Published on behalf of the Latin American Association of

LL11-0103R
Published on behalf of the Latin American Association of Paleomagnetism
and Geomagnetism by the Instituto de Geofisica, Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México.
SDJHV¿JXUHVWDEOH
Latinmag Letters can be viewed and copied free of charge at:
http://wwwJHR¿VLFDXQDPP[/DWLQPDJ/HWWHUV
Papers contents can be reproduced meanwhile the source is cited
/DWLQPDJ/HWWHUV9ROXPHQXPEHU//5
R(6($5&+3$3(5
3XEOLVKHGRQEHKDOIRI/DWLQ$PHULFDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI3DOHRPDJQHWLVPDQG*HRPDJQHWLVPE\WKH,QVWLWXWRGH*HR¿VLFD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR
A Preliminary Study of the Magnetic Properties on Laterite Soils as
Indicators of Pedogenic Processes
/26D¿XGGLQ19+DULV153:LUPDQ16%LMDNVDQD2, *
)DFXOW\RI0DWKHPDWLFVDQG1DWXUDO6FLHQFHV,QVWLWXW7HNQRORJL%DQGXQJ-DODQ*DQHVD%DQGXQJ,QGRQHVLD
)DFXOW\RI0LQLQJDQG3HWUROHXP(QJLQHHULQJ,QVWLWXW7HNQRORJL%DQGXQJ-DODQ*DQHVD%DQGXQJ
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU(PDLOVDWULD#¿LWEDFLG
5HFHLYHG$EULO5HYLHZG-XQLR$FFHSWHG-XOLR3XEOLVKHG2FWREHU
1
2
Abstract. 0LQHUDOPDJQHWLFSURSHUWLHVRIVRLOVFDQEHVWURQJO\LQÀXHQFHGE\VRLOIRUPLQJIDFWRUV,QWKLV
VWXG\VL[ODWHULWHVRLOSUR¿OHVIURPWKUHHGLIIHUHQWVLWHVIURP3RPDODD6RXWKHDVW6XODZHVLZHUHVWXGLHGIRU
WKHLUSHGRJHQLFDQGPDJQHWLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFV7KHPDJQHWLFPLQHUDOVREVHUYHGE\;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQDQDO\VHV
RQH[WUDFWHGJUDLQVDUHPDJQHWLWHKHPDWLWHDQGJRHWKLWH0RULQWUDQVLWLRQRIKHPDWLWHZDVREVHUYHGLQDOO
VDPSOHV GXULQJ ORZ WHPSHUDWXUH PDJQHWLF VXVFHSWLELOLW\ PHDVXUHPHQWV 9HUZH\ WUDQVLWLRQ RI PDJQHWLWH
KRZHYHULVJUHDWO\VXSSUHVVHGSUHVXPDEO\GXHWRLQWHQVHR[LGDWLRQ7KHYDOXHVRIORZIUHTXHQF\PDJQHWLF
VXVFHSWLELOLW\DQGIUHTXHQF\GHSHQGHQWVXVFHSWLELOLW\YDULHVZLWKGHSWKEXWFRQWUROOHGE\WKHVRLOKRUL]RQV
FRQ¿UPLQJWKDWWKHFKDQJHVLQPDJQHWLFSURSHUWLHVDUHUHODWHGWRSHGRJHQLFSURFHVVHV&KDQJHVLQPDJQHWLF
SDUDPHWHUVDUHPDLQO\ FRQWUROOHG E\ HQKDQFHPHQWRIVXSHUSDUDPDJQHWLFSDUWLFOHV6LPLODULW\LQPDJQHWLF
EHKDYLRULQSUR¿OHVIURPWKHVDPHVLWHVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHPDJQHWLFSURSHUWLHVDUHDOVRFRQWUROOHGE\WKHORFDO
FRQGLWLRQRIWKHVLWHVXFKDVWKHW\SHRIVRXUFHURFN7KLVVWXG\LQGLFDWHVWKDWPDJQHWLFSDUDPHWHUVFDQEH
XVHIXOIRUSHGRJHQLFDQDO\VLVLQFOXGLQJLQWKHKLJKO\PDJQHWLFODWHULWHVRLOV
Keywords: Tropical soils, frequency-dependent susceptibility, Sulawesi, Indonesia
Resumen. /DVSURSLHGDGHVPDJQpWLFDVGHORVPLQHUDOHVGHORVVXHORVSXHGHQVHUIXHUWHPHQWHLQÀXHQFLDGDV
SRUORVIDFWRUHVIRUPDGRUHVGHORVVXHORV(QHVWHWUDEDMRVHHVWXGLDURQODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSHGRJHQpWLFDV
\ PDJQpWLFDV GH VHLV SHU¿OHV GH VXHORV ODWHUtWLFRV SHUWHQHFLHQWHV D GLIHUHQWHV VLWLRV GH 3RPDODD 6XUHVWH
GH 6XODZHVL /RV PLQHUDOHV PDJQpWLFRV REVHUYDGRV HQ JUDQRV H[WUDtGRV HPSOHDQGR GLIUDFFLyQ GH UD\RV
[VRQPDJQHWLWDKHPDWLWD\JRHWKLWD/DWUDQVLFLyQGH0RULQGHODKHPDWLWDIXHREVHUYDGDHQWRGDVODV
PXHVWUDV GXUDQWH ODV PHGLFLRQHV GH VXVFHSWLELOLGDG D EDMDV WHPSHUDWXUDV /D WUDQVLFLyQ GH 9HUZH\ GH OD
PDJQHWLWDVHHQFXHQWUDHQJUDQPHGLGDVXSULPLGDSUHVXPLEOHPHQWHGHELGRDXQDLQWHQVDR[LGDFLyQ/RV
YDORUHVGHVXVFHSWLELOLGDGGHEDMDIUHFXHQFLD\ORVGHSHQGLHQWHVGHODIUHFXHQFLDYDUtDQFRQODSURIXQGLGDG
\ HVWiQ FRQWURODGRV SRU ORV KRUL]RQWHV GH VXHORV FRQ¿UPDQGR TXH WDOHV FDPELRV HQ ODV SURSLHGDGHV
PDJQpWLFDVHVWiQFRQWURODGRVSRUSURFHVRVSHGRJHQpWLFRV/RVFDPELRVHQORVSDUiPHWURVPDJQpWLFRVHVWiQ
WDPELpQFRQWURODGRV\ UHVDOWDGRVSULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUSDUWtFXODVVXSHUSDUDPDJQpWLFDV'HLJXDOIRUPDHO
1
6D¿XGGLQ/2HWDO LDWLQPDJLHWWHUV//5
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR PDJQpWLFR HQ SHU¿OHV GH XQ PLVPR VLWLR VXJLHUH TXH ODV SURSLHGDGHV PDJQpWLFDV VRQ
HQ JUDQ PHGLGD GHSHQGLHQWHV GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV ORFDOHV GHO VLWLR WDOHV FRPR HO WLSR SDUWLFXODU GH URFD
PDGUH (VWH HVWXGLR LQGLFD TXH ORV SDUiPHWURV PDJQpWLFRV SXHGHQ VHU KHUUDPLHQWDV ~WLOHV HQ HO DQiOLVLV
SHGRJHQpWLFRLQFOX\HQGRORVVXHORVODWHUtWLFRVDOWDPHQWHPDJQpWLFRVV
Palabras Clave: Suelos tropicales, susceptibilidad dependiente de frecuencia, Sulawesi, Indonesia
1
Introduction
,Q UHFHQW \HDUV PDJQHWLF PHWKRGV KDYH EHHQ LQFUHDVLQJO\ DSSOLHG LQ VRLO VWXGLHV UDQJLQJ IURP WKH
VWXGLHV RI FRQWDPLQDWLRQ RU SROOXWLRQ LQ VRLOV .DSLþND et al. 3HWURYVNê et al. +DQHVFK DQG
6FKROJHU -RUGDQRYD et al. 6KDUPD DQG 7ULSDWKL %LMDNVDQD DQG +XOLVHODQ WR
HVWLPDWLQJ SUR[LHV IRU FOLPDWH FKDQJHV LQ ORHVV DQG SDOHRVRO VHTXHQFHV +HOOHU DQG (YDQV 0DKHU
et al.7KHPRVWFRPPRQPDJQHWLFSDUDPHWHUXVHGLQVRLOVWXGLHVLVPDJQHWLFVXVFHSWLELOLW\DVLWV
UHOLDEOH VLPSOH UDSLG LQH[SHQVLYH DQG QRQ GHVWUXFWLYH WHFKQLTXH WKDW FDQ EH XVHG WR FKDUDFWHUL]H VRLOV
DQGVHGLPHQWV7KRPSVRQDQG2OG¿HOG'HDULQJet al'HNNHUV,QVRPHVWXGLHVVRLO
IRUPLQJSURFHVVHVDQGSUR¿OHGHYHORSPHQWZHUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\FKDQJHVLQPDJQHWLFVXVFHSWLELOLW\6LQJHU
et al7RUUHQWet al./Xet al9DQ'DPet al0DJQHWLFVXVFHSWLELOLW\ZDVDOVR
XVHG WR LGHQWLI\ WKH OLWKRORJ\ RI SDUHQW PDWHULDOV WR PHDVXUH WKH TXDQWLW\ RI PDJQHWLF PLQHUDOV LQ VRLOV
DVZHOODVWRVHUYHDVDWRROLQVRLOWD[RQRP\0DKHUet al7RUUHQWet al/Xet al./X
0DJQHWLFSURSHUWLHVLQVRLOVGHSHQGQRWRQO\RQPLQHUDOVLQKHULWHGIURPSDUHQWPDWHULDOVNQRZQDV
OLWKRJHQLF IDFWRUV EXW DOVR PLQHUDOV GHYHORSHG GXULQJ SHGRJHQLF SURFHVVHV )ROORZLQJ (YDQV DQG +HOOHU
WKHUH DUH IRXU LQWHUDFWLYH SHGRJHQLF SURFHVVHV WKDW SURGXFH PLQHUDOV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU YHUWLFDO
GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQRIPDJQHWLFSURSHUWLHVLQVRLOSUR¿OHVi.eK\GURO\VLVR[LGDWLRQK\GUDWLRQDQGGLVVROXWLRQ
2WKHU VWXGLHV /LX et al 0DKHU DQG 7KRPSVRQ -HOHĔVND et al VKRZ WKDW SHGRJHQLF
SURFHVVHVSURGXFH¿QHJUDLQHGPDJQHWLWH)HODQGPDJKHPLWHJ)H2O
/DWHULWHLVWKHUHVXOWRILQWHQVLYHZHDWKHULQJSURFHVVHVRISDUHQWURFNVFRQWDLQLQJLURQDQGDOXPLQXP
K\GUR[LGHVXQGHUKXPLGWURSLFDOFRQGLWLRQV%DQHUMHH0LWFKHOODQG6RJD/LNHLQRWKHUW\SHVRI
VRLOSURFHVVHVLQODWHULWHIRUPDWLRQPLJKWDIIHFWLWVPDJQHWLFSURSHUWLHV)RULQVWDQFHFKHPLFDOZHDWKHULQJ
PLJKWDIIHFWPDJQHWLFPLQHUDORJ\ZKLOHSK\VLFDOZHDWKHULQJPLJKWDIIHFWWKHJUDQXORPHWU\DVZHOODVWKH
RYHUDOO TXDQWLW\ RI PDJQHWLF PLQHUDOV 7KH SULPDU\ REMHFWLYH RI WKLV SUHOLPLQDU\ VWXG\ LV WR VHHN RXW DQ\
SDWWHUQRIUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQPDJQHWLFSURSHUWLHVRIODWHULWHVRLODQGLWVSHGRJHQHVLV0RUHRYHULWLVDOVR
H[SHFWHG WR GHPRQVWUDWH WKH UROH RI SHGRJHQHVLV LQ PDJQHWLF HQKDQFHPHQW DQG LQ WKH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI
PDJQHWLFPLQHUDOVLQVRLOV
2
Site Descriptions and Sampling Method
6RLOVDPSOHVZHUHREWDLQHGIURPDQDUHDQHDU3RPDODDWKDWLVORFDWHGLQWKHVRXWKHDVWDUPRIWKH
LVODQGRI6XODZHVLVHH)LJ*HRORJLFDOO\WKHDUHDLVORFDWHGLQDQXOWUDPD¿FFRPSOH[6LPDQGMXQWDNet al.,
2
6D¿XGGLQ/2HWDOLDWLQPDJLHWWHUV//5
Figure 1.0DSRIWKHVDPSOLQJVLWHLQ3RPDODD6RXWK6XODZHVL,QGRQHVLD
FRQVLVWHGRIKDU]EXUJLWHGXQLWHZKHUOLWHVHUSHQWLQLWHJDEEUREDVDOWGROHULWHPHWDPD¿FDPSKLEROLWHV
PDJQHVLVHDQGLQSODFHVURGLQJLWH6LPDQGMXQWDNet al.6RPHURFNVVXFKDVKDU]EXUJLWHGXQLWHDQG
ZKHUOLWHDUHGRPLQDWHGE\ROLYLQHZKLOHVRPHRWKHUVVXFKDVJDEEURDQGGROHULWHDUHGRPLQDWHGE\SODJLRFODVH
6LPDQGMXQWDNet al.7RWKHQRUWKRIWKHDUHDWKHUHLVWKH3DPSDQJHRPHWDPRUSKLFFRPSOH[/DWHULWH
VRLOVFRXOGEHGHULYHGIURPERWKXOWUDPD¿FDQGPHWDPRUSKLFURFNV
7KH VDPSOHV ZHUH WDNHQ IURP VL[ VRLO RXWFURSV LQ WKUHH GLIIHUHQW VLWHV VLWH , WR VLWH ,,, 7ZR SUR¿OHV
VHSDUDWHGDERXWPIURPHDFKRWKHUZHUHWDNHQIURPHDFKVLWH3UR¿OHV5DQG6ZHUHREWDLQHGIURPVLWH,
ZKLOHWKHSUR¿OHV7DQG8ZHUHREWDLQHGIURPVLWH,,7KHODVWWZRSUR¿OHV9DQG:ZHUHREWDLQHGIURPVLWH
,,,7KHVLWHVZHUHFDUHIXOO\VHOHFWHGEDVHGRQWKHFOHDUDSSHDUDQFHRIVRLOVKRUL]RQDVZHOODVRQWKHLUUHODWLYH
SRVLWLRQ DQG KHLJKW 7KH VLWHV DUH ORFDWHG LQ WRS RI WKH KLOOV DERXW P DERYH VHD OHYHO WR PLQLPL]H WKH
LQÀXHQFHRIH[WHUQDOIDFWRUVVXFKDVHURVLRQDQGSUHFLSLWDWLRQWKDWFRXOGDIIHFWVRLOIRUPDWLRQRUVRLOHYROXWLRQ
7KHJHRJUDSKLFDQGWKHPD[LPXPGHSWKRIVDPSOLQJIRUDOOSUR¿OHVDUHOLVWHGLQ7DEOH
6LWH
,
,,
,,,
3RVLWLRQ
3UR¿OH,'
0D[LPXPGHSWKRI
VDPSOLQJFP
6Ļļ(Ļļ
R
6Ļļ(Ļļ
S
6Ļļ(Ļļ
7
6Ļļ(Ļļ
6Ļļ(Ļļ
8
V
6Ļļ(Ļļ
W
Table 1'HVFULSWLRQRIVDPSOLQJVLWHV
6D¿XGGLQ/2HWDO LDWLQPDJLHWWHUV//5
Figure 2.6L[VRLOSUR¿OHVRIWKLVVWXG\DORQJZLWKWKHLUGHSWKDQGUHVSHFWLYHKRUL]RQVEDVHGRQV\VWHP
GHVFULEHGE\0LWFKHOODQG6RJD'HSWKVFDOHVQH[WWRWKHSUR¿OHVDUHLQFP
,Q WKH ¿HOG WKH VRLO KRUL]RQV DUH LGHQWL¿HG DQG UHFRJQL]HG YLVXDOO\ EDVHG RQ FRORUV FKDQJHV DQG
WH[WXUDODQDO\VLVi.eFRQVLVWHQF\DQGWKHVWUHQJWKIURPWKHVRLOVXUIDFHWRWKHSDUHQWPDWHULDOWKURXJK
WKHVRLOSUR¿OH7KHKRUL]RQVZHUHGHOLQHDWHGEDVHGRQWKHV\VWHPVGHVFULEHGE\0LWFKHOODQG6RJD
2UJDQLFKRUL]RQVKRUL]RQ2DUHSUHVHQWLQVRPHEXWQRWDOOSUR¿OHVVHH)LJ0RVWSUR¿OHVDUHGRPLQDWHG
E\ WKH $ DQG % KRUL]RQV DQG LQ VRPH SUR¿OHV WKH & KRUL]RQ LV DOVR REVHUYHG 7KH $ DQG % KRUL]RQV DUH
UHVSHFWLYHO\WKH]RQHVRIHOXYLDWLRQDQGLOOXYLDWLRQ7KH&KRUL]RQLVWKH]RQHRIDOWHUHGPDWHULDOVIURPZKLFK
$ DQG % KRUL]RQV DUH IRUPHG 0LWFKHOO DQG 6RJD 3K\VLFDOO\ WKH XSSHU KRUL]RQV LQ DOO SUR¿OHV DUH
REVHUYHGWRKDYH¿QHJUDQXODUVWUXFWXUHV7KHVWUXFWXUHVFKDQJHIURPVOLJKWO\KDUGDQGIULDEOHDWWKHWRS
6D¿XGGLQ/2HWDOLDWLQPDJLHWWHUV//5
KRUL]RQVWR¿UPDQGVWLFN\WRZDUGWKHERWWRPRQHV7KHWKLFNQHVVDVZHOODVWKHYDULDWLRQVRIVRLOKRUL]RQV
VXJJHVWVH[WHQVLYHZHDWKHULQJSURFHVVHV:LWKLQDSDUWLFXODUSUR¿OHVDPSOHVIRUPDJQHWLFDQDO\VHVZHUH
WDNHQDWLQWHUYDORIWRFP6DPSOHVZHUHQXPEHUHGWRSGRZQVRIRUH[DPSOHRXWRIVDPSOHVIURP
SUR¿OH55LVWKHWRSPRVWVDPSOHDQG5LVWKHORZHVWVDPSOHLQWKHSUR¿OH,QWRWDOVDPSOHVZHUH
REWDLQHGDQGDQDO\]HGLQWKLVVWXG\
3
Methods
6HYHUDOEDVLFURFNPDJQHWLFPHWKRGVZHUHHPSOR\HGLQWKLVVWXG\7KH¿UVWPHWKRGLVPHDVXUHPHQWRI
PDVVVSHFL¿FPDJQHWLFVXVFHSWLELOLW\ǒ$OOVDPSOHVSODFHLQVWDQGDUGF\OLQGULFDOKROGHUVZHUHPHDVXUHG
IRU ǒ DW WZR GLIIHUHQW IUHTXHQFLHV N+] IRU ORZ IUHTXHQF\ PDJQHWLF VXVFHSWLELOLW\ ǒLF DQG N+]
IRU KLJK IUHTXHQF\ PDJQHWLF VXVFHSWLELOLW\ ǒHF XVLQJ D %DUWLQJWRQ 06 VXVFHSWLELOLW\ PHWHU ZLWK 06%
GXDO IUHTXHQF\ VHQVRU %DUWLQJWRQ ,QVWUXPHQW /WG 2[IRUG 8QLWHG .LQJGRP 7KH PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH
FRQGXFWHGDWWKHUDQJHVHWWLQJ(DFKVDPSOHZDVPHDVXUHG¿YHWLPHVWRJHWWKHDYHUDJHYDOXHZLWKDQ
DLUUHDGLQJEHIRUHDQGDIWHUHDFKVHULHVIRUFRUUHFWLRQRIGULIW7KHUDWLRH[SUHVVHGDVIUHTXHQF\GHSHQGHQW
VXVFHSWLELOLW\LVGH¿QHGDVǒ)' îǒLF ±ǒHFǒLF.
7KH VHFRQG PHWKRG PHDVXUHPHQW RI $50 DQK\VWHUHWLF UHPDQHQW PDJQHWL]DWLRQ ZDV FRQGXFWHG
RQ VHOHFWHG VDPSOHV E\ H[SRVLQJ WKH VDPSOHV XQGHU D SHDN DOWHUQDWLQJ PDJQHWLF ¿HOG RI P7 ZLWK D
FRQVWDQW¿HOGRIP7$50ZDVJLYHQWRWKHVDPSOHVIROORZLQJGHPDJQHWL]DWLRQE\$)DOWHUQDWLQJ¿HOG
GHPDJQHWL]HU LQ D 0ROVSLQ $) 'HPDJQHWL]HU 0ROVSLQ /WG 1HZFDVWOH XSRQ 7\QH 8QLWHG .LQJGRP $IWHU
$50ZDVLPSDUWHGLWZDVPHDVXUHGXVLQJD-5$VSLQQHUPDJQHWRPHWHU$*,&2%UQR&]HFK5HSXEOLF
7KHYDOXHRIARMLQWKLVVWXG\UHIHUVWRWKHLQWHQVLW\RIPHDVXUHG$50
7KH WKLUG PHWKRG RI WKLV VWXG\ LV WKH PHDVXUHPHQW RI PDJQHWLF K\VWHUHVLV FXUYH DV ZHOO DV WKH
GHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHIRXUK\VWHUHVLVSDUDPHWHUVVDWXUDWLRQPDJQHWL]DWLRQMsVDWXUDWLRQUHPDQHQFHMrs,
FRHUFLYHIRUFHHcDQGFRHUFLYLW\RIUHPDQHQFHHcr7KLVPHWKRGZDVFRQGXFWHGRQDOOVDPSOHVIURPWKH
ORQJHVWSUR¿OHSUR¿OH5DQGVHOHFWHGVDPSOHVIRUWKHUHPDLQLQJSUR¿OHV7KHPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHPDGHXVLQJ
WKH+&)+7YLEUDWLQJVDPSOHPDJQHWRPHWHU2[IRUG,QVWUXPHQWV2[IRUGVKLUH8QLWHG.LQJGRP
7KH IRXUWK PHWKRG RI WKLV VWXG\ LV WKH PHDVXUHPHQW RI WHPSHUDWXUHGHSHQGHQW VXVFHSWLELOLW\ E\
PHDVXULQJ WKH VXVFHSWLELOLW\ RI DOO VDPSOHV DW ORZ WHPSHUDWXUHV 6PDOO TXDQWLW\ RI VDPSOHV ZDV DLU GULHG
DQGWKHQSODFHGLQDVSHFLDOFRQWDLQHU¿OOHGZLWKOLTXLGQLWURJHQ7KHFRQWDLQHUZDVSODFHGLQVLGHDQ06:
VHQVRU FRQQHFWHG WR DQ 06 VXVFHSWLELOLW\ PHWHU 0DJQHWLF VXVFHSWLELOLW\ ZDV PHDVXUHG DW FHUWDLQ WLPH
LQWHUYDODVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHVDPSOHLQFUHDVHVIURPDSSUR[LPDWHO\.WRURRPWHPSHUDWXUH3UR¿OHV
RIWHPSHUDWXUHDVDIXQFWLRQRIWHPSHUDWXUHVZRXOGEHXVHIXOLQLGHQWLI\LQJPDJQHWLFPLQHUDOVDVZHOODV
GLVWULEXWLRQRIJUDLQVL]HV
7KHDERYHURFNPDJQHWLFPHWKRGVZHUHDOVRFRPSOHPHQWHGE\;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQ;5'DQDO\VHVRQ
PDJQHWLF JUDLQV H[WUDFWHG IURP VHYHUDO VDPSOHV 0DJQHWLF JUDLQV ZHUH H[WUDFWHG E\ PL[LQJ WR JUDP
RIVDPSOHZLWKPORIHWKDQRO7KHPL[WXUHZDVVWLUUHGXQWLOLWWXUQHGLQWRVOXUU\0DJQHWLFJUDLQVZHUH
WKHQH[WUDFWHGXVLQJDVWURQJQHRG\PLXPPDJQHWZUDSSHGLQDOD\HURIWKLQSODVWLFVKHHW7KHH[WUDFWHG
PDJQHWLFJUDLQVZHUHWKHQFROOHFWHGE\UHPRYLQJWKHWKLQSODVWLFVKHHWIURPWKHPDJQHWDQGSODFHGWKHP
6D¿XGGLQ/2HWDO LDWLQPDJLHWWHUV//5
LQWRD3HWULGLVK7KHSURFHVVZDVUHSHDWHGXQWLOQRPRUHPDJQHWLFSDUWLFOHVDGKHUHGWRWKHPDJQHW7KH
FROOHFWHGPDJQHWLFSDUWLFOHVZHUHWKHQXVHGLQ;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQDQDO\VLVSHUIRUPHGRQD6KLPDG]X;5'
0D[LPD;ZLWK&X.ĮWDUJHW
4
Results and Discussion
)LJXUH VKRZ WKH GLIIUDFWRJUDPV IRU H[WUDFWHG PDJQHWLF JUDLQV IURP WKUHH GLIIHUHQW VDPSOHV i.e.,
VDPSOH 5 UHSUHVHQWLQJ SUR¿OHV 5 DQG 6 VDPSOH 7 UHSUHVHQWLQJ SUR¿OH 7 DQG 8 DQG VDPSOH :
UHSUHVHQWLQJSUR¿OH9DQG:$OOWKUHHGLIIUDFWRJUDPVVKRZWKHSHDNVIRUPDJQHWLWHKHPDWLWHĮ)H2O
DQGJRHWKLWH)H22+0DJKHPLWHDŽ)H2OPLJKWDOVRRFFXULQWKHH[WUDFWHGJUDLQVEXWLWVSHDNVZHUHQRW
HDVLO\SLFNHGXSLQWKHUDWKHUQRLV\GLIIUDFWRJUDPV3HDNVRIPDJKHPLWHDUHYHU\FORVHWRWKRVHRIPDJQHWLWH
VHH &XL et al. 7KH SUHVHQFH RI KHPDWLWH DQG JRHWKLWH LQ WKH VDPSOHV H[SODLQV ZK\ WKH VRLOV DUH
UHGGLVKWREURZQLQFRORU7KHSUHVHQFHRIKHPDWLWHLQRXUVDPSOHVLPSOLHVWKDWWKHSHGRJHQLFSURFHVVHVLQ
ODWHULWLFVRLOVDUHQRWRQO\PDUNHGE\¿QHJUDLQRUR[LGL]HGPDJQHWLWH7KLVDOVRFRQ¿UPVWKHFODLPRI7RUUHQW
et al. WKDW PDJQHWLF HQKDQFHPHQWLQ DHURELF VRLOV LV PDUNHG E\ WKH SUHVHQFH RI KHPDWLWH ,W DOVR
LPSOLHVWKDWWKHODWHULWLFVRLOVDPSOHVLQWKLVVWXG\KDGH[SHULHQFHGDGYDQFHSHGRJHQLFSURFHVVHV+RZHYHU
GXHWRWKHLUORZYDOXHVRIPDJQHWLFVXVFHSWLELOLW\WKHSUHVHQFHRIKHPDWLWHDQGJRHWKLWHZRXOGQRWDIIHFWWKH
EXONPDJQHWLFVXVFHSWLELOLW\RIRXUVDPSOHV
$OWKRXJKWKHVRLOVDPSOHVFRQWDLQPRUHWKDQRQHNLQGRIPDJQHWLFPLQHUDOVWKHLURYHUDOOPDJQHWLF
Figure 3.'LIIUDFWRJUDPVRIVHOHFWHGVDPSOHV57DQG9VKRZLQJWKHSHDNVRIPDJQHWLWH0KH
PDWLWH+DQGJRHWKLWH*
6D¿XGGLQ/2HWDOLDWLQPDJLHWWHUV//5
Figure 4.0DJQHWLFK\VWHUHVLVORRSVIRU
W\SLFDOVDPSOH5EHIRUHGDVKHGOLQHV
DQGDIWHUVROLGOLQHVFRUUHFWLRQIRUWKH
SDUDPDJQHWLFFRQWULEXWLRQ
SURSHUWLHV PLJKW EH FRQWUROOHG E\ D VLQJOH SUHGRPLQDQW PLQHUDO 0HDVXUHPHQWVRI K\VWHUHVLV FXUYH VKRZ
WKDWPDJQHWLWHLVWKHSUHGRPLQDQWPDJQHWLFPLQHUDOLQWKHVRLOVDPSOHV$VVKRZQLQ)LJXUHWKHPDJQHWLF
UHPDQHQFHVDWXUDWHVLQWKHDPELHQW¿HOGRIOHVVWKDQ7LQGLFDWLQJWKHSUHGRPLQDQWFRQWULEXWLRQRIORZ
FRHUFLYLW\ IHUURPDJQHWLF PLQHUDOV VXFK DV PDJQHWLWH 0RUHRYHU SORWV RI MrsMs YHUVXV HcrHc LQ D ZD\
GHVFULEHG E\ 'D\ et al. VXJJHVW WKDW WKH GRPDLQ VWDWH RI WKH PDJQHWLWH LV SVHXGRVLQJOH GRPDLQ
36'VHH)LJ
7KHSUHVHQFHRIKHPDWLWHLQRXUVDPSOHVZDVDOVRFRQ¿UPHGE\WKHPHDVXUHPHQWRIVXVFHSWLELOLW\
DV D IXQFWLRQ RI WHPSHUDWXUH )LJXUH VKRZ WKH FXUYHV RI QRUPDOL]HG VXVFHSWLELOLW\ YHUVXV WHPSHUDWXUH
IRU UHSUHVHQWDWLYH VDPSOHV ,Q JHQHUDO VDPSOHV IURP WKH VLWHV VKRZ DOPRVW VLPLODU FXUYHV 6DPSOH 5
UHSUHVHQWVVDPSOHVLQSUR¿OHV5DQG6ZKLOHVDPSOH7UHSUHVHQWVVDPSOHVLQSUR¿OHV7DQG8$OOWKUHH
VDPSOHVVKRZDVKDUSFKDQJHLQQRUPDOL]HGPDJQHWLFVXVFHSWLELOLW\DWWHPSHUDWXUHRIDERXW.6LPSOH
WUDQVLWLRQVXFKDVWKDWLQVDPSOH9LVVLPLODUWRWKDWRI0RULQWUDQVLWLRQ'H%RHUet alLQIHUULQJ
WKHSUHVHQFHRIKHPDWLWH7KHWUDQVLWLRQLQVDPSOHV5DQG7KRZHYHULVPRUHFRPSOLFDWHGDVWKH0RULQ
WUDQVLWLRQLVSUHFHGHGE\DGHFUHDVHLQQRUPDOL]HGVXVFHSWLELOLW\$OWKRXJKLQVWUXPHQWDODUWLIDFWFRXOGQRW
EHUXOHGRXWVXFKEHKDYLRUPLJKWDOVRDULVHIURPXQNQRZQWUDQVLWLRQRUIURPWKHIDFWWKDW0RULQWUDQVLWLRQ
LVVHQVLWLYHWRLPSXULWLHV.RVWHURY'HVSLWHWKHREYLRXVSUHVHQFHRIPDJQHWLWHLQWKHVDPSOHVLWV
Figure 5.3ORWVRI0U0VYHUVXV+FU
+FLQDZD\GHVFULEHGE\'D\HWDO
IRUDOOVDPSOHVIURPSUR¿OH5
KROORZVTXDUHVDQGVHOHFWHGVDPSOHV
IURPWKHRWKHU¿YHSUR¿OHVVROLG
FLUFOHV
6D¿XGGLQ/2HWDO LDWLQPDJLHWWHUV//5
Figure 6.&XUYHVRIORZWHPSHUDWXUHQRU
PDOL]HGPDJQHWLFVXVFHSWLELOLW\IRUVHOHFWHG
VDPSOHV57DQG9VKRZLQJWUDQVL
WLRQRIPDJQHWLFVXVFHSWLELOLW\
9HUZH\WUDQVLWLRQLVJUHDWO\VXSSUHVVHG6XFKVXSSUHVVLRQRI9HUZH\WUDQVLWLRQFRXOGEHGXHWRR[LGDWLRQRU
PDJKHPLWL]DWLRQVHHg]GHPLUet al.
)LJXUH VKRZ WKH YDULDWLRQV ǒLF DQG ǒ)' LQ WKH VL[ VRLO SUR¿OHV 7KH YDOXHV RI ǒLF RI WKHVH VRLOV
YDULHGJUHDWO\UDQJLQJIURPWKHPLQLPXPYDOXHRIîPNJLQSUR¿OHV5WRWKHPD[LPXPYDOXHRI
îPNJLQSUR¿OHV:7KHVHYDOXHVDUHJUHDWHUWKDQWKDWRIFKHUQR]HPVRLOIURP8NUDLQHDQG3RODQG
-HOHĔVNDet alRUWKDWRIEDVDOWGHULYHGVRLOIURP&KLQD/Xet al&RPSDUHGWRWKDWRIRWKHU
SUR¿OHVSUR¿OHV5DQG6KDYHORZHUYDOXHVRIǒLF+RZHYHUWKHYDOXHRIǒ)'YDULHVJUHDWO\LQSUR¿OHV5
DQG6EXWVXFKYDULDWLRQLVPXFKVPDOOHULQWKHRWKHUSUR¿OHV7KHERWWRPSDUWVRISUR¿OHV5DQG6VKRZ
VPDOOHUYDOXHVRIǒ)'LQGLFDWLQJLQVLJQL¿FDQWDPRXQWRI63VXSHUSDUDPDJQHWLFSDUWLFOHV7KHYDOXHVRI
ǒ)'LQFUHDVHWRZDUGVWKHXSSHUSDUWRIWKHSUR¿OHVLPSO\LQJJUHDWHUFRQWULEXWLRQRI63SDUWLFOHV,QFUHDVH
LQǒ)'WRZDUGVWKHXSSHUSDUWLVDOVRREVHUYHGLQSUR¿OH8EXWLWZDVQHJOLJLEOHLQWKHUHPDLQLQJWKUHH
SUR¿OHV79DQG:$ORQJZLWKWKHKLJKHUYDOXHVRIǒLFWKHKLJKHUYDOXHVRIǒ)'LQWKHXSSHUSDUWVRI
SUR¿OHV56DQG8UHSUHVHQWPDJQHWLFHQKDQFHPHQWWKDWLVOLNHO\GXHWRWKHLQFUHDVHRI63SDUWLFOHV6XFK
WUHQGLVDOVRREVHUYHGLQVRLOVDPSOHVRIRWKHUVWXGLHV-HOHĔVNDet al)LJXUHVKRZVWKHǒLFDQG
ǒ)'YDULDWLRQVDORQJWKHWZRORQJHVWSUR¿OHVLHSUR¿OHV5DQG6*UDSKVRI)LJXUHVDDQGEDUH
VLPLODUWRJUDSKVRI)LJXUHVDDQGEH[FHSWWKDWWKHVFDOHRIǒLFKDVEHHQDGMXVWHG$VVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
WKHUHLVFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHYDOXHVRIǒLFDQGǒ)'DQGWKHPDUNHGKRUL]RQV7KH$KRUL]RQLVJHQHUDOO\
OLQNHGWRKLJKYDOXHVRIERWKǒLFDQGǒ)'ZKLOHWKH%KRUL]RQLVOLQNHGZLWKORZHUYDOXHVRIǒLFDQGǒ)'
7KHWUDQVLWLRQIURPKLJKYDOXHVǒLFDQGǒ)'WRORZYDOXHVRIǒLFDQGǒ)'RFFXUVLQWKH$%KRUL]RQDQG
DOVRDWWKH%KRUL]RQLQVRPHVLWHV
7KHYDOXHVRIǒLFDQGǒ)'FRXOGDOVREHSORWWHGGLIIHUHQWO\DVVFDWWHUJUDPLQ)LJXUH7KHER[HV
DQGODEHOVLQWKHVFDWWHUJUDPDUHREWDLQHGIURP'HDULQJ7KHSORWVVKRZWKDWVRPHVDPSOHVIURPWKH
ERWWRPRISUR¿OHV5DQG6DUHFORVHU66'0'VWDEOHVLQJOHGRPDLQJUDLQPXOWLGRPDLQJUDLQUHJLRQ7KH
SORWVVKRZWUHQGWRZDUGVHQULFKPHQWRI63SDUWLFOHVWRWKHDUHDPDUNHGE\'HDULQJDV63HQKDQFHG
VRLO7KXVLQWHUPRIJUDLQVL]HVGXULQJSHGRJHQLFSURFHVVWKHUHDUHJUDLQVL]HUHGXFWLRQRI66'0'SDUWLFOHV
WRZDUG63SDUWLFOHV
6D¿XGGLQ/2HWDOLDWLQPDJLHWWHUV//5
Figure 7.9DULDWLRQRIǒ/)VROLGFLUFOHVDQGǒ)'KROORZFLUFOHVLQSUR¿OHV5D6E7F8
G9HDQG:I
6D¿XGGLQ/2HWDO LDWLQPDJLHWWHUV//5
Figure 8. 9DULDWLRQRIǒ/)VROLGFLUFOHVDQGǒ)'KROORZFLUFOHVLQWKHORQJHVWSUR¿OHVLHSUR¿OH5D
DQG6E7KHSORWVDUHVLPLODUWRWKDWLQ)LJH[FHSWIRUWKHVFDOH9DULDWLRQRIǒ/)DQGǒ)'FRUUHODWH
ZHOOZLWKVRLOKRUL]RQV
Figure 9.6FDWWHUJUDPRIǒ)'YHUVXVǒ/)LQWKHVL[VRLOSUR¿OHV7KHWHPSODWHVDUHIURP
'HDULQJ
6D¿XGGLQ/2HWDOLDWLQPDJLHWWHUV//5
)LJXUH VKRZV WKH ARM DQG ARMǒLF VHH )LJ 7KH YDOXH RI ARM GHSHQGV RQ WKH TXDQWLW\ RI
UHPDQHQFHEHDULQJ ¿QHJUDLQHG PDJQHWLWH ,Q JHQHUDO WKH YDOXHV RI ARM IROORZ WKH VDPH WUHQG DV WKDW
ǒLFDQGǒ)'LQGLFDWLQJWKDWSHGRJHQLFSURFHVVDOVRDOWHUWKHTXDQWLW\RIUHPDQHQFHEHDULQJ¿QHJUDLQHG
PDJQHWLWH9DULDWLRQRIARMYDOXHVLQSUR¿OH9LVJUHDWHUWKDQWKDWRIRWKHUSUR¿OHV,QORQJHUSUR¿OHVRI5
DQG6WKHYDULDWLRQRI$50GRHVQRWFKDQJHEH\RQGWKHGHSWKRIDERXWFP$VǒLFLVDFRQFHQWUDWLRQ
GHSHQGHQWSDUDPHWHUWKHUDWLRRIARMǒLFLQGLFDWHVUHODWLYHFRQWULEXWLRQRIUHPDQHQFHEHDULQJ¿QHJUDLQHG
PDJQHWLWH WR WKH RYHUDOO PDJQHWLF VXVFHSWLELOLW\ *RRG FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ ARM DQG ARMǒLF REVHUYHG LQ
SUR¿OHV 5 6 7 DQG 8 LPSOLHV WKDW WKH LQFUHDVH LQ PDJQHWLF VXVFHSWLELOLW\ LV GXH PDLQO\ WR ¿QH JUDLQHG
PDJQHWLWH
2EVHUYLQJ)LJXUHVDQGRQH¿QGVWKDWWKHVHWKUHHVLWHVZKLFKDUHYHU\FORVHWRHDFKRWKHUVKRZ
VRPH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH PDJQHWLF SDUDPHWHUV )RU LQVWDQFH WKH UHODWLYHO\ ORZ YDOXHV RI ǒLF REVHUYHG LQ
VDPSOHVIURPSUR¿OHV5DQG6VLWH,LPSO\WKDWWKHVRXUFHURFNRUVRPHORFDOFRQGLWLRQVRIVLWH,PLJKWEH
GLIIHUHQWWKDQWKDWRIVRLOVLQVLWHV,,DQG,,,,IWKHURFNVRIWKHVWXGLHGDUHDDUHLQGHHGPD¿FDQGXOWUDPD¿F
URFNVDVGHVFULEHGLQWKHJHRORJLFDOPDS6LPDQGMXQWDNet alWKHQWKHUHLVSRVVLEOHWRH[SHFWWKDW
VRLOV GHULYHG IURP ROLYLQH GRPLQDWHG URFNV VXFK DV GXQLWH ZRXOG H[KLELW KLJKHU YDOXHV RI ǒ WKDQ VRLOV
GHULYHGIURPSODJLRFODVHGRPLQDWHGURFNVVXFKDVJDEEUR7KLVZRXOGPHDQWKDWLQVLWH,WKHVRXUFHURFN
RIVRLOVLVOLNHO\WREHDPD¿FURFNZKLOHWKHVRXUFHURFNRIVRLOVLQVLWHV,,DQG,,,LVOLNHO\WREHDPRUH
PDJQHWLFXOWUDPD¿FURFN,WLVKRZHYHUXQIRUWXQDWHWKDWZHFRXOGQRWUHFRYHUWKHVRXUFHURFNVRIWKHVRLOV
LQWKLVVWXG\$OWKRXJKDOPRVWDOOSUR¿OHVFRQWDLQWKH&%DQG$KRUL]RQVWKHYDULDWLRQVLQWKHǒLFǒ)'
ARMDQGARMǒLFYDOXHVPLJKWQRWVROHO\EHFRQWUROOHGE\SHGRJHQHVLV6LQFHWKHYDULDWLRQVRIWKHDERYH
SDUDPHWHUVDUHVLPLODUIRUVDPSOHVIURPWKHVDPHVLWHLWLVOLNHO\WKDWVXFKYDULDWLRQVFRXOGDOVRGHSHQGRQ
WKHW\SHRIVRXUFHURFN(YHQRWKHUIDFWRUVVXFKDVWRSRJUDSK\DQGORFDOFOLPDWHPLJKWDIIHFWSHGRJHQHVLV
WKH\DUHYHU\XQOLNHO\WRFDXVHVXFKYDULDWLRQVRIPDJQHWLFSDUDPHWHUVEHFDXVHWKHFORVHSUR[LPLW\EHWZHHQ
WKHVLWHV
+RZFRXOGZHGHVFULEHWKHPDJQHWLFHQKDQFHPHQWDQGWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIPDJQHWLFPLQHUDOVLQWKH
ODWHULWLF VRLOV" )LUVW WKH VRXUFH URFNV EHJLQ WR ZHDWKHU DQG SURGXFH DOWHUHG PDWHULDOV VXFK DV IUHVK DQG
SUHGRPLQDQWO\PXOWLGRPDLQJUDLQVRIIHUULPDJQHWLFPLQHUDOVPRVWO\PDJQHWLWHZKLFKDUHUHGXFHGLQVL]H
E\SK\VLFDOZHDWKHULQJ7KHVRLOLVNQRZQDV&KRUL]RQFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\UHODWLYHO\ORZǒLFDQGORZHUǒ)'
YDOXHV 6HFRQG DV ZHDWKHULQJ DQG SHGRJHQHVLV SURJUHVV WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI 63 SDUWLFOHV LQFUHDVHV DV
LQGLFDWHGE\DQLQFUHDVHLQǒLFDQGKLJKHUYDOXHVRIǒ)'$WWKLVWLPHVRPHIHUULPDJQHWLFPLQHUDOVDUH
DOVRR[LGL]HGDQGWXUQHGLQWRPDJKHPLWHRUKHPDWLWHDQGODWHULQWRJRHWKLWH7KHSUHVHQFHRIKHPDWLWHDQG
JRHWKLWHFRXOGEHFOHDUO\VHHQIURPWKHFRORURIWKHVRLOV7KLVWUDQVLWLRQIURPORZYDOXHVRIǒLFDQGORZHU
ǒ)'YDOXHVLQWRKLJKHUYDOXHVRIǒLFDQGORZHUǒ)'LVJHQHUDOO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH%RU$%KRUL]RQV
$VSHGRJHQLFGHYHORSPHQWSURFHHGV63JUDLQVDUHHQKDQFHGUHVXOWLQJLQWKHFRQWLQXRXVLQFUHDVHRIǒLFDQG
ǒ)'XQWLOWKH\UHDFKPD[LPXPYDOXHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH$KRUL]RQ'HSHQGLQJRQWKHSUHVHQFHRI2
KRUL]RQDQGLWVWKLFNQHVVWKHYDOXHVRIǒLFDQGǒ)'PLJKWGHFUHDVHVOLJKWO\WRZDUGWKHWRSVRLO
11
6D¿XGGLQ/2HWDO LDWLQPDJLHWWHUV//5
Figure 10.9DULDWLRQRI$50KROORZFLUFOHVDQG$50ǒ/)VROLGFLUFOHVLQWKHVL[VRLOSUR¿OHV
12
6D¿XGGLQ/2HWDOLDWLQPDJLHWWHUV//5
5
Conclusion
7KH IROORZLQJ FRQFOXVLRQV FRXOG EH GUDZQ IURP URFN PDJQHWLF VWXGLHV RI ODWHULWH VRLO VDPSOHV IURP
3RPDODD6RXWKHDVW6XODZHVL
7KHIROORZLQJPDJQHWLFPLQHUDOVi.e.PDJQHWLWHKHPDWLWHJRHWKLWHDQGSRVVLEO\PDJKHPLWHZHUH
LGHQWL¿HGLQWKHODWHULWLFVRLOVDPSOHVRIWKLVVWXG\'HVSLWHWKHYLVXDODSSHDUDQFHRIKHPDWLWHDQG
JRHWKLWHWKDWDIIHFWWKHFRORUDWLRQRIWKHVRLOPDJQHWLWHLVWKHSUHGRPLQDQWPDJQHWLFPLQHUDO7KH
SUHVHQFHRIKHPDWLWHDQGJRHWKLWHQHYHUWKHOHVVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHVRLOVKDGH[SHULHQFHGDQDGYDQFHG
SHGRJHQLFSURFHVVHV7KHSUHVHQFHRIKHPDWLWHLVDOVRFRQ¿UPHGE\WKHORZWHPSHUDWXUHPDJQHWLF
VXVFHSWLELOLW\PHDVXUHPHQWVWKDWVKRZ0RULQWUDQVLWLRQ+RZHYHU9HUZH\WUDQVLWLRQRIPDJQHWLWHLV
JUHDWO\VXSSUHVVHGSRVVLEO\GXHWRLQWHQVHR[LGDWLRQRIPDJQHWLWH
9DULDWLRQV RI PDJQHWLF SDUDPHWHUV RIWHQ FRUUHODWH ZHOO ZLWK VRLO KRUL]RQV 7KH & KRUL]RQ KDV WKH
ORZHVWYDOXHVRIWKHVHSDUDPHWHUV7KHYDOXHVRIǒLFǒ)'DQGARMLQFUHDVHFRQVLGHUDEO\DWWKH
%RUWKH$%KRUL]RQV,QPRVWFDVHVWKHVHYDOXHVUHDFKWKHLUPD[LPXPDWWKH$KRUL]RQ)LQDOO\
WKH\VOLJKWO\GHFUHDVHWRZDUGWKHWRSVRLODWWKH2KRUL]RQ7KHFKDQJHVRIPDJQHWLFSDUDPHWHUVDUH
JRYHUQHGPDLQO\E\HQULFKPHQWRI63SDUWLFOHV
7KH PDJQLWXGHV DV ZHOO DV WKH YDULDWLRQV RI PDJQHWLF SDUDPHWHUV DUH VLPLODU LQ SUR¿OHV IURP WKH
VDPHVLWHVXJJHVWLQJWKDWVRPHRIWKHYDULDWLRQVDUHVLWHGHSHQGHQW6LQFHDOOVLWHVDUHIURPWKH
VDPHDUHDIDFWRUVVXFKDVORFDOFOLPDWHDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVFRXOGQRWEHWKHGLIIHUHQWLDWLQJ
IDFWRUV7KLVOHDYHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHW\SHRIVRXUFHURFNLQHDFKVLWHDVWKHSRVVLEOHIDFWRUFRQWUROOLQJ
WKHREVHUYHGYDULDWLRQRIPDJQHWLFSDUDPHWHUV
Acknowledgements
:HWKDQN37$QHND7DPEDQJIRUJLYLQJXVSHUPLVVLRQWRWDNHVDPSOHVIURPLWVZRUNLQJDUHDDQGWR
SXEOLVK WKLV ZRUN 7KH ZRUNV LV ¿QDQFLDOO\ VXSSRUWHG E\ UHVHDUFK JUDQWV IURP ,QVWLWXW 7HNQRORJL %DQGXQJ
Hibah Penguatan Institusi DQG IURP 0LQLVWU\ RI 1DWLRQDO HGXFDWLRQ RI WKH 5HSXEOLF RI ,QGRQHVLD Hibah
Kompetensi7KLVSDSHUEHQH¿WWHGIURPFULWLFDOUHYLHZVDQGFRQVWUXFWLYHFRPPHQWVE\0-HOHĔVNDDQGWZR
DQRQ\PRXVUHYLHZHUV
6D¿XGGLQ/2HWDO LDWLQPDJLHWWHUV//5
References
%DQHUMHH3.%DVLFUHVHDUFKRQODWHULWHVLQWURSLFDOFRXQWULHVQuaternary International, 51-52
%LMDNVDQD 6 +XOLVHODQ ( . 0DJQHWLF SURSHUWLHV DQG KHDY\ PHWDO FRQWHQW RI VDQLWDU\ OHDFKDWH
VOXGJHLQWZRODQG¿OOVLWHVQHDU%DQGXQJ,QGRQHVLDEnvironmental Earth Sciences, 60
&XL<9HURVXE./5REHUWV$37KHHIIHFWRIORZWHPSHUDWXUHR[LGDWLRQRQODUJHPXOWLGRPDLQ
PDJQHWLWHGeophysical Research Letters, 21
'D\5)XOOHU06FKPLGW9$+\VWHUHVLVSURSHUWLHVRIWLWDQRPDJQHWLWHVJUDLQVL]HDQGFRPSRVLWLRQDO
GHSHQGHQFHPhysics of the Earth and Planetary Interior, 13
'HDULQJ-$%LUG30'DQQ5-/%HQMDPLQ6)6HFRQGDU\IHUULPDJQHWLFPLQHUDOVLQ:HOVK
VRLOV $ FRPSDULVRQ RI PLQHUDO PDJQHWLF GHWHFWLRQ PHWKRGV DQG LPSOLFDWLRQ IRU PLQHUDO IRUPDWLRQ
Geophysical Journal International, 130
'HDULQJ-Environmental Magnetic Susceptibility: Using the Bartington MS2 SystemQGHG&KL
3XEOLVKLQJ.HQLOZRUWKS
'H%RHU&%0XOOHQGHU7$7'HNNHUV0-/RZWHPSHUDWXUHEHKDYLRURIKDHPDWLWH6XVFHSWLELOLW\
DQGPDJQHWL]DWLRQLQFUHDVHRQF\FOLQJWKURXJKWKH0RULQWUDQVLWLRQGeophysical Journal International,
146
'HNNHUV0-(QYLURQPHQWDOPDJQHWLVP$QLQWURGXFWLRQGeologie en Mijnbouw, 76
(YDQV 0 ( +HOOHU ) Environmental Magnetism: Principles and Applications of Enviromagnetics,
$FDGHPLF3UHVV6DQ'LHJRS
+DQHVFK06FKROJHU50DSSLQJRIKHDY\PHWDOORDGLQJVLQVRLOVE\PHDQVRIPDJQHWLFVXVFHSWLELOLW\
PHDVXUHPHQWVEnvironmental Geology, 42
+HOOHU)(YDQV0(/RHVVPDJQHWLVPReview of Geophysics, 33
-HOHĔVND 0 +DVVR $ .DG]LDONR 0 6XNKRUDGD $ %RQGDU . 0DWYLLVKLQD =K 0DJQHWLF LURQ
R[LGHV RFFXULQJ LQ FKHUQR]HP VRLO IURP 8NUDLQH DQG 3RODQG DV LQGLFDWRUV RI SHGRJHQLF SURFHVVHV
Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, 52
-RUGDQRYD19-RUGDQRYD'99HQHYD/<RURYD.3HWURYVNê(0DJQHWLFUHVSRQVHRIVRLO
DQGYHJHWDWLRQWRKHDY\PHWDOSROOXWLRQ±$FDVHVWXG\Environmental Science and Technology, 37,
.DSLþND $ -RUGDQRYD 1 3HWURYVNê ( 8VWMDN 6 (IIHFW RI GLIIHUHQW VRLO FRQGLWLRQ RQ PDJQHWLF
SDUDPHWHUVRISRZHUSODQWÀ\DVKHVJournal of Applied Geophysics, 48
.RVWHURY $ 0DJQHWLF SURSHUWLHV ORZ WHPSHUDWXUH LQ *XEELQV ' +HUUHUR%HUYHUD ( HGV
(QF\FORSHGLDRIJHRPDJQHWLVPDQGSDOHRPDJQHWLVP6SULQJHU'RUGUHFKWS
/LX ; 0 6KDZ - /LX 7 6 +HOOHU ) <XDQ % < 0DJQHWLF PLQHUDORJ\ RI &KLQHVH ORHVV DQG LWV
VLJQL¿FDQFHGeophysical Journal International, 108
/X6*/LWKRORJLFDOIDFWRUVDIIHFWLQJPDJQHWLFVXVFHSWLELOLW\RIVXEWURSLFDOVRLOV=KHMLDQJ3URYLQFH
&KLQDCATENA, 40
6D¿XGGLQ/2HWDOLDWLQPDJLHWWHUV//5
/X6*;XH4)=KX/<X-<0LQHUDOPDJQHWLFSURSHUWLHVRIDZHDWKHULQJVHTXHQFHRIVRLOV
GHULYHGIURPEDVDOWLQ(DVWHUQ&KLQDCATENA, 73
0DKHU%$7KRPSVRQ53DOHRFOLPDWLFVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKHPLQHUDOPDJQHWLFUHFRUGRIWKH&KLQHVH
ORHVVDQGSDOHRVROVQuaternary Research, 37
0DKHU % $ 0HQJ<X + 5REHUWV + 0 :LQWOH $ * +RORFHQH ORHVV DFFXPXODWLRQ DQG VRLO
GHYHORSPHQWDWWKHZHVWHUQHGJHRIWKH&KLQHVH/RHVV3ODWHDX,PSOLFDWLRQVIRUPDJQHWLFSUR[LHVRI
SDOHRUDLQIDOOQuaternary Science Review, 22
0LWFKHOO-.6RJD.Fundamentals of Soil BehaviorUGHG-RKQ:LOH\6RQV1HZ-HUVH\
S
g]GHPLUg0RVNRZLW]%0'XQORS'7KHHIIHFWRIR[LGDWLRQRQWKH9HUZH\WUDQVLWLRQLQPDJQHWLWH
*HRSK\VLFDO5HVHDUFK/HWWHU20
3HWURYVNê(.DSLþND$-RUGDQRYD1%RUĤYND/0DJQHWLFSURSHUWLHVRIDOOXYLDOVRLOVFRQWDPLQDWHG
ZLWKOHDG]LQFDQGFDGPLXPJournal of Applied Geophysics, 48
6KDUPD$37ULSDWKL%'0DJQHWLFPDSSLQJRIÀ\DVKSROOXWLRQDQGKHDY\PHWDOVIURPVRLOVDPSOHV
DURXQGDSRLQWVRXUFHLQDGU\WURSLFDOHQYLURQPHQWEnvironmental and Monitoring Assessment, 138,
6LPDQGMXQWDN 7 2 6XURQR 6XNLGR Geological Map of the Kolaka Sheet, Sulawesi *HRORJLFDO
5HVHDUFKDQG'HYHORSPHQW&HQWHU%DQGXQJ
6LQJHU0-9HURVXE./)LQH37HQ3DV-$FRQFHSWXDOPRGHOIRUWKHHQKDQFHPHQWRIPDJQHWLF
VXVFHSWLELOLW\LQVRLOVQuaternary International, 34-36
7KRPSVRQ52OG¿HOG)Environmental Magnetis, $OOHQ8QZLQ/RQGRQS
7RUUHQW-%DUURQ9/LX40DJQHWLFHQKDQFHPHQWLVOLQNHGWRDQGSUHFHGHVKHPDWLWHIRUPDWLRQLQ
DHURELFVRLOGeophysical Research Letters, 33/GRL*/
7RUUHQW-/LX4%ORHPHQGDO-%DUURQ90DJQHWLFHQKDQFHPHQWDQGLURQR[LGHVLQWKH8SSHU
/XRFKXDQ/RHVV3DOHRVRO6HTXHQFH&KLQHVH/RHVV3ODWHDXSoil Science Society of America Journal,
71
9DQ 'DP 5 / +DUULVRQ - % - +LUVFKIHOG ' $ 0HJOLFK 70 /L < 1RUWK 5 ( 0LQHUDORJ\
DQGPDJQHWLFSURSHUWLHVRIEDVDOWLFVXEVWUDWHVRLOV.DKR¶RODZHDQG%RJ,VODQG+DZDLLSoil Science
Society of America Journal, 72