The Inca civil war and the establishment of Spanish power in Peru
Author(s): John H. Rowe
Source: Ñawpa Pacha: Journal of Andean Archaeology, No. 28 (2006), pp. 1-9
Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27977824
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The Inca civil war and the establishment
of Spanish power in Peru
John h. Rowe
To understand what was involved in establishing Spanish power in Peru, one must compare the official dis
patches sent to Spain by Pizarro with the unofficial accounts of other Spaniards who were present. The political
turmoil caused by the death of Huayna Capac provided the material Pizarro needed to acquire control. By lying
and manipuUtion he engineered the murder of Atau Huallpa and the naming of one of his own allies as Inca.
Contrary to common belief the Spaniards did not conquer the Inca Empire by force, but rather seized it
through subversion and treachery.
Para entender como se estableci? el dominio espa?ol en el Per?, hay que comparar los informes oficiales de
Pizarro al Rey con los no oficiales escritos por otros espa?oles tambi?n presentes. La muerte de Huayna Capac
result? en una situaci?n apta para la colusi?n de Pizarro con los Incas enemigos de Atau Huallpa. Por medio de
mentiras y manipulaciones Pizarro logr? la muerte del Inca, resultando en el nombramiento de uno de sus
propios aliados a la sucesi?n. Al contrario de la creencia com?n, los espa?oles no conquistaron a los Inca por
fuerza de armas, sino por subversi?n y subornaci?n.
Introduction
civil war over the imperial succession. The Spaniards
walked in and kidnapped the winner, Atau Huallpa.
The establishment of Spanish power in Peru is a
problem for those of us interested in the history
of the area. The Inca Empire, which the Spaniards
called Peru, was probably the greatest military power
in the New World when the Europeans arrived, yet a
The leaders of the losing side, who had supported
his brother Hu?scar, asked the Spaniards for help.
The Spaniards demanded submission as the price of
the alliance, and the losers were so desperate that
they agreed.
There is nothing new in recognizing the Inca
small company of only 168 Spanish adventurers un
der the command of Francisco Pizarro succeeded in
civil war as an important factor in the establishment
taking control of it with little opposition. Two-and
a-half years later, the Incas revolted and then there
of Spanish power. What has not been adequately stud
ied is the effect of the civil war on the way Inca lead
was heavy fighting. The Incas sometimes won and
sometimes lost; in the end the rebellion was quelled.
ers dealt with the Spaniards.1 We have been too ready
to believe Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro had two secre
The revolt is not a problem. Spanish greed provoked
taries, Francisco de J?rez and Pedro Sancho, who
it, and its outcome can be understood in military
terms. The problem is the original establishment of
control. Why was there so little Inca resistance?
It so happens that the Incas had just fought a
1 Edmundo Guillen advised that we take note of the activity of
the Hu?scar side in the deaths of Atau Huallpa and Challcu
Chima (Guillen Guillen 1978: 47-48, note 1).
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?awpa Pacha 28
as successor. There was, however, an order of prece
wrote the official accounts of the expedition. These
reports present the version of the story that Pizarro
dence that he was supposed to respect. The Incas
wanted people to believe, a version in which some
practiced divination to determine whether a proposed
action would be fortunate or unfortunate, and such
important facts are omitted and others distorted, in
divination was also a factor in decisions about the
succession.
order to present Pizarro in the most favorable light.
Fortunately, there are several independent accounts,
written by other members of the company, which
Huayna Capac chose his successor on his death
can be used to correct deficiencies in the official ver
sions. I refer in particular to those by Hernando
bed, but the first son he named died in the same epi
demic that claimed his father. His second choice was a
Pizarro, Juan Ruiz de Arce, Diego de Trujillo, Pedro
Pizarro, and Pedro Cata?o, as well as the anonymous
son named Hu?scar, who was in Cuzco, but the result
of the divination was that he would be unfortunate.
ones wrongly attributed to Cristobal de Mena and
Miguel Estete.2 There are also some other writers
(Gonzalo Fern?ndez de Oviedo, Juan de Betanzos,
and Pedro de Cieza de Le?n) who had sources close
The high priest who went to report this result to
Huayna Capac found him already dead. In spite of
to the events. There is enough agreement among the
(Sarmiento de Gamboa, cap. 62; 1906: 111 [1572]).
independent witnesses on the key points to justify a
critical revision of Pizarro's official version.
Hu?scar was barely nineteen years old in 1528,
the adverse omens, the priest then sent a messenger to
tell Hu?scar that his father had named him heir
and had no experience in either civil administration
or military command. His friends, equally inexperi
enced youths, encouraged him to take power imme
The Prelude
diately and rule by his own authority without await
ing any instructions that his father might have left
The Inca civil war was in part a consequence of the
for him. As no new governors had been named to
arrival of the first European disease. An epidemic of
replace those who died in the epidemic, there was no
smallpox or measles erupted in the Inca Empire in constituted authority in the capital to intervene.
1528. Inca informants told Cieza de Le?n that more
Hu?scar let himself be persuaded. He had himself
crowned immediately, and chose as advisors two of
than 200,000 people died in this epidemic (Cieza de
Le?n, 2a pte., cap. LXIX; 1985: 199-200 [1553]).
his half-brothers who had no more experience than
Its victims included the Inca emperor, Huayna Capac,
he did. He distributed gifts and appointments to his
young friends and to those who had shown him fa
and other important government figures. Huayna
Capac had spent the last eleven years of his reign
campaigning in the area of Quito. When he left
vor during his fathers life. When his fathers counse
lors arrived from Quito he had them killed, without
seeing them or listening to what they had to say.
Cuzco, the Inca capital, for the last time, he named
two governors there. Both of them died in the epi
Hu?scar simply seized power, in open rebellion
demic and Huayna Capac had no time to name oth
against his fathers establishment.
ers before he, too, died.
In that part of Huayna Capac s army that had
The epidemic also disrupted the imperial suc
cession. In theory, the Inca emperor had absolute
officers. When news of the happenings in Cuzco
power, including that of naming any one of his sons
reached them, these men soon realized that the new
remained in Quito were many able and experienced
government was not likely to appreciate their ser
2 Hernando Pizarro 1855 [1533]; Ruiz de Arce 1933 [1543];
Trujillo 1948 [1571]; Pedro Pizarro 1978 [1571]; Busto
vices. They sought out another son of Huayna Capac,
Atau Huallpa, who had stayed in Quito with the army,
and offered to support him if he would assume the gov
Duthurburu 1964, for Cata?o; Fajse Mena 1929 [ 1534] ; False
Estete 1918 [c. 1535-1540]. Better and more informative
ernorship of the province. Atau Huallpa was about five
editions of False Mena, False Estete, and of J?rez may be found
years older than Hu?scar and had some military expe
in Salas and others 1987.
rience. He accepted the officers' proposal, sending
2
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Rowe: The Inca civil war and the establishment of Spanish power
word to Hu?scar that he was governing Quito in
Hu?scar s name.
After his capture, Atau Huallpa offered an im
mense ransom for his life and freedom. Pizarro ac
Hu?scar was infuriated by Atau Huallpas ac
cepted the offer and had the conditions written down.
tion but did not feel secure enough to take immedi
Atau Huallpa, who had become valuable as a source
ate action against his brother. He made an ambigu
ous answer to the first message, an answer that Atau
of wealth, was well treated and allowed to continue to
govern. One of his first steps was to order that Hu?scar
Huallpa interpreted as a commission to govern. Later,
be killed to eliminate the danger of his brothers mak
when Hu?scar felt stronger, he ordered his brother
ing a separate agreement with the Spaniards.
In Cuzco, meanwhile, Atau Huallpas captains
to present himself in Cuzco. Atau Huallpa ignored
were busy killing Huascar's relatives and principle
the summons, but sent gifts and protestations of loy
supporters with the object of leaving his party with
out leaders to continue the resistance. These officers
alty. Hu?scar refused the gifts and dispatched an army
to bring Atau Huallpa in by force. There was a battle
in Ambato, not far from Quito, which Atau Huallpa
tried to find and kill the other sons of Huayna Capac
won. His commander-in-chief, Challcu Chima, was
who might have some claim to the succession, but
a military genius who was never defeated in battle.
several survived by hiding.
In a six-month campaign, this general destroyed
Hu?scar was dead, but his cause lived on. People
Hu?scar s armies one after another, finally capturing
of all the provinces of the empire, as far north as
Hu?scar himself. Atau Huallpa hardly had time to
Tumipampa, had fought for him against Atau Huallpas
company of adventurers reached Cajamarca where
Atau Huallpa awaited them.
had stood against him. This policy, naturally, did not
celebrate this success when Francisco Pizarro and his
armies. The new monarch wanted to punish all who
turn enemies into loyal followers, and there were
many disposed to follow whoever came forward as
Enter the Spaniards
Huascar's legitimate heir, if there was any hope of
Pizarro did not go to Cajamarca to fight the Inca
but they were not likely to be interested in support
army, but rather to kidnap Atau Huallpa, a plan in
ing Atau Huallpas opponents as long as the captive
spired by the success of the tactics used by Cortes in
ruler was their source of gold and silver.
success. The Spaniards just might provide that hope,
Mexico. Pizarro laid an ambush on the occasion of
Among the conditions of the ransom, Pizarro
his first meeting with the Inca ruler, on November
had included one that the treasure comprising the
ransom was for the members of his company who
15, 1532. Atau Huallpa entered Cajamarca for this
had participated in the abduction of the Inca. When
new adventurers arrived to reinforce the company,
meeting accompanied by a large retinue. Pizarro kept
his men concealed in the buildings surrounding the
plaza while a priest invited the Inca to come and dine
they naturally wanted a share in the treasure that was
with the Spanish commander. Atau Huallpa refused,
obtained after their arrival. The ransom treasure,
demanding that the Spaniards give up all the booty
however, was still coming in, and the original mem
bers of the company held that the newcomers had
they had taken. Thereupon, the Spaniards erupted
from their places of concealment. Pizarro, leading a
no share in it by the terms of the ransom agreement.
party of men on foot, rushed Atau Huallpas litter
There was so much animosity between the two groups
and dragged him out of it while the Spanish horse
that Pizarro decided to declare the ransom fully paid,
men charged into the ranks of his attendants. The
leaving the treasure that came in later to be divided
surprise was complete; the attendants panicked and
among all the adventurers present. Although he ac
tried to flee. There was no combat. Francisco de J?rez
knowledged publicly that the ransom had been paid,
wrote afterward, "in all this, no Indian raised a
Pizarro kept Atau Huallpa in custody, saying that it
weapon against a Spaniard" (Jerez 1983: 20 [1534]).
The Spanish horsemen amused themselves by kill
would be too dangerous for the Spaniards to release
him. Atau Huallpa was no longer a source of treasure,
ing hundreds of unresisting fugitives.
just a royal hostage.
3
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?awpa Pacha 28
The Murder and How It Was Achieved
other authorities of the company to consider the evi
dence against Atau Huallpa. This tribunal sentenced
At this point, two young men who claimed to be
Atau Huallpa to death. On the assumption that the
sons of Huayna Capac slipped into the Spanish camp.
alleged hostile army would not attack if Atau Huallpa
One of them was Tupa Huallpa, who, they said, was
was dead, the sentence was carried out that very day.
Hu?scar s legitimate heir. Pizarro treated them with
honor and hid them in his own quarters. The time
Pizarro managed to persuade many of his followers
that he went along with the decision only reluctantly.
was now right, and the leader of Atau Huallpas op
ponents had come to seek the support of the only The Aftermath
people who could improve his condition. What hap
pened next was the death of Atau Huallpa, a death
that has remained, in some sense, a sixteenth cen
tury murder mystery.
Shortly after the arrival of the Inca princes,
Following Atau Huallpas death, Tupa Huallpa
emerged from hiding and presented himself to the
Inca nobles, who accepted him as Huascar's legiti
mate successor. A coronation ceremony was held,
Carhuarayco, the lord of Cajamarca and a Hu?scar
supporter, came to tell the Spaniards that, on Atau
Huallpas orders, a large Inca army was marching to
followed directly by another ceremony in which Tupa
Huallpa and his nobles swore allegiance to the Span
ish crown.
attack them. Instead of treating this information as
Hernando de Soto and his companions returned
military intelligence and sending out a Spanish party
to reconnoiter, as he had done some months earlier,
after Atau Huallpas execution had taken place, to
report that there was no attacking army; on the con
Pizarro treated it as an accusation that Atau Huallpa
trary, the whole countryside was peaceful. They were
was plotting against the Spaniards, and ordered a le
angry when they found that Atau Huallpa had been
gal inquiry to be made among the native nobles
killed in their absence. Pizarro, who was wearing
present in Cajamarca. All the witnesses confirmed mourning, said, "I see now that they fooled me."4 It
the charge made by Carhuarayco. Pizarro then con
was an acknowledgement that all the reports of an
fronted Atau Huallpa with the accusation; the Inca
attacking army had been lies, obviously lies told to
denied everything. Pizarro ordered him chained by
bring about Atau Huallpas death.
the neck and then sent two native spies to see if the
In spite of Pizarro's efforts to persuade his fol
menacing army was on land level enough to employ
cavalry to attack it. The spies reported that the army
the death sentence reluctantly, he must have been
lowers that he had been deceived and had agreed to
was in very rough terrain. Pizarro "ordered the camp
placed on high alert" (Jerez 1983: 35 [1534]).
involved in the conspiracy that produced the lies.
Pizarro was the man who gave the orders. For the
Since Pizarro had sent no Spaniards to look for
the hostile army, Hernando de Soto and some other
the right time. For example, he had to avoid sending
Spanish friends of Atau Huallpa asked permission to
out a Spanish party to look for the alleged attacking
go and look for themselves. Pizarro granted the per
army until he could arrange to execute Atau Huallpa
before that party returned.
scheme to work, he had to give the right orders at
mission, and Atau Huallpas friends left the camp.
Before Sotos party returned, in the afternoon
All the reports and testimony about the attack
of July 26, 1533, two of the Indians who were serv
ing the Spaniards came running in, saying that they
ing army were provided by natives, obviously ones
who were hostile to Atau Huallpa. The leader of the
were fleeing from the attacking army, which was only party opposing Atau Huallpa was Tupa Huallpa, who
three leagues away.3 Pizarro thereupon convoked a
was living in Pizarros quarters at the time. Atau
military tribunal composed of his officers and the
4 Oviedo Vald?s, lib. XLVI, cap. XXII; 1850-1855: tomo
IV, p. 250 [1535-1547]; Trujillo 1948: 59 [1571]; Cieza de
Le?n, 3apte., cap. LIV; 1987: 165-171 [c. 1553].
3 The date is that of the death of Atau Huallpa, as clarified by
Cook (1969: 73-74).
4
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Rowe: The Inca civil war and the establishment of Spanish power
Huallpa's death led to Tupa Huallpa's coronation. He
continued his march, leaving the question of the al
was clearly Pizarro's partner in the conspiracy.
liance open until Tupa Huallpas brother appeared.
The death of Atau Huallpa meant different
There were military confrontations on four oc
casions on the way to Cuzco before the Spaniards
things to Pizarro and to Tupa Huallpa. To Pizarro,
met Tupa Huallpas brother. The army that Challcu
Chima had commanded had been in the Jauja area;
who wanted to take control of the Inca Empire, it
meant that he had exchanged an unwilling hostage
it now tried to march to Cuzco to join the army that
for a friend and ally. Furthermore, through the cere
was occupying the capital. Its commanders wanted
mony of allegiance, he had acquired legal title to the
empire for the Spanish Crown. To Tupa Huallpa,
whose pressing problem was the Inca civil war, it
to stay ahead of the Spanish company and avoid fight
ing it as long as the Spaniards had Challcu Chima in
their power. Pizarro, on the other hand, wanted to
meant that his side, Hu?scar s side, which had lost
everything, once again had a chance. He could count
fight this army before it could join the one in Cuzco.
on Spanish help to deal with Atau Huallpas support
There were two encounters near Jauja, another at
Vilcas, and the last and most serious on the climb to
ers, who no longer had a leader. The oath of alle
the Vilcacunca Pass, only two days' march from
giance was the price he had to pay for Atau Huallpas
Cuzco. In the first action near Jauja, mounted Span
iards scattered a group of Inca warriors who were
death and the Spanish alliance.
At the time of his coronation, Tupa Huallpa was
still far from enjoying the effective power of an Inca
marching on level ground. In the second, Pizarro
ruler. The only Inca armies that still existed were those
ordered eighty of his horsemen to try to get ahead of
of Atau Huallpas party, and one of them occupied
Cuzco. Even in the Spanish camp the new ruler had
the Inca army and stop it. The Spaniards failed to do
a potential enemy. Pizarro held another hostage of
take some plunder. Pizarro was not pleased. At Vilcas,
Atau Huallpas party, the general Challcu Chima, who
a Spanish advance party of forty horsemen surprised
was also held prisoner. Challcu Chimas prestige was
the Inca camp when most of the fighting men were
so, managing only to cut up the Inca rear guard and
so great that, after the death of Atau Huallpa, he be
away on a hunt. The Spaniards took the Inca service
came leader of the party. Atau Huallpa had shown
personnel prisoner. When the Inca fighting men re
himself ungrateful to his general, so Challcu Chima
initially said that he was pleased by his leader s death
turned from their hunt, there was a fight in which,
for the first time, the Incas killed a horse. The next
and was disposed to accept Tupa Huallpa as the new
day, the Incas attacked again, carrying the horse's tail
ruler. It soon became evident, however, that the great
as a standard. There was heavy fighting until the Span
general had no respect for Hu?scar s heir. He began
to undermine Tupa Huallpas authority.
iards let their prisoners go; thereupon the Incas re
tired and resumed their march.
The Spaniards set out for Cuzco with their new
The Spanish advance party was almost annihi
allies and Challcu Chima. Shortly after they reached
lated on the climb to the Vilcacunca Pass. The slope
Jauja, about halfway to the Inca capital, Tupa Huallpa
was so steep and the drop so sheer that the riders had
died. Many of the Spaniards believed that Challcu
dismounted and were leading their horses. When the
Chima had poisoned him, but there was no investi
Incas attacked, the Spaniards lost five dead and sev
enteen wounded of their total of forty men. The rest
gation. In Challcu Chimas mind, Tupa Huallpas
death undid the alliance of the Spaniards with were saved by darkness. In the night, a party of Span
ish reinforcements arrived and the Incas withdrew.
Hu?scar s faction. The Inca general tried, therefore,
to convince Pizarro that one of Atau Huallpas sons,
The Spanish survivors stayed where they were for
a youth who was in Quito, would be the most ap
four days until Pizarro and the rest arrived. The Inca
propriate heir. The supporters of Tupa Huallpa, on
army did succeed in joining the army that controlled
Cuzco.
the other hand, said that there was another legiti
mate prince, a brother of Tupa Huallpa, whom they
Shortly thereafter, Tupa Huallpa's brother ap
could produce. Pizarro encouraged both parties and
peared, a young man named Manco Inca. He accepted
5
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?awpa Pacha 28
the same conditions that Tupa Huallpa had agreed
encomienda corresponded to an Inca administrative
to, and demanded the death of Challcu Chima as his
unit (Betanzos, IIa pte., cap. XXVIII; 1987: 289
price. The death of Challcu Chima would cut
290 [1551-1557]). As the holders of encomiendas
Pizarro's last tie to the party of Atau Huallpa. To pro
took possession of their districts, the Inca govern
vide the Spaniards with justification for condemn
ment lost first economic and then political control
of them.
ing Challcu Chima, Manco accused the general of
sending messengers to Quizquiz, commander of the
Pizarro s Version
army that was occupying Cuzco, with information
about the Spaniards and how to fight them. Pizarro
had Challcu Chima burned to death in the plaza of
So far I have presented a reconstruction of what hap
the first town they reached after meeting Manco Inca.5
pened, a narrative of events assembled from the in
Quizquiz tried to stop the Spaniards from en
dividual reports of the participants. It is instructive
tering Cuzco. There was an indecisive encounter from
to look also at Pizarro's official reports written by his
two secretaries, Jerez and Sancho, to see what it was
which the Spaniards withdrew to a flat place to spend
that the Spanish leader wanted to cover up. Most
the night, while Quizquizs forces camped on a hill
side not far off. After dark there was a disturbance in
obviously he wanted to conceal his part in the death
the Spanish camp caused by some horses breaking
loose (Pedro Pizarro, cap. 14; 1978: 86-87 [1571]).
of Atau Huallpa. Both secretaries' accounts tell the
story of the attacking army in great detail but say
nothing of Soto's finding that it did not exist.
Quizquiz s men feared a night attack and withdrew,
Pizarro also covered up his dealings with Tupa
leaving the way to Cuzco open. Manco and Pizarro
Huallpa on that occasion. The Inca prince is not
mentioned
in the official reports until after Atau
block the Spanish advance was the only effort
Quizquiz made to fight them. Later, when Manco Huallpas death, when it is noted that Pizarro pre
entered the city as liberators. This single attempt to
and Pizarro sent their forces to attack him, Quizquiz
withdrew and marched away to Quito.
Manco was crowned in Cuzco with all the tra
sented him to the people of Cajamarca as the legiti
mate heir to the throne.
In addition, by manipulating Tupa Huallpas
ditional ceremonies and with Pizarro's patronage. As
had Tupa Huallpa, he swore allegiance to the king of
name, Pizarro covered up the fact that he had changed
sides in the Inca civil war. Both secretaries' accounts
Spain. The alliance with Manco, who still needed
Spanish help to deal with what remained of Atau
give Tupa Huallpas name as "Atabaliba," which is
what Pizarro called Atau Huallpa; and Sancho says
Huallpas armies, enabled Pizarro to subvert Inca rule
and take control of the country. The subversion was
misleading. Neither secretary explains that the prince
carried out through that peculiar Spanish institution,
who was crowned was Atau Huallpas enemy. This
that he was Atau Huallpas brother, which is true but
the encomienda. In the form in which it was used by
subterfuge confused even Prescott, who thought that
Pizarro, the encomienda was a grant of service. Pizarro
Tupa Huallpa belonged to Atau Huallpas party
granted the service of a certain number of natives to
(Prescott 1942: 303). The person who says that Tupa
an individual Spaniard, who could demand what
Huallpa was Atau Huallpas enemy is Hernando
ever tribute or labor he wanted from the people in
Pizarro who, although he had left Cajamarca before
cluded in his grant. Pizarro created the first grants
the Inca sovereign's death, had received a letter from
on the basis of information provided by Manco Inca
his brother (Hernando Pizarro 1855: 213 [1553]).
Sancho also misrepresented the relationship
regarding the names of the curacas [local lords] and
between Pizarro and Manco Inca, hiding the fact that
the number of people they governed, so that each
it was Manco who demanded the death of Challcu
Chima. Sancho reversed the order of events, placing
the death of Challcu Chima on the day before
5 Witness Juan de Pancorvo (Villanueva Urteaga 1971: 162?
165).
Mancos appearance rather than the day after. Sanchos
6
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Rowe: The Inca civil war and the establishment of Spanish power
narrative attributes the charges against Challcu Chima
and Challcu Chima, that destroyed the leadership of
to Pizarro and to members of the Spanish advance
party, who blamed their defeat at Vilcacunca on the
and got submission to the Spanish crown as the price
Inca general (Sancho, cap. X; 1938: 154 [1534]).
of this alliance. There is little glory for anyone in
the party that had won. The Spaniards demanded
this story.
The Spaniards were called viracocha in the Inca
Meanwhile, in Spain
language, and the term is used for whites in Peru to
this day. Viracochas were emissaries of the Inca cre
ator god. Polo de Ondegardo explained that, when
The Spanish crown was not pleased with the way in
which Pizarro had dealt with Atau Huallpa, because
Atau Huallpas generals captured Hu?scar, the latter s
it was illegal. Under the laws of Alfonso the Wise,
followers made a great sacrifice to the Creator and
the Siete Partidas, a ruler captured by a Spanish cap
prayed to him to save them. Almost immediately
tain was the property of the Spanish king. By con
thereafter, word came that the Spaniards had arrived
vening a court and sentencing Atau Huallpa to death,
and had taken Atau Huallpa prisoner; they were,
Pizarro had usurped a royal prerogative. The ransom
therefore, beings sent by the Incas god in response
was also a problem. By law, all of a royal ransom
belonged to the king, but Pizarro had set aside only
to prayer (Polo de Ondegardo 1940: 154 [1561]).
The name viracocha remained, in memory of that
a fifth of the ransom of Atau Huallpa for the crown.
miracle, even after the Incas had learned to hate their
new lords.
Hernando Pizarro had gone to Spain to report to the
king on the Spanish actions in Peru; the king sent
him back to Peru to demand that the members of Acknowledgments
Pizarro s company who had received shares of Atau
Huallpas ransom contribute to a large donation to The original version of this material was presented
at the University of California, Berkeley, on Novem
the crown to make up for what had been taken. The
ber 7, 1990, as the Bernard Moses Memorial Lec
surviving adventurers now held encomiendas, so they
could and did extort the treasure for the donation from
ture. Rowe subsequently revised it for presentation
the people who served them, thus helping to provoke
in Spanish at the Fourth International Congress of
Ethnohistoria, held in Lima, June 23-27, 1996. The
the great Inca rebellion that took place in 1536.6
Spanish version was published in 1998 as follows:
Rowe, John H.
Conclusions
1998 Como Francisco Pizarro se apoder? del
Per?. Actas del IV Congreso Inter
nacional de Etnohistoria, tomo II: 517
534. Pontif?cia Universidad Cat?lica del
The establishment of Spanish dominion in Peru was,
then, a consequence of the Inca civil war. What made
Per?, Fondo Editorial. Lima.
it possible was the desperate need of Hu?scar s party,
defeated in the civil war and persecuted by a victori
When the original English version was misplaced,
ous Atau Huallpa. Spanish dominion was established,
Patricia J. Lyon translated the Spanish version into
not by military victories, but by an alliance with the
faction that had lost the war, an alliance cemented
English, which was checked by Rowe. After the origi
nal reappeared the two English texts were compared
by the two political killings, those of Atau Huallpa
and edited into the present version. The dates of origi
nal publication or composition of colonial sources
have been added in brackets by Catherine Julien.
6 Siete Partidas, 2a partida, tit. XXVI, ley V y ley VIII; 1829:
650 and 653 [1256-1263]. Royal instruction to Hernando
Pizarro concerning a servicio (Porras Barrenechea 1944: 204
206). The King's displeasure, Royal c?dula to Francisco
Pizarro, 21 May 1534 (Porras Barrenechea 1944: 191-192).
7
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All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
?awpa Pacha 28
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