Management and Leadership
Being an Effective Leader
Distinguishing Leadership from Management
Management Leadership
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Function based on Structure
Relationship based on Trust
Planning and Budgeting
Demonstrate Confidence and
Integrity
Instilling a Systematic Process
Inspiring Vision
Actions are Effective
Actions are meaningful
Has Workers
Has followers
Human Resource Planning
Motivating and Coaching
Early Theories of Leadership
• Leadership Trait Theories
Early Theories of Leadership
• Leadership Behavior Theories
• University of IOWA = > Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-Faire
• Ohio State = > Consideration, Initiating Structure
• University of Michigan = > Employee Oriented, Production Oriented
University of IOWA (Kurt Lewin)
• Identified three leadership styles:
• Autocratic style: centralized authority, low participation
• Democratic style: involvement, high participation, feedback
• Laissez faire style: hands-off management
• Research findings: mixed results
• No specific style was consistently better for producing better performance.
• Employees were more satisfied under a democratic
• leader than under an autocratic leader.
Managerial Grid by Blake & Mouton
• Appraises leadership styles using
two dimensions:
• Concern for people
• Concern for production
• Places managerial styles in five
categories:
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Impoverished management
Task management
Middle-of-the-road management
Country club management
Team management
Contingency Theories of Leadership
Earlier theories were detached
from the context
• Fiedler’s Model – Leadership Style in Different
Situations (Favorable/Unfavorable)
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Unfriendly
Unpleasant
Rejecting
Situational Favorableness (control)
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Least-Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) Scale
Leader-Member Relation
Task Structure
Position Power
Leadership Styles (LPC Ratings)
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If your total score is high (>64), you're likely to be a relationshiporientated leader. If your total score is low, you're more likely to
be task-orientated leader.
Tense
Cold
Boring
Backbiting
Uncooperative
Hostile
Guarded
Insincere
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Friendly
Pleasant
Accepting
Relaxed
Warm
Interesting
Loyal
Cooperative
Supportive
Open
Sincere
Contingency Theories of Leadership
• Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory (SLT)
• Based on Leader-Follower Relationship
Follower Readiness
Styles
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R1: Unable and Unwilling
R2: Unable but Willing
R3: Able but Unwilling
R4: Able and Willing
Leadership
-- Telling Style
-- Selling Style
-- Participating Style
-- Delegating Style
Contemporary Views on Leadership
• Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory
• Differentiation between in-group and out-group members
• 92% executives see favoritism in who gets the job promotions
• Transformational-Transactional Leadership
• Jim Goodnight –SAS institute
• Charismatic-Visionary Leadership
• Jeff Bezos – Founder CEO of amazon.com
• Personality and actions inspire people
• Team Leadership
Contemporary Issues Affecting Leadership
• Managing the Power
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Legitimate Power
Coercive Power
Reward Power
Expert Power
Referent Power
• Develop Trust
• Empower Employees
• Leading Across Culture
Leadership: A holistic perspective
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Autocratic
Democratic
Laissez Faire
People focused
Production Focused
Etc.
Traits
Behavior
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Drive
Achievement
Integrity
Confidence
Sociability
Etc.
Leadership
Situation
Leader-Member Relation
Task Structure
Position Power