FINDING YOUR WAY:
USING MAPS AND GLOBES
1 videocassette ................................... 23 minutes
Copyright MCMXC
Rainbow Educational Media
4540 Preslyn Drive
Raleigh, NC 27616-3177
Distributed by:
United Learning
1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100
Evanston, IL. 60201
800-323-9084
www.unitedlearning.com
www.unitedstreaming.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction .......................................................1
Program Summary .............................................1
Learning Objectives...........................................2
Review Questions ..............................................3
Activities ...........................................................6
Glossary........................................................... 15
Bibliography .................................................... 16
Script .................................................................7
INTRODUCTION
We depend on maps and globes for much in our lives. They help
us find our way and locate places. They provide useful information
about weather, politics, environment, and many other things.
The video program "Finding Your Way: Using Maps and
Globes" covers the key points about maps and globes at a level
appropriate for fourth through sixth grade. Among the topics
covered are longitude and latitude, scale, distance, symbols,
legends, and direction. The program illustrates each of these
topics by using a variety of different maps; weather, population,
political, road, and physical maps, for example.
Throughout the program, graphics and animation help clarify
important points. Children learn how different maps convey different information. They also learn the basic map skills that make
it possible to use maps and globes for a wide range of purposes.
PROGRAM SUMMARY
The program begins by showing a view of the earth from outer
space. It asks the viewers to imagine being travellers from another
planet and then shows them how maps can provide them with
information about the world they are approaching.
After the title, the video shows a boy looking at an atlas. The
narrator describes some of the different types of maps that might
be found in an atlas, such as world maps and maps of countries.
Maps are described as diagrams or plans, usually of the earth's
surface or some part of it. The program then shows how maps can
be made of much smaller areas of the earth's surface by showing
the boy drawing a map of his own room.
Then the program shows how globes are the most accurate
representations of the earth because they are round, just as the
earth is round. But the program also shows how globes can't show
much detail for small parts of the earth. For example, a globe
normally can't show the streets of a city. A cartoon-like animation
shows how a globe big enough to show this kind of detail would
have to be hauled behind a car in a trailer.
The program next proves that maps are better for showing
details of small areas. It describes how maps also are more
convenient because they can be folded and stored more easily. But
continents and oceans are no longer true to life. The video shows
that on many flat maps Greenland appears to be about the same
size as South America when in fact Greenland is much smaller.
The program then describes different ways maps convey information. It shows how symbols are used in weather maps, political
maps, population maps, and physical maps. We see how a legend
or key is often useful for understanding a map's symbols.
Next, the program shows the importance of indicating direction
in maps. It shows how a compass rose on a map indicates the four
cardinal directions—north, south, east, and west. The video shows
two children using a compass to determine the cardinal directions
in a backyard.
The program then shows the importance of indicating distance
or scale on maps. It shows three maps of different areas: the
United States, Pennsylvania, and Pittsburgh. While the maps of
these three areas are about the same size, the distances shown are
very different. The narrator then shows how maps use bar scales
to indicate distance. The program also shows a boy using a map's
bar scale to determine the distance between two cities.
But knowing distances is not always enough. Often maps need
a way of pinpointing locations. The program shows an animation
of a boat in a storm and asks the viewers how they might pinpoint
the boat's location. This leads to a discussion of longitude and
latitude. The terms parallels, meridians, Prime Meridian and
equator are explained.
Finally, the video explains how the world can be divided into
the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and the Eastern and
Western Hemispheres.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After viewing this program the students will be able to:
1. understand that maps are diagrams or plans that show
information.
2. see that different types of maps convey different kinds of
information.
3. understand how maps and globes are divided into a grid
pattern, and be able to describe the meaning and impor
tance of the terms longitude and latitude.
4. identify the meaning of equator, hemisphere, and Prime
Meridian.
5. locate something on a map, given its longitude and latitude.
6. understand the importance of direction indication on maps
and globes, and the function of a compass rose.
7. understand the concept of scale and its importance in
figuring distances on maps and globes.
8. understand the importance of symbols on maps.
9. understand the use of legends to clarify the meanings of
different symbols on maps.
10. understand how maps and globes are different, in particular:
— how globes are more accurate than maps
— how flat maps distort distance, size, and proportions
— how and why maps are usually more convenient to use
than globes
— how maps can show more detail for small areas of the
earth's surface
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What are maps?
[Maps are diagrams or plans, usually of the earth's surface
or some part of it.]
2. Are maps only of large areas, such as a continent or
country?
[No. Maps can show small areas, too. You can make a map
of a room, for example.]
3. What are the advantages of globes over flat maps.
[Globes are round, just as the earth is round. Because they
are round, globes are the most accurate models of the
earth. They show the continents and oceans in their
proper locations. They also show shapes and relatiue sizes
accurately.]
4. What is a major disadvantage of globes?
[Globes cannot show much detail, especially for small
areas of the earth's surface.]
5. What are some of the advantages of flat maps?
[Flat maps can show more detail and useful information
for small areas of the earth's surface. They can also be
folded and stored easily.]
6. What are some disadvantages of flat maps?
[In order to make a flat map of the earth's round surface, it
is necessary to distort sizes, shapes, and distances.]
7. What is a symbol?
[A symbol is something that stands for, or represents,
something else.]
8. How do maps use symbols to convey information?
[Answers will vary. Examples in the program include the
symbols for rain, snow and sun on a weather map and the
use of color symbols in political, population, and physical
maps.]
9. Where are the directions "north" and "south"?
[North is always towards the North Pole, and south is
towards the South Pole.]
0. What are the four cardinal directions?
[North, south, east, and west.]
11. How are the cardinal directions usually shown on a map?
[With a compass rose.]
2. How can you use a compass to determine direction?
[A compass has a needle that acts like a magnet and
always points roughly towards the North Pole. Once you
know where north is and face in that direction, south is
directly behind you, west is to your left and east is to your
right.]
13. Why is it important to know distances on a map?
[Different maps can be the same size but show areas that
are much different in terms of size. For example, a map of
Pennsylvania may be as big as a map of the United States.]
14. How do maps show distance?
[With a bar scale.]
15. How can you use a bar scale to determine the actual
distance between two places shown on a map?
[As described in the program, you can place the edge of a
piece of paper on the map and mark the distance between
the two points. Then you place the paper next to the maps
scale and read the distance between the two marks.]
16. What is one way of locating places in the world?
[With longitude and latitude.]
17. What are parallels?
[Parallels are lines of latitude that run east and west
around the world.]
18. What are meridians?
[Meridians are lines of longitude that run north and south
between the North and South Poles.]
19. What is the equator?
[The equator is a parallel that divides the world into
halves. It is halfway between the North Pole and the South
Pole.]
20. What is the Prime Meridian?
[The Prime Meridian is a meridian that divides the world
into halves. The Prime Meridian is also referred to as the
Greenwich Meridian.]
21. What are hemispheres?
[Hemispheres are half spheres. As described in the program, the earth can be divided into hemispheres in different ways. The equator divides the earth into the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres. A meridian divides
the earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.]
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES AND
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1.
Exploring different kinds of maps
The program gives examples of many different types of
maps, but it is impossible to show more than a small fraction
of the kinds that exist. Students can research those not
described in the program; contour maps, navigation maps,
and maps that show climate, vegetation, major industries, or
crops, in different geographic regions.
While maps usually are of the earth's surface or some part of
it, there are other types of maps as well, for example, maps of
the surface of the moon or charts of the stars.
Have the students describe how the different maps they
research convey information through the use of symbols.
They might also note how the maps inform them about
direction and scale.
2.
Finding direction
a) The video shows children using a compass to determine
direction. You might note to the viewers that a compass
indicates magnetic north and that true north (pointing
directly to the North Pole) is slightly different. Students could
investigate the difference between magnetic north and true
north, particularly the difference in their own geographic
area.
b) Besides using a compass, another way that students can
determine the direction north is by noting where their
shadows lie at noon. At noon, a person's shadow points
north. Ask the students to stand in an open space on a sunny
day and see where their shadows fall. Once they've deter
mined the direction north, ask them where the other cardinal
directions are.
3.
Making maps
The video shows a boy making a map of his room. Ask the
students to make maps of their classrooms, school, neighborhoods or houses.
Before they make their maps, ask the students to think of
how their maps might show scale and how they might use a
compass to determine direction. Ask them to consider what
kinds of information they wish to convey in their maps and
how they might use symbols and legends to help others
understand them.
4.
How maps are made
Ask the students to research how modern maps are made,
from preliminary surveys, to computerized artwork, to final
printing.
Students could also research the history of maps and how
they were made in the past.
5.
Longitude and latitude
In the program a girl receives a letter from a friend who
identifies her location by giving its latitude and longitude.
Students can do the same thing by asking classmates to
identify locations, such as cities, by giving their latitudes and
longitudes.
SCRIPT
Imagine that you are a voyager from another planet.
From deep in space the earth appears as a sphere or ball. You
can't see much in the way of detail.
But as you move closer, you begin to distinguish more detail
about this world.
You can see deserts, or mountains, or islands. The closer you
get, the more you can tell about the earth and its features.
But if you had maps, you could tell much more.
A road map would name different roads and show where they
go and how they connect.
A political map would show the boundaries of different states.
A weather map would show where it might rain, or snow, or be
sunny.
This is what maps do. They show information about the world
we live on.
Finding Your Way: Using Maps and Globes
Maps are diagrams or plans, usually of the earth or some part
of it.
Look at some of the different kinds of maps you might find in an
atlas, a book of maps.
You'd probably find a world map that shows the earth's entire
surface, and maps of different continents, large land masses such
as North America.
You'd also most likely find maps of individual countries ... like
the United States.
These are some of the types of maps you might find in an atlas.
But maps don't always have to be of such large areas. You can
make a map of something much smaller, even a room, your own
room, for example. Here's how.
Maps are usually overhead views. Imagine seeing your room
from up high.
You would first draw an outline of your room, showing where the
windows and doors are.
You might then draw outlines of some of the things in your
room, such as your dresser, and desk and shelves.
The map would show where things are in your, room, their
shapes when viewed from above, and how big they are in relation
to your room.
Such a map is very simple, but still serves as a useful plan.
You could show this map to somebody who has never seen your
room and he would have a better idea of what your room is like.
Let's consider now a plan of something much larger than your
room... the whole world. To be accurate, a plan of the earth would
show the world as much as possible the way it really is.
It should show all the large land masses called continents and
the different oceans in their proper locations. It should show how
large everything is and how far away different parts of the earth are
from each other.
Such a plan does exist. It is called a globe. A globe is a kind of
map. But a globe is round, just as the earth is round, and because
it is round, a globe is the most accurate model of the earth.
But globes are not very useful in some ways.
In particular, a globe can't show very much detail, especially for
a small area of the earth's surface.
Here is what a typical globe shows for the area around Texas.
There is barely enough room on the globe to show the locations of
the major cities.
The city of Houston appears only as a dot. There certainly is not
enough room to show roads or streets.
Mow imagine you were visiting a city like Houston and needed to
find your way around.
Obviously you would need a much bigger globe to show the
kinds of detail you need.
But a globe big enough to show this kind of detail would be
enormous. It would be so big that you'd have to haul it behind your
car in a trailer.
Fortunately, we don't need to rely on globes for this kind of
information. Maps are much more practical.
Maps can show much more detail for smaller areas. For example, you can buy a road map that shows the major streets and
roads in and around Houston.
Road maps may not only show roads, but also provide other
useful information, such as the location of airports and parks.
Road maps can show even smaller areas. For example, here is a
map of the Johnson Space Center in Houston. It shows individual
buildings like the cafeteria and gift shop.
Maps have another advantage. You can fold maps and they
don't take up much room.
But maps have their disadvantages, too, especially if a map has
to show a large area like a continent or the whole world. The major
problem with such maps is that maps are flat, and the earth is
round.
To understand why this is a problem, think of an orange. Like
the earth, an orange is a sphere.
You can remove the skin or surface of an orange by peeling it
off.
In a way, this is what map makers do when they make a map of
the world. They peel the earth's surface in order to make it lie flat.
But when they do this, they have to break the surface, leaving gaps.
But when the gaps are filled in, the shapes and sizes of the
earth's continents and oceans are no longer true to life.
For example, on most flat maps of the world, Greenland
appears to be about as big as South America.
But if you look at a globe, you'll see this isn't true. Try measuring
both places with a tape measure.
This won't tell you their actual sizes but it will give you a sense
that South America is actually much larger than Greenland.
Let's return for a moment to an aerial view of the world. Here's a
photograph, taken from an airplane, of a farm. The photograph
shows this part of the earth's surface as it actually is. You can see
roads, buildings, fields, and woods.
Now here's a map or diagram of the same area. While it bears a
resemblance to the photograph, it is not realistic. To indicate real
things, it uses symbols. A symbol is something that stands for, or
represents, something else. For example, here the color yellow is a
symbol for the field, and these boxes are symbols for buildings.
Different maps have different symbols. Sometimes these symbols are easy to understand. Here's a weather map. The symbols
show what areas of the country are sunny and what areas are rainy
or are having snow.
Here's another map of the United States, a political map. The
dark lines are familiar symbols that show the borders of the
different states.
But sometimes a map's symbols aren't immediately clear. For
example, this map might use color symbols. Some of the states
might be colored red, and others blue.
As it stands now, the map doesn't give us enough information.
We don't know what the different color symbols mean.
But maps usually have keys or legends which tell us the
meanings of different symbols.
For example, here a legend tells us that the color red stands for
states with Democratic governors at the time this map was made,
and the color blue stands for states with Republican governors.
Depending on the information that they contain, different maps
use different types of symbols. And in order to be able to understand or interpret these maps, it helps to study the map's legend.
10
For example, here's a map of Europe that shows different areas
in different colors. But what do these different colors mean?
Well, a legend would tell us that this is a population map
showing us how crowded different areas of Europe are. The
darkest color shows the areas of Europe that are very crowded
with people.
The next darkest color shows areas that are crowded. This color
shows areas that are less crowded.
And finally the lightest color shows areas that are almost empty.
Here's another map of Europe with different colors and textures.
What do the colors and textures mean here?
A legend tells us that this map shows how high different parts of
Europe are.
The parts of the map colored in this shade of green show
lowlands.
This shade of green shows highlands.
And the brownish color indicates mountains.
Maps that show physical features such as height are known as
physical maps.
Besides having legends and symbols, it is often helpful for maps
to include other information, for example, about directions. But
the directions on maps aren't directions like up, toward the sky, or
down, toward your feet.
On maps and globes the directions up and down aren't very
useful. For example, in what direction on a globe or the earth is the
direction up?
Well, the direction up can be many different directions. Up
means away from the earth, toward the sky.
The direction down also can mean different directions. Down
means towards the earth.
But there are other directions that are more helpful. The
direction north, for example, always means towards the North
Pole.
And the direction south always means towards the South Pole.
But on some flat maps, such as this street map, you may not be
able to tell in what directions the North and South Poles are. You
need some help, some sort of sign.
11
Most maps do have a sign. They have what is known as a
compass rose. A compass rose shows where both north and
south are. Most compass roses also show two other directions,
east and west. North, south, east, and west are the four main
directions used with maps and are known as the cardinal
directions.
When included on a map, a compass rose shows where
different directions are. Here, for example the direction north is
toward the upper part of the map.
Suppose you were going to make a map of your yard and
needed to find out where the four cardinal directions are.
All you would need is a compass.
A compass has a needle that acts like a magnet and always
points roughly toward the North Pole.
Once you know which way north is, you can find any other
direction.
If you are facing north, then directly behind you is south.
To your right is east, and to your left is west.
In addition to direction, most maps indicate distance. To show
why this is important, here is a map of the United States.
Now we'll put another map on top of it. This map may not be
familiar to you. It's a map of the state of Pennsylvania.
Both maps are about the same size. They take up the same
amount of space on the screen you are watching now.
But obviously, the state of Pennsylvania is not really the same
size as the United States.
In fact, this is how Pennsylvania actually appears on a map of the
United States.
Here is still another map, a map of the area around the city of
Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. This map is the same size as the maps
of the United States and the state of Pennsylvania. But because
this map shows a much smaller area, it can show more detail such
as roads and the names and locations of towns.
In the map of Pennsylvania, fewer details can be shown, and on
a map of the United States, fewer still.
So, here we have three maps, all the same size but representing
very different sized areas. If we look at any one of these maps, how
do we.know how big things really are?
Many maps have something called a bar scale.
A bar scale is a straight line with distances marked on it. Each
mark stands for a certain number of miles or kilometers of the
earth's surface.
12
On the map of the Pittsburgh area, the length from one end of
the bar scale to the other stands for 12 miles.
On the map of Pennsylvania, the bar scale stands for 130 miles,
and on the map of the United States it stands for 1,000 miles.
Once you know a map's scale, you have an idea of the size of the
area that the map shows. You can also determine the distances
between things on the map.
Suppose, for instance, you wanted to know the distance
between Springfield, Illinois, and Indianapolis, Indiana. Here's one
way you could find out.
Place the straight edge of a piece of paper on the map and mark
the distance between the two cities.
Then place the paper next to the map's bar scale to determine
the distance in miles. The left mark should be on zero and you can
tell the distance by seeing where on the scale the right mark lands.
Here it lands at just less than 200 miles, about 190 miles.
In this way we can tell that the distance between Springfield and
Indianapolis is about 190 miles.
Knowing distances isn't always enough. Maps also need a way
of pinpointing exactly where things are.
Suppose you were the captain of a boat that was sinking in a
storm and you were radioing for help. In order to be rescued, you
would need to give your exact position.
But in the middle of the ocean there are no towns, no streets, no
other landmarks to indicate your location. But there is a way of
locating places in the world. Mapmakers have made a kind of
address system for the earth.
Part of this address system consists of lines of latitude that run
east and west around the world. These lines are also called
parallels.
Parallels are numbered just like the houses on a street are
numbered, but they are numbered in degrees. The equator, the
parallel that is halfway between the North Pole and South Pole, is 0
degrees.
The North Pole is 90 degrees north; the South Pole is 90
degrees south. Other parallels are in between.
Now back to our sinking ship. You could now radio that you are
located at 20 degrees north. Is this enough information to help
people find you?
Well, to find out let's take a look at a flat map with the lines of
latitude marked.
13
Here is 20 degrees north latitude. So, where would your boat
be?
Well, it might be here, or here, or here, or, in fact, anywhere in the
ocean along the 20th degree north latitude.
By itself, latitude doesn't provide a good enough address
system.
But lines of latitude are only a part of the earth's address system.
There also are lines that run north and south between the North
Pole and the South Pole.
These are called lines of longitude. They are also called
meridians.
One meridian, called the Prime Meridian, divides the earth in
half, just as the equator does. It is also called the Greenwich
Meridian because it goes through the town of Greenwich,
England. This meridian is given the number 0 degrees.
All other meridians are numbered from 0 degrees to 180
degrees, and they are marked with an E for east if they are east of
the Prime Meridian and a W for west if they are west of it.
Together, on both maps and globes, lines of longitude and
latitude create a grid that lets you easily describe the location of
anything in the world.
Now... back once again to our boat in trouble. We now have a
way of telling where its position is.
If you radioed that you were located at 20 degrees north latitude,
and 50 degrees west longitude, your ship would be located where
these two lines cross, or intersect.
The earth can be divided into hemispheres in another way,
too—by a meridian or line of longitude that runs between the
North and South Poles. West of this meridian is called the Western
Hemisphere which includes North and South America, and east of
the meridian is called the Eastern Hemisphere, which includes
Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.
In this program, we've learned that maps are diagrams or plans
of the earth's surface or some part of it.
We've seen that globes are the most accurate maps of the earth
because they are round, just as the earth is round, but we've also
seen that flat maps can show more detail and information.
Now that you know about latitude and longitude, here's a
mystery for you to solve. Suppose you got a card from a friend
saying that she is having a wonderful vacation at 90 degrees west
longitude and 30 degrees north latitude. Where do you think she
might be?
14
To find out, just get a map that shows longitude and latitude.
First find 90 degrees west, and then 30 degrees north ... and
here's where they intersect... in New Orleans!
Places can be located on the earth in another way ... by what
hemisphere they are in. A hemisphere means a half a sphere.
The equator divides the earth into two hemispheres, North of
the equator is called the Northern Hemisphere.
And south of the equator is called the Southern Hemisphere.
We've seen that there are many different types of maps, like
road maps ... and weather maps ... and political maps.
We've learned how maps use symbols, such as colors, and how
legends or keys tell us what these symbols mean.
We've seen how you can use a map's scale to determine
distances.
We've seen how a compass rose can provide information about
direction, and how lines of longitude and latitude can be used to
locate different places on the earth.
These are just some of the ways in which maps and globes can
help us learn more about the world we live on.
THE END.
CREDITS
Author and Producer: Peter Cochran
Director of Photography: Peter Scheer
Graphics: Roger Meyer
Consultant: Michael Worosz
Post Production: Kaleidoscope Production Service
Audio Sweetening: Acme Recording Studios
Produced for: RAINBOW
EDUCATIONAL VIDEO
by
COCHRAN COMMUNICATIONS
GLOSSARY
Atlas: A book of maps
Cardinal Directions: North, south, east, and west
Continent: A large land mass. The seven continents are North
America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and
Antarctica.
15
Compass: An instrument with a needle that points to the magnetic
north, helping determine direction
Compass Rose: A sign on a map that indicates direction
Equator: An imaginary line that runs around the earth halfway
between the North Pole and the South Pole
Globe: A round map of the world
Hemisphere: Half of a sphere. The earth is divided into the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres and also the Eastern and
Western Hemispheres,
Key: Something that describes the meaning of symbols on a map
Latitude: The north-south distance between parallels
Legend: Something that describes the meanings of symbols on a
map
Longitude: The east-west distance between meridians Parallels:
Imaginary lines that run east and west around the world
Physical Map: A map that shows physical features such as
elevation
Political Map: A map that shows political information such as the
boundaries between states and countries
Population Map: A map that shows the population densities of an
area
Scale: A measurement for telling distances on a map
Symbol: Something that stands for, or represents, something else
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brown, Lloyd. Map Making: The Art That Became a Science. New
York; Little Brown; 1960
Cobb, Vicki. Sense of Direction: Up and Down and All Around.
New York; Parents Magazine Press; 1972
Estep, Irene. Good Times With Maps. New York; Melman Publishing; 1962
Hirsch, S. Mapmakers of America: From the Age of Discovery to
the Space Era. New York; Viking Press, 1970
Marsh, Susan. All About Maps and Mapmakers. New York; Random House; 1963
Tannenbaum, Beulah and Stillman, Myra. Understanding Maps:
Charting the Land, Sea, and Sky. New York; Whittlesey House;
1957.
16
CLOZE EVALUATION QUESTIONS
FINDING YOUR WAY: USING MAPS AND GLOBES
NAME
DIRECTIONS: Select the answer from the four choices given by circling the correct letter.
1. Maps and globes help us to find places in our town, state, country, and even our world. A
_ is a drawing or plan which gives information about and location of some part of the
world.
1. (A) globe
(B) map
(C) atlas
(D) legend
2. Although maps are accurate they do not look like our earth. A___ is a more exact model
of the earth showing the continents and oceans. The sizes as well as the locations of
countries can be seen easily using this model.
2. (A) globe
(B) map
(C) sphere
(D) political map
3. There are different types of maps which give us different kinds of information. In order to
travel from one town or state to another, a __ would be the best map to use. This type of
map is important when you travel by car or truck throughout the states.
3. (A) weather map
(B) political map
(C) road map
(D) geographic map
4. It is important to know where a city, state, or country begins and ends. A ___ shows the
boundary lines between these places. This type of map clearly shows the sizes and
locations of our 50 states.
4. (A) political map
(B) weather map
(C) physical map
(D) road map
5. Other maps show the locations and types of land forms on the earth. A ___ indicates
mountains, valleys, and areas of water in a specific place. This kind of map can depict a
small area or the entire earth.
5. (A) political map
(B) physical map
(C) geo-political map
(D) land map
6. Maps give us specific information about an area. A map __ stands for an object or place
that is actually on the earth. For example, a line may stand for a road, a dot for a city, and the
color green for a forest.
6. (A) legend
(B) bar scale
(C) symbol
(D) origin
7. To find out what the map symbols mean look at the bottom of the map. There you will
find the map __ which lists the symbols used and what they mean. This part of the map is
important since it helps you to use the map effectively.
7. (A) scale
(B) symbol
(C) index
(D) legend
8. In order for us to locate exact places on the earth a system of lines was developed.
Those lines that run east and west around the earth are known as lines of___ One of these
lines is the equator which divides the earth into northern and southern halves.
8. (A) latitude
(B) longitude
(C) meridians
(D) parallels
9. We need another set of lines to form a grid which will then allow us to locate places
exactly. These imaginary lines called __lines run north and south around the earth. The
prime meridian is one such line, and divides the earth into eastern and western halves.
9. (A) latitude
(B) longitude
(C) parallels
(D) meridians
10. We can locate the United States on a world map or globe in two ways. One way is to find
the United States in the northern __ or northern half of the world. Another is to find it in the
western half of the world.
10. (A) hemisphere
(B) section
(C) position
(D) location
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