ABHANDLUNGEN FÜR DIE KUNDE
DES MORGENLANDES
Im Auftrag der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
herausgegeben von Florian C. Reiter
Band 98
Board of Advisers:
Christian Bauer (Berlin)
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Herrmann Jungraithmayr (Marburg)
Karénina Kollmar-Paulenz (Bern)
Jens Peter Laut (Göttingen)
Joachim Friedrich Quack (Heidelberg)
Michael Streck (Leipzig)
2015
Harrassowitz Verlag . Wiesbaden
Hussein AKM.indd Abs12
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Ali Ahmad Hussein
The Rhetorical Fabric
of the Traditional Arabic Qaṣīda
in Its Formative Stages
A Comparative Study of the Rhetoric
in Two Traditional Poems
by ʿAlqama l-Faḥl and Bashshār b. Burd
2015
Harrassowitz Verlag . Wiesbaden
Hussein AKM.indd Abs13
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD...............................................................................................
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BADˆfi IN
CLASSICAL ARABIC CRITICISM ...................................................
1. Rhetoric in Pre-Islamic Times ..............................................................
2. How did Old Critics Study Rhetoric? ...................................................
Text 1 [Qur√0n 1:5] ...............................................................................
Text 2 [Qur√0n 2:7] ...............................................................................
Text 3 [Qur√0n 3:90] .............................................................................
Text 4 [Qur√0n 2:17] .............................................................................
xi
I.
1
9
11
13
17
20
22
II. MODERN THEORIES ON THE BADˆfi STYLE ................................ 28
1. Approaches in Modern Research to Interpret Literary Texts
Rhetorically............................................................................................. 37
III. TERMINOLOGY ................................................................................
1. Metonymy (kin ya) ................................................................................
2. Simile (tashbıh) ......................................................................................
3. Analogy Based on Simile (tashbıh tamthılı)...........................................
4. Metaphor (istifi ra) .................................................................................
5. Analogy Based on Metaphor (istifi ra tamthıliyya) ................................
6. Paronomasia/Punning (tajnıs).................................................................
7. Antithesis (†ib q, mu† baqa) ..................................................................
8. Multiple Contrast and Other Types of Muq bala ..................................
9. Plok˙/Echo (radd al-fiajuz fial ß-ßadr / taßdır) .....................................
10. Repetition (takr r and muj wara/tardıd) .............................................
11. Redirection (iltif t) ...............................................................................
42
42
47
49
50
53
54
56
57
58
58
59
IV. fiALQAMA'S POEM: TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY ON
THE RHETORIC ..................................................................................
1. fiAlqama l-Fa˛l .......................................................................................
2. fiAlqama's Poem: Translation and Commentary .....................................
The Love Affair (nasıb) ........................................................................
The Camel Section ................................................................................
The Gnomic Theme ..............................................................................
Self Praise .............................................................................................
60
60
65
66
79
93
102
viii
Contents
V. BASHSH◊R'S POEM: TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY ON
THE RHETORIC .................................................................................. 122
1. Bashsh0r b. Burd .................................................................................... 122
2. Bashsh0r's Poem: Translation and Commentary .................................... 128
The Love Affair (nasıb) ........................................................................ 128
The Camel Section ................................................................................ 143
The Praise ............................................................................................. 153
VI. THE LITERARY IMAGES IN THE TWO POEMS ...........................
1. Metonymy .............................................................................................
Simple Metonymies in fiAlqama ...........................................................
Family-Metonymies in fiAlqama ...........................................................
Artistic Metonymies in fiAlqama ..........................................................
Object Metonymies in fiAlqama ............................................................
Simple Metonymies in Bashsh0r...........................................................
Family-Metonymies in Bashsh0r ..........................................................
Artistic Metonymies in Bashsh0r ..........................................................
Object Metonymies in Bashsh0r ..........................................................
Conclusions Concerning the Metonymy ...............................................
2. Simile ....................................................................................................
Similes in fiAlqama ...............................................................................
Similes in Bashsh0r ...............................................................................
Conclusions Concerning the Simile ......................................................
What does the simile express? ..............................................................
Special structures of the similes ...........................................................
Concealing the tenor .............................................................................
The verb simile .....................................................................................
The similarity appears in the tenor and vehicle ....................................
The extended vehicle simile ..................................................................
The genitive simile................................................................................
3. Metaphor ...............................................................................................
Metaphors in fiAlqama ..........................................................................
Metaphors in Bashsh0r ..........................................................................
Conclusions Concerning the Metaphor .................................................
The nature of the similes behind the metaphors in both poems ............
4. Analogy.................................................................................................
Analogies in fiAlqama ...........................................................................
Analogies in Bashsh0r...........................................................................
Conclusions Concerning the Analogy ...................................................
5. Loose Trope (Synecdoche) ...................................................................
Loose Tropes in fiAlqama .....................................................................
175
176
177
181
181
183
185
187
187
189
191
194
195
199
202
203
206
207
207
208
208
209
209
210
213
218
218
221
221
222
225
228
229
Contents
ix
Loose Tropes in Bashsh0r ..................................................................... 230
Conclusions Concerning the Loose Trope ............................................ 231
VII. BEAUTIFYING THE SENSE AND EMBELLISHING THE
SOUND ............................................................................................... 234
1. Antithesis, Multiple Contrast and Multiple Balance ............................. 234
Antitheses in the Two Poems ................................................................ 235
Multiple Contrasts and Multiple Balance in the Two Poems ................ 239
2. Punning and Other Marginal Rhetorical Figures ................................. 243
Paronomasia/Punning ........................................................................... 243
Derivation (ishtiq q) and Repetition (tardıd) ........................................ 244
Echo (radd al-fiajuz fial ß-ßadr) ........................................................... 249
Double Rhyme (luzüm m l yalzam) ................................................... 251
VIII. CONCLUSIONS: THE RHETORICAL FABRIC IN THE TWO
POEMS.............................................................................................
1. Mapping the Rhetorical Figures in the Two Poems................................
Metonymy .............................................................................................
Simile ....................................................................................................
Metaphor ...............................................................................................
Analogy.................................................................................................
Loose Trope ..........................................................................................
Antithesis and muq bala.......................................................................
Pun/Paronomasia ..................................................................................
2. Rhetorical Usages According to the Themes ..........................................
3. The Credibility of Ibn al-Mufitazz' theory on the badıfi ..........................
252
252
256
256
257
258
259
259
260
260
264
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................... 267
INDEX........................................................................................................ 283