8/26/2013
Mesoamerica: Aztecs
& Maya
Europe & Africa meet the Americas
South
America: Incas
North
America: Mound Builders
North
America: Anasazi (Pueblo)
American
Indian Life:
• Nuclear & extended families
Some matrilineal/matriarchal
• Women worked fields while
men hunted
Gender equality was common
• Religion = animism
Visions, dreams, dances
• Cooperation & social
conformity/reciprocity
Communal ownership
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Mali: 1300s
dominate empire
Mali: 1400s
royal
family power struggle
• Muslim leaders trade w/N. Africa & Middle East
Imports: brass, copper, cloth, spices, manufactured
goods, & Arabian horses
• Exports: gold & slaves
• empire crumbles under
Moroccan invasion
New
states emerge to
trade gold w/Euros
• Timbuktu: intellectual & religious center
• Guinea, Benin, Kongo
Way
of life:
• Families had extensive
•
•
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•
•
kinship/clan ties
Dowry paid to wife’s family;
matrilineal
Children = wealth (high
child mortality)
Agriculture: used crop
rotation; rice & cotton
Ancestor worship; merchants
embrace Islam
Art: music, dance, sculpture
Emergence
of “nation-state” as monarchs
consolidate power over nobility
• Ferdinand & Isabella (Spain)
• Henry VII & Tudor Dynasty (England)
• Holy Roman Empire (Central Euro)
Renaissance
• Renewal of classical thought
• Explore the mysteries of nature
• Intense artistic creation
• Glorified “order” to promote
stability
Scientific advances
Population
Concerns
• 75 % peasants: revolts due to high taxes
• 55 million (1450) to 100 million (1600)
• Concerns of land availability
• Economic decline begins urban immigration
• Vagrancy laws & debtors
prisons
• Overseas might bring
economic opportunity
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Protestant Reformation
• Martin Luther; German monk
Attacked selling “indulgences”
Salvation by faith alone
• John Calvin; French/Swiss
Predestination
Godly behavior was a sign of
salvation
• Anabaptists = adult baptism
anti wealth/power
• Counter-Reformation
Problem
with land routes?
• Christian v. Muslim tensions in Middle East
• High costs (sea based might max profits)
Technological
Improvements
• Triangular sails
• Caravel
• Astrolabe
• Compass
Spain
Reformation in England
• Henry VIII: divorce Spanish wife
Pope denies; starts Anglican Church
• Six wives & three children
Edward VI adds Calvinism to
Anglican Church
Mary I brings Catholics back;
persecutes Anglicans
Elizabeth I returns Anglican with
Catholic elements
• Rise of Puritans (often Calvinists)
& Separatists
Portugal’s
Leadership
• Prince Henry “the
Navigator”
• Bartolomeu Días, 1488:
Cape of Good Hope
• Vasco da Gama, 1498:
India
looks westward
• Columbus, 1492: Cuba & Hispaniola
• Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
Early
Conquistadors
• De Balboa, 1513: crossed Isthmus of
Panama, & saw Pacific Ocean
• Cortés, 1519: conquered Mexico
• Pizarro, 1532: conquered Peru
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From “Old World”
From “New World”
• horse, cow, sheep, pig,
• alpaca, guinea pig,
chicken, goat
• apple, banana, carrot,
coffee, eggplant,
lettuce, okra, olive,
opium, rice, sugar, tea,
wheat, watermelon
• Bubonic plague,
chicken pox, leprosy,
malaria, measles,
smallpox, yellow fever
llama, turkey
• avocado, beans,
blueberry, cashew,
cocoa, corn, cotton,
peanut, pineapple,
potato, tobacco, vanilla
• syphilis
Old System
“New Slavery”
1. From local region
1. Shipped across world
2. Typically small scale
2. Significant magnitude
Est. 12 million
3. Regarded as property
3. Considered “persons
of low status”
4. Lived as part of
master’s household
Domestic servants
5. Even own ethnic group
Exists
in nearly every culture
• Debtors/bonded servants
• Prisoners of war
Vikings
• Colony in Greenland, 10th Century
• L’Anse aux Meadows: Leif Ericson settlement in
Newfoundland
• Rune stones (Minnesota & Oklahoma)
4. New forms of
dehumanization
Large scale plantations
5. Focused on other race
Intensified racism
Polynesians
Evidence
• Sweet potato in the Cook Islands, dated to 900s
• Chicken bones in Chile pre-date Columbus &
match similar bones from Tonga
is lacking:
• British legend: Welsh Prince Madoc visited
Mobile Bay (Alabama) in 1170; supposedly
Mandan tribe speaks Welsh
• Terracotta head
supposedly of 2nd Century
Greek origin found in a
pre-Columbian grave near
Mexico City; discounted as
a hoax
Cook Islands
Tonga
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Evidence is lacking:
• Statues in Mayan ruins resemble
“Africans”; Arabic sources
describe what might be a Mali
based voyage in 1311
• Temple in south India: goddess
holding “maize”
• Chinese fleet of Zheng He
arrives in 1421 is basis of recent
book by Gavin Menzies; Mayans
& Chinese both valued jade
Aztec & Maya empires map:
http://meyerisland.wikispaces.com/file/view/AztecMayaMap2.jpg/31943155/AztecMayaMap2.jpg
Aztec temple: http://www.citrus.k12.fl.us/staffdev/Social%20Studies/Images/WH1/aztec-pyramid-1.jpg
Maya temple: http://guatemala-pr.com/pyramids-guatemala/tikal-pyramid.jpg
Inca Empire map: http://dollardaze.org/blog/posts/2009/February/02/1/map.png
Machu Picchu photo: http://deitchman.com/mcneillslides/images/machu_picchu.jpg
Anasazi/Hohoham map: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Anasazi-es.svg/487px-Anasazies.svg.png
Mesa Verde photo:
http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/science+society/lectures/illustrations/lecture18/anasazi1.jpg
Chaco Canyon photo: http://scotthaefner.com/photos/images/fullsize/kap/chacoCanyon02.jpg
Mound Builders map: http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/~walters/web%20103/map%20AdenaHopewellMiss.jpg
Serpent Mound photo: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=84499&rendTypeId=4
Spiro Mounds photo: http://www.ou.edu/cas/archsur/counties/images/lf46.jpg
North America cultures map: http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/~walters/web%20103/Indian%20cultures%20map.jpg
Mali Empire map: http://www.amoeba.com/dynamic-images/blog/Eric_B/mali-empire.PNG
Mali Mosque: http://www.sacredsites.com/africa/mali/images/mosque-of-djenne-500.jpg
Africa map: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/willow/history-of-africa2.gif
African statue: http://images.oneofakindantiques.com/6286_african_sculpture_1.jpg
African mask: http://darbalina.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/african-mask.jpg
Pietà photo: http://www.toffsworld.com/art_artists_painters/images/pieta_small.jpg
Pisa Tower photo: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_(1).jpg
Renaissance map: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/europe1560_shepherd.jpg
Ferdinand/Isabella etching: http://www.christianhistorytimeline.com/DAILYF/2003/03/daily-03-31-2003.shtml
Henry VII painting: http://everythingtudor.com/newforum/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/henry_seven_england.jpg
Economic decline chart: http://premodeconhist.wordpress.com/2008/05/18/van-zanden-j-l-2002-the-revolt-of-theearly-modernists-and-the-first-modern-economy/
Reformation map: http://www.uoregon.edu/~dluebke/Reformations441/EuropeanReligions1560.jpg
Henry VIII & wives image: http://pavellas.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/henryviii.jpg
Henry VIII & children painting:
http://www.homeatfirst.com/2007/King%20Henry%20VIII%20with%20Royal%20Family.jpg
Caravel image: http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~vaucher/Genealogy/Documents/Asia/Ships/caravels5.jpg
Astrolabe image: http://www.astrolabes.org/Mariners_Astrolabe_Jeff.jpg
Compass image: http://www.abc.net.au/rn/hindsight/galleries/2007/1932356/full/04compass.jpg
Da Gama map: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/willow/history-of-portugal0.gif
Da Gama painting: http://www.freewebs.com/brandenburgstudies/300px-Vascodagama.JPG
Tordesillas map: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture14/fig_14-01.jpg
Triangular Trade map: http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba94/slavemap.png
Chinese painting:
http://www.mitchellteachers.net/WorldHistory/AncientChinaCurriculum/Transparencies/HansTransSlaves.jpg
Greek urn: http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/people/pictures/baby.jpg
Egyptian fresco: http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/activity/ancient_hebrews/pages/exodusfromegypt.htm
African drawing: http://z.about.com/d/africanhistory/1/0/t/I/IndigenousSlavers001.jpg
Leif Ericson painting: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Christian-krohg-leiv-eriksson.jpg
L’Anse aux Meadows photo: http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/voyage/subset/vinland/photo.jpg
Kensington (Minnesota) Runes: http://www.christerhamp.se/runor/nya/usa-kensington.jpg
Heavener (Oklahoma) Runes: personal photograph taken by David C. Burton
Cook Islands map: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cw.html
Tonga map: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tn.html
Tecaxic-Calixtlahuaca head: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c5/Tecaxic_calixtlahuaca_head.jpg
Olmec colossal head: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/San_Lorenzo_Monument_4.jpg
1421 book cover: http://newworlddispatches.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/14211.jpg
Indian temple fresco: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/IMG_3512.JPG
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