Lecture 8: How do cellular organelles work? •  Review: SA/V Ra@os! •  Today • 
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Organelle Size Organelle Designs Energy Storage: Vesicles Lysosomes Mitochondria: Cellular Energy Cytoskeleton & Cellular Movement Why are cellular organelles so small & so numerous? Normal Liver Cells, Colorized TEM Golgi ER Nucleus At Right: Lipid: bright yellow & Glycogen: brown Mitochondria: bright green hPps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdGpsDF2Ci8 & Inner Life of the Cell: hPps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzcTgrxMzZk 10/8/15 Steatosis in hepatocytes. Lipid vesicles: yellow Nucleus: blue Microfilaments – red Microtubules – green Nuclei -­‐ blue Dr. Karen Petersen, Biol. 118, Autumn 2015 1 10/8/15 hPp://visualsunlimited.photoshelter.com/gallery/Cell-­‐Biology/G0000CRDNvO2qmng/ & hPp://www.sciencephoto.com/media/310332/view 2 What are the functions of a lysosome?
What design features do these organelles share? Endoplasmic re@culum hPp://diferenciaentre.info/diferencia-­‐entre-­‐membrana-­‐plasma@ca-­‐y-­‐pared-­‐celular/ 10/8/15 hPps://hermansonhbiology.wordpress.com/2011/11/03/unlabeled-­‐organelles-­‐from-­‐campbell-­‐text/ 6 3 3 Golgi 12 ER 22 Other LapaquePe, Guzzo, Bre@llon, & Bringer, 2015 Nucleus Mitochondria 54 Cytosol 60 40 20 0 Golgi complex Autophagy defects linked to diabetes, obesity, IBD, cancer.. Protect cells from inflamma@on % of Liver Cell Volume Mitochondri
Nucleus 3 10/8/15 hPps://prezi.com/43hr2megr1p0/lysosome/ 4 What makes lysosomes so efficient at digestion?
What is the design & function of a mitochondrion?
2 Mitochondria in Cardiac Muscle Loaded with digestive enzymes
pH = 5; highly acidic interior
H+
H+ pumps actively transport H+ into lysosome
10/8/15 H+
H+
H+
Excess faPy acid intake  damage mitochondria & impair autophagy  beta cell failure in pancreas  cell death  Type 2 Diabetes H+
H+
H+
H+
Janikiewicz, Hanzelka, Kozinski, et al, 2015 H+
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/cellstructures/phagocitosis.swf
5 10/8/15 hPp://visualsunlimited.photoshelter.com/gallery-­‐image/Cell-­‐Biology/G0000CRDNvO2qmng/I0000I.8qMvyyitA 6 Compare these types of proteins in cytoskeleton 1 sugar
What is ATP? How does ATP do cellular work? 3 phosphates hPp://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/principles-­‐of-­‐
general-­‐chemistry-­‐v1.0/s22-­‐chemical-­‐thermodynamics.html 1 Nitrogen base Myosin (not shown) Microvilli in epithelial cells of small intes@ne ATP 10/8/15 ADP •  Maintain cell shape (resist stretching) •  Maintain cell shape (resist pushing) •  Ameboid ac@on & muscle contrac@on •  Movement of cilia/flagella •  Cell division •  Move chromosomes & organelles hPps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7sRZy9PgPvg start ~ 1 minute 7 10/8/15 hPp://www.bio.miami.edu/tom/courses/bil255/bil255goods/20_cytoskel.html & hPp://classes.kumc.edu/som/cellbiology/cytoskeleton/microtubules/tut2.html hPp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microfilaments/microfilaments.html &hPp://www.microscopy.fsu.edu/cells/microtubules/microtubules.html 8 Describe the arrangement of microtubules in a cilia’s cytoskeleton. What are cilia funcOons? How do microvilli & cilia differ? Microvilli on epithelial cells of the small intes@nes 10/8/15 Cilia on epithelia cells of airways (Colored SEM) 9 hPp://images.sciencesource.com/preview/BR6385.html & hPps://www.pinterest.com/pin/343751384032875304/ 10/8/15 Wirschell, Olbrich, Werner, et al, 2013 Singla & Reiter, 2006 hPp://biology-­‐pictures.blogspot.com/2011/11/microtubules-­‐structure.html & hPp://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/cells.htm 10 AddiOonal Resources Things to Know or Review in Today’
’s Lecture 1. 
Why are many organelles so small & so numerous within a cell? What are the benefits? Describe these func@ons of a cell: catabolism, anabolism, support, & cellular transport. 2. 
Categorize these cellular organelles based on their “design” – membranous exterior or protein based: cell membrane, cilia/flagella, mitochondria, lysosome, rough endoplasmic re@culum, nucleus, nucleolus, Golgi Apparatus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosome with centrioles & vesicles. Categorize those same organelles into 1 of the categories in # 1. 1.  Janikiewicz J, Hanzelka K, Kozinski K, et al. (2015) Islet beta-­‐cell failure in type 2 diabetes -­‐ Within the network of toxic lipids. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communica@ons 460: 491-­‐496. 2.  LapaquePe P, Guzzo J, Bre@llon L, & Bringer M-­‐A. (2015) Cellular and molecular connec@ons between autophagy and inflamma@on. Mediators of Inflamma@on 2015, Ar@cle ID 398483, hPp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/398483 3. 
Describe the structure & internal environment of a lysosome. How do H+ ions get concentrated in a lysosome? Compare the 3 types of lysosomal events (when & why each can be beneficial): endocytosis (eg. phagocytosis), autophagy, and autolysis. Does autophagy promote or limit inflamma@on? 4. 
Describe the structure & internal environment of a mitochondrion. What organic molecules can mitochondria use to supply the energy needed to build ATP? Are oxygen molecules required? Can ATP be built anywhere else in the cell? What effect does a high fat diet have on mitochondrial func@on & autophagy by lysosomes? What effect do these changes have on the beta cells of the pancreas (where insulin is produced). 4.  Nury H. et al. (2006) Rela@ons between structure and func@on of the mitochondrial ADP/
ATP carrier. Annual Review of Biochemistry 75: 713-­‐741. 5. 
What are the “subunit” molecules that are present in ATP? Compare the structure of ATP & ADP, ie. that “breaks” off in ATP to release energy for cellular work? 6.  Wirschell M, Olbrich H, Werner C, et al. (2013) The nexin-­‐dynein regulatory complex subunit DRC1 is essen@al for mo@le cilia func@on in algae and humans. Nature Gene@cs 45: 262–268. 6. 
Describe the overall func@on of the cytoskeleton. Describe 2 of the major components in cytoskeleton: microfilaments & microtubules. Describe the structure & func@on of cilia & flagella. How do they work? Does cilia/flagella movement use ATP? Lysosomal Disorder: Cys@nosis hPp://[email protected]/disease-­‐informa@on/lysosomal-­‐storage-­‐disorders/ 3.  Luzio JP, Pryor PR, & Bright NA. (2007) Lysosomes: fusion and func@on. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 8: 622-­‐632. 5.  Singla V, Reiter JF. (2006) The primary cilium as the cell's antenna: signaling at a sensory organelle. Science 313(5787): 629-­‐633. Lysosome Storage Diseases: hPp://www.lysosomaldiseasenetwork.org/ Mitochondrial Disorders: hPp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=mt-­‐overview 10/8/15 hPp://[email protected]/content/begin/cells/scale/ & hPp://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm 11 10/8/15 12