Needs Analysis
Session 3
Dr. Yousif Alshumaimeri
KSU MA TESOL Programme
CI 584
Yousif Alshumaimeri 2009
Why needs analysis should be
conducted ?
It can be best answered by simply stating
„what needs analysis‟ is.
 Berwick (1989:52) suggests a basic
definition of need: a need is a “gap or
measurable discrepancy between a
current state of affairs and a desired
future state.”
 Accordingly, the term “analysis of needs”
was first used.
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Yousif Alshumaimeri 2009
History of Needs analysis
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Needs analysis procedure in the field of language teaching
was first used by Michael West in a survey report published
in 1926 (White, 1988).
In the following decades, however, little if any attention was
given to needs analysis.
This can be explained largely by the influence that the
traditional structural view of the language continued to exert
on the field of English language teaching (ELT).
The term “Need Analysis” re-emerged during the 1970‟s as a
result of intensive studies conducted by the Council of
Europe team.
Research and studies conducted by the Council of Europe
team resulted in the emergence of the communicative
approach to language learning which replaced the situational
approach dominant in language teaching and learning at that
time.
Yousif Alshumaimeri 2009
History of Needs analysis
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The Council of Europe team felt that successful language learning
resulted not from mastering linguistic elements, but from
determining exactly what the learner needed to do with the target
language.
One of the terms, which the team came up with, was the
“Common Core”.
The common core suggests that language learners share certain
interests despite their different goals in learning foreign languages.
“The team recognised that there will be areas of interest common
to all students, whatever their particular situation and
specialisation” (Johnson, K 1982:42).
The „common core‟ provides a basis one can rely on in conducting
needs analysis in the general English classroom.
Needs analysis has been neglected in the general English classroom
and emphasised in ESP as Hutchinson and Waters (1987) suggested.
Yousif Alshumaimeri 2009
“Objective” and “Subjective” needs
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Nunan (1988) classified needs analysis under
two headings: “Objective” needs and
“Subjective” needs.
He assigned objective needs to be diagnosed
by the teacher on the basis of the personal
data of the learners. In the light of this data,
the teacher can select or plan a suitable
syllabus.
Subjective needs are derived from the
learners themselves and influence the
teaching methodology of the syllabus.
Yousif Alshumaimeri 2009
“Objective” and “Subjective” needs
“Objective data is that factual information which
dose not require the attitudes and views of the
learners to be taken into account. Thus,
biographical information on age, nationality, home
language, etc. is said to be „objective‟.
 Subjective information, on the other hand, reflects
the perceptions, goals, and priorities of the
learner. It will include, among other things,
information on why the learner has undertaken
to learn a second language, and the classroom
tasks and activities which the learner prefers.”
(Nunan, 1988: 18)
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Yousif Alshumaimeri 2009
“Objective” and “Subjective” needs
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Classify the following definitions of needs
analysis according to Nunan (1988)
classification of subjective or objective
needs.
Yousif Alshumaimeri 2009
Journey of Needs Analysis
Start
(Lacks)
Route
(Learning
needs)
Destination
( needs ,
wants)
Yousif Alshumaimeri 2009
Issues in Need Analysis
Can Needs Analysis ever be objective?
 At what point are learning needs
assessed/decided on?
 Conflict between wants and necessities?
 What tools do we use to assess needs,
are they objective?
 How reliable are these tools?
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Yousif Alshumaimeri 2009
Issues in Need Analysis
learners
Sponsors
Syllabus
Design
Teachers
Course
Designers
Yousif Alshumaimeri 2009
In conducting Needs Analysis
+ Pros
- Cons
May Motivate learners
Learners reactions to conducting
needs analysis
Values Learner Contribution
May raise false expectations in
learners
May help in setting more realistic
objectives
Conflicts between expectations of
learners, course designers, sponsors
and teachers
Very useful where many resources
available
Needs analysis is basically subjectiveinfluenced by perceptions of person
conducting it
Greater awareness + motivation may
lead to develop greater competence
More problematic with lower
proficiency/ younger learners
May help pupils to assess own needs
better
Time Consuming
Learner perceptions of needs may be
Yousif Alshumaimeri 2009
unrealistic