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Table of Contents
Tap or click any topic below to view its content.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................................. 1
DISCLAIMER ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITRY OF A COMPUTER .............................................................................. 4
MINI FEATURE 1-1: GAMING AND DIGITAL HOME ................................................................................................. 6
GAMING .......................................................................................................................................................................6
Popular Games ......................................................................................................................................................6
Types of Gaming Accessories ................................................................................................................................6
HOME AUTOMATION ......................................................................................................................................................6
Popular Universal Remotes and Apps ...................................................................................................................6
Popular Programmable Thermostats ....................................................................................................................7
Popular Smart Home Appliances...........................................................................................................................7
Popular Security Systems ......................................................................................................................................7
Popular Robotic Vacuums .....................................................................................................................................8
MEDIA STORAGE CAPACITY ................................................................................................................................... 9
Storage Terms and Their Byte Equivalents ...........................................................................................................9
Various Memory Cards ........................................................................................................................................10
SECURE IT 1-1: BACKING UP COMPUTERS AND MOBILE DEVICES ......................................................................... 11
Cloud Storage Services ........................................................................................................................................11
SEARCH ENGINES ................................................................................................................................................. 12
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATORS: FACEBOOK AND MARK ZUCKERBERG ..................................................................... 13
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATOR: TWITTER .................................................................................................................. 14
ETHICS & ISSUES 1-2: SHOULD YOU BE REQUIRED TO OBTAIN PERMISSION BEFORE POSTING PHOTOS OF
OTHERS? .............................................................................................................................................................. 15
Websites about Photo Permissions .....................................................................................................................15
SECURE IT 1-2: PROTECTION FROM VIRUSES AND OTHER MALWARE .................................................................. 16
SECURE IT 1-3: CREATING STRONG PASSWORDS ................................................................................................. 17
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATORS: MICROSOFT AND BILL GATES ................................................................................. 18
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATORS: APPLE, STEVE JOBS, AND STEVE WOZNIAK ............................................................ 19
APPLE ........................................................................................................................................................................19
STEVE JOBS .................................................................................................................................................................19
STEVE WOZNIAK ..........................................................................................................................................................19
EXPANDED TABLE 1-2: CATEGORIES OF APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................ 20
CELLULAR TRANSMISSIONS ................................................................................................................................. 23
MINI FEATURE 1-2: STAYING IN SYNC .................................................................................................................. 24
Websites about Wired Setups .............................................................................................................................24
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Websites about Wireless Syncing........................................................................................................................24
Cloud Storage Services ........................................................................................................................................24
TECHNOLOGY TREND: MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSES (MOOCS) ..................................................................... 25
MINI FEATURE 1-3: DIGITAL SCHOOL ................................................................................................................... 26
Websites about Digital Technologies in Classrooms ...........................................................................................26
ONLINE INVESTING .............................................................................................................................................. 27
MOBILE PAYMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. 28
SECURE IT 1-4: SHOPPING SAFELY ONLINE ........................................................................................................... 29
Websites about Shopping Safely Online..............................................................................................................29
TECHNOLOGY TREND: QR CODES ......................................................................................................................... 30
HIGH-TECH TALK: TRIANGULATION ...................................................................................................................... 31
HIGH-TECH TALK: NEURAL NETWORKS ................................................................................................................ 33
ETHICS & ISSUES 1-4: SHOULD WIKIS BE ALLOWED AS VALID SOURCES FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH?................... 35
ETHICS & ISSUES 1-5: SHOULD EMPLOYEES BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR THEIR ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORK POSTS?
............................................................................................................................................................................ 36
Websites about Online Social Networks .............................................................................................................36
TECHNOLOGY @ WORK: HEALTH CARE ................................................................................................................ 37
Websites about Technology in Health Care ........................................................................................................37
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Disclaimer
Cengage Learning and the Shelly Cashman authoring team do not support and are not responsible for
the content of material in third-party or external web/Internet sites. Opinions expressed at third-party
or external web/Internet sites do not necessarily reflect that of Cengage Learning or the Shelly Cashman
authoring team.
The Free Resources include links to web addresses at dscov.com. Web addresses with this domain will
redirect to the actual websites or resources listed and are provided as abbreviated links for students
who wish to type them into a browser.
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Electronic Components and Circuitry of a Computer
The electronic components and circuitry of a computer usually are part of or are connected to a
motherboard (Figure 1). The motherboard, sometimes called a system board, is the main circuit board of
a personal computer. Many electronic components attach to the motherboard; others are built into it.
Two main components on the motherboard are the processor and memory. Many motherboards also
integrate sound, video, and networking capabilities.
Figure 1: Motherboard in a laptop.
Many components, such as the processor, are chips that can attach to a motherboard or other circuit
board. A computer chip is a small piece of semiconducting material, usually silicon, on which integrated
circuits are etched (Figure 2). An integrated circuit contains many microscopic pathways capable of
carrying electrical current. Each integrated circuit can contain millions of elements such as resistors,
capacitors, and transistors. A transistor, for example, can act as an electronic switch that opens or closes
the circuit for electrical charges. Today's computer chips contain millions or billions of transistors. Most
chips are no bigger than one-half-inch square.
Figure 2: Computer chip.
A processor, also called a CPU (central processing unit), is the electronic component that interprets and
carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer or mobile device. The processor significantly
impacts overall computing power and manages most of a computer or mobile device's operations. On
larger computers, the various functions performed by the processor extend over many separate chips
and often multiple circuit boards. On smaller computers or devices, all functions of the processor usually
are on a single chip.
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Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data (information).
Memory usually consists of one or more chips on the motherboard or some other circuit board in the
computer or mobile device. RAM (random access memory), also called main memory, consists of
memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor and other devices. Users typically
are referring to RAM when discussing computer memory.
Answer the following question by tapping or clicking the best response, which will open a browser
window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the window or tab when
you are finished viewing it.
Which of the following interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer or
mobile device?
a. memory
b. transistor
c. processor
d. RAM
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Mini Feature 1-1: Gaming and Digital Home
The following sections discuss gaming and home automation.
Gaming
The tables below list popular games by genre and types of gaming accessories. You can find additional
information by entering search text from the tables’ Name or Description columns.
Popular Games
Name
Bejeweled
Bike Race
Just Dance (Community and World Dance Floor features)
My Fitness Coach
Need for Speed
SimCity
The Legend of Zelda
Trivia Crack
Words with Friends
World of Warcraft
Description
Puzzle and Strategy
Racing and Sports
Music and Fitness
Music and Fitness
Racing and Sports
Simulation
Action-Adventure
Puzzle and Strategy
Puzzle and Strategy
Role Playing
Types of Gaming Accessories
Name
Body balancer
Body sensor
Dance
Eyeware
Gamepad
Headphones
Joystick
Musical
Shooting
Wireless wheel
Description
Wii Balance Board – Nintendo
Kinect for Xbox
Master Dance Pad – DDR
Gunnar advanced gaming eyeware
Handheld game controller – Nintendo
Ear Force – Turtle Beach
Flight Stick – Thrustmaster
Guitar Hero – System Skins
Sharp shooter – Sony
Wireless racing wheel – Mad Catz
Home Automation
The tables below list popular universal remotes and apps, programmable thermostats, smart home
appliances, and security systems. You can find additional information by entering search text from the
tables’ Name or Description columns.
Popular Universal Remotes and Apps
Name
Acoustic Research
Logitech
Monster
Phillips
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Description
Remote control hardware
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Sony
Harmony Smart Control
Loxone Smart Home
Peel
Smart Remote (for
Samsung Galaxy)
WeMo
App that controls home theater devices
App that controls lighting, heating, curtains, blinds, music, and alarm
system
App that provides television viewing recommendations
Infrared emitter on phone controls television and electronics
Products to control home electronics, lighting, and appliances and to
monitor energy consumption
Popular Programmable Thermostats
Name
Ecobee Smart
Honeywell Wi-Fi
Smart
Lux
Nest Learning
Venstar Wi-Fi
Description
Learns household’s heating and cooling cycles to save energy. Many include
mobile apps for remote monitoring and controlling.
Popular Smart Home Appliances
Name
Clothes Washer
Dishwasher
Oven
Refrigerator
Description
Wi-Fi enabled connections to mobile devices – Samsung
Programmable dishwasher – Meiko
Zipel oven with Android app – Samsung
Wi-Fi enabled oven – GE
Wi-Fi enabled with Twitter and Facebook apps – Samsung
Device-to-device connectivity and connections to mobile devices – LG
Popular Security Systems
Name
ADT
Devon Security
Pinnacle Security
Vivint
Frontpoint Security
LifeShield Security
Logitech
Lorex
Samsung
Schlage
Stanley
Description
Home and business monitoring service
Home monitoring service with remote mobile device apps
Home monitoring service
Security system hardware and automation
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Popular Robotic Vacuums
The following list identifies popular robotic vacuums. You can find additional information by entering the
list items as search text.
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
iRobot Roomba
LG HOM-BOT
Neato Robotics
Samsung Smart Tango
Thyme Vacuum Cleaning Robot
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Media Storage Capacity
Capacity is the number of bytes (or characters) a storage medium can hold. The table below identifies
the terms manufacturers use to define the capacity of storage media.
Storage Terms and Their Byte Equivalents
Storage Terms
Kilobyte (KB)
Exact Number of Bytes
210or 1,024
Approximate Number of Bytes
1 thousand
Megabyte (MB)
Gigabyte (GB)
Terabyte (TB)
Petabyte (PB)
Exabyte (EB)
Zettabyte (ZB)
Yottabyte (YB)
220 or 1,048,576
230 or 1,073,741,824
240 or 1,099,511,627,776
250 or 1,125,899,906,842,624
260 or 1,152,921,504,606,846,976
270 or 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
280 or1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176
1 million
1 billion
1 trillion
1 quadrillion
1 quintillion
1 sextillion
1 septillion
Examples of storage media include hard drives (hard disks and solid-state drives), optical
discs, USB flash drives, and memory cards.

Hard Drives
o Current hard disks that are housed inside laptops or desktops have storage
capacities from 500 GB to 4 TB and more.
o Storage capacities of current SSDs in laptops or desktops range from 16 GB to 512
GB and more.
o External hard drives have storage capacities up to 4 TB and more.

Optical Discs
o A typical CD-ROM has a storage capacity from 650 MB to 1 GB.
o DVDs have storage capacities ranging from 4.7 GB to 17 GB.
o Blu-ray Discs (BDs) have storage capacities of 100 GB, 200 GB, and more.

USB Flash Drives
o Current USB flash drives have storage capacities ranging from 2 GB to 1 TB, with the
latter being extremely expensive.

Memory Cards
o Common types of memory cards include SDHC (Secure Digital High Capacity), SDXC
(Secure Digital Extended Capacity), microSDHC, microSDXC, CF (CompactFlash), xD
Picture Card, Memory Stick Pro Duo, and M2 (Memory Stick Micro). The table below
compares storage capacities of these media.
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Various Memory Cards
Media Type
SDHC
SDXC
Typical Current
Storage Capacities
4 to 32 GB
64 GB to 2 TB
microSDHC
microSDXC
4 to 32 GB
16 GB to 2 TB
CF
4 to 512 GB
xD Picture Card
256 MB to 2 GB
Memory Stick Pro Duo
M2
4 to 32 GB
2 to 16 GB
Sample Image
Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.
A hard drive with a 20 GB storage capacity can store more items than one with a 20 TB storage capacity.
True
False
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Secure IT 1-1: Backing Up Computers and Mobile Devices
Cloud Storage Services
The following list identifies popular cloud storage services. You can find additional information by
entering the list items as search text.

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





Box
Dropbox
Google Drive
IDrive
JustCloud
OneDrive
SugarSync
ZipCloud
Discover More: To display search results about cloud storage services in a new browser window or
tab, tap or click this link: dscov.com/16/01s1. Close the window or tab when you are finished viewing it.
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Search Engines
The following lists identify popular general-purpose and question-and-answer search engines. You can
find additional information by entering the list items as search text.

General-Purpose Search Engines
o Bing
o Google
o Yahoo! Search

Question-and-Answer Search Engines
o About.com
o Ask
o eHow
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Technology Innovators: Facebook and Mark Zuckerberg
With more than 1 billion active users per month, Facebook lives up to its mission “to make the world
more open and connected.” Mark Zuckerberg founded the company in 2004 and became one of the
youngest self-made billionaires in history.
Both Microsoft and Aol had recruited Zuckerberg during his senior year in high school in New
Hampshire. He declined their job offers and decided to attend Harvard. In college, he and some friends
developed several projects, laying the foundation that led to Facebook’s eventual start. Tyler and
Cameron Winklevoss and Divya Narendra argued that Zuckerberg stole their idea for the website and
sued Zuckerberg. The ensuing litigation and settlement were the subject of the movie, The Social
Network.
Zuckerberg had instant success launching Facebook from his dorm room, and the website’s popularity
quickly spread to other Ivy League and Boston-area colleges and then worldwide. He left his studies at
Harvard University in 2004 and moved to California.
Facebook employees work in a “hacker culture,” which involves developing new products and solving
problems creatively and quickly. Posters on walls remind them that “this journey is 1% finished,”
meaning that many projects remain to continue keeping people connected worldwide.
Do you have a Facebook account? If so, what new products have been introduced since you became a
member of the Facebook community? If not, why do you choose to not join? What qualities make
Facebook such a popular website?
Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.
Mark Zuckerberg launched Facebook from dorm room at Harvard University.
True
False
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Technology Innovator: Twitter
Twitter helps people from nearly every country in the world obtain up-to-the-minute information about
the things that matter most in their lives via 140-character Tweets. This social media site has become
one of the more popular websites since it was formed in 2006. The more than 280 million monthly
active users can post messages and include photos, videos, news stories, and other ideas. Businesses
also use Twitter to deliver information and advertisements about products and services and to obtain
feedback from customers.
Jack Dorsey developed the idea behind Twitter, initially called twttr, while studying at New York
University. Then, while running his web-based company that dispatched taxis and couriers, he
collaborated with board members of a podcasting company who were interested in Internet and text
messaging. Several months after Dorsey sent his first Tweet, the cofounders introduced the service to
the public.
Notable Tweets have been sent by NASA astronauts at the International Space Station, Lady Gaga, Justin
Bieber, Barack Obama, Oprah Winfrey, and World Wide Web creator Tim Berners-Lee.
Do you have a Twitter account? If so, who or what do you follow? If not, why do you choose to not
join? What qualities contribute to Twitter’s popularity?
Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.
Jack Dorsey’s initial name for Twitter was twttr.
True
False
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Ethics & Issues 1-2: Should You Be Required to Obtain Permission before
Posting Photos of Others?
The resources listed in the table below contain more information about obtaining permission before
posting pictures of others online. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you
can find desired information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description
column.
Websites about Photo Permissions
Website Name
Better Business Bureau
Facebook
Description
Article titled “Facebook: Permission before
Posting?”
Statement of Rights and Responsibilities
Web Address
dscov.com/16/01e2a
dscov.com/16/01e2b
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Secure IT 1-2: Protection from Viruses and Other Malware
The following list identifies popular antivirus tools. You can find additional information by entering the
list items as search text.
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

Avast
Avira
AVG AntiVirus
Kaspersky Internet Security
Intel Security
Microsoft Security Essentials
Norton Security
Panda Security
Trend Micro
ZoneAlarm
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Secure IT 1-3: Creating Strong Passwords
The following list identifies popular online tools to evaluate password strength. You can find additional
information by entering the list items as search text.
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





How Secure Is My Password
Microsoft Password Strength Tester
OWASP Passfault
Strength Test – Rumkin
The Password Meter
The Password Security Checker – Estatis
Yahoo! Password Strength Test
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Technology Innovators: Microsoft and Bill Gates
Bill Gates learned to program computers when he was 13 years old. Early in his career, he tailored the
BASIC programming language for the MITS Altair, one of the first microcomputers. He founded
Microsoft in 1975 with Paul Allen, three programmers, and one product. Five years later they licensed
the first operating system, called PC-DOS, to IBM for $80,000. This decision to license, rather than sell,
the software is considered one of the wisest business decisions Gates ever made. The company now
employs more than 128,000 people and has annual revenues in excess of $86 billion.
In the mid-1980s, Microsoft’s MS-DOS operating system was a huge success. Microsoft followed MSDOS with Microsoft Windows, a graphical user interface (GUI) operating system, and the Internet
Explorer browser. In addition to its success in the operating system market, Microsoft has the popular
productivity software suite, Office, which is available for both PC and Mac computers and includes
products for word processing, presentations, spreadsheets, and databases.
Microsoft also has other diverse assets, including the acquisition of Skype; in the mobile phone industry
with its Windows Phone OS; the MSNBC cable television network; SharePoint, a web app platform used
primarily to manage documents; and gaming software, including Flight Simulator and Halo. Microsoft
also develops hardware, such as the Surface tablet, Xbox, mouse devices, keyboards, fingerprint
readers, webcams, and game controllers.
Although Bill Gates retired in 2008 from his role as Microsoft’s chief software architect, he remains on
the company’s board of directors and is an advisor on key development projects. He devotes much of
his time codirecting the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, a philanthropic organization working to help
people worldwide lead healthy, productive lives. His foundation awards grants with the goal of using
technology to improve health, to help reduce poverty, and to improve education and graduation rates,
with an emphasis on online learning.
He has authored two books, Business @ the Speed of Thought and The Road Ahead, both of which
remained on The New York Times bestseller list for many weeks. He also is the founder and chairman of
Corbis, a company that provides photos, illustrations, video, and merchandise for newspapers,
magazines, and other media, and also preserves historic photographs in climate-controlled facilities.
Which Microsoft products have you used? Why would Bill Gates retire from Microsoft and devote his
energies toward furthering his philanthropic interests?
Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.
Bill Gates retired from Microsoft in 2008 but remains on the company’s board of directors and is an
advisor on key development projects.
True
False
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Technology Innovators: Apple, Steve Jobs, and Steve Wozniak
Fortune called Steve Jobs the “greatest entrepreneur of our time.” Those words are a fitting tribute to
the man who cofounded Apple in 1976 with Steve Wozniak. Five years later, he was worth $200 million
and on the cover of Time at the age of 26. By that time he had helped build the first desktop computer,
marketed an innovative operating system, and cofounded the Apple Computer Corporation.
Apple
Apple is noted for introducing groundbreaking products, starting with the Apple I, a circuit board
developed in Jobs’ parents’ garage. The Apple II was the first mass-marketed personal computer in
1977, and the Macintosh, which featured a graphical user interface, was introduced seven years later.
Under Jobs’ direction as CEO, Apple then developed the iOS and OS X operating systems; iLife for
working with photos, music, videos, and websites; and iWork, a collection of business programs. Apple
also has led the digital media revolution with its iPod mobile devices, iPad tablets with Retina display,
iTunes online music and app store, and iTunes U free educational content from schools, libraries,
museums, and organizations.
Steve Jobs
Jobs used his personality traits and motivational skills to lead Apple to become one of the world’s top
consumer electronics companies. Until his death from a pancreatic tumor in 2011, he was instrumental
in introducing original products and branding the company’s image. He also revolutionized music
distribution by guiding the evolution of the iTunes store. As Apple’s CEO, he earned a salary of $1 per
year. Jobs also cofounded Pixar Animation Studios, which merged with The Walt Disney Company in
2006. He then became a member of Disney’s board of directors and the company’s largest shareholder.
Steve Wozniak
Mixing fun with work comes naturally for Wozniak. He says his computer designing career began as, and
still continues to be, a hobby filled with creativity, humor, games, and education. In his opinion, Apple
was successful because he designed computers that had minimal parts and maximum performance. He
was inducted into the Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame and the National Inventors Hall of Fame. One
of his current passions is applying artificial intelligence to the area of robotics. He also is a member of
the Silicon Valley Aftershocks, a polo team that plays using Segway electric transportation devices, and
competed on the television program Dancing with the Stars.
Which Apple products have you used? What qualities make Apple products popular in the
marketplace?
Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.
Steve Jobs’ salary as Apple’s CEO was $1 per year.
True
False
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Expanded Table 1-2: Categories of Applications
The table below includes elements from and expands on Table 1-2 in the book.
Category
Productivity
Sample Applications
Word Processing
Sample Uses
Create letters, reports, and other documents.
Presentation
Create visual aids for presentations.
Spreadsheet
Organize data in columns and rows, and perform
calculations.
Organize data to allow access, retrieval, and use
of that data.
Enter typed text, handwritten comments,
drawings, sketches, photos, and links.
Organize appointments and contact lists, and
share this information with others.
Plan, schedule, track, and analyze events,
resources, and costs of a project.
Record and report financial transactions.
Database
Note Taking
Calendar and Contact
Management
Project Management
Accounting
Personal Finance
Tax Preparation
Balance checkbook, pay bills, and track income
and expenses.
Guide you through the process of filing taxes.
Legal
Assist in preparation of legal documents.
Document Management
Provide means for sharing, distributing and
searching through documents.
Support functional units in a large organization.
Enterprise Computing
Support Services
Graphics and
Media
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Desktop Publishing
Paint/Image Editing
Make business or personal tasks, such as
shopping and traveling, easier.
Create engineering, architectural, and scientific
designs and models.
Create publications that contain text, graphics,
and colors.
Create and modify graphics.
Photo Editing and Photo
Management
Video and Audio Editing
Modify, view, organize, and share digital photos.
Multimedia and Website
Authoring
Media Player
Combine text, graphics, audio, video, and
animation in an interactive application.
View images, listen to audio/music, and watch
videos.
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Modify recorded movie clips, add music, etc.
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Personal Interest
Disc Burning
Write files on a disc.
Lifestyle
Blog
Access news, check weather, compose music,
locate points of interest, and more.
Research, establish fitness program, track
activity, monitor sleep patterns, and more.
Listen to music, view photos, watch videos, play
games, and more.
Obtain directions, set an alarm, use a personal
assistant, and more.
Access guides, learn a skill, support academics,
and more.
Read time-stamped articles.
Browser
Access and view webpages.
Chat Room
Participate in live, online typed conversation with
many others.
View online areas where users have written
discussions.
Send and receive messages.
Medical
Entertainment
Convenience
Educational
Communications
Online Discussion
Email
FTP
Internet Phone (or VoIP)
Transfer items to and from other computers on
the Internet.
Speak to other users over the Internet.
Internet Messaging
Exchange real-time messages with another user.
Mobile Messaging
Send and receive short text, picture, or video
messages, mainly on mobile devices.
Meeting between geographically separated
people via a network.
Keeps track of changes made to websites.
Videoconference
Web Feeds
Security
Personal Firewall
Antivirus
Spyware, Adware, and Other
Malware Removers
Internet Filters
File, Disk, and
System
Management
Detect and protects against unauthorized
intrusions.
Protect a computer against viruses.
File Manager
Detect and deletes spyware, adware, and other
malware.
Remove or blocks certain items from being
displayed or received.
Display and organize files on storage media.
Search
Locate files and other items on storage media.
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Image Viewer
Display, copy, and print contents of graphics files.
Uninstaller
Remove a program.
Disk Cleanup
Search for and remove unnecessary files.
Disk Defragmenter
File Compression
Reorganize files and unused space on a
computer’s hard disk.
Cause a display device’s screen to show a moving
image or blank screen after a period of no
keyboard or mouse activity.
Shrink the size of a file.
PC Maintenance
Identify and fixes operating system problems.
Backup and Restore
Copy files or contents of a drive, and if necessary,
returns backed up files to original form.
Screen Saver
Answer the following question by tapping or clicking the best response, which will open a browser
window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the window or tab when
you are finished viewing it.
Which of the following applications enables users to view images, listen to audio/music, and watch
videos?
a. media player
b. database
c. FTP
d. personal firewall
Tap or click here to return to the Table of Contents.
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Cellular Transmissions
Cellular data transfer rates are stated in Kbps (kilobits per second, or thousand bits per second), Mbps
(megabits per second, or million bits per second), and Gbps (gigabits per second, or billion bits per
second). Several categories of cellular transmissions exist, defining the development of cellular
networks. Although the definitions of these categories may vary by mobile service providers, below are
some general guidelines:





1G (first generation of cellular transmissions)
o Transmits analog data at speeds up to 14.4 Kbps
2G (second generation of cellular transmissions)
o Transmits digital data at speeds from 9.6 Kbps to 144 Kbps
o Improved voice transmissions, added data communications, and added SMS (short
message service) or text messaging services
o Standards include GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and GPRS
(General Packet Radio Service)
3G (third generation of cellular transmissions)
o Transmits digital data at speeds from 144 Kbps to 3.84 Mbps
o Improved data transmissions, added MMS (multimedia message services)
o Standards include UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), CDMA
(Code Division Multiple Access), EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment), and
EVDO (Evolution Data Optimized)
4G (fourth generation of cellular transmissions)
o Transmits digital data at speeds up to 100 Mbps
o Improved video transmissions
o Standards include Long Term Evolution (LTE), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), and
IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)
5G (fifth generation of cellular transmissions)
o Future generation of cellular transmissions
o Expected to improve bandwidth and transmission speeds (hundreds of times faster
than 4G LTE)
o Fewer dead zones expected
o Expected to provide artificial intelligence capabilities on wearable devices
Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.
A 4G cellular device should transmit data faster than a 3G cellular device.
True
False
Tap or click here to return to the Table of Contents.
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Mini Feature 1-2: Staying in Sync
The resources listed in the tables below contain more information about setting up a home network and
wireless syncing. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired
information by entering search text from the tables’ Website Name or Description columns.
Websites about Wired Setups
Website Name
About.com
eHow
HowStuffWorks
YouTube
Description
Article titled “Home Network Setup –
Networking Advisor”
Article titled “How to Network Your
Computers”
Article titled “How Home Networking
Works”
Video titled “How to set up a wired
network”
Web Address
dscov.com/16/01m2a
dscov.com/16/01m2b
dscov.com/16/01m2c
dscov.com/16/01m2d
Websites about Wireless Syncing
Website Name
gizmag
HowStuffWorks
PCWorld
YouTube
Description
Article titled “Apple's iCloud enables
automatic, wireless syncing between
devices”
Article titled “How to Sync Your Phone to
Your Computer”
Article titled “How to sync files and folders
across two PCs”
Video titled “How to AUTO SYNC Photos,
Contacts, Notes, Calendar Between
iPhone, MAC, PC, iPad, iPod”
Web Address
dscov.com/16/01m2e
dscov.com/16/01m2f
dscov.com/16/01m2g
dscov.com/16/01m2h
Cloud Storage Services
The following list identifies popular cloud storage services. You can find additional information by
entering the list items as search text.








Box
Dropbox
Google Drive
IDrive
JustCloud
OneDrive
SugarSync
ZipCloud
Tap or click here to return to the Table of Contents.
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Technology Trend: Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)
The thought of having more than 2,000 students enrolled in a single class may seem daunting, but this
enormous course existed nearly 10 years ago. It was one of the first massive open online courses
(MOOCs) and was a pioneer in opening access to quality education anywhere the Internet is available.
Since that time, millions of people worldwide have registered for credit and noncredit classes taught by
experts ranging from corporate CEOs to yoga masters. One of the more popular courses, Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence, had more than 150,000 students enroll.
The MOOC format can vary depending upon the subject matter and instructor’s expertise, but most
involve videos of lectures, assigned readings, assignments, and interactive discussions. Some instructors
open their courses to anyone interested in attending, and they invite people to share the course
content. Other instructors, however, keep the course closed and maintain strict control of their
resources. Khan Academy is one of the more popular MOOCs, and the short video instructions on
thousands of topics have been translated into 40 languages.
MOOC completion rates generally are quite low, often around 10 percent. Critics also note that
instructors do not know if the enrolled students actually are completing the assignments themselves,
which is an issue in most online classes. In general, however, the concepts of providing wider access to
education and the opportunity to learn from experts are valuable outcomes from this form of online
instruction.
Have you participated in a MOOC? If so, describe your experiences and what you learned in the
course. If not, what subjects would be interesting to study in a MOOC? Why are the completion rates so
low in these courses?
Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.
The Khan Academy is a popular MOOC.
True
False
Tap or click here to return to the Table of Contents.
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Mini Feature 1-3: Digital School
The resources listed in the table below contain more information about technologies integrated in
classrooms. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired
information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.
Websites about Digital Technologies in Classrooms
Website Name
National Math + Science
Initiative
The Huffington Post
U.S. Department of
Education
U.S. News & World Report
Description
Article titled “Technology in the Classroom:
The Benefits of Blended Learning”
Article titled “Technology in the Classroom”
Article titled “Effects of Technology on
Classrooms and Students”
Article titled “Technology in the Classroom”
Web Address
dscov.com/16/01m3a
dscov.com/16/01m3b
dscov.com/16/01m3c
dscov.com/16/01m3d
Tap or click here to return to the Table of Contents.
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Online Investing
The following list identifies popular online investing websites. You can find additional
information by entering the list items as search text.








Charles Schwab
E-Trade
Fidelity
Firstrade
Merrill Lynch
Scottrade
TD Ameritrade
Vanguard
Discover More: To display search results about investing websites in a new browser window or tab, tap
or click this link: dscov.com/16/01r6. Close the window or tab when you are finished viewing it.
Tap or click here to return to the Table of Contents.
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Mobile Payments
Many technology companies are investing millions of dollars to develop digital wallets that enable
mobile payments. Instead of using credit cards or cash to pay for purchases, customers can use an app
on their smartphones or enter personal information in a keypad at the checkout register. Coupons and
loyalty cards are linked to the accounts, and customers can link their smartphones to their current credit
cards.
Square, PayPal, Apple, Samsung, and Microsoft are among the companies implementing mobile
payments. Starbucks and Whole Foods are two of the more popular merchants using the Square
technology. Dollar General, Famous Footwear, and Home Depot accept PayPal payments at their stores.
Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.
To pay for an item using a mobile payment app, the customer swipes his or her mobile payment card
through the retailer’s card reader.
True
False
Tap or click here to return to the Table of Contents.
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Secure IT 1-4: Shopping Safely Online
The resources listed in the table below contain more information about safe online shopping
techniques. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired
information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.
Websites about Shopping Safely Online
Website Name
CNET
US-CERT
wikiHow
Description
Article titled “How to shop safely online”
Article titled “Security Tip: Shopping Safely
Online”
Article titled “How to Shop Online Safely”
Web Address
dscov.com/16/01s4a
dscov.com/16/01s4b
dscov.com/16/01s4c
Tap or click here to return to the Table of Contents.
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Technology Trend: QR Codes
Marketing and advertising executives use QR codes as an effective method of engaging readers and
consumers. According to comScore, a digital analytics company, the most commonly scanned QR codes
are found in magazines and newspapers or on product packaging. People are most likely to scan them at
home or in stores.
While retailers realize the benefits of using the codes to share product details, other industries are
devising creative uses for these codes. In particular, the medical field is finding this technology is a
practical and efficient method of disseminating information and educational materials, such as facility
maps, hospital tours, and health services. For example, patients with chronic medical conditions can
store their personal health history in a QR code on their medical records, so that first responders can
access this information quickly in an emergency. In other cases, a code on the back of an insurance card
can give information about drug reactions to chemicals, patients can watch videos describing how to
perform therapy exercises or care for wounds, and nutritionists can add meal plans and diets.
Medical personnel, in general, have found patients have a positive attitude toward seeing the QR codes.
The front-desk staff can create QR codes for appointment reminders to scan into the patients’
smartphones. Patients are likely to recall seeing the information and can retrieve the details on their
smartphones quickly and conveniently, without having to search for an appointment card or for written
instructions.
Have you scanned QR codes? If so, which ones? What information did you obtain? Which products do
you use that have these codes?
Answer the following question by tapping or clicking the best response, which will open a browser
window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the window or tab when
you are finished viewing it.
In which location are people most apt to scan QR codes?
a. at home
b. at school
c. on public transportation
d. at sporting events
Tap or click here to return to the Table of Contents.
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High-Tech Talk: Triangulation
Have you wondered how a Nintendo Wii game console is able to determine the precise location of a Wii
Remote while you interact with a game? How does the Wii console know where you are pointing the Wii
Remote, swinging it like a golf club, or motioning as if you are throwing a bowling ball? The answer is
triangulation.
Triangulation is the process by which you can use trigonometry to determine the location of an object
by measuring the angles from two or more fixed points. Surveyors often use triangulation to measure
distance. Starting at a known location and elevation, surveyors measure a predetermined length to
create a base line and then use an instrument called a theodolite to measure the angle to the unknown
point from each side of the base line. The length of the base line along with the two known angles
allows a computer or individual to determine the exact location of the third point (Figure 3). Electronic
theodolites calculate angles automatically and then send the calculated angles to a computer for
analysis.
Figure 3: Example of triangulation.
In Figure 3, the distance between points A and B is known. The theodolite calculates angle CAB (α) and
also calculates angle ABC (ß). A human or computer can calculate the location of point C by determining
the distance between points A and C and between points B and C. The formula used to determine the
location of an object will vary depending upon the number of fixed points used in the measurement.
With two fixed points, a relatively simple formula calculates the location of the third point. As the
number of fixed points increases, the calculation becomes more complex.
Similarly, the Nintendo Wii game console uses triangulation to determine the location of a Wii Remote.
When you set up a Wii game system, you place a sensor bar, which contains two infrared transmitters,
near or on top of a television set. While you are using a Wii Remote, the Wii console determines the
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remote's location by calculating the distance and angles between the Wii Remote and the two
transmitters on the sensor bar. Determining the location of a Wii Remote is relatively simple because
the sensor bar contains only two fixed points: the transmitters.
A more complex application of triangulation occurs in global positioning systems. A global positioning
system (GPS) is a navigation system that consists of one or more earth-based receivers that accept and
analyze signals sent by satellites in order to determine the receiver's geographic location. GPS receivers
are found in handheld navigation devices and many vehicles. GPS receivers use triangulation to
determine their location relative to at least three geostationary satellites. Geostationary satellites, the
fixed points in the triangulation formula, remain in the same location above the earth. At least 24
operational geostationary GPS satellites orbit the earth at any given time, although at this time, 31
operational satellites are in orbit. A GPS receiver can increase its accuracy by using more than three of
these satellites to determine its location. This is done by measuring the distance from each of the
satellites, which always are a fixed distance apart, that are in range. In addition to determining position,
GPS receivers also are able to calculate the speed of a moving object by recording its change in location
from each satellite during a period of time. For instance, if a GPS receiver determines that you travel
two-hundredths of a mile in one second, it automatically would be able to calculate that you are
traveling at a rate of 72 miles per hour.
Another form of triangulation also can be used to determine the exact location of certain mobile
phones, usually after a caller dials for emergency assistance. Although some mobile phones are not
equipped with a GPS receiver, computers still can determine the phone's distance from other known
locations, which might include cell towers. Because the location of two or more cell towers within range
are known, computers easily can calculate the location of the mobile phone. Even if you think the
position of your mobile phone can be determined automatically, always be prepared to give your
location to an emergency dispatcher.
The next time you are passing a surveyor, playing a Nintendo Wii, following a prescribed route on a
vehicle's navigation system, or observing emergency personnel respond to an accident, keep in mind
that none of it might have been possible without the concept of triangulation.
Where else have you seen examples of triangulation?
Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.
At least 31 operational GPS satellites are always in orbit.
True
False
Tap or click here to return to the Table of Contents.
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High-Tech Talk: Neural Networks
A neural network is a type of artificial intelligence system that attempts to emulate the way the human
brain works. Neural networks are named after neurons, which are the billons of cells in the human brain
that perform intelligent operations. Each neuron is like a small computer with basic capabilities. When
billions of neurons are connected together, however, these cells are the intellectual capacity in the
human brain, the most intelligent system known.
Neural networks are modeled on the human brain. A neural network uses an interconnected system of
hundreds or thousands of specially designed circuits, also called artificial neurons. Like the brain's
neurons, these circuits are connected together. Neural networks also are called artificial neural
networks (ANNs) to differentiate the network of artificial neurons from the network of biological
neurons in the human brain.
A neural network uses these circuits to create connections between inputs and outputs. The most
common neural network model is the multilayer perceptron (MLP), which consists of at least three
layers of circuits: a layer of input circuits, which is connected to one or more layers of hidden circuits,
which are connected to a layer of output circuits (Figure 4). The knowledge of a neural network is
housed in the hidden layers, which store the information that defines relationships between inputs and
outputs.
Figure 4: Common multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network model.
Just as people do, neural networks learn from experience. Some neural networks are trained using a
process called backpropagation, as shown in Figure 4. During backpropagation, the input data, which is
the information used to make a decision, repeatedly is presented to the neural network via the input
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layer. The neural network then generates an output, which is the resulting decision, prediction, or
response, based on the weighted connections between the inputs and outputs, as stored in the hidden
layers.
The output of the neural network then is compared with the desired output, and the error is calculated
based on historical or known data. This error then is fed back, or backpropagated, to the hidden layer to
adjust the weights of the connection. During each repetition, the neural network learns to associate the
weight of the relationship between certain inputs and outputs. It then adjusts the weights of the
connections between the inputs and outputs accordingly. The hidden layers thus store a neural
network's knowledge as weighted connections between inputs and outputs, which are known as
synaptic weights. As training continues, the extent of the error decreases with each iteration, until the
neural network reaches a fully trained state where it reliably produces the desired output. The neural
network then is ready to produce outputs when the desired output is unknown.
Unlike humans, once trained fully, a neural network recognizes and classifies patterns in huge quantities
of complex data, at high speeds that humans cannot duplicate. Uses of neural networks include a wide
range of applications, such as sorting mail at the U.S. Postal Service, determining the number of jurors to
call at county courthouses, and identifying police officers with a potential for misconduct. Scientists use
neural networks to predict rainfall and forecast air quality. Manufacturers benefit from neural networks
that allow them to test the quality of plastics and welding and determine which type of concrete to use
on a highway. In health care, neural networks help predict heart attacks and cancer risk, while helping to
improve treatment.
In which applications might neural networks be useful in higher education environments?
Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.
The most common neural network model is the multilayer backpropagation (MLB).
True
False
Tap or click here to return to the Table of Contents.
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Ethics & Issues 1-4: Should Wikis Be Allowed as Valid Sources for
Academic Research?
By protecting a wiki's contents, administrators ensure that the content follows the guidelines of the
wiki; it also reduces the wiki's vulnerability to vandalism.
The following list identifies several strategies wiki administrators use to evaluate and monitor new and
changed content.
















Require editors to register
Recognize accurate editors and contributors
Limit the number of changes a new editor can make
Approve new editors' content before posting
Manage disruptive editors
Warn or ignore editors who contribute content that does not fit the guidelines or whose
behavior is disruptive
Discourage edit warring, which occurs when multiple editors disagree with each other's content
and make continual changes to the page
Monitor edits
Review recently edited pages
Enable administrators and editors to undo changes
Watch pages with content that is changed frequently or is susceptible to vandalism, such as for
celebrities or public figures in the midst of a scandal
Lock or protect pages
Enable only registered editors to change certain pages
Limit the number of pages that can be created, moved, or uploaded
Use applications
Detect and reverse vandalism using Huggle, Twinkle, Igloo, STiki, and other applications that
provide content management tools, such as tracking of recently edited pages, and the ability to
rollback a page to before it was edited
Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.
Requiring editors to register before editing a wiki can help ensure the wiki’s accuracy.
True
False
Tap or click here to return to the Table of Contents.
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Ethics & Issues 1-5: Should Employees Be Held Accountable for Their
Online Social Network Posts?
The resources listed in the table below contain more information about employers’ monitoring of
employees or potential employees’ social media activities. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or
entering the web address, you can find desired information by entering search text from the table’s
Website Name or Description column.
Websites about Online Social Networks
Website Name
Career Builder
Workforce
Description
Article titled “Think before you post: Your
online presence can cost you your job”
Article titled “Should you Check Your
Employees’ Social Media Accounts?”
Web Address
dscov.com/16/01e5a
dscov.com/16/01e5b
Tap or click here to return to the Table of Contents.
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Technology @ Work: Health Care
The resources listed in the table below contain more information about how the health care industry
uses technology. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired
information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.
Websites about Technology in Health Care
Website Name
Becker’s Health IT & CIO
Review
Forbes
referral md
Description
Article titled “10 Biggest Technological
Advancements for Healthcare in the Last
Decade”
Article titled “5 Ways Technology Is
Transforming Health Care”
Article titled “The 7 Biggest Innovations in
Health Care Technology”
Web Address
dscov.com/16/01w1a
dscov.com/16/01w1b
dscov.com/16/01w1c
Tap or click here to return to the Table of Contents.
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