German matrix clauses. Section 3 summarizes previous studies on the
acquisition of verb placement and finiteness in monolingual children and eL2-learners. Our research
*
Magda Wojtecka, Rabea Schwarze, Angela Grimm, and Petra Schulz, University of Frankfurt, Germany. For
questions, contact Petra Schulz at [email protected]. The research presented here is part of the project
MILA (PI: Petra Schulz) and was carried out at the research centre IDeA, funded by the LOEWE program for
excellency from the state of Hesse. We are grateful to the research assistants as well as to the children and their
parents and the kindergarten teachers for their support. We thank the audience at GASLA 12 for their stimulating
questions and suggestions. Thanks also to audience at DGfS 2013, where related work was presented.
© 2013 Magda Wojtecka, Rabea Schwarze, Angela Grimm, and Petra Schulz. Proceedings of the 12th Generative
Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference (GASLA 2013), ed. Jennifer Cabrelli Amaro et al.,
211-221. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
212
questions are formulated in section 4. The design of the present study is presented in section 5 and the
results in section 6. Section 7 provides a general discussion of our findings.
2. Finiteness and verb placement in German
German is a verb second language. In matrix clauses the inflected verb has to appear in the V2
position. We assume that agreement, tense, and finiteness are strong features in German in the sense of
Chomsky (1995), i.e. they must be checked and deleted before LF, requiring overt movement. To check
finiteness features, in matrix clauses the verb must move overtly to Co (Vikner, 1995). Nonfinite verb
forms are restricted to sentence final position. We assume that verbs are base-generated within VP,
moving into the functional categories I and C. German sentence structure for matrix clauses is
illustrated in (1a) and (1b); irrelevant structural details are omitted.
(1a) Der Hund sitzt
auf dem Skateboard.
the dog sit-3SG on the skateboard
‘The dog sits on the skateboard.’
(1b)
CP
C'
Spec
Der Hund
C0
sitzti
IP
I'
Spec
I0
ti
VP
Spec
V'
PP
auf dem
Skateboard
V0
ti
For the purposes of the present study, only present tense marking of lexical verbs is relevant. In
German, the inflectional paradigm comprises five different suffixes to mark 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person in
singular and plural present tense (cf. Table 1).
Table 1. German inflectional paradigm for lexical verbs (present tense).
Person
Bare form
Infinitival form
Singular
1
Plural
2
3
1
2
3
Suffix
-Ø
-en
Example
spiel-Ø
spiel-en
play-Ø
play-INF
-e
-Ø
-st
-t
-en
-t
-en
ich spiel-e
ich spiel-Ø
du spiel-st
er/sie/es spiel-t
wir spiel-en
ihr spiel-t
sie spiel-en
I play-1SG
I play-Ø
you play-2SG
he/she/it play-3SG
we play-1PL
you play-2 PL
they play-3 PL
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Some verbs undergo additional stem changes for part of the paradigm (e.g., nehm-en ‘to take’; ich
nehm-e I take-1SG; du nimm-st you take-2SG). The inflectional markers are obligatory; only the 1st
person singular suffix -e may be omitted in colloquial speech. Note that this is the only grammatically
correct bare verb form in this paradigm. Unlike English, German infinitival verb forms are overtly
marked with -en. Consequently, bare verb forms (e.g., nehm) and infinitival verb forms (e.g., nehm-en)
can be distinguished.
3. Acquisition of finiteness and verb placement
3.1. Monolingual acquisition
Children acquiring German have to learn that checking for finiteness features requires moving the
lexical verb out of the VP overtly to the Co position (cf. (1b)). Furthermore, they have to master the
inflectional paradigm (cf. Table 1). In typical monolingual acquisition of German, nonfinite verbs in V2
position are rarely attested, suggesting a strong relationship between mastery of verb placement and of
finiteness marking (Clahsen, 1982; Tracy, 1991; Clahsen and Penke, 1992). In their analysis of the
Simone Corpus, for example, comprising data from ages 1;7 to 2;8, Clahsen and Penke (1992) found
infinitival -en only in Vf position, as illustrated in (2).
(2) Mon (= Simone) noch mehr Wasser holen.
Mon
some more water fetch-INF
(Clahsen and Penke, 1992: 195)
Moreover, more ungrammatical bare forms than infinitival -en forms are reported to appear in V2.
The bare forms, which appear mostly in 2SG and 3SG contexts, are interpreted as nonfinite by Clahsen
and Penke (1992). Similarly, Clahsen (1982) reports bare forms across all developmental stages and
agreements contexts for three children aged 1;2 to 3;6. Monolingual German-speaking children master
the complete inflectional verb paradigm of German by the age of 3 (Clahsen, 1982; Tracy, 1991).
An overuse of bare forms in V2 position was also shown by Blom (2003) for children acquiring
Dutch as their first language. She analyzed elicited production data from six monolingual Dutch
children aged between 1;7 and 3;4. Around the age of 2;6 the children produced a total of 8.5% bare
lexical verbs in V2 position; substitutions of inflectional markers occurred in only 1.4% of the
utterances.
In line with Clahsen and Penke (1992), Poeppel and Wexler (1993) and Wexler (1994) describe
nonfinite verbs in Vf position as an early stage in monolingual acquisition, occurring around age 2.
These so-called Root Infinitives (RIs), a phenomenon not seen in adult language, are documented for
different languages including German and Dutch (Weverink, 1990; Wexler, 1994) (cf. examples (3) and
(4)). Wexler (1994) assumes an Optional Infinitive Stage, where children produce both finite and
nonfinite verbs; finite forms appear in V2 position and nonfinite verbs appear in Vf position.
(3) German:
tein (‘kein’) Zahnbuerste liegen
no
toothbrush lie-INF
(Wexler, 1994: 315)
(4) Dutch:
pappa schoenen (= Schuhe) wassen (=waschen)
daddy shoes
wash-INF
(Wexler, 1994: 316f)
RIs generally appear with lexical verbs and are not found with auxiliaries (Wexler, 1994).
Moreover, RIs are not found in structures like wh-questions (Weissenborn, 1992) or subject clitics
(Pierce, 1989). Assuming that auxiliaries, wh-elements, and subject clitics all require functional
projections above VP, these findings support Rizzi’s Truncation Hypothesis (TH) (1993/1994),
according to which RIs are truncated clausal structures. As a consequence of truncation, nonfinite verbs
stay in Vo and cannot move to the higher V2 position. This is illustrated in (5a) and (5b); irrelevant
structural details are omitted.
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(5a) Hund auf dem Skateboard sitzen.
dog on the skateboard sit-INF
‘dog sit on skateboard’
(5b)
CP
C'
Spec
C0
IP
I'
Spec
I0
VP
Spec
Hund
V'
PP
auf dem
Skateboard
V0
sitzen
3.2. eL2 acquisition
Research on the relation between finiteness marking and verb placement in eL2 acquisition is still
scarce. Examining the spontaneous speech of one four-year-old child learning English as eL2,
Haznedar and Schwartz (1997) and Haznedar (2001) found bare forms in V2, as shown in (6). After 6
months of exposure to L2 target production of 3SG -s is first attested, and after 16 months of exposure
correct production of 3SG -s reaches 70%. Ungrammatical bare forms in 3SG contexts are found in all
recordings spanning 17 months in total. Inflectional substitutions were found in only 2.7% of the
utterances. Importantly, copula and auxiliary be in target verb position were produced from early on, as
illustrated in (7). According to the authors, these data indicate the presence of an INFL category.
(6) Dinosaur turn back and drink water.
(Session 25, Haznedar, 2001: 15)
(7) I’m not eating.
(Session 10, Haznedar, 2001: 21)
Based on data like (6) and (7), Haznedar and Schwartz (1997) and Haznedar (2001) argue that
observed bare forms in V2 like turn and drink in (6) are covertly finite and serve as a default reflecting
the eL2-learner’s difficulty with overt morphology. This assumption is referred to as the Missing
Surface Inflection Hypothesis (MSIH). Note, however, that evidence for the MSIH from English is
necessarily limited: Third person singular -s is the only overt verbal suffix for present tense marking in
English, and the infinitival form is not overtly marked and therefore undistinguishable from the bare
form. German, in contrast, requires overt finiteness marking for all verb forms (except 1SG) and has two
different forms: the infinitival form, marked with the suffix -en, and the bare unmarked form.
Analyzing the spontaneous speech production of one eL2-learner of German at age 3, Prévost
(2003) found bare and inflected forms in V2 position, but infinitival -en forms only in Vf position (cf.
also Prévost, 1997; Prévost and White, 1999). According to Prévost (2003), these data show that the TH
and the MSIH are not opposing hypotheses, but rather complement each other. Verbs marked with -en
are nonfinite and remain in verb final position, while bare verbs in V2 position have finite properties
and reflect the eL2-learner’s difficulty in supplying the target-like morphological suffix. Subsequent
studies confirmed that German eL2-children realize the finiteness marking on the verb in V2 mostly
215
target-like and do not substitute verbal inflectional suffixes (Rothweiler, 2006; Tracy and Thoma,
2009). However, these studies did not analyze bare forms and -en forms in detail. Similarly, based on
the elicited production data of 62 eL2-children (aged between 4 and 9) with L2 Dutch, Blom and
Baayen (2012) found that substitutions were less frequent than omissions of inflectional markings in
obligatory contexts.
In summary, studies so far provide first evidence for parallels between eL2-learners of German and
monolingual children in the acquisition of finiteness and verb placement. In eL2 acquisition, the correct
morphological marking of verbs in the target position is mastered relatively fast, after about 6 to 18
months of exposure to German (Prévost, 2003; Rothweiler, 2006; Tracy and Thoma, 2009). Nonfinite
verbs seem to be restricted to verb final position and substitutions of inflectional morphemes are rarely
documented. Bare forms in V2 position have been reported by Prévost (2003) for eL2 acquisition. In
line with the MSIH (Haznedar and Schwartz, 1997; Haznedar, 2001), Prévost (2003) suggests that bare
forms are covertly finite, while verbs marked with the infinitival marker -en are truly nonfinite and
therefore restricted to the Vf position, as predicted by the TH (Rizzi, 1993/1994). To date, eL2 research
on the acquisition of finiteness and verb placement is limited in several respects. First, studies so far
involve single participants (Prévost 2003) or small groups (Rothweiler, 2006; Tracy and Thoma, 2009),
or wide age ranges, as in the Dutch study by Blom and Baayen (2012), making generalizations difficult.
Second, data mostly consist of spontaneous speech samples, allowing for little control over the types of
utterances produced. Third, the different verb types (modals, auxiliaries, and lexical verbs) were not
always differentiated. Finally, except for Prévost (2003), nonfiniteness marking (-Ø vs. -en) as well as
verb position (V2, Vf) were not analyzed together.
4. Research questions
Based on the previous acquisition findings sketched in Section 3, our study investigated the
following questions:
(Q1) Do typically developing eL2-children obey the ban on nonfinite verb forms in V2 position?
(Q2) Which developmental pattern do three-year-old eL2-children show regarding the acquisition of
verb placement and finiteness within a year?
The first question addressed Prévost’s finding that eL2-learners of German distinguish between
bare and infinitival forms with respect to verb placement. In line with the TH, we expected that eL2children produce infinitival verb forms only in Vf position and finite verb forms only in V2 position.
Adopting the MSIH that bare verb forms are default finite forms, we expected bare verb forms to occur
only in V2 position. The second question addressed the individual developmental pattern regarding the
acquisition of verb placement and finiteness in eL2-children. Analyzing data from two test rounds, we
expected that after a year, eL2-children produce more correctly inflected verb forms in V2 position and
fewer infinitival forms in Vf. In addition, by testing a larger group of eL2-children across a narrow age
range with the method of elicited production, we aimed at providing more controlled data.
5. Method
5.1. Participants
We tested 25 typically developing eL2-learners of German (11 girls, 14 boys) across two test
rounds (T1, T2). Children’s age ranged from 3;5 to 4;1 (M = 3;9, SD = 2.4 months) at T1, and from 4;5
to 4;11 (M = 4;8, SD = 1.8 months) at T2. Their length of exposure to German at T1 ranged from 5 to
19 months (M = 10 months, SD = 3.8 months); children had their first systematic exposure to German
at age 3, typically when entering kindergarten. All children had an age-appropriate non-verbal IQ, with
a mean of 86.12 (SD = 13.24) assessed by the non-verbal part of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for
Children (Kaufman et al., 2003). According to parental information, provided via a questionnaire, no
child showed any signs of language impairment or language delay, of hearing problems, or psychosocial deprivation. None of the children was enrolled in speech therapy. Children spoke 18 different
first languages, with Turkish, Serbo-Croatian, and Arabic being the most frequent. At the time of
testing, all families predominantly used their first language at home. Children’s general language
216
development was assessed using the standardized test LiSe-DaZ (Schulz and Tracy, 2011), in which all
children performed within age-appropriate norms in all subtests providing T-values.
5.2. Method
The data analyzed in this study comes from an elicited production task of the standardized test
LiSe-DaZ (Schulz and Tracy, 2011). The task comprises 19 items in total, aimed at eliciting different
sentence types (9 declarative matrix clauses, 2 wh-questions, 2 yes/no-questions, 6 subordinate clauses)
and the different subject-verb-agreement forms. At the same time, different word classes are elicited,
including lexical, modal, and auxiliary verbs as well as prepositions, conjunctions, and focus particles.
The experimenter and the child look at a picture book, specifically created for that test, and the
experimenter prompts the child to produce the target structures by starting a sentence or asking a
question. Example (8) illustrates a typical test item for eliciting a declarative matrix clause, using 3PL
marking.
(8) Experimenter (points to the picture):
Child:
Guck mal, was passiert auf diesem Bild?
‘Look, what is happening in this picture?’
Die Kinder spielen Ball mit dem
Hund.
the children play-3PL ball with the-DAT dog
‘The children are playing ball with the dog.’
All children were tested individually by trained student assistants in a quiet room in their
kindergarten. Testing took place twice with one year interval between the first and the second test
round. All test sessions were video-recorded for later transcription and coding. When a child failed to
supply an answer, the test item was repeated once.
5.3. Data analysis
To examine the relationship between the acquisition of finiteness and of verb placement, all
declarative matrix clauses containing a lexical verb were included in the data analysis (n=211).
Utterances without a lexical verb as well as non-declaratives (i.e. yes/no-questions, wh-questions,
imperatives) and subordinate clauses were excluded from analysis (n=734). Table 2 illustrates the
different codings.
Table 2. Coding of finiteness and verb placement.
Finiteness
Correct
Verb placement
V2
Vf
Incorrect
Bare
V2
Vf
Infinitival
V2
Vf
Substitution
V2
Vf
Example
Der Hund spiel-t mit
The dog play-3SG with
Der Hund mit dem Ball
The dog with the ball
dem Ball.
the ball
spiel-t.
play-3SG
Der Hund spiel mit dem Ball.
The dog play-Ø with the ball
Der Hund mit dem Ball spiel.
The dog with the ball play-Ø
Der Hund spiel-en mit dem Ball.
The dog play-INF with the ball
Der Hund mit dem Ball spiel-en.
The dog with the ball play-INF
Der Hund spiel-e mit dem Ball.
The dog play-1SG with the ball
Der Hund mit dem Ball spiel-e.
The dog with the ball play-1SG
217
Verb placement was coded as verb second (V2) or as verb final (Vf). Structures like Er geht (he
go-3SG, ‘he goes’), which are ambiguous between V2 and Vf, were excluded from the corpus.
Regarding finiteness we distinguished between correctly inflected forms, ungrammatical bare forms,
infinitival forms, and substitutions.
Verb forms were coded as finite if they were inflected with -e, -st, -t, or with -en (for first or third
person plural); the form -Ø was coded as finite only if used for first person singular. Additionally, all
finite verb forms were coded regarding the correctness of subject-verb-agreement. Here we
distinguished between correctly inflected forms, i.e. finite forms with the target inflectional suffix, and
incorrect forms: bare forms, substitutions, and infinitival forms (-en). The bare verb form -Ø was coded
as incorrect, if it was used in a context other than 1SG; the verb form -en was classified as infinitival if
it was used in context other than first or third person plural. Note that a target-like inflected verb form
in Vf was coded as ‘correct’ regarding the finiteness marking; due to the lack of verb movement into
V2 the resulting structure is not adult-like.
6. Results
Two analyses were carried out. First, we investigated which verb forms eL2-children produced in
V2 and Vf clauses. In the second analysis we looked at eL2-children’s developmental path in the
acquisition of finiteness and verb placement, both as a group and individually.
6.1. Verb forms in V2 and Vf
The verb forms used by the eL2-children were analyzed separately for V2 and Vf. The results for
V2 are given in Table 3.
Table 3. Raw number and proportions of verb forms produced in V2 position.
T1 (Age: 3;9)
T2 (Age: 4;8)
Total number of clauses
58 (100%)
116 (100%)
Correctly inflected
44 (76%)
113 (97%)
Incorrect
Bare
8 (14%)
3 (3%)
Infinitival
4 (7%)
-
Substitution
2 (3%)
-
At age 3;9 76% of the verbs in V2 position were inflected correctly; at age 4;8 target-like inflection
increased to 97%. Of the incorrect forms, bare forms are the most frequent, accounting for 14% of the
errors at age 3;9, whereas infinitival forms and substitutions were rarely found. At age 4;8, only 3
incorrect verb forms are attested, all of them bare forms. Examples illustrating incorrect verb forms are
given in (9).
(9) a.
Bare verb form:
Der schneid das von Baum.
He cut-Ø
that of tree
a.’ Die spiel Fußball.
They play-Ø soccer
Target: Der schneid-et das vom Baum
Target: Die spiel-en Fußball.
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b.
c.
Infinitival verb form:
Der stehen hier.
He stand-INF here
Target: Der steh-t hier.
Substitution:
Hund spiele
Ball.
Dog play-1SG ball
Target: Der Hund spiel-t Ball.
The data from Table 3 indicates that in V2 clauses, eL2-children mostly produce correctly inflected
verb forms already at age 3;9 and rarely use infinitival forms and substitutions. The distribution of verb
forms in Vf clauses is depicted in Table 4.
Table 4. Raw number and proportions of verb forms produced in Vf position.
T1 (Age: 3;9)
T2 (Age: 4;8)
Total number of clauses
18 (100%)
19 (100%)
Correctly inflected
-
Incorrect
Bare
1 (5%)
2 (11%)
-
Infinitival
15 (83%)
17 (90%)
Substitution
1 (6%)
1 (5%)
First note that few matrix clause utterances with verbs in Vf position were produced at both ages,
suggesting that already at age 3;9, after about 10 months of exposure to German, eL2-children know
that German is a V2 language. Secondly, the verb forms produced in Vf position were except for one all
incorrect. The most frequent erroneous verb form in Vf was infinitival –en, accounting for 83% of the
errors at age 3;9 and for 90% of the errors at age 4;8. Bare forms and substitutions were virtually absent
in Vf. This data suggests that eL2-children are aware of nonfinite properties of infinitival verb forms in
German, licensing their realization in the base-generated V0 position.
In summary, the data on eL2-children’s verb forms used in V2 and Vf indicate that at age 3;9 eL2learners of German have knowledge about the finiteness properties of different verb forms in German
and about the positions in which finite and nonfinite verb forms can occur. Infinitival forms occur
almost exclusively in verb final position and are recognized as nonfinite; bare forms are rare and appear
almost exclusively in V2 position, suggesting that they are treated as finite forms.
6.2. eL2-children’s developmental path
To examine the developmental path eL2-children go through on their way to mastering finiteness
and verb placement, the verb forms used in V2 matrix clauses were analyzed on an individual level
across both test rounds. Recall first the group results presented in Table 3 above. The percentage of
correctly inflected verb forms increased from 76% at age 3;9 to 97% at age 4;8; the only ungrammatical
verb form found at 4;8 were bare forms. This indicates that the eL2-children have mastered verb
placement and finiteness marking in the L2 German by age 4.
The analysis of eL2-children’s individual verb form productions in V2 structures is summarized in
Table 5. Five out of the 25 children (20%) inflected all verbs in V2 correctly already at age 3;9, and 21
out of 25 (84%) mastered the finiteness marking for verbs in V2 a year later at age 4;8. 11 out of 25
eL2-children (44%) did not produce any analyzable V2 structures at age 3;9. At age 4;8 nine of them
produced all correctly inflected verb forms in V2 and two of them used correctly inflected forms along
with some bare forms. Turning to the remaining nine eL2-children that at age 3;8 produced some
219
ungrammatical verb forms, four of them used bare forms along with correctly inflected forms in V2
(see example 9a), two used infinitival forms (see example 9b), one child also used substitutions (see
example 9c), and two children used both bare forms and infinitival forms in V2 along with correct verb
forms. Interestingly, none of the children produced only incorrectly inflected verbs.
Table 5. Number of children (out of 25) using different verb forms in V2 structures across both test
rounds.
Only target
forms
Target and
bare forms
Target and
infinitival
forms
Target,
bare, and
infinitival
forms
Target and
substitution
forms
No
analyzable
responses
Age 3;9
5
4
2
2
1
11
Age 4;8
21
4
0
0
0
0
Summarizing, the analysis of the individual data suggests that the acquisition of V2 and finiteness
marking is not problematic for the majority of eL2-learners of German. At age 4;8, only four out of the
25 children use incorrect verb forms along with correctly inflected verbs in V2. Interestingly, these
children use bare forms rather than infinitival forms or substitutions.
7. Discussion
Focusing on matrix clauses this study investigated the acquisition of verb placement and finiteness
in typically developing eL2-learners of German. Our results extend previous findings, based on
analyses of spontaneous speech samples of few eL2-learners, by using elicited production data from the
standardized language test LiSe-DaZ (Schulz and Tracy, 2011) and by including a larger sample of
eL2-children (n = 25) that we tested twice with a 12-month interval. Two main questions were
addressed: (Q1) Do typically developing eL2-children obey the ban on nonfinite verb forms in V2
position? (Q2) Which developmental pattern do three-year-old eL2-children show regarding the
acquisition of verb placement and finiteness within a year?
The first question addressed Prévost’s (2003) finding that eL2-learners of German distinguish
between bare and infinitival forms with respect to verb placement. Our results substantiate the view that
eL2-children treat finite and nonfinite verb forms differently. Infinitival verb forms, which are marked
with -en, were not used as substitutes for finite verb forms in V2 position. Infinitival forms appeared
almost exclusively in Vf position, indicating that eL2-children have knowledge of the nonfinite
properties of these verb forms. In the V2 position, which requires overt finiteness marking in German,
eL2-children mostly produced correctly inflected verb forms and some bare forms. Infinitival and
substitution errors were rare. These results suggest that eL2-children obey the ban of nonfinite V2. The
complementary distribution of infinitival and bare forms in our data is consistent with previous findings
for eL2 German (Prévost, 2003), Dutch (Blom and Baayen, 2012) and English (Haznedar and
Schwartz, 1997). In line with Prévost (2003), we argue that the data can be explained via the
combination of the Truncation Hypothesis (TH) and the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis (MSIH).
The TH is able to account for the occurrence of infinitival forms in Vf clauses. When eL2-children do
not yet have the ability to project functional categories above VP, they produce VPs with infinitival
verb forms in head-final V0 instead. The MSIH is able to account for the production of bare verb forms
in V2 position. When eL2-children have difficulties with inflectional morphology, but have acquired
functional categories including C0 as the landing position for the lexical verb, they may use bare verb
forms as default finite forms in V2.
Our second research question focused on the individual developmental path in eL2-acquisition.
Our results confirm the close relationship between the acquisition of verb placement and finiteness in
eL2-children reported previously (Prévost, 2003; Rothweiler, 2006; Tracy and Thoma, 2009). Five out
of the 25 eL2-children we tested used correctly inflected verb forms in V2 position already in the first
220
test round at age 3;9. A year later, 21 out of the 25 eL2 learners mastered the finiteness marking for
verbs in V2. Importantly, those children who had not yet mastered finiteness and verb placement used
mostly bare verb forms rather than infinitival forms in V2. Given the complementary distribution of
infinitival verb forms (in Vf) and bare forms (in V2) and that Vf matrix causes were rarely attested, we
argue that at age 3;9, after about 10 months of exposure, eL2-children have already acquired the
functional projections above VP. Furthermore, we claim that at that age, and with that amount of
exposure, typically developing eL2-children do not have difficulties with the acquisition of finiteness
itself, but may have difficulty with its overt morphological marking.
In conclusion, our study shows that the acquisition of verb placement and finiteness does not
present a challenge for eL2-learners. This finding provides further evidence for parallels between
monolingual and eL2-acquisition and thus substantiates the view that the critical period for mastering
morpho-syntactic requirements (i.e. V2 movement of the verb is triggered by the need to check
finiteness features) does not end before age 3. A recent study by Rothweiler et al. (2012) on eL2learners with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) suggests that persistent difficulties with agreement
and finiteness may be indicative of SLI in multilingual learners, parallel to what has been found for
monolingual acquisition (e.g., Rice, Noll, and Grimm, 1997). Therefore, we are currently investigating
whether eL2-children with SLI obey the ban of nonfinite V2 in German and whether the developmental
path differs between typically developing eL2-learners and eL2-children with SLI.
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Proceedings of the 12th Generative
Approaches to Second Language Acquisition
Conference (GASLA 2013)
edited by Jennifer Cabrelli Amaro,
Tiffany Judy, and Diego Pascual y Cabo
Cascadilla Proceedings Project
Somerville, MA
2013
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Wojtecka, Magda, Rabea Schwarze, Angela Grimm, and Petra Schulz. 2013. Finiteness and Verb Placement in
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Second Language Acquisition Conference (GASLA 2013), ed. Jennifer Cabrelli Amaro et al., 211-221. Somerville,
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