Roanoke County Public Schools
World History and Geography
to 1500 A.D. (C.E.), (Part I)
Curriculum Guide
Summer 2009
Roanoke County Public Schools
Curriculum
Guide
2009
Summer
World History and Geography
to 1500 A.D. (C.E.), (Part I)
Curriculum Guide 2008 Curriculum Guide Revised 2009. Roanoke County Public Schools does not discriminate with regard to race, color, national origin, sex, or handicapping condition in an educational and/or employment policy or practice. Questions and/or complaints should be addressed to the Assistant Superintendent of Administration/Title IX Coordinator at (540) 562-3900 ext. 10121 or the Associate Director of Pupil Personnel Services/504 Coordinator at (540) 562-3900 ext. 10182. Acknowledgements The following people have made tremendous contributions to the completion of this curriculum guide and all are appreciated. Ann Deeds Northside High School George George William Byrd High School Roanoke County Public Schools Administration Dr. Lorraine Lange Superintendent Dr. Cecil Snead Director of Instruction Dr. B.J. Brewer Associate Director of Instruction Amy Cummings Social Studies Coordinator Preface In 1995 the Virginia Board of Education published Standards of Learning in history and social science for kindergarten through grade twelve. In 2000 the Board of Education was directed by the General Assembly to establish a system of periodic review and revision of the Standards of Learning. In accordance with that legislation the Board of Education appointed a task force to review and revise the History and Social Science Standards of Learning in June 2000. This process resulted in the release of the 2001 Curriculum Framework, which defines the essential understandings, knowledge, and skills that are measured by the Standards of Learning tests. On July 17, 2008 the Board of Education passed the current 2008 standards. This curriculum guide is written to assist teachers in implementing the standards put forth for World History and Geography to 1500 A.D. (C.E.) by the state board under the 2008 Curriculum Framework. Curriculum Guide 2008
Table of Contents
Introduction/General Comments.........................................................................................................................................................................
i
Textbook Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................................ i
Sequence of Instruction and Pacing Suggestions..............................................................................................................................................
ii
Sequence of Instruction and Pacing Suggestions.............................................................................................................................................
iii
Mapping for Instruction ­ First Nine Weeks ...................................................................................................................................................1
Mapping for Instruction ­ Second Nine Weeks ..............................................................................................................................................9
Mapping for Instruction ­ Third Nine Weeks ................................................................................................................................................20
Mapping for Instruction ­ Fourth Nine Weeks..............................................................................................................................................29
SOL Blueprints ................................................................................................................................................................................................34
SOL Enhance Scope and Sequence ...............................................................................................................................................................22
Supplemental Resources ................................................................................................................................................................................34
Supplemental Worksheets...............................................................................................................................................................................35
SOL 2002 Framework .....................................................................................................................................................................................35
Curriculum Guide Textbook Overview Ramirez, Susan, et al. Human Legacy. Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston: 2008. i 2008 Curriculum Guide 2008 Sequence of Instruction and Pacing Suggestions First Nine Weeks SOL Chapter/Sections/Topic Time Frame WHI. 1a-f Skills in Historical Research and Geographical Analysis *Taught throughout the year WHI. 2a-d Chapter 1 – The Beginnings of Civilization (Prehistory – 1000 BC) 1 week (5 days) WHI. 3a-e, WHI. 4a Chapter 2 – The Ancient Near East (4000 BC-550BC) 10 days Chapter 3 – Nile Civilizations (5000 BC-AD 300) 10 days Chapter 4 – Ancient India and China (2500 BC-250 BC) 10 days Chapter 8 – Empires of China and India (350 BC-AD 600) 10 days WHI. 4b-f First Nine Weeks Total 45 Second Nine Weeks SOL Chapter/Sections/Topic Time Frame WHI. 5a-g Chapter 5 – Classical Greece (2100 BC-150 BC) 16 -19days WHI. 6a-k Chapter 6 – Rome and Early Christianity (750 BC-AD 500) 16 -19 days WHI. 11a-b Chapter 7 – The Americas (1000 BC-AD 1500) 9-11 days Exam review and time eliminated, absorbed into second nine weeks. Second Nine Weeks Total ii 45 Curriculum Guide 2008 Sequence of Instruction and Pacing Suggestions Third Nine Weeks SOL Chapter/Sections/Topic Time Frame WHI. 8a-d Chapter 9 – Muslim Civilization (550-1250) 10 days WHI. 10a,b,d Chapter 10 – African Kingdoms (100-1500) 6-8 days WHI. 10c Chapter 11 – Cultures of East Asia (550-1400) 6-8 days WHI. 7a-e Chapter 12 – Kingdoms and Christianity (300-1250) 10 days WHI. 9a-d Chapter 13 – The Early Middle Ages (800-1215) 10 days (continue 4th 9 weeks) Third Nine Weeks Total 45 Fourth Nine Weeks SOL Chapter/Sections/Topic Time Frame WHI.12a-d Chapter 14 – The High Middle Ages (1000-1500) 12-15 days WHI. 13a-d Chapter 15 – Renaissance and Reformation (1300-1650) Sections 1 & 2 12-15 days SOL Review SOL review 4-6 days SOL Testing SOL testing 5 day window Post SOL and final assessment 11 days Fourth Nine Weeks Total iii 45 Curriculum Guide 2008 Mapping for Instruction – First Nine Weeks SOL with Essential Knowledge and Skill STANDARD WHI.1 a­f The student will improve skills in historical research and geographical analysis by: a) identifying, analyzing, and interpreting primary and secondary sources to make generalizations about events and life in world history to 1500 A.D. (C.E.); b) using maps, globes, artifacts, and pictures to analyze the physical and cultural landscapes of the world and interpret the past to 1500 A.D. (C.E.); c) identifying major geographic features important to the study of world history to 1500 A.D. (C.E.); d) identifying and comparing political boundaries with the location of civilizations, empires, and kingdoms from 4000 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 1500 A.D. (C.E.); e) analyzing trends in human migration and cultural interaction from prehistory to 1500 A.D. (C.E.) ; f) analyzing the impact of economic forces, including taxation, government spending, trade, resources, and monetary systems on events to 1500 A.D. (C.E.). Textbook Chapters/Sections/Topics Supporting Materials Comments *This SOL should be covered throughout the year by using a variety of activities as supported by the SOL itself Chapter 1 – The Beginnings of Civilization Ch. 1, Sec. 1 – pp. 5­11 STANDARD WHI.2 a­d The student will demonstrate knowledge of early development of humankind from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by: * EK will represent Essential Knowledge throughout the document Curriculum Guide a) explaining the impact of geographic environment on hunter­
gatherer societies; EK: Homo sapiens emerged in east Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago. Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Early humans were hunters and gatherers whose survival depended on the availability of wild plants and animals. b) listing characteristics of hunter­
gatherer societies, including their use of tools and fire; EK: Hunter­gatherer societies during the Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age): • Were nomadic (migrated in search of food, water, shelter) • Invented the first tools, including simple weapons • Learned how to make and use fire • Lived in clans • Developed oral language • Created “cave art” c) describing technological and social advancements that gave rise to stable communities; EK: Societies during the Neolithic Era (New Stone Age): • Developed agriculture (domesticated plants) • Domesticated animals • Used advanced tools • Made pottery • Developed weaving skills Ch. 1, Sec. 1 – pp. 5­11 Ch. 1, Sec. 2 – pp. 12­17 2008 Prehistoric Graphic Organizer PREHISTORIC TOOL ASSIGNMENT.doc Prehistoric_Essay.rtf Curriculum Guide d) explaining how archaeological discoveries are changing present­day knowledge of early peoples. EK: Archaeologists study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, settlements, fossils, and artifacts. Archaeologists apply scientific tests such as carbon dating to analyze fossils and artifacts. Stonehenge is an example of an archaeological site in England that was begun during the Neolithic and completed during the Bronze Age. Aleppo and Jericho are examples of early cities in the Fertile Crescent studied by archaeologists. Çatalhöyük is an example of a Neolithic settlement currently under excavation in Anatolia. Chapters 2 & 3 – The Ancient Near East and Nile Civilizations STANDARD WHI.3a­e The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient river valley civilizations, including, Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Valley, and China and the civilizations of the Hebrews, Phoenicians, and Nubians, by: a) locating these civilizations in time and place; EK: River valley civilizations (about 3500 To 500 B.C. [B.C.E.]) • Mesopotamian civilization - Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys (Southwest Asia) • Egyptian civilization - Nile River Valley and Delta (Africa) Ch. 1, Sec. 1 Ch. 1, Sec. 3 – p. 18 Ch. 1, Sec. 2 – p. 17 Ch. 1 History and Geography – pp. 24­25 Ch. 2, Sec. 1 – pp. 33­44 Ch. 3, Sec. 1 & 2 – pp. 61­80 2008 RCPS Slot Outline­Mesopotamia.doc Mesopotamia Question Activity.rtf Outside Sources may be necessary for this section of the SOL Curriculum Guide • Indian civilization - Indus River Valley (South Asia) • Chinese civilization - Huang He Valley (East Asia) These river valleys offered rich soils and irrigation waters for agriculture, and they tended to be in locations easily protected from invasion by nomadic peoples. Other early civilizations (about 2000 to 500 B.C. [B.C.E.]) • Hebrews settled between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River Valley (part of Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia). • Phoenicians settled along the Mediterranean coast (part of Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia). • Nubia was located on the upper (southern) Nile River (Africa). b) describing the development of social, political, and economic patterns, including slavery; EK: Development of social patterns • Hereditary rulers (dynasties of kings, pharaohs) • Rigid class system, where slavery was accepted Development of political patterns • World’s first states (city-states, kingdoms, empires) • Centralized government (often based on religious authority) • Written law codes (Ten Commandments, Code of Hammurabi) Development of economic patterns • Metal tools and weapons (bronze, iron) • Increasing agricultural surplus (better tools, plows, irrigation) • Increasing trade along rivers and by Ch. 4, Sec. 1 – pp. 93­95 Ch. 4, Sec. 4 – pp. 108­109 Ch. 2, Sec. 3 – pp. 45­49 Ch. 2, Sec. 2 – pp. 43­44 Ch. 3, Sec. 3 – pp. 81­82 Ch. 3, Sec. 1 – p. 66 Ch. 2, Sec. 1 – pp. 34­36 Ch. 2, Sec. 3 – pp. 46­47, 36­37 Ch. 2, Sec. 2 – p. 40 Ch. 2, Sec. 1 – p. 34 Ch. 2, Sec. 2 – p. 43 2008 RCPS Question Activity ­ Hebrews, Phoenicians....doc Written Law Codes Venn Diagram.rtf Early Ancient Civilizations Chart.rtf Curriculum Guide Sea (Phoenicians) • Development of the world’s first cities • Development of the practice of slavery in the ancient world among most cultures, taking various forms c) explaining the development of religious traditions; EK: Development of religious traditions • Polytheism was practiced by most early civilizations. • Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews. d) describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Judaism; EK: Origins of Judaism • Abraham • Moses • Jerusalem Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaism • Belief in one God (monotheism) • Torah, which contains written records and beliefs of Jews • Ten Commandments, which state moral and religious conduct Spread of Judaism • Exile • Diaspora e) explaining the development of language and writing. EK: Language and writing • Pictograms (earliest written symbols) • Hieroglyphics (Egypt) • Cuneiform (Sumer) • Alphabet (Phoenicians) Ch. 2, Sec. 2 – p. 34 Ch. 2, Sec.2 – p. 36 Ch. 2, Sec. 1 – pp. 34­35 Ch. 2, Sec. 3 – pp. 45­49 Ch. 2, Sec. 3: ­p. 46 ­p. 46 ­p. 48 ­pp. 46­47 ­pp. 46­47 ­pp. 46­48 Ch. 4, Sec. 1 – p. 93 Ch. 3, Sec. 2 – p. 78 Ch. 2, Sec. 1 – p. 35 Ch. 2, Sec. 2 – p. 44 2008 W. Religions Charts.doc *This document can be used for all major religions this year Curriculum Guide Chapters 4 & 8 – Ancient India and China and Empires of India and China STANDARD WHI. 4a­f The student will demonstrate knowledge of the civilizations of Persia, India, and China in terms of chronology, geography, social structures, government, economy, religion, and contributions to later civilizations by: a) describing Persia, including Zoroastrianism and the development of an imperial bureaucracy; EK: Persian Empire • Tolerance of conquered peoples • Development of an imperial bureaucracy • Road system • Zoroastrianism − Religion of Persia − Belief in two opposing forces in the universe b) describing India, with emphasis on the Aryan migrations and the caste system; EK: Physical barriers such as the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the Indian Ocean made invasion more difficult. Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided migration routes into the Indian subcontinent. The Indus and Ganges were the most important rivers in the Indian subcontinent. Indus River Valley civilization (Harrapa and Mohenjo-Daro) Aryans (Indo­Aryans) • Migration, assertion of dominance Ch. 2, Sec. 4: ­p. 51 ­p. 53 ­p. 54 ­pp. 53­54 Ch. 4, Sec. 1 – p. 94 Ch. 4, Sec. 1 – pp. 94­96 Ch. 4, Sec. 1 – pp. 96­97 2008 Curriculum Guide Ch. 4, Sec. 1 – p. 97 Ch. 8, Sec. 4 – p. 239 Mauryan Empire ­ Asoka Ch. 8, Sec. 3 – pp. 233­235 • Continued political unification of much of India • Contributions - spread Buddhism, free hospitals, veterinary clinics, and good roads Ch. 8 , Sec. 3 – pp. 236­241 Gupta Empire • Golden age of classical Indian culture • Contributions - mathematics (concept of zero), medical advances (set bones), astronomy (concept of earth as round), new textiles, literature Ch. 4, Sec. 2 – pp. 98­102 c) describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Hinduism; EK: Hinduism • Belief in many forms of one God • Reincarnation: Rebirth based upon karma • Karma: Knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in future consequences ­pp. 97­98 • Vedas and Upanishads: Sacred writings • Spread along major trade routes d) describing the origins, beliefs, Ch. 4, Sec. 3 – pp. 103­107 traditions, customs, and spread of Buddhism; EK: Buddhism • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) • Four Noble Truths • Eightfold Path to Enlightenment Asoka’s missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia. Ch. 8, Sec. 1 – pp. 223­224 e) describing China, with emphasis on the development of an empire and the construction of the Great Wall; • Caste system, which influenced all social interactions and choices of occupations 2008 Text and RCPS Question Activity ­ India.doc Chart ­ EMPIRES OF INDIA.doc Curriculum Guide f) describing the impact of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. EK: Migratory invaders raided Chinese settlements from the North. The Great Wall was built by Qin Shi Huangdi as a line of defense against invasions. China was governed by a succession of ruling Ch. 4, Sec. 4 – p. 111 families called dynasties. Chinese rulers were considered divine, but they Ch. 4, Sec. 4 – p. 111 served under a Mandate of Heaven only as long as their rule was just. The Silk Roads facilitated trade and contact Ch. 8, Sec. 2 – p. 230 (map) between China and other cultures as far away as ­p. 231, 239, 315, 318 Rome. Contributions of classical China Ch. 8, Sec. 1 & 2: ­p. 226 • civil service system ­p. 232 • paper Ch. 11, Sec. 1 – p. 313 • porcelain ­p. 231 • silk Contributions of Confucianism in forming Ch. 4, Sec. 4 – pp. 112­113 the social order in China Ch. 8, Sec. 1 – p. 226 • Belief that humans are good, not bad • Respect for elders • Code of politeness, still used in Chinese society today • Emphasis on education • Ancestor worship Contributions of Taoism in forming Ch. 4, Sec. 4 – pp. 112­113 Chinese culture and values • Humility • Simple life and inner peace • Harmony with nature Yin/Yang represented opposites for Confucianism and Taoism. Chinese forms of Buddhism spread throughout Ch. 4, Sec. 3 – pp. 106­107 Asia. 2008 CHINESE HISTORY Notes.doc RCPS Slot Outline ­ Han Dynasty.doc RCPS Slot Outline ­ Qin Dynasty.doc RCPS Slot Outline ­ Confucianism.rtf RCPS Slot Outline ­ Taoism.rtf Curriculum Guide 2008 Mapping for Instruction - Second Nine Weeks SOL with Essential Knowledge and Skill Chapter 5 – Classical Greece STANDARD WHI. 5a­g The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by: a) assessing the influence of geography on Greek economic, social, and political development, including the impact of Greek commerce and colonies; EK: Location and place • Aegean Sea • Balkan and Peloponnesus peninsula¬, Europe, Asia Minor • Mediterranean Sea • Black Sea, Dardanelles • Athens, Sparta, Troy • Macedonia Economic and social development • Agriculture (limited arable land) • Commerce and the spread of Hellenic culture • Shift from barter to money economy (coins) Political development • Mountainous terrain helped and hindered the development of city- states. • Greek cities were designed to promote civic and commercial life. • Colonization related to overpopulation and the search for arable land. b) describing Greek mythology and religion; Textbook Chapters/Sections/Topics Supporting Materials Comparison of Athens and Sparta.rtf Greece ­ Websites for Students.doc Greece Question Activity WH1.5a­5e.doc Pre­AP Civilization Characteristics Chart­ Greece.doc RCPS Slot Outline ­ Macedonia.rtf RCPS Slot Outline ­ Greek Contributions.rtf Comments Curriculum Guide EK: Greek mythology • Based on polytheistic religion • Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events Greek gods and goddesses • Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, and Aphrodite • Symbols and images in Western literature, art, and architecture. c) identifying the social structure and role of slavery, explaining the significance of citizenship and the development of democracy, and comparing the city­states of Athens and Sparta; EK: Social structure and citizenship in the Greek polis • Citizens (free adult males) had political rights and the responsibility of civic participation in government. • Women and foreigners had no political rights. • Slaves had no political rights. Athens • Stages in evolution of Athenian government: Monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, democracy • Tyrants who worked for reform: Draco, Solon • Origin of democratic principles: Direct democracy, public debate, duties of the citizen Sparta • Oligarchy (rule by a small group) • Rigid social structure • Militaristic and aggressive society d) evaluating the significance of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars; 2008 Curriculum Guide EK: Importance of Persian Wars (499 – 449 B.C. [B.C.E.]) • Persian wars united Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire. • Athenian victories over the Persians at Marathon and Salamis left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea. • Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations in government and culture. Importance of Peloponnesian War (431­ 404 B.C. [B.C.E.]) • Caused in part by competition for control of the Greek world – Athens and the Delian League v. Sparta and the Peloponnesian League • Resulted in the slowing of cultural advance and the weakening of political power e) characterizing life in Athens during the Golden Age of Pericles; f) citing contributions in drama, poetry, history, sculpture, architecture, science, mathematics, and philosophy, with emphasis on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle; EK: Golden Age of Pericles (mostly occurring between the Persian and the Peloponnesian Wars) • Pericles extended democracy; most adult males had equal voice. • Pericles had Athens rebuilt after destruction in Persian Wars; the Parthenon is an example of this reconstruction. Contributions of Greek culture to Western civilization • Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles • Poetry: Homer (Iliad and Odyssey) • History: Herodotus, Thucydides • Sculpture: Phidias 2008 Curriculum Guide • Architecture: Types of columns included Doric (Parthenon), Ionian, and Corinthian • Science: Archimedes, Hippocrates • Mathematics: Euclid, Pythagoras • Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle g) explaining the conquest of Greece by Macedonia and the formation and spread of Hellenistic culture by Alexander the Great. EK: Philip II, King of Macedon • Conquered most of Greece Alexander the Great • Established an empire from Greece to Egypt and the margins of India•
Extended Greek cultural influences Hellenistic Age • Blend of Greek and oriental elements • Spread of Hellenistic culture through trade Chapter 6 – Rome and Early Christianity STANDARD WHI. 6a­k The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Rome from about 700 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 500 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by: a) assessing the influence of geography on Roman economic, social, and political development; EK: Location and place • Rome - Centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers • Italian Peninsula • Alps - Protection • Mediterranean Sea - Protection, sea- borne commerce 2008 RCPS Question Activities ­ ROME.doc RCPS Question Activities ­ ROME.doc Questions on Christianity ­ RCPS WHI.6h.doc Curriculum Guide b) describing Roman mythology and religion; EK: Roman mythology • Based on the Greek polytheistic religion • Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events Roman gods and goddesses • Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus • Symbols and images in literature, art, and architecture c) explaining the social structure and role of slavery, significance of citizenship, and the development of democratic features in the government of the Roman Republic; EK: Social structure in the Roman Republic • Patricians - Powerful nobility (few in number) • Plebeians - Majority of population • Slaves - Not based on race Citizenship • Patrician and plebeian men • Selected foreigners • Rights and responsibilities of citizenship (taxes, military service) Features of Democracy • Representative democracy • Assemblies • The Senate • Consuls • Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables d) sequencing events leading to Roman military domination of the Mediterranean basin and Western Europe 2008 Curriculum Guide and the spread of Roman culture in these areas; EK: Punic Wars: Rome v. Carthage (264­
146 B.C. [B.C.E.]) • Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade. • Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula. • Three wars resulted in Roman victory, the destruction of Carthage, and expanded trade and wealth for Rome. Evolution of the Roman Empire and spread of Roman culture • Mediterranean basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean) • Western Europe (Gaul, British Isles) e) assessing the impact of military conquests on the army, economy, and social structure of Rome; f) assessing the roles of Julius and Augustus Caesar in the collapse of the Republic and the rise of imperial monarchs; EK: Causes for the decline of the Roman Republic • Spread of slavery in the agricultural system • Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment • Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar • Devaluation of Roman currency; inflation The origin and evolution of Imperial Rome • First triumvirate • Julius Caesar - Seizure of power, assassination 2008 Curriculum Guide • Augustus Caesar - Civil war, defeat of Marc Anthony, Rome’s first emperor • Empire - Unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military • Failure to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors g) explaining the economic, social, and political impact of the Pax Romana; EK: The Pax Romana • Two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule • Expansion and solidification of Roman Empire, particularly in the Near East Economic impact of the Pax Romana • Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade • Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads • Promoted prosperity and stability Social impact of the Pax Romana • Returned stability to social classes • Increased emphasis on the family Political impact of the Pax Romana • Created a civil service • Developed a uniform rule of law h) describing the origin, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Christianity; EK: Origins of Christianity • Had its roots in Judaism • Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed the Messiah • Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of Roman Empire 2008 Curriculum Guide Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Christianity • Monotheism • Jesus as both Son and incarnation of God • Life after death • New Testament, containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians • Christian doctrine established by early church councils Spread of Christianity • Popularity of the message • Early martyrs inspired others • Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire i) explaining the development and significance of the Church in the late Roman Empire; EK: Impact of the Church of Rome in the late Roman Empire • The Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal. • Christianity later became the official state religion. • The Church became a source of moral authority. • Loyalty to the Church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor. • The Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe. j) listing contributions in art and architecture, technology and science, literature and history, language, religious institutions, and law; EK: Contributions of ancient Rome • Art/architecture: Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum 2008 Curriculum Guide • Technology: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches • Science: Ptolemy • Medicine: Emphasis on public health (public baths; public water system; medical schools) • Language: Latin, Romance languages • Literature: Virgil’s Aeneid • Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion • Law: The principle of “innocent until proven guilty” (from the Twelve Tables) k) citing the reasons for the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire. EK: Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire • Geographic size - difficulty of defense and administration • Economy - The cost of defense and devaluation of Roman currency • Military - Army membership starting to include non-Romans, resulting in decline of discipline • Moral decay - People’s loss of faith in Rome and the family • Political problems - Civil conflict and weak administration • Invasion - Attacks on borders Division of Roman Empire • Move of capital by Constantine from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople • Survival of Western Roman Empire until 476 A.D. (C.E.), when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor • Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) 2008 Curriculum Guide 2008 Chapter 7 – The Americas STANDARD WHI. 11a­b The student will demonstrate knowledge of major civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, including the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan by: a) describing geographic relationship, with emphasis on patterns of development in terms of climate and physical features; b) describing cultural patterns and political and economic structures. EK: Mayan civilization • Located in the Mexican and Central American rain forest • Represented by Chichén Itzá • Groups of city-states ruled by kings • Economy based on agriculture and trade • Polytheistic religion - Pyramids Aztec civilization • Located in arid valley in central Mexico • Represented by Tenochtitlan • Ruled by an emperor • Economy based on agriculture and tribute from conquered peoples • Polytheistic religion - Pyramids/rituals Incan civilization • Located in the Andes Mountains of South America • Represented by Machu Picchu • Ruled by an emperor • Economy based on high-altitude agriculture • Polytheistic religion • Road system Chart ­ Western Hemisphere.doc RCPS Course Readings WHI.11a­b ­
Western Hemisphere Questions.doc PP­The Western Hemisphere.ppt Curriculum Guide Achievements of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations • Calendars • Mathematics • Writing and other record keeping systems 2008 Curriculum Guide 2008 Mapping for Instruction – Third Nine Weeks SOL with Essential Knowledge and Skill Chapter 9 – Muslim Civilization STANDARD WHI. 8a­d Textbook Chapters/Sections/Topics Supporting Materials The student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) by: a) describing the origin, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Islam; EK: Origins of Islam RCPS Slot Outline ­ Origins of Islam.doc • Muhammad, the Prophet • Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities Spread of Islam • Across Asia and Africa, and into Spain • Geographic extent of first Muslim empire Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam • Monotheism (Allah, Arabic word for “God”) • Qur’an (Koran): The word of God • Five pillars of Islam • Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets, including Moses and Jesus b) assessing the influence of geography on Islamic economic, social, and political development, including the impact of conquest and trade; EK: Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam • Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca and Medina • Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers • Spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia, facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian empires WHI.8 Slot Outline ­ Spread of Islam.doc Comments Curriculum Guide 2008 Geographic influences on economic, social, and political development • Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived. • Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands. • Slavery was not based on race. c) identifying historical turning points that affected the spread and influence of Islamic civilization, with emphasis on the Sunni­Shi’a division, and the Battle of Tours; EK: Historical turning points • Death of Ali - Sunni-Shi’a division • Muslim conquest of Jerusalem and Damascus • Islamic capital moved to Baghdad • Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours • Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols d) citing cultural and scientific contributions and achievements of Islamic civilization. Cultural contributions and achievements • Architecture (Dome of the Rock) • Mosaics • Arabic alphabet • Universities • Translation of ancient texts into Arabic Scientific contributions and achievements • Arabic numerals (adapted from India, including zero) • Algebra • Medicine • Expansion of geographic knowledge Curriculum Guide Chapter 10 – African Kingdoms STANDARD WHI. 10a,b, d The student will demonstrate knowledge of civilizations and empires of the Eastern Hemisphere and their interactions through regional trade patterns by: a) locating major trade routes; 2008 EK: Major trade patterns of the Eastern Hemisphere from 1000 to 1500 A.D. (C.E.) • Silk roads across Asia to the Mediterranean basin • Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean • Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa • Northern European links with the Black Sea • Western European sea and river trade • South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia b) identifying technological advances and transfers, networks of economic interdependence, and cultural interactions; EK: Goods • Gold from West Africa • Spices from lands around the Indian Ocean • Textiles from India, China, the Middle East, and later Europe • Porcelain from China and Persia • Amber from the Baltic region Technology • Paper from China through the Muslim world to Byzantium and Western Europe • New crops from India (e.g., for making sugar) • Waterwheels and windmills • Navigation—Compass from China, lateen sail from Indian Ocean Curriculum Guide Ideas • Spread of religions across the hemisphere – Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan – Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia – Islam into West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia Printing and paper money from China d) describing east African kingdoms of Axum and Zimbabwe and west African civilizations of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in terms of geography, society, economy, and religion. EK: Axum • Location relative to the Ethiopian Highlands and the Nile River • Christian kingdom Zimbabwe • Location relative to the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers and the Indian Ocean coast • City of “Great Zimbabwe” as capital of a prosperous empire West African kingdoms • Location of Ghana, Mali, Songhai empires relative to Niger River and the Sahara • Importance of gold and salt to trans-Saharan trade • City of Timbuktu as center of trade and learning • Role of animism and Islam Chapter 11 – Cultures of East Asia STANDARD WHI. 10c The student will demonstrate knowledge of civilizations and empires of the Eastern Hemisphere and their interactions through 2008 African Kingdoms Chart.rtf RCPS WHI.10d Slot Outline ­ Africa.doc RCPS Course Readings ­ Questions ­ Africa.doc Curriculum Guide regional trade patterns by: c) describing Japan, with emphasis on the impact of Shinto and Buddhist traditions and the influence of Chinese culture; EK: Location and place • Mountainous Japanese archipelago (four main islands) • Sea of Japan or East Sea between Japan and Asian mainland • Proximity to China and Korea Influence of Chinese culture • Writing • Architecture • Buddhism Shinto • Ethnic religion unique to Japan • Importance of natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors • State religion; worshipping the emperor Coexistence with Buddhism Chapter 12 – Kingdoms and Christianity STANDARD WHI. 7a­e The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Byzantine Empire and Russia from about 300 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) by a) explaining the establishment of Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire; EK: Location of Constantinople • Protection of the eastern frontier • Distance from Germanic invasions in the western empire • Crossroads of trade • Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordering natural harbors 2008 RCPS QUESTIONS ­ Japan.doc RCPS Questions on Byzantine Empire, SOL 7a ­ d.doc BYZANTINE EMPIRE TIMELINE 2 .doc Byzantine Mosaics.doc The Byzantine Empire Powerpoint 2.ppt Curriculum Guide Role of Constantinople • Seat of the Byzantine Empire until Ottoman conquest • Preserved classical Greco-Roman culture • Center of trade b) identifying Justinian and his contributions, including the codification of Roman law, and describing the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and economy; EK: Byzantine Emperor Justinian • Codification of Roman law (impact on European legal codes) • Reconquest of former Roman territories • Expansion of trade c) characterizing Byzantine art and architecture, and the preservation ofGreek and Roman traditions; EK: Byzantine achievements in art and architecture • Inspiration provided by Christian religion and imperial power • Icons (religious images) • Mosaics in public and religious structures • Hagia Sophia (a Byzantine domed church) Byzantine culture • Continued flourishing of Greco-Roman traditions • Greek language (as contrasted with Latin in the West) • Greek Orthodox Christianity • Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries d) explaining disputes that led to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church; 2008 Curriculum Guide 2008 Eastern Church • Centered in Constantinople • Close to seat of power after Constantinople became capital • Use of Greek language in the liturgy Western Church • Centered in Rome • Farther from seat of power after Constantinople became capital • Use of Latin language in the liturgy Division between Western and Eastern Churches • Authority of the Pope eventually accepted in the West • Authority of the Patriarch accepted in the East • Practices such as celibacy eventually accepted in the West e) mapping and assessing the impact of Byzantine influence and trade on Russi and Eastern Europe. EK:Influence of Byzantine culture on Eastern Europe and Russia • Trade routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea • Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and much of Eastern Europe • Adoption of Greek alphabet to the Slavic languages by St. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabet) • Church architecture and religious art Chapter 13 – Early Middle Ages STANDARD WHI.9a­d The student will demonstrate knowledge of Western Europe during the Middle Ages from about 500 to 1100 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by Intro­ Early Medieval Powerpoint.ppt RCPS Question Activities WHI.9a­d.doc Curriculum Guide a) sequencing events related to the spread and influence of Christianity and the Catholic Church throughout Europe; EK: Foundations of early medieval society • Classical heritage of Rome • Christian beliefs • Customs of Germanic tribes Influence of the Roman Catholic Church • Secular authority declined, while church authority grew. • Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements. • Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes. • Pope anointed Charlemagne Emperor in 800 A.D. (C.E.) • Parish priests served religious and social needs of the people. b) explaining the structure of feudal society and its economic, social, and political effects; EK: Invasions shattered Roman protection over the Empire. Feudal society during the Middle Ages • Fief • Vassals • Serfs • Feudal obligations Manorial system during the Middle Ages • Rigid class structure • Self-sufficient manors c) explaining the rise of Frankish kings, the Age of Charlemagne, and the revival of the idea of the Roman Empire; 2008 RCPS Early Medieval Vocabulary.docRCPS Slot Outline ­ Spread and Influence of Christianity.doc Feudal Society Powerpoint.ppt RCPS Slot Outline Feudalism.doc Curriculum Guide EK: Age of Charlemagne • Franks emerged as a force in Western Europe. • The Pope crowned the Emperor. • Power of the church was established in political life. • Roman culture was reinterpreted. • Most of western Europe was included in the new empire. • Churches, roads, and schools were built to unite the empire. d) sequencing events related to the invasions, settlements, and influence of migratory groups, including Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings. EK: Areas of settlement • Angles and Saxons from continental Europe to England • Magyars from Central Asia to Hungary • Vikings from Scandinavia to Russia Influence of the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings • Manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system. • Invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and the feudal system was strengthened. 2008 The Franks Powerpoint.ppt RCPS Slot Outline ­ Frankish Kings.doc RCPS Slot Outline ­ Invasions, Settlements.doc Curriculum Guide 2008 Mapping for Instruction ­ Fourth Nine Weeks SOL with Essential Knowledge and Skill Chapter 14 – The High Middle Ages STANDARD WHI.12a­d The student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the late medieval period by: a) describing the emergence of nation­states (England, France, Spain, and Russia) and distinctive political developments in each; EK: England • William the Conqueror, leader of the Norman Conquest, united most of England. • Common law had its beginnings during the reign of Henry II. • King John signed the Magna Carta, limiting the King’s power. • The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define England as a nation. • Evolution of Parliament. France • Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France. • The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define France as a nation. • Joan of Arc was a unifying factor. Spain • Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and expelled Jews and Moors. • Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Charles V. Textbook Chapters/Sections/Topics Supporting Materials Comments Pre­AP Chart ­ Rise of European Monarchy and Nation­States.doc Pre­AP Emergence of Nation States PowerPoint.ppt WHI.12a­ Chart Nation States­.doc RCPS Slot Outline ­12a ­ Nation States.doc Curriculum Guide 2008 Russia • Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian nation. • Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar. • The Orthodox Church influenced unification. b) explaining conflicts among Eurasian powers, including the Crusades, the Mongol conquests, and the fall of Constantinople; EK: Key events of Crusades • Pope Urban’s speech • The capture of Jerusalem • Founding of Crusader states • Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin • Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders Effects of Crusades • Weakened the Pope and nobles; strengthened monarchs • Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East • Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims • Weakened the Byzantine Empire Mongol armies • Invaded Russia, China and Muslim states in Southwest Asia, destroying cities and countryside • Created an empire Constantinople • Fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire • Became capital of the Ottoman Empire RCPS Question Activity ­ 12b­c.doc RCPS Slot Outline ­ 12 b Crusades.doc RCPS Slot Outline ­WHI.12b Mongols, Fall of Constantinople.doc Curriculum Guide c) identifying patterns of crisis and recovery related to the Black Death (Bubonic plague); EK: Impact of the Black Death (Bubonic plague). • Decline in population • Scarcity of labor • Towns freed from feudal obligations • Decline of church influence • Disruption of trade d) explaining the preservation and transfer to Western Europe of Greek, Roman, and Arabic philosophy, medicine, and science. EK: Church scholars • Were among the very few who could read and write • Worked in monasteries • Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin • Made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available in Europe • Laid the foundation for the rise of universities in Europe Chapter 15 – Renaissance and Reformation STANDARD WHI.13a­d The student will demonstrate knowledge of developments leading to the Renaissance in Europe in terms of its impact on Western civilization by: a) identifying the economic foundations of the Italian Renaissance; EK: Economic effects of the Crusades • Increased demand for Middle Eastern products • Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets 2008 RCPS Slot Outline ­ Black Death 12c..doc RCPS Slot Outline ­ WHI.12d Preservation of Cultures.rtf RCPS Question Activity ­ Renaissance.doc Notes ­ Renaissance.doc Curriculum Guide • Encouraged the use of credit and banking Important economic concepts • Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy. • Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade. • New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced. b) sequencing events related to the rise of Italian city­states and their political development, including Machiavelli’s theory of governing as described in The Prince; EK: Florence, Venice, and Genoa • Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets • Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe • Were initially independent city-states governed as republics Machiavelli’s The Prince • An early modern treatise on government • Supported absolute power of the ruler • Maintains that the end justifies the means Advises that one should do good if possible, but do evil when necessary c) citing artistic, literary, and philosophical creativity, as contrasted with the medieval period, including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Petrarch; Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation; Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity. Artistic and literary creativity • Leonardo da Vinci - Mona Lisa and The Last Supper 2008 Curriculum Guide • Michelangelo - Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David • Petrarch - Sonnets, humanist scholarship Humanism • Celebrated the individual • Stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture • Was supported by wealthy patrons d) comparing the Italian and the Northern Renaissance, and citing the contributions of writers. EK: Northern Renaissance • Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas. • Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity. • The movable type printing press and the production and sale of books (Gutenberg Bible) helped disseminate ideas. Northern Renaissance writers • Erasmus - The Praise of Folly (1511) • Sir Thomas More - Utopia (1516) Northern Renaissance artists portrayed religious and secular subjects. 2008 Curriculum Guide SOL Blueprints http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/blueprints/history_socialscience_blueprints/2008/blueprints_worldhistory_geo_to1500.pdf SOL Sample Scope and Sequence PDF: http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/scope_sequence/history_socialscience_scope_sequence/2008/scopeseq_histsoc_worldgeo_to1500.pdf Click here for document to access Word document: http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/standards_docs/history_socialscience/index.shtml SOL Released Test Seven questions released by VDOE, summer 2011 http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/released_tests/2011/history_sample/wh1_history.pdf Supplemental Resources NBC Learn http://archives.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k-12 2008 Curriculum Guide Supplemental Worksheets Supplemental worksheets are throughout the document. If a resource’s link does not open use your browser’s back button to the directory page that has the corresponding link. SOL 2008 Framework Link to PDF: http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/frameworks/history_socialscience_framewks/2008/2008_final/framewks_worldhistory_geo1500.pdf Click here for page to access Word document: http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/standards_docs/history_socialscience/index.shtml 2008 Curriculum Guide 1
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