Contents
Part 1: Zonobiome VI: The Temperate Nemoral Zones of Europe . . . .
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
Introduction
Climate
The Soils
The Producers
Subzonobiome (oc) with the Atlantic Heath Areas
Subzonobiome (eumi) with Central European Vegetation
. . . .
Subzonobiome (miru)ofthe Deciduous Forests of Eastern Europe .
Consumers
Introduction
Habitat Diversity and the Importance of Seasonal Change
to the Fauna of Deciduous Forests
1.4.3
An Ecological Survey of the Forest Fauna
1.4.4
Some Aspects of Nutritional Requirements and Related
Special Features of the Fauna of Deciduous Forests
1.4.5
Summary of the Zooecological Aspects of a Central European
Deciduous Forest
1.5
The Decomposers
1.6
Ecological Investigations and Ecosystem Research
1.6.1
Adaption to a Cold Season (Hardening)
1.6.2
Cold Resistance of the Herbaceous Undergrowth
1.6.3
Ecophysiology of Nemoral Tree Species
1.6.4
Ecophysiology of the Herbaceous Layer
1.6.5
Ecosystems
1.7
Subdivision of Zonobiome VI in Europe
1.8
Orobiome VI: the Northern Edge of the Alps
1.8.1
The Climate of the Alps
1.8.2
The Soils of the Alps
1.8.3
The Producers
1.8.4
The Northern Carpathians
1.9
Pedobiomes of ZB VI
1.9.1
Amphibiomes and Helobiomes of Riverine Floodplains
1.9.2
Halo- and Psammobiomes of the Sea Coasts
1.10
Zonoecotones
1.10.1 Zonoecotone VI/VIII of the Boreal-Nemoral Mixed
Deciduous-Coniferous Forests of Europe
1.10.2 Zonoecotones VI/VII of the Forest Steppe of Eastern Europe . .
Part 2: Subzonobiome VII of the Semi-Arid Steppes of Eurasia
2.0.1
2.0.2
1
2
4
9
11
12
20
29
34
34
35
37
38
59
59
64
64
70
72
82
89
89
90
90
92
93
119
119
119
129
129
129
140
141
General Introductory Remarks on Zonobiome VII
142
The Forest Steppe as Transitional Zone (Zonoecotone VI/VII) . . 142
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X
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6
2.3.7
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.10.1
2.10.2
2.10.3
2.10.4
2.10.5
2.10.6
Contents
The Climate
145
The Soils
148
The Producers
157
Typical Meadow Steppe (Festuceta herbeta) on Thick Chernozem . 158
Feathergrass Steppe
164
Sage-Feathergrass Steppe (Artemisieto-Stipetum) on Lightly
Solonized Chestnut Earth (Castanozem)
170
Ecophysiology of the Steppe Plants
170
Peri-glacial Steppe Relicts in Central Europe
174
West-Siberian Steppes
177
East-Asian Steppe
181
The Consumers
185
The Decomposers
185
Steppe Ecosystems
186
Subdivision of Steppes into Subzonobiomes and Biomes
188
The Orobiomes of the Steppe Zone
188
Pedobiomes of the Steppe Zone
189
Zonoecotone VII/VIII in Siberia
191
Climatic Conditions
192
Soil Conditions
192
Floristic Relationships
193
Ecological Investigations
193
Phytomass of the Pine Stands
198
The Natural Rejuvenation of Pine Forests
199
Part 3: Subzonobiome Vila of the Arid Semi-Desert in the
Caspian Lowland
201
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
202
203
203
204
General
The Climate
The Soils
The Producers
Part 4: Subzonobiome Vila of the Arid Semi-Deserts and Deserts
of Kazakhstan
215
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.3.1
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
216
218
219
219
223
229
229
229
231
231
231
General
The Climate
The Soils
The Producers
Ecological Investigations
The Consumers
The Decomposers
Ecosystem Research
Subdivision of the Kazakhian Semi-Desert into Biomes
Orobiomes
Pedobiomes
Part 5: Subzonobiome VII (rill) of the Extremely Arid Deserts of
Middle Asia: the Biome Group Middle Asia
233
5.0
5.1
234
236
General
The Climate
Contents
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.9
5.10
XI
The Soils
236
The Producers
237
Halobiomes or Salt Deserts
237
TheTakyry
237
Deserts with Ephemeral Vegetation
240
The Sand Desert of Central Karakum
241
The Consumers
263
The Decomposers
270
Quantitative Ecosystem Research
270
Subdivision of Middle Asia into Biomes
273
Orobiome VII (rill) of Middle Asia
273
The Kopet Dagh Mountains
273
The Tien Shan Mountains and the Pamiro-Alai System
275
Pedobiomes: Amphibiomes of the Floodplains of the Amu-Darya . 292
Zonoecotone to the Deserts of Central Asia
294
Part 6: Extremely Arid Subzonobiome VII (rill) of the Central Asian
Deserts
6.0
6.1
General
• Transitional Region to Outer Mongolia (excluding the
Gobi Desert)
6.2
The Gobi Desert
6.2.1
General
6.2.2
Ecological Investigations in the Northern Gobi
6.3
The Pei Shan Desert
6.4
The Tarim Basin with the Takla Makan Desert
6.5
Kansu or Hessi Corridor
6.6
The Ala Shan Desert
6.7
The Ordos Desert
6.8
The Tsaidam Basin (Transitional to the Cold Plateaux)
Part 7: Extremely Cold-Arid Subzonobiome VII (tlX) of the Cold and
High Plateau Deserts of Central Asia
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.2.0
7.2.1
7.2.2
General Situation of the Cold Deserts of the High Mountain
Plateaux of Asia
The High Plateau of Tibet
The Pamirs - an Ecologically Well-Studied High-MountainDesert
General Subdivision
The Eastern Pamir
The Western Pamir and Badakhshan
295
296
299
301
301
308
310
311
314
317
321
323
327
328
329
331
331
333
361
Part 8: Zonobiome VIII of the Boreal Conifer Zone (Taiga) of
Euro-Siberia
365
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
366
368
371
372
Introduction
The Climate (Subzonobiomes)
Zonal Soils
The Producers
XII
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.6.1
8.6.2
8.6.3
8.6.4
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.9.1
8.9.2
8.9.3
8.9.4
8.9.5
8.10.
Contents
The European Taiga
The Siberian Taiga
The Consumers
The Decomposers
Ecosystems of Zonobiome VIII
Competition on Spruce-Forest Ecosystems
Ecosystem Studies Including Data on Production
Optimal Production Values in Natural Conifer Forests
Fruit Production and Rejuvenation
Subdivision of Zonobiome VIII
The Orobiome of Zonobiome VIII
Pedobiomes of Zonobiome VIII
The Peino-Helobiome of the Oligotrophic Bogs
Ecology of Raised Bogs
The Consumers of Bogs
The Largest Bog Area of the World in Western Siberia
Amphibiomes: Boreal Flood-Plain Forests
Zonoecotone VIII/IX: the Forest Tundra
374
394
405
406
409
409
448
453
456
457
457
463
463
469
477
478
488
488
Part 9: Zonobiome IX: The Arctic Tundra of Eurasia
495
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.6.1
9.6.2
9.6.3
9.6.4
9.6.5
497
501
505
511
513
514
515
515
516
518
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10.
Climate
The Soils
The Producers
The Consumers
The Decomposers
Ecosystem Research
Subzonobiome of the Southern Tundra
Subzonobiome of the Typical Tundra
Subzonobiome of the Northern Tundra
Subzonobiome of the Arctic Desert
Productivity and the Cycling of Matter in Zonobiome IX
of Eurosiberia
The Subdivision of the Arctic ZB IX
Orobiomes IX of the Tundra Region
Arctic Pedobiomes
The Zonoecotone of Perpetual Snow Patches
524
526
528
530
531
Part 10: Interzonal and Multizonal Orobiomes of Euro-Siberia
533
10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
534
535
539
540
543
General
The Crimean Mountains
The Ural Mountains
The Altai Mountains
The Caucasian Mountains
References
549
Subject Index
567