Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
guiding harmonization in the Black Sea Region
Project: Integrated hotspots management and saving
the living Black Sea ecosystem
HOT BLACK SEA
2.2.1.72761.225 MIS-ETC 2303
2015
Document Control Sheet
Project Full Title:
Integrated hotspots management and saving
the living Black Sea ecosystem
Project Acronym:
Hot Black Sea (HBS)
Grant Agreement No.
2.2.1.72761.225 MIS-ETC 2303
Coordinator:
Dr. Georgeta Alecu
Project start date and duration:
March 2013, 31 months
Project website:
http://www.bs-hotspots.eu/
Package of Activities No:
PA 1
Package of Activities Title:
Harmonization of Hot Spots policies
Report Title:
Technical Report on Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Responsible:
ICPE-CA; Bourgas Municipality
Partners involved:
All project partners
Status:
Final (F)
Draft (D)
Revised draft (RV)
Dissemination level:
Public (PU)
Restricted to other program participants (PP)
Restricted to a group specified by the consortium
(RE)
Confidential, only for members of the consortium
(CO)
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We sincerely thank all stakeholders who greatly contributed to the preparation of this report.
Disclaimer
The information contained in this report is subject to change without notice and should not be interpreted as a
final commitment by any members of the HotBlackSea Consortium or the authors.
This document cannot be copied, reproduced or distributed, entirely or partly, without written permission from
the HotBlackSea Consortium. Acknowledgement of the authors of the document (HBS Project Consortium)
shall be clearly referenced.
All rights reserved to the HotBlackSea Consortium.
Note: The Report is a working (living) document, it evolved during the last years in the process of stakeholders
consultations and remains opened for any updates which may arrive in the Black Sea region when harmonization
in rivers monitoring starts better developing.
Cover page photo: Evgeni Dinev
Recommended citation: HBS Project Consortium. 2015, Rivers Monitoring Report: Guiding
harmonization in the Black Sea Region, HBS Project (http://bs-hotspots.eu/) publications. 129 pp.
3
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
11
STATE OF THE ART IN BLACK SEA RIVERS MONITORING
14
1.
Rivers monitoring and assessments as required by EU legislation
14
2.
National monitoring – country reviews
18
BULGARIA ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
GEORGIA ....................................................................................................................................................... 43
ROMANIA ....................................................................................................................................................... 52
TURKEY .......................................................................................................................................................... 73
UKRAINE ........................................................................................................................................................ 86
3.
International level (Black Sea regional)
95
CONCLUSIONS AND NEEDS IN HARMONIZATION
96
1.
General conclusions
96
2.
Conclusions as per priorities in harmonization
101
RECOMMENDATIONS
104
ANNEX I: Rivers surveillance and operational monitoring programme in the Bulgarian Black Sea
Basin, 2010-2015
113
ANNEX II. Projects in Turkey in support of surface waters management advancements
4
124
ABBREVIATIONS
BG
BS
BSC
BSIMAP
BSIS
BS SAP
EC
EcoQOs
EEA
EU
GE
HS
ICPDR
IPPC
ISO
LBS
PA
QA
QC
RO
SCI
TNMN
TPH
TR
TUBITAK
UA
WFD
WWTP
Bulgaria
Black Sea
Black Sea Commission (Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution),
www.blacksea-commission.org
Black Sea Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Program
Black Sea Information System
Black Sea Strategic Action Plan
European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/
Ecosystem Quality Objectives
European Environment Agency
European Union
Georgia
Hot Spot
Convention on the Protection of the Danube River, www.icpdr.org/
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
International Organization for Standardization, http://www.iso.org
Land Based Sources (of pollution)
Project Activity
Quality assurance
Quality control
Romania
Sites of Community Interest (NATURE2000)
Trans National Monitoring Network
Total petroleum hydrocarbons
Turkey
The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, www.tubitak.gov.tr/
Ukraine
Water Framework Directive
Waste Water Treatment Plant
5
DEFINITIONS
Diffuse sources – they are also named ‘non-point’ sources. Nonpoint source pollution generally results from
land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric deposition, drainage, seepage or hydrologic modification. Diffuse sources
are those which cannot be attributed to a specific location and their discharges/emissions are often found not in
the immediate environment but in areas far away.
Environmental quality standard - the concentration of a particular pollutant or group of pollutants in water,
sediment or biota, which should not be exceeded in order to protect human health and the environment.
Environmental target - means a qualitative or quantitative statement on the desired condition of the different
components of, and pressures and impacts on, marine waters in respect of a marine region or subregion.
Eutrophication - an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter to an ecosystem.
Hot Spot – means a limited and definable local land area, stretch of surface water or specific aquifer that is
subject to excessive pollution and necessitates priority attention in order to prevent or reduce the actual or
potential adverse impacts on human health, ecosystems or natural resources and amenities of economic
importance (the definition is from the revised LBSA Protocol, http://www.blackseacommission.org/_od_LBSAProtocol.asp)
Hot Spots (as applied for the Concept of the HS database):
(a)
Point sources on the coast of the Sea which potentially affect human health, ecosystems,
biodiversity, sustainability or economy in a significant manner. They are the main points
where high levels of pollution loads originating from domestic or industrial sources are
being discharged;
(b)
Defined coastal areas where the coastal marine environment is subject to pollution from
one or more point or diffused sources on the coast of the Sea which potentially affect human
health in a significant manner, ecosystems, biodiversity, sustainability or economy.
Nutrient enrichment – a supple of inorganic forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and silica to an environment.
Pressure – the mechanism through which an activity has an effect on any part of an ecosystem.
Land-based sources - point and diffuse sources on land from which substances or energy reach the maritime
area by water, through the air, or directly from the coast.
Operational monitoring (WFD) - monitoring in areas, which are at risk of failing to meet the set environmental
targets.
Point sources - sources of pollution where emissions and releases are introduced into the environment from any
discernable, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to pipes, outfalls, channels, ditches,
tunnels, conduits or wells from which pollutants are or may be discharged.
Reference condition - a set of selected measurements or conditions of minimally impaired waterbodies
characteristic of a waterbody type in a region.
6
Risk assessment - risk is defined as the likelihood (or probability) that a consequence (or hazard) will occur.
State (governmental) monitoring – monitoring carried out in implementation of legal/policy documents (from
national to global level).
Surveillance monitoring – monitoring in areas, which are not at risk or a potentially/possibly at risk to not meet
the set environmental targets.
Surface waters – rivers, lakes and territorial waters of the Black Sea. In the WFD: Surface water means inland
waters, except groundwater; transitional waters and coastal waters, except in respect of chemical status for
which it shall also include territorial waters.
7
List of Figures
Figure 1. Inorganic nutrient (phosphates and nitrates) loads (kt.year-1) stemming with Danube waters to
the Black Sea (period 1988-2009)
11
-1
Figure 2. Total phosphorus and N-NO3 loads (kt.year ) stemming with Danube waters to the Black
Sea (period 2005-2009)
12
Figure 3. N-NO3 loads stemming with Cherokhi (Choruh) River as estimated by GE and TR (period
2005-2009)
12
Figure 4. Black Sea largest rivers (see also stations at Sulina and Reni, used for calculation of Danube
loads to the Black Sea)
13
Figure 5. Nitrogen loads stemming to the Black Sea from various BG rivers and WWTPs (Waste Water
Treatment Plants)
19
Figure 6. Phosphorus loads stemming to the Black Sea from various BG rivers and WWTPs (Waste
Water Treatment Plants)
20
Figure 7. The BG BS coast and its various sources of human pressures and areas in need for
protection (SCI – Sites of Community (European Community) Interest, as designated under
NATURE2000)
21
Figure 8. Monitoring stations in rivers and lakes in the Bulgarian Black Sea Basin (re-drawn from the
Black Sea Basin Management Plan, 2009 for the period 2010-2015)
22
Figure 9. Locations of stations for surveillance and operational monitoring in the BG Black Sea Basin
rivers in 2010-2015 (as reported to WISE).
24
Figure 10. Monitoring stations at BG rivers for calculation of loads stemming to the Black Sea
29
Figure 11. Monitoring stations in rivers and lakes (Bulgarian Black Sea Basin) for inorganic forms of
nitrogen and phosphorus (sensitive areas), (re-drawn from the Black Sea Basin Management Plan,
2009)
30
Figure 12. Monitoring stations for identification of nitrates levels in surface waters in the Bulgarian
Black Sea Basin (vulnerable areas), (re-drawn from the Black Sea Basin Management Plan, 2009) 31
Figure 13. BG monitoring stations for tracing environmental status in protection of valuable fish and
shellfish species (re-drawn from the Black Sea Basin Management Plan, 2009)
32
Figure14. BG monitoring stations for tracing environmental conditions in protection of birds and their
habitats and as defined in Art. 6 of the WFD (re-drawn from the Black Sea Basin Management Plan,
2009)
33
Figure 15. BG monitoring stations for tracing environmental conditions in protection of NATURE2000
sites under the Habitats Directive and as defined in Art. 6 of the WFD (re-drawn from the Black Sea
Basin Management Plan, 2009)
34
Figure 16. BG drinking water categories 1 and 2 (re-drawn from the Black Sea Basin Management
Plan, 2009)
35
Figure 17. BG monitoring stations for automated observations related to early warning of floods
(Bourgas Municipality, Bulgaria)
36
Figure 18. Results of real-time observations in the Kamchia River - Poda in 2011 (Bulgaria)
37
Figure 19. Results of real-time observations in the Rezovska River in 2011 (Bulgaria)
38
Figure 20. Ecological status of water bodies in rivers and lakes of the Bulgarian Black Sea Basin in
2009 (re-drawn from the Black Sea Basin Management Plan, 2009)
40
8
Figure 21. Ecological status of Bulgarian Black Sea water bodies as per 2014
41
Figure 22. Rivers monitoring network of Georgia (Source: NEA, department of Hydrometeorology),
(Legend – blue triangles – planned automated stations (posts), empty triangles – closed stations; red
triangles - working stations at present)
43
Figure 23. Surface waters surveillance monitoring in Georgia (locations marked in green)
45
Figure 24. Protected areas in Georgia
50
Figure 25. Georgian drinking water monitoring: National Food Agency samples collected in 2009–2014
51
Figure 26. Rivers of the RO BS coast
54
Figure 27. The monitoring network of surface waters in the Dobrogea catchment area (Romania)
55
Figure 28. The network for monitoring of surface water quality in the Dobrogea catchment area
(Romania) in 2013
56
Figure 29. Vulnerable areas to nitrates in the Dobrogea river area and the Danube Delta (Romania) 66
Figure 30. Areas intended for protection of habitats and species where water is an important factor in
the Dobrogea River Area (Romania)
67
Figure 31. Protection areas of water catchments for drinking water of Dobrogea river area (Romania)68
Figure 32. Ecological status and ecological potential of surface waters in the Danube catchment area
in 2013 (Romania)
72
Figure 33. Black Sea river basins of Turkey
74
Figure 34. Distribution of monitoring stations along Black Sea river basins in Turkey
79
Figure 35. Protected Areas in the Black Sea coasts of Turkey
82
Figure 36. Surface water monitoring stations – the Hydrometeorological Service under the State
Emergency Service of Ukraine
88
Figure 37. Surface water monitoring stations – the State Environmental Inspection under the Ministry of
Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine
88
Figure 38. Surface water monitoring stations – the State Agency for Water Resources (Ukraine)
89
Figure 39. Danube River monitoring stations - Danube River Basin Management Authority (Ukraine) 89
Figure 40. Surface water monitoring stations – the Sanitary-Epidemiological Service under the Ministry
of Health of Ukraine
90
List of Tables
Table 1. Hydromorphological quality elements (same for operational and surveillance monitoring)
(Bulgaria)
25
Table 2. Physico-chemical quality elements (BNS – Bulgarian national standard; RBMP – River-basin
management plan)
25
Table 3. Set of priority and specific pollutants (Bulgaria)
27
Table 4. Hydrobiological quality elements (Bulgaria)
27
Table 5. BG Rivers where loads to the Black Sea are calculated
28
Table 6. List of automated stations for monitoring of surface waters in the Black Sea basin (Bulgaria) 37
Table 7. Classification of water bodies status according to the Macrozoobenthos index (Bulgaria)
39
9
Table 8. Classes of status in assessments under EC Directives
39
Table 9. Parameters included in the Operational Monitoring Programme of surface waters in Georgia 46
Table 10. Black Sea Basin rivers and lakes monitored in Georgia
47
Table 11. Hydromorphological parameters observed in GE
48
Table 12. Physico-chemical parameters observed in GE rivers monitoring
48
Table 13. Priority substances (list I) (according to GD no. 1038/2010) (Romania)
57
Table 14. Families and groups of substances of specific pollutants (according to GD no. 1038/2010)
(Romania)
58
Table 15. Indicative list (list II) of substances that correspond to the families and groups of substances
enlisted in Table 14 (Romania)
59
Table 16. Hydromorphological elements in RO rivers and lakes monitoring
63
Table 17. Physico-chemical parameters monitored in Romania
63
Table 18. Hydrobiological parameters (Romania)
64
Table 19. Governmental Organizations involved in River Basin Management (Turkey)
75
Table 20. Municipality Environmental Services (Turkey)
76
Table 21. Municipality Environmental Services (Turkey)
77
Table 22. Selected sampling stations and their features (Turkey)
79
Table 23. Types of Protected Areas and Legislations (Turkey)
83
Table 24. Hydromorphological parameters (Ukraine)
91
Table 25. UA key monitored parameters for rivers
91
Table 26. List of rivers parameters reported by the BS countries to the BSC
96
Table 27. Other rivers parameters (outside of BSC reporting) monitored in the BS states rivers
monitoring
98
Table 28. Frequency of sampling in rivers
99
Table 29. Common rivers parameters in the monitoring programmes of the beneficiary countries 102
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
INTRODUCTION
This Report has been prepared under the HBS Project “Integrated hotspots management and saving the living
Black Sea ecosystem” (www.bs-hotspots.eu), Grant Agreement No2.2.1.72761.225 MIS-ETC 2303. The Project
is financed by EC as an activity under the Joint Operational Programme “Black Sea Basin 2007-2013”1.
HotBlackSea is an integral part of the overall ongoing process of harmonization of policies in the Black Sea
region in the field of environment protection, taking into consideration relevant European acquis. Beneficiary
countries of the HBS Project are Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.
The Report is part of the HBS Project activities (PA) planned within PA1 ‘Harmonization of Hot Spots policies’.
Main aim of the report is to review the current rivers monitoring strategies and practices in the project beneficiary
countries, find the reasons for discrepancies in data and outline needs in harmonization. The latter are many,
starting from the choice of measured parameters and ending with methodologies of river loads calculation and
various assessments conducted.
Well known is that total riverine discharge (water and substances) to the Black Sea considerably differ in level
and sometimes in trends according to various bibliographical sources (for the same years). Moreover, for a single
river also there exist differing estimates, as most famous is the case of the Danube River (transboundary river,
the largest one in the Black Sea catchment area), (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
Figure 1. Inorganic nutrient (phosphates and nitrates) loads (kt.year-1) stemming with Danube waters to
the Black Sea (period 1988-2009)
Note: Red line (Sulina station) – data source NIMRD Grigore Antipa (Constanta, Romania); Blue line (Reni
station) – data source TNMN (Trans-national monitoring network of ICPDR). Reni is located before the Danube
Delta, Sulina – in the Danube Delta from the side of the Black Sea (see Fig. 4 for the exact position of these
stations). Reni is used to calculate loads with the assumption that the Danube Delta does not reduce the
nutrients in Danube waters, the retention is less than 10 %.
1The
Programme is managed by the Romanian Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration.
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
TP loads, kt/year
N-NO3 loads, kt/year
100
500
50
0
0
2005
2006
UA data
2007
2008
2009
2005
TNMN data
2006
UA data
2007
2008
2009
TNMN data
Figure 2. Total phosphorus and N-NO3 loads (kt.year-1) stemming with Danube waters to the Black
Sea (period 2005-2009)
Note: Blue line – Ukrainian data source (measurements in the Chilia branch of Danube); Brown line – TNMN
data source (measurements at Reni)
Another example is the transboundary Cherokhi2 (Choruh in Turkish) River, where GE and TR estimates do not
match (Fig. 3). Unfortunately, comparison for phosphorus or orthophosphates cannot be provided as such data
in GE are absent (or at least not accessible).
N-NO3 loads (kt/year)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2005
2006
2007
TR data
2008
2009
GE data
Figure 3. N-NO3 loads stemming with Cherokhi (Choruh) River as estimated by GE and TR (period
2005-2009)
2
In GE the River is also written Tchorokhi or Chorokhi.
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Figure 4. Black Sea largest rivers (see also stations at Sulina and Reni, used for calculation of Danube
loads to the Black Sea)
Meanwhile, the BS rivers are the most serious source of pollution/eutrophication of the Sea and correct data on
their contribution in nutrient enrichment and hazardous substances input is of a paramount importance.
Otherwise, it is impossible to build knowledge-based nutrient- and pollution-reduction schemes with respective
programmes of measures.
In this report we show that harmonization of rivers monitoring for Black Sea rivers is a pending issue in the
regional agenda of environmental protection, becoming more and more urgent in view of the regional disputes on
the ‘share’ of each Black Sea country in the overall environmental problems and on the amount of total load of
nutrients and hazardous chemicals coming to the Black Sea. The general perception is that the Danube River is
the largest source of any pollution to the Black Sea. However, recent investigations showed that the loads of total
petroleum hydrocarbons, originating from other rivers, might be of higher magnitude. The same may be the case
for other harmful substances. However, no comparison of data is worth undertaking until river monitoring
strategies and practices of the Black Sea coastal states remain non-harmonised.
This Report does not discuss monitoring of land-based sources of pollution of rivers. The HBS Project LBS
Monitoring Report (http://bs-hotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/LBS%20Monitoring%20Final%20Draft.pdf)
deals in detail with this issue.
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State of the Art in Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
1. Rivers monitoring and assessments as required by EU legislation
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD, Council Directive 2000/60/EC, http://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32000L0060&from=EN) is the centrepiece of
European policy in the field of surface waters management, including monitoring. Full List of Guidelines
under
the
WFD
is
given
at:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/waterframework/facts_figures/guidance_docs_en.htm. The List includes a Guideline on monitoring, which inter alia
explains how rivers should be monitored. Meanwhile, under the EU neighbourhood policy or other instruments, a
number of EU-funded projects have taken place during the last decade, which aimed at development of a WFDcompliant monitoring in Georgia, Turkey and Ukraine with consequent preparation of river-basin management
plans. The last project, EPIRB (http://blacksea-riverbasins.net/en/imprint), is still ongoing (2012-2015) and it
invested a lot of effort to build capacity in rivers monitoring in Georgia and Ukraine.
However, currently, WFD-compliant monitoring takes place in BG and RO only, the rest of the project beneficiary
countries (GE, TR and UA) have either no specific river-monitoring strategy (TR) or the current monitoring is
restricted to a few physico-chemical parameters (GE) or the list of measured parameters does not follow the
WFD requirements (UA). Meanwhile, the WFD requires a long-list of physico-chemical parameters, and also a
number of hydromorphological and hydrobiological elements to be included in two major types of monitoring:
surveillance and operational.
The purpose of surveillance monitoring is to provide the necessary data/information to:




Supplement and verify results of anthropogenic pressures reviews and related risk assessments
prepared under the requirements of item 1.4 of Annex II of the WFD and Art. 156 of WA;
Effective planning of future monitoring programs;
Assessment of long-term changes under natural conditions;
Assessment of long-term changes resulting from widespread anthropogenic activities.
The results of surveillance monitoring are analysed and used also in conjunction with procedure for impact
assessments to develop or revise river basin management plans.
Surveillance monitoring is aimed at water bodies "not at risk" or "possibly at risk" to compile or
supplement the information and data necessary to determine their current condition. In control points
selection for these water bodies the following criteria are used:










Flowing waters with a considerable quantity of water;
Standing waters with a considerable volume of water - large lakes and reservoirs;
Significant water bodies that cross the state border;
Places where it is necessary to evaluate the load of pollution imported to the sea;
Protected areas;
Predominant substrate and depth in coastal waters;
The particular features of the coast and the expected pollution of transboundary origin;
Shipping routes;
Specifics of various elements of water quality and various impacts;
Direction of propagation of pollution and the prevailing currents;
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring


Locations with minimal anthropogenic impact for designation of reference sites;
Stations where there exist observations in previous periods, which will increase the accuracy in
evaluations and classifications.
Operational monitoring covers all water bodies classified as water bodies at risk of failing to meet
EcoQO (quality objectives). Operational monitoring is also applied to water bodies, where priority substances
are released.
The purpose of operational monitoring is:


To establish the status of those bodies which are at risk in terms of achieving the objectives of the WFD;
To evaluate the changes in the state of the water bodies at risk as a result of the implementation of a
program of measures.
Operational monitoring program could be adjusted in the period of protective measures implementation
according to the information obtained on anthropogenic pressures and their impacts. This may include in
particular the reduction of the frequency of monitoring, wherein the impact is found insignificant or relevant
anthropogenic pressure is removed.
When choosing monitoring stations the following basic requirements from Annex V to the WFD are considered:



For water bodies at risk from significant point sources of pressure, control points are scheduled in each
body so that to assess the magnitude and nature of the impact of the point source. When water body is
under the pressure of several point sources, the stations are selected so that to determine the
cumulative effect of all types of pressures.
For water bodies at risk from significant diffuse sources, control points in each body are chosen so that
to assess the magnitude and influence of this type of pressure;
For water bodies at risk from significant hydromorphological pressure – the same as above.
In choosing monitoring parameters in each water body, its most sensitive elements are considered in view of
predetermined types of anthropogenic pressures to which the respective body is subjected (e.g. organic
pollution, priority and specific substances, etc.)
Both under surveillance and operational monitoring, the frequency of sampling is determined in line with Annex
V of the WFD, taking into consideration local specifics of variability. General criteria also include:



Referring to:



Provision of results reliability;
Provision of information on the seasonal variability of the impact of natural and / or
anthropogenic pressures influencing the water bodies condition;
Provision of information for understanding the structure and functioning of the
ecosystem;
The spatial and temporal variability of the ecosystem components;
The dynamics of water in water bodies (residence time);
The results of previous monitoring studies.
Before building monitoring programmes, the WFD requires a number of important preparatory steps, in the case
of rivers they are as follows:



Identify type of river
Specify type of water body
Classify the water body based on risk assessment (to distinguish btw operational and surveillance
monitoring)
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring



Set reference conditions
Set environmental targets (they are traced actually in the 6-yearly cycles of the WFD implementation)
Etc.
Under the WFD, a third type of monitoring is included – Investigative monitoring. The WFD states that this type
of monitoring is required:
1. In cases where the reason for failure to meet environmental standards is unknown;
2. Where surveillance monitoring indicates that it is unlikely the environmental targets set in protection to be
achieved, and operational monitoring has not yet started to verify the reasons of failure to achieve for a water
body or water bodies the set environmental targets;
3. To clarify the magnitude and impacts of accidental pollution.
The list of parameters in Investigative monitoring is dynamic and its validity in time is e limited, in order to
respond to new information on the potential risks posed by emerging pollutants and any others alterations.
Meanwhile, the WFD is not the only EU legal document requiring rivers monitoring. Relevant legislation includes
also:








Birds Directive (Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds)
Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats
and of wild fauna and flora)
E91/271/EC (WWTP Directive)
91/676/EC (COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 91/676/EC OF 12 DECEMBER 1991 concerning the protection of
waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (Nitrates Directive))
DIRECTIVE 2006/113/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 12
December 2006 (Directive for the valorisation of shellfish areas (2006/113/CE)) on the quality required
of shellfish waters (codified version) /COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 30 October 1979 on the quality required
for shellfish waters (79/923/EEC)/
Directive 2008/1/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (ICPP Directive)
DIRECTIVE 2007/60/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 October
2007on the assessment and management of flood risks
Common Fishery Policy (COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 199/2008 concerning the establishment of a
Community framework for the collection, management and use of data in the fisheries sector and
support for scientific advice regarding the Common Fisheries Policy)
Very important Directives, which are taken into account in conducting of rivers monitoring, are:


COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2009/90/EC of 31 July 2009 laying down, pursuant to Directive 2000/60/EC
of the European Parliament and of the Council, technical specifications for chemical analysis and
monitoring of water status
DIRECTIVE 2008/105/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 16
December 2008 (Priority substances) on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy,
amending and subsequently repealing Council Directives 82/176/EC, 83/513/EC, 84/156/EC,
84/491/EC, 86/280/EC and the supplementing Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of
the Council. The Directive 2008/105/EC is amended by Directive 2013/39/EC.
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
All the above mentioned EC Directives are transposed into the national legislation of BG and RO, also partially in
TR. Transposition is planned in GE and UA with deadlines specified in their Association Agreements (AA, signed
in 20143).
As well understood, monitoring solely in the rivers is not enough to build programmes of measures in the so
called river-basin management plans. The latter require knowledge on all pressures – natural and anthropogenic,
which influence the rivers. Thus, not only LBS pressures are in need for tracing, but also pressures related to
shipping, fishery, coastal zones development, rivers regulation, natural hazards4, etc. This report does not deal
with ‘Pressures’ monitoring, but with ‘State/Impact’ monitoring, which is used to evaluate the natural and
anthropogenic ally-driven changes in rivers, as well as to assess to the loads of nutrients and various chemicals
reaching the Black Sea.
The AA with its Association Agenda replaces the European Neighbourhood Policy Action Plan (ENP AP). The AA is part of
a new generation of Association Agreements with Eastern Partnership countries and provides a long-term foundation for
future EU-Georgia and EU-Ukraine relations without excluding any possible future developments in line with the Treaty on
European Union. The AA constitutes a reform agenda for Georgia and Ukraine, based around a comprehensive programme
of approximation of GE and UA national legislation to EU norms. By signing of the AA Georgia and Ukraine committed to:
respecting the principles of sustainable development, protecting the environment and mitigating climate change, continuous
improvement of environmental governance and meeting environmental needs, including cross- border cooperation and
implementation of multilateral international agreements. In GE, actions needed for the implementation of the AA are
described in its Annexes. In Annex XXVI (Environment), Georgia signed the AA in July 2014 and committed to gradually
approximate its environmental legislation to the EU legislation and international instruments in the next 4 years (e.g. by 2018
for the WFD).
3
4
Climate-change adaptation programmes require most often real-time monitoring, where hazards can be in an early-warning
manner predicted and preventive measures can be taken.
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2. National monitoring – country reviews
BULGARIA
In Bulgaria, rivers monitoring is regulated by the Water Act (WA), Ordinance on water quality standards,
Regulation N 1 on monitoring of water, and Regulation N H-4 on characterization of surface water.
1. The Water Act has three amendments in 2014 - with State Gazette, issue 26 of 21.03.2014, 49 of 13.06.2014,
and 53 of 27.06.2014;
2. Ordinance № 1 from 11.04.2011 for surface water monitoring, SG 34/29.04.2011;
3. Ordinance on standards for environmental quality for priority substances and certain other pollutants
undergone amendment with Decree № 225 of 10.02.2013;
4. Ordinance № H-4 from 14.09.2012 on the characterization of surface water, amendment and suppl., SG. 79 of
23.09.2014, in force from 09.23.2014.
Other relevant national documents (plans, programmes) are:
1. River Basin Management Plan – December 2009, updated in 2015 for the period 2016-2021 (Named
also Black Sea Basin management Plan)
2. National allocation plan – November 2009
3. Development of programs of measures for the Nitrate Directive, the WFD and MSFD
There are 33 Rivers in the Black Sea Basin on the territory of Bulgaria (those, which directly (18 in number) or
indirectly inflow into the Black Sea), they are grouped in 9 river basins5. The largest is Kamchia River and it is
also the most serious source of pollution among all BG Black Sea rivers. The BG Rivers are not among those,
which considerably contribute to the BS eutrophication/pollution. Their loads are comparable with those
discharged from BG municipal and industrial sources (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6).
For detail on names of BG rivers and the 9 river basins see the Black Sea Basin Management Plan 2009
(http://www.bsbd.org/bg/BSPLAN2009.html).
5
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Figure 5. Nitrogen loads stemming to the Black Sea from various BG rivers and WWTPs (Waste Water
Treatment Plants)
19
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Figure 6. Phosphorus loads stemming to the Black Sea from various BG rivers and WWTPs (Waste
Water Treatment Plants)
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
However, having in mind the cumulative effects of various pressures (Fig. 7), still the BG rivers quality is of great
importance for the BS well-being.
Figure 7. The BG BS coast and its various sources of human pressures and areas in need for
protection (SCI – Sites of Community (European Community) Interest, as designated under
NATURE20006)
NATURE2000
is
the
centrepiece
of
European
nature
and
biodiversity
policy,
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/index_en.htm. Requirements to designating European Sites of
Community Interest (SCI), Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) and Special Protection Areas (SPA) as well as related
6
21
December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
In line with the WFD requirements, BG conducts surveillance and operational monitoring in 140 surface water
bodies (Black Sea Basin), which were identified in rivers, lakes and dams. This monitoring is regular since 2008,
the number of parameters vary in the range of 19-55, and the frequency 4-12 times per year. The rivers are
identified according to their type (System ‘B’ in the Annex II of the WFD 2000/60/EC), and the criteria include:
ecoregion, geology, average height over the sea level, substrate, character of the flow, and drying. In BG
there are 5 types of rivers identified7.
Investigative monitoring is also conducted in line with the WFD requirements.
The Black Sea Basin Management Plan (2009, for the period 2010-2015) was developed basing it on an
extensive set of observations conducted in previous years (Fig. 8).
Legend
Monitorng StationsinLakesand Rivers
Su rve illanc e M onitoring
In terna l Prog ram
Ope rationa l M onitoring
Monitorng StationsinMarine Waters
Te rritorial Wa te rs
Su rve illanc e Monitoring
In terna l Prog ram
Ope rationa l M onitoring
1m ile zo ne
12 m iles zo ne
Figure 8. Monitoring stations in rivers and lakes in the Bulgarian Black Sea Basin (re-drawn from the
Black Sea Basin Management Plan, 2009 for the period 2010-2015)
criteria
are
given
in
the
manuals
and
guidelines
issued
under
NATURE2000
(http://bd.eionet.europa.eu/activities/Natura_2000/chapter6). Criteria fall into the following categories: ecological, social,
cultural and economic, scientific and educational. Among ecological criteria most important consider uniqueness and rarity,
diversity, naturalness, dependency, critical habitats, and vulnerability of the area of interest.
7 Initially they were 14 but later the number was reduced to 5. Lakes were initially grouped in 12 types, later reduced to 8.
22
December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
The WFD chemical monitoring programmes are implemented by the Executive Environment Agency (ExEA) and
its sub-divisions, and the collected data are monthly reported to the Black Sea Basin Directorate (BSBD).
Hydrological monitoring is carried out by the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH). For more
information on the institutional framework of national monitoring of surface waters in Bulgaria see the project LBS
Monitoring
Report
(http://www.bshotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/LBS%20Monitoring%20Final%20Draft.pdf).
The Executive Environment Agency – Sofia (ExEA) collects, summarizes and evaluates programs to control the
quality of the monitoring data in accordance with the standard BNS EN ISO/IEC 17025 - „General requirements
for the competence of testing and calibration” of the Executive Agency “Bulgarian Accreditation Service(EA
„BAS”). The following Guidance documents are used in monitoring and assessments:
1. Guidance No 7 - Monitoring under the Water Framework Directive;
2. Guidance No 13 - Classification of Ecological Status;
3. Guidance No 19 - Surface water chemical monitoring;
4. Guidance No 32 - Biota Monitoring.
(Reference: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/facts_figures/guidance_docs_en.htm)
The elements, frequencies and stations in surveillance and operational monitoring of BG rivers were initially set
by Order N 715/2010. Since 2013, a new Ministerial Order (182/2013) has been implemented.
Surveillance monitoring
Surveillance monitoring in the Black Sea Basin area covers in total 383 points (stations) for biological monitoring
and 65 points8 for physico-chemical monitoring. Of these, 39 are reported to the European Commission through
the system WISE (Water Information System for Europe).
Operational monitoring
In line with the Ministerial Order (182/2013) the following requirements are met:

Total 158 points of physico-chemical monitoring in rivers and lakes are established
(respectively, 120 points in rivers and 38 in lakes/dams, which means 56 additional points in
rivers and 9 in lakes/dams were designated as compared with Order N 715/2010).
Operational monitoring in the Black Sea Basin area covers a total of 35 points for hydromorphology. They are
almost all reported to the European Commission9 through the system WISE (Water Information System for
Europe).
Detail information on the BG rivers monitoring is provided in Annex I to this document. The locations of stations
for surveillance and operational monitoring as conducted in 2010-2015 and reported to WISE are given in Fig. 9.
Initially they were 58, since 2013 the stations became 65 in rivers and lakes (Ministerial Order 182/2013) to improve the
BG surveillance monitoring.
9 Only 2 points are outside of this reporting.
8
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Figure 9. Locations of stations for surveillance and operational monitoring in the BG Black Sea Basin
rivers in 2010-2015 (as reported to WISE).
Note: The map contains information on:


Rivers – 104 points for hydrobiological monitoring and 63 points for phyciso-chemical monitoring, as well
as 3 automated stations for observation.
Lakes and dams – 30 points
The Tables presented below contain brief information on the three major domains of BG surface waters
monitoring: hydromorphology, physico-chemistry and hydrobiology.
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
1.1. Hydromorphology
Hydromorphological quality elements are monitored once per 6 years with the exception of river flow (Table 1).
Table 1. Hydromorphological quality elements (same for operational and surveillance monitoring)
(Bulgaria)
№
Quality element
Parameters
Rivers
Lakes
1
River continuity
River continuity
6-yearly
N/A
Quantity and dynamics of river flow
monthly
monthly
Connection with groundwater bodies
continuously one month
monthly
Residence time (for lakes)
N/A
monthly
River depth and change of the width
6-yearly
N/A
Structure and substratum of river bottom
6-yearly
N/A
Structure of river zone
Variation of lake depth
6-yearly
N/A
N/A
6-yearly
Quantity, structure and substratum of lake bottom
N/A
6-yearly
Structure of lake shore
N/A
6-yearly
2
3
Hydrological regime
Morphological conditions
1.2. Physico-chemical and hydrobiological parameters
The sampling for physico-chemical parameters (Table 2) includes: basic indicators (I and II category); priority
substances and specific pollutants (I category-organic substances, II category – trace metals and metalloids, III
category – Others) (Annex I to this document).
Table 2. Physico-chemical quality elements (BNS – Bulgarian national standard; RBMP – River-basin
management plan)
N
Parameter
1
2
3
4
5
6
pH
T 0C
Conductivity, µS/cm
Suspended matter (TSS), mg/dm3
BOD5, mgO2/dm3
O2 dissolved, mg/dm3
7
COD, mgO2/dm3
8
N-NH4, mg/dm3
9
10
11
N-NO2, mg/dm3
N-NO3, mg/dm3
N total, mg/dm3
Analytical
Method
BNS EN ISO 10523
BNS 17.1.4.01
BNS EN 27888
BNS EN 872
BNS EN 1899-1
BNS EN 25813
BNS EN ISO 5814
ISO 6060
ISO15705
BNS ISO 7150-1
BNS ISO 5664
BNS EN 26777
BNS ISO 7890-3
BNS EN 25663
25
Frequency of sampling per
month/per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
N
Parameter
Analytical
Method
12
13
14
P-PO4, mg/dm3
P total, mg/dm3
Fe, mg/dm3 (dissolved since 2010)
15
16
17
18
Mn, mg/dm3
Total hardness , mg/dm3 CaCO3
TOC, mg/dm3
Zn, µg/dm3
19
20
Cu, µg/dm3
Antracene, µg/dm3
21
Atrazine, µg/dm3
22
Benzene, µg/dm3
BNS EN 26777
BNS ISO 7890-3
BNS EN ISO 6878
BNS EN ISO 6878
BNS ISO 6332
BNS 16777
BNS EN ISO 17294
BNS ISO 6059
BNS EN 1484
ISO 8288
BNS EN ISO 17294-2
ISO 8288
internally validated laboratory
methods IVLM 1016/2010
internally validated laboratory
methods IVLM 1015/2010
BNS EN ISO 15680
23
Cd, µg/dm3
BNS EN ISO 17294-2
24
Chlorfenvinphos, µg/dm3
BNS EN 12918
25
Chlorpyrifos, µg/dm3
BNS EN 12918
26
1,2-dichloroethane, µg/dm3
BNS EN ISO 15680
27
Dichloromethane, µg/dm3
BNS EN ISO 15680
28
Endosulfan, µg/dm3
29
Fluoranthene, µg/dm3
30
Hexachlorobenzene, µg/dm3
31
Hexachlorobutadiene, µg/dm3
internally validated laboratory
methods IVLM 1014/2010
internally validated laboratory
methods IVLM 1016/2010
internally validated laboratory
methods IVLM 1014/2010
BNS EN ISO 15680
32
HCH , µg/dm3
33
Pb, µg/dm3
34
Hg, µg/dm3
35
Naphthalene, µg/dm3
36
Ni, µg/dm3
37
Nonylphenols, µg/dm3
ISO 8288
BNS EN ISO 17294-2
BNS EN 188571
38
Octylphenols, µg/dm3
BNS EN 188571
39
Pentachlorbenzene, µg/dm3
40
PAH, µg/dm3
41
Simazine, µg/dm3
42
Trichlorobenzenes, µg/dm3
internally validated laboratory
methods IVLM 1014/20120
internally validated laboratory
methods IVLM 1016/2010
internally validated laboratory
methods IVLM 1015/2010
internally validated laboratory
methods IVLM 1014/20120
internally validated laboratory
methods ILM 1014/2010
ISO 8288
BNS EN ISO 17294-2
internally validated laboratory
methods IVLM 1012/2010
BNS EN ISO 15680
26
Frequency of sampling per
month/per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 times per year
4 time per year
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
12 times per year (for six-year cycle of the
RBMP)
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
The following set of priority substances (Table 3) is monitored at one station only – Kamchia-Poda, for the rest of
the BG rivers the choice of priority substances differs depending on the known LBS discharges. The same goes
for specific pollutants (Table 3), which choice in sampling depends on the expected contamination of a particular
river (see Annex I to this document for details).
Table 3. Set of priority and specific pollutants (Bulgaria)
Group of substances
Parameter
Specific
pollutants
Priority pollutants
Anthracene, µg/l
Atrazine, µg/l
Chlorpyrifos, µg/l
1,2-Dichloroethane, µg/l
Dichloromethane, µg/l
Flouranthene, µg/l
Hexachlorobutadiene, µg/l
(Benzo (a) pyrene), µg/l
Benzo (b) floroanthene), µg/l
Benzo (g,h,i) perylene, µg/l
(Benzo (k) fluoroanthene), µg/l
Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene, µg/l
Simazine, µg/l
1,2,4 – Trichlorobenzene, µg/l
Trichloromethane (Chloroform), µg/l
Trifluralin, µg/l
Prometon, µg/l
Prometryn, µg/l
Propazine, µg/l
Ametrin, µg/l
Simetryn, µg/l
Terbutryn, µg/l
Hydrobiological quality elements (Table 4) include planktonic and benthic organisms, as well as fish. However,
phytoplankton is monitored in the Danube River only, as the rest of the BG rivers are small and do not contain a
stable plankton community.
Table 4. Hydrobiological quality elements (Bulgaria)
Biological
element
Parameter
Metrics
Phytoplankton
(only
in
the
Danube River)
Species composition
Ratio of main taxonomic
groups
Ratio of Cyanophyceae to
other main groups
Number per year
Biomass
Chlorophyll a
Trophic index
Ratio of sensitive/indicator
species
Surface of coverage
Blooms frequency
Abundance
Macrophytes
Species composition
Abundance
27
Frequency
Surveillance
Operational
monitoring
monitoring
Twice a year in
one of the years
of the 6-yearly
cycle
6-monthly
6-monthly
6-yearly
In two years of the 6-
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Biological
element
Parameter
Metrics
Surveillance
monitoring
Trophic status
Macrophytes index
Biotic diatoms index
Macrozoobenthos
(invertebrates)
Species
composition,
abundance
Bacterial maths
Species
composition,
abundance
Fish
Species diversity
Species composition
Phytobenthos
(microalgae)
Abundance
Health status
Size structure of indicator
species
Presence/absence
Ratio of main taxonomic
groups
Biotic index
Diversity index (H)
Share of sensitive/indicator
species
Density, biomass, catches
Share of fishes with signs
of diseases
Species-specific numbers
of size classes
6-yearly
6-yearly
Frequency
Operational
monitoring
yearly cycle (once per
year)
In two years of the 6yearly cycle (once per
year)
In two years of the 6yearly cycle (once per
year)
6-yearly
In two years of the 6yearly cycle (once per
year)
1.3. Calculation of loads
Until 2010, BG riverine loads stemming to the Black Sea have been calculated for 10 relatively large rivers and
the positions of the stations used in such calculations, are given in Table 5 and Figure 10.
Table 5. BG Rivers where loads to the Black Sea are calculated
River name
r. Batova - mouth
r. Kamchia - "Poda"
r. Dvojnitsa - mouth
r. Hadjijska – v.Tankovo
r. Aheloj - mouth
r. Ropotamo – v.Veselie
r. Diavolska – 5 km before
Primorsko
r. Karaach - mouth
r. Veleka – v. Sinemoretz
r. Rezovska - mouth
Code of station
BG2DO831MS001
BG2KA00119MS001 (BGRI1)
BG2SE41MS003
BG2SE61MS005
BG2SE81MS008
BG2IU291MS003
BG2IU411MS001
BG2IU6915MS002
BG2VE111MS001
BG2RE855MS002
Coordinates
Type of media
43,35780
28,05638
43,0198010
27,82144
42,82643
27,87675
42,70105
27,65533
42,63411
27,64047
42,31077
27,62380
42,26889
27,66492
42,19486
27,74808
42,06050
27,96669
41,98053
28,02458
river
river
river
river
river
river
river
river
river
These are the coordinates for physico-chemical monitoring, while the flow is measured at Grozdevo village. With
coordinates: 27.540917; 43.031557. Statistically proven is that the flow at Grozdevo village does not differ from the one
measured at the Kamchia Poda station.
10
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Figure 10. Monitoring stations at BG rivers for calculation of loads stemming to the Black Sea
Currently, in line with the Ministerial Order 1/2011, there is only one station, which allows calculating riverine
loads directly stemming to the Black Sea – at Kamchia River, Poda station (with the details of flow measurement
specified above).
There is no specific regulation, which would prescribe how to calculate river loads. The following formula is used:
Ly = Qmean x Cmean x 31.536
Where:

Ly = annual load (t/yr)

Qmean = arithmetic mean of all daily flow data (m3/s)

Cmean = arithmetic mean of all measured concentrations (mg/l)
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December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Except Kamchia, all BG rivers contribute with negligible loads to the overall BS pollution/nutrient enrichment.
Thus, BG reports to the BSC the Kamchia loads in separate, and for the rest of the BG rivers their cumulative
load.
1.4. Other types of monitoring
Apart from the WFD, there are other EC Directives, which require monitoring at rivers, as mentioned above.
In sensitive areas (E91/271/EC – WWTP Directive) – the whole Black Sea Basin is identified as a sensitive
area11 (Fig. 11). The monitoring includes sampling for mineral forms of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Figure 11. Monitoring stations in rivers and lakes (Bulgarian Black Sea Basin) for inorganic forms of
nitrogen and phosphorus (sensitive areas), (re-drawn from the Black Sea Basin Management Plan,
2009)
BG Ministerial Order 970/28.07.2003 requires the identification of sensitive areas in Bulgarian water bodies,
http://www3.moew.government.bg/files/file/Water/OPVodi/Kanalizacionni_sistemi/Zapoved_za_opredeliane_na_chuvstvitelni
_zoni.PDF. The procedures of ‘sensitive areas’ identification is quite complicated and falls under the requirements of many
BG legal and policy documents (e.g. Water Law, Ministerial Order № 6/09.11.2000, Ministerial Order №1/11.04.2011,
Ministerial Order № 2/08.06.2011, and others).
11
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
In vulnerable zones (Fig. 12) - nitrates from agricultural sources (91/676/EC12 - concerning the protection of
waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (Nitrates Directive))
Figure 12. Monitoring stations for identification of nitrates levels in surface waters in the Bulgarian
Black Sea Basin (vulnerable areas), (re-drawn from the Black Sea Basin Management Plan, 2009)
This Directive is transposed into the BG national legislation by Ministerial Order № 2/13.09.2007 and other related
national policy documents.
12
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Areas for protection of valuable fish and shellfish species (Freshwater Fish Directive 2006/44/ЕC and
Shellfish Waters Directive 2006/113/ЕC, transposed into BG legislation by Ministerial Ord № 4/20.10.2000 and
others), (Fig. 13).
Figure 13. BG monitoring stations for tracing environmental status in protection of valuable fish and
shellfish species (re-drawn from the Black Sea Basin Management Plan, 2009)
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December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Birds Directive (Nature2000 sites; Council Directive 2009/147/EC:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm) and protected areas as defined
in Art. 6 of the WFD, (Fig. 14).
Figure 14. BG monitoring stations for tracing environmental conditions in protection of birds and their
habitats and as defined in Art. 6 of the WFD (re-drawn from the Black Sea Basin Management Plan,
2009)
33
December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EC:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm) and protected areas as
defined in Art. 6 of the WFD, (Fig. 15).
Figure 15. BG monitoring stations for tracing environmental conditions in protection of NATURE2000
sites under the Habitats Directive and as defined in Art. 6 of the WFD (re-drawn from the Black Sea
Basin Management Plan, 2009)
In the 2009 Black Sea Basin Management Plan (BSBMP), a separate monitoring program for surface water in
surface water protected areas and areas designated for protection of water-dependent habitats and species was
not planned.
In the second BSBMP (2015 draft, for 2016-2021) for surface water bodies, which fall entirely or partially in water
protected areas and in areas designated for protection of water-dependent habitats and species, monitoring of
34
December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
basic physicochemical and biological quality elements for evaluation of their ecological and chemical status is
planned to trace the spatial and temporal variability of certain indicators. The latter are those related to favorable
conservation status of present species and habitats in the monitored areas.
Drinking water (Drinking Water Directive 80/778/EEC, as amended by Directive 98/83/EC and transposed into
BG legislation by Ministerial Order № 12/18.06.2002), (Fig. 16).
Figure 16. BG drinking water categories 1 and 2 (re-drawn from the Black Sea Basin Management
Plan, 2009)
Note: the categories 1 and 2 refer to the level of treatment required to ensure surface waters are in a quality
required for drinking. Relevant monitoring is organised by the BG Black Sea Basin Directorate (BSBD13) to
identify these categories (A1, A2, and there is also an A3 category) and BSBD publishes reports on the result of
this monitoring on its webpage (http://www.bsbd.org/bg/) on an annual basis.
13
BSBD prepares the monitoring programmes, where stations of sampling, parameters and frequencies are specified.
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December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Bathing water (Directive 2006/7/EC repealing Directive 76/160/EEC)
Bathing water in BG rivers is not specifically monitored.
Real-time monitoring
The aim of the real-time monitoring is to compliment the in situ observations, as ordered by the Minister of
Environment (№715/02.08.2010) and improve the assessments of the state of the surface waters. Additionally,
the collected data are used for:



early warning of floods and accidental pollution;
control on the minimum allowable flow of the rivers;
constant tracing of the quality of transboundary rivers – e.g. Veleka and Rezovska.
Real-time monitoring is a domain of the rivers monitoring, which is under fast development, and especially well it
is considered in attempts to ensure early warning of floods.
For instance, in the area of Bourgas Municipality, 24 new automated stations are planned for establishment in
2015-2016 (Fig. 17).
Figure 17. BG monitoring stations for automated observations related to early warning of floods
(Bourgas Municipality, Bulgaria)
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December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Where:
- river level, flow velocity and temparature;
- rainfall and river level;
- rainfall;
Previously, automated stations for surface waters were provided by a BG-Italian project in the frames of the
PHARE Programme (BG2006/018.343.06.03 “Strengthening of the surface waters monitoring in BG).
Currently, there are 4 automated stations established in the Black Sea basin, as reflected in the Table below:
Table 6. List of automated stations for monitoring of surface waters in the Black Sea basin (Bulgaria)
N
1
2
3
4
Code
VAR-02
VAR-04
VAR-03
VAR-01-S
Location
Obzor
Sinemoretz
Rezovo
Poda
River
Dvoinica
Veleka
Rezovska
Kamchia
Coordinates
N
42,49431
42,03360
41,58501
43,01182
E
27,51518
27,57595
28,01293
27,532019
Type of
station
Sensors
Sensors
Sensors
Automated
sampling
The stations are equipped with sensors to measure the following parameters:

meteorology: rain, wind velocity and direction, air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure and
solar radiation;

general physical and inorganic chemistry: water temperature, pH, conductivity, salinity, oxygen
saturation and dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, nitrites, nitrates, ammonium, phosphates;

hydromorphological – water level and water quantity.
A central system is established to collect the data from all stations, conduct quality control, store, manage and
produce data products to visualise the obtained results. Results of observations in 2011 are presented in Figures
18 and 19.
Figure 18. Results of real-time observations in the Kamchia River - Poda in 2011 (Bulgaria)
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Figure 19. Results of real-time observations in the Rezovska River in 2011 (Bulgaria)
1.5. Data management and assessments under the WFD and others
In Bulgaria, the data collected under rivers monitoring is kept in Excel files, there is no specific software to
manage them. The data are not online and are not easily accessible by public. However, data are provided upon
request in line with the BG Law on access to data/information as also required by the Aarhus Convention.
The status of rivers is being annually assessed in line with the WFD requirements. These reports are available
on the BSBD webpage in Bulgarian (http://www.bsbd.org/bg/index_bg_1668393.html).
"Good chemical status" of surface water is a condition in which contaminants do not exceed the set quality
standards of the environment. In assessing the ecological status, data on the main hydromorphological and basic
physico-chemical parameters, specific and priority substances, as well as hydrobiological indicators are
analysed. Initially, there were no quality standards for specific pollutants in evaluation of their content in inland
water bodies, some appeared recently and current evaluations are carried out according to the rules set in
Regulation № H-4/14.09.2012 (amended by State Gazette 79/2013) on indicators and standards for determining
the quality of inland surface waters. The assessment of chemical status for priority substances follows the
standards set by the EC Directive on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy (2008/105/ЕС,
as amended in 2013/39/EС), and transposed in BG, State Gazette 88/2010). In ‘chemical status’ two classes are
used – ‘good’ and a ‘bad’ status, where the standards set are not met.
Initially, for ‘Good hydromorphological status’ there were no standards set, however, currently indicators are set
in the Regulation № H-4/14.09.2012.
In hydrobiology, a single index was chosen to evaluate the status of rivers – Macrozoobenthos index (for the
classes identified see Table 7). The Macrozoobenthos index takes into consideration both species diversity and
species abundance or biomass (for further details on the subject look in i-net for information on the indices AMBI
and
M-AMBI,
for
instance:
https://www.google.co.za/search?q=Directive+2006%2F113%2F%D0%95C&rlz=1C1VASM_enZA571ZA638&oq
=Directive+2006%2F113%2F%D0%95C&aqs=chrome..69i57.332j0j8&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF8#q=M-AMBI+index).
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Table 7. Classification of water bodies status according to the Macrozoobenthos index (Bulgaria)
River type
Very good
All types
Small, plain and sub-mountain type, substrate – pebble,
sand, gravel
good
moderate
bad
Very bad
5, 4-5
4, 3-4
3, 2-3
2, 1-2
1
5, 4-5, 4
3-4
3, 2-3
1-2, 2
1
‘Ecological status’ – as mentioned above, in this assessment all findings are compiled (on hydromorphology,
chemistry and biology) and each water body is assigned with one of the fifth classes of status: very good, good,
moderate, bad, very bad (Table 8).
Table 8. Classes of status in assessments under EC Directives
EC Directive
Habitats Directive
Assessment of status
Satisfactory status of conservation
Not satisfactory
Bad
WFD
Very good
Good
Moderate
Bad
Very bad
(ecological status)
WFD
Good chemical status
Good chemical status is not achieved
(chemical status)
Example of GES (ecological status) assessment under the WFD is given in Fig. 20.
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Legend
Ec ologic al status of water
bodies in rivers and la kes
Good
Moderatelly Good
Poor
Bad
No Data
Not analyzed Areas
Ec ologic al status - coastal marine waters
Ba d
Good
Mo d e ra te
Po o r
1m ile zone
12 m iles zone
Figure 20. Ecological status of water bodies in rivers and lakes of the Bulgarian Black Sea Basin in
2009 (re-drawn from the Black Sea Basin Management Plan, 2009)
According to the set environmental targets, most of the BG Rivers were expected to achieve good ecological
status by 2015. Exceptions are the rivers: Fakiiska, Rusokastrenska, Chukarska, Kamchia, Chiradji, Madara,
Provadiiska, and a few other small rivers in the Black Sea Basin. Programme of measures for BS rivers is
included in the Black Sea Basin Management Plan (2009, for the period 2010-2015), which was updated in 2015
(draft prepared for public consolations).
In this updated draft Black Sea Management Plan (2015), the following status of the Black Sea (Fig. 21) was
taken into consideration:
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Figure 21. Ecological status of Black Sea water bodies as per 2014 (Bulgaria)
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The updated Black Sea Basin Management Plan (draft 2015) was preceded by a robust analysis of pressures
and impacts, where all important land-based sources in Bulgaria were re-evaluated to outline priorities in Black
Sea protection in the period 2016-2021.
Conclusions
The monitoring of BG rivers is compliant with EC legislation/policy (e.g. WFD and its Guidelines).
However, there is a major shortcoming in the BG rivers monitoring and it is related to evaluation of riverine loads
stemming to the Black Sea. NIMH measures river flows at 7 rivers in the BS Basin. And, among these flows,
there is only one which is currently measured at the Black Sea entrance of BG rivers (or nearly). It is for the
Kamchia River (Poda station for phisico-chemistry with a flow measurement at another station, which is
considered eligible to calculate loads). And only this Kamchia Poda station (since 2010) allows calculating
riverine loads of nutrients and pollutants discharged to the Black Sea from Bulgaria. The rest of the BG
rivers cannot be evaluated for their loads stemming to the Black Sea. They are surely not large (the BG
rivers are small except Kamchia), however, they have local effects, which need to be also traced.
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GEORGIA
In GE, hydrological observations started in 1930s, and in the 1950s the monitoring was already regular. In the
1960s, practically all major and medium size rivers were covered by stations. In 1980s the number of stations
and monitored parameters reached their maximum – 170 stations14 and 56 parameters, including hydrological,
physical, chemical and hydrobiological, were monitored at 72 rivers. The GE system at that time was an integral
part of the larger Soviet System of water monitoring (the so called Hydromet system). The GE monitoring system
started deteriorating in the 1990s with the collapse of the Soviet Union and economic recession of GE. The
monitoring network drastically shrank (Fig. 22), stations were closed down and the capacities to undertake water
quality analysis significantly reduced.
Currently, the number of monitoring points increases with every year. In 2014 water quality monitoring was
undertaken monthly at 69 stations - on 32 rivers at 61 river sections and at 8 lakes.
In total 36 physical, chemical and 3 microbiological parameters are measured. Majority of organic substances
and priority substances defined by the WFD is not measured. Hydrological observations are conducted at 29
stations. From these only 7 stations are adequately equipped.
Figure 22. Rivers monitoring network of Georgia (Source: NEA, department of Hydrometeorology),
(Legend – blue triangles – planned automated stations (posts), empty triangles – closed stations; red
triangles - working stations at present)
14
Historical data are preserved for 145 hydrological stations.
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The rivers monitoring is regulated by:
1. Law on Water of Georgia (1997) specifies only (Art.80) that the state water monitoring is exercised
within the united state environmental monitoring system. The new “Law on Water Resources
Management” was drafted during 2013-2014. It is based on the principles and approaches of the WFD
and is being now under consideration. This draft Law defines that the State Monitoring System of water
resources should include observations on the hydrological, hydrochemical, ecological and
hydromorphological conditions of surface water and groundwater bodies. Also, data analysis of water
quantitative and qualitative conditions ate mentioned - they aim to deliver information on water quality,
pressures on water resources (natural and anthropogenic), water energetic potential, prediction of
calamities (flood, mudflows, landslides etc.), etc. Thus, the Water Resources State Monitoring System
includes the entire national set of monitoring activities, where hydrochemical, hydrobiological and
hydromorphological monitoring programs are prepared and implemented.
2. Law an Environment Protection of Georgia (1996) states that state environmental monitoring is a responsibility
of the Ministry of Environment and public should have access to the monitoring results
In Georgia, rivers monitoring is currently under the responsibility of the National Environmental Agency (NEA). It
is carried out by 3 regional divisions of NEA: in Adjara, Kutaisi (serving Western Georgia), Tbilisi (serving Eastern
Georgia) and Batumi (South Georgia). These divisions are also responsible for the data management. Research
and data collection at rivers are also carried out by various other organizations (e.g. Research Laboratory in
Poti), however, they are neither regular nor comprehensive.
There is no national rivers monitoring strategy, though “PROPOSED FRAMEWORK OF WATER MONITORING
STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN” was drafted in 2008 within the Finnish Georgian Project “Development of
Environmental Monitoring and Management Systems in Georgia”. Initial draft of the Water Monitoring Strategy in
Georgia has been prepared in 2015 within the frames of the EPIRB project
The requirements of WFD are reflected in the new draft “Law on Water Resources Management. The draft Law
will be submitted to the Parliament of Georgia for adoption in autumn 2015. Also, sub-law “Rules for planning
and implementation of water resources monitoring” is under development.
Initially, WFD principles and practises were introduced with the KURA-II project, continuing under the KURA-III
project at pilot areas of the Alazani and Khrami-Debed River basins. In addition, a project funded by the Finish
Government has also built capacity in monitoring on the Rioni River and the UNDP/GEF project – Reducing
Transboundary Degradation in the Kura-Aras River Basin launched pilots as a demonstration activity on several
locations of the Kura within Georgia.
The EPIRB project 15continued building capacity in monitoring at GE rivers, with pilot studies in the ChorokhiAdjaristksali Basin (http://blacksea-riverbasins.net/en/pilot-basins/chorokhi-adjaristskali-basin). Prior planning the
One of the main objectives of the EPIRB project is to improve availability and quality of data on the ecological, chemical,
and hydro-morphological status of transboundary river basins Including groundwater. The main expected results are:
Increased capacities of the respective national authority (National Environmental Agency of the Ministry of Environment and
National Resources Protection of Georgia) for the WFD compliant monitoring of water quality including groundwater; quality
assurance procedures in laboratories in place.
15
EPIRB Milestones:
 Assessment of current data and assessment tools availability
 Surveys to assist development of ecological monitoring status systems

WFD‐compliant monitoring programmes designed for the pilot basin (the Chorokho-Ajaristskali river basin)
 Determination of threshold values for classifying different water body types
 Training programme on laboratory QA/QC

Training programme on Biological and Hydro--‐morphological monitoring
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monitoring, water bodies were identified and which of them were under risk also. Recently, this project prepared
Programmes for operational and surveillance monitoring (“Surface Waters Monitoring program for the ChorokhiAjaristskali
River
Basin”,
see
http://blacksea-riverbasins.net/en/downloads-librarysearch?f[0]=field_country%3A34&f[1]=field_downloads_type%3A64&f[2]=field_downloads_type%3A59).
The monitoring programme for the Chorokhi-Ajaristskali river basin was designed to meet the stated
requirements of the WFD and related CIS Guidance Documents. The WFD sets out three types of monitoring
programmes: surveillance, operational and investigative, as mentioned already in the Introduction of this Report.
Surveillance monitoring
So far, total 11 sampling locations were selected to be representative for the Surveillance monitoring
programme in the Georgian Chorokhi-Ajaristskali river basin under the WFD requirements (Figure 23).
Figure 23. Surface waters surveillance monitoring in Georgia (locations marked in green)
Sampling methods and devices: based on European Standards and recommendations should be used in the
monitoring programmes of Georgia.
The biological quality elements incorporated for rivers are:
Macroinvertebrates, Phytobenthos, Macrophytes and Fish;
for lakes:
Macroinvertebrates, Phytoplankton, Macrophytes and Fish.
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Note: The samples have to be processed for abundance and composition of all biological quality elements up to
Genus/Species level. For Ichthyofauna only migratory fish species need to be considered.
The physico-chemical quality elements, for both rivers and lakes, include basic parameters, priority and
specific substances as specified in EC legislation.
EN ISO and other international standards should be applied for the analysis of the water samples.
The hydromorphological quality elements include:
 Hydrological regime;
 River continuity;
 Morphological conditions.
Operational monitoring
Total 8 sampling locations for rivers were identified to be monitored under the Operational Monitoring for the
Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River basin.
The List of quality elements monitored in the Operational Monitoring Programme of the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali
River basin (rivers) is presented in the Table below.
Table 9. Parameters included in the Operational Monitoring Programme of surface waters in Georgia
Parameter
Water Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
pH
Conductivity
Hardness
Colour
Ortho-Phosphates
Nitrate
Ammonium
Chloride
Sulphate
Total suspended solids
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD - dichromate)
Oil substances
Copper
Zinc
Macroinvertebrates
River flow
Unit
oC
mgO2/l
pH units
μS/cm
mg/l CaCO3
visual
mg P/l
mg N/l
mg N/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mgO2/l
mgO2/l
visual
μg/l
μg/l
indices
Daily Mean Flow (m3/s)
Total 23 rivers and one lake are currently (as per 2015) monitored in the GE Black Sea Basin (Table 10) on a
relatively regular basis, from which at 22 sites the samples are taken once a month, others – 2-4 times per year
though some of them with a very limited list of parameters.
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Table 10. Black Sea Basin rivers and lakes monitored in Georgia
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Name of river
Rioni
Jojora
Kvirila
Ogaskura
Tskhenistskali
Kintrishi
Korolistskali
Qubastskali
Bartskhana
Cherokhi
Adjaristskali
Tkibula
Lukhuni
Khanistskali
Lagoba
Gubistskali
Chkherimela
Dzirula
Supsa
Natanebi
Choloki
Paliastomi (Lake)
Chakvistskali
Medjinistskali
Number of sampling stations
6
1
4
2
5
21
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
The following Guidelines on standard operational procedures are recognised in GE rivers monitoring:

Surface Water Quality Monitoring: Guideline Document for Decision Makers (EU project
“Transboundary River Management for the Kura river basin ”(2008-2012);

Good Laboratory Practice Guidelines for Sampling and Analysis (EU project “Transboundary River
Management for the Kura river basin ”(2008-2012);

Introduction to Biological Monitoring of Water Quality (EU project “Transboundary River Management
for the Kura river basin ”(2008-2012);

Field Survey Technical Guidelines (EU project “Transboundary River Management for the Kura river
basin ”(2008-2012);

Guidelines for Monitoring the Chemical Status of Surface Water Bodies (EPIRB project, 2012-2016);

ISO and EPA methods of sampling and sample analyses.
1.1. Hydromorphology
In Soviet times, hydromorphology was under monitoring at 145 hydrological stations. This monitoring is currently
not widely introduced as a regular practice into GE rivers monitoring - there are only 9 river cross-sections, where
water runoff, flow currents, depth and width variations are occasionally observed. Since 1990 monitoring on
rivers hydromorphology was mostly exercised as a demonstration practice under the various international
projects mentioned above.
Collecting morphological information (Table 11): continuity of river streams, natural and artificial barriers,
composition of river beds, ground cover, partial size and material, coarse wood debris, etc. is the responsibility of
the NEA, formerly Hydromet. The monograph “Гидрографические описания рек и озер” (Hydrographical
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descriptions of rivers and lakes) of the series “Water resources of USSR” contains morphological information,
including longitudinal profiles of river beds and banks of many of the Georgian rivers.
Table 11. Hydromorphological parameters observed in GE
№
Quality element
Parameters
Rivers
Lakes
1
River continuity
River continuity
Yes, within 300 m of monitoring
stations
N/A
Quantity and dynamics of river flow
Yes
N/A
Connection with groundwater bodies
No
No
2
Hydrological regime
Residence time (for lakes)
3
Morphological
conditions
No
River depth and change of the width
Yes
N/A
Structure and substratum of river bottom
No
N/A
Structure of river zone
Variation of lake depth
Quantity, structure and substratum of lake
bottom
Structure of lake shore
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
No
N/A
No
Note: Yes means in projects mainly, thus, not as a sustainable practice.
1.2. Physico-chemical and hydrobiological parameters
Major physico-chemical parameters of the GE monitoring are enlisted in Table 12.
Table 12. Physico-chemical parameters observed in GE rivers monitoring
Parameter
Temperature
Transparency
Total Suspended Solids
pH
Dissolved Oxygen
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
Nitrite Nitrogen
Nitrate Nitrogen
Ammonium Nitrogen
Orthophosphate
Sulphate
Chloride
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Conductivity
Salinity
Standard applied
EPA 2130)1998
SFS-EN 872
EL. metrical
(EPA 2540)1998
ISO 5815
ISO 10304-1 :2007
ISO 10304-1 :2007
ISO 7150-1
ISO 10304-1 :2007
EMEP
EMEP
ISO 9964
ISO 9964
ISO 7980
ISO 7980
EPA2520-1998
ISO 788-1985
EPA2520-1998 d
48
Frequency
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
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Parameter
Iron
Zn, Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, Mn
Standard applied
ISO 6332
ISO 8288
Frequency
1 per month / 12 per year
1 per month / 12 per year
Among pollutants, regularly observed are only:



Trace metals: Zinc, Copper
Other metals: iron, manganese
Organic micropollutants: hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides
The laboratories apply ISO and US-EPA methods for analysis of general conditions, Annex VIII pollutants and
trace metals; the methods for analysis of organic micropollutants are not yet formalised.
There is no tradition in (routine) monitoring of hydrobiological parameters in fresh surface waters outside
the scientific community. Initially, as mentioned above, WFD principles and practises were introduced with the
KURA-II project, continuing under the KURA-III project. The project funded by the Finish Government has also
dealt with hydro-biological monitoring on the Rioni River and the UNDP/GEF project – Reducing Transboundary
Degradation in the Kura-Aras River Basin launched hydrobiological sampling as a demonstration activity on the
Kura River (Caspian Basin).
The EPIRB project included hydrobiological monitoring in its pilots (Chorokhi-Adjaristskali Basin), dealing mostly
with benthos (macroalgae and invertebrates).
Thus, so far hydrobiological monitoring is not introduced as a regular practice in GE.
.
1.2. Calculation of loads
There is no special methodology on calculation of river loads in GE.
Georgia is reporting to the BSC on 4 rivers: Chorokhi, Rioni Supsa and Khobi. The loads for these rivers are
calculated based on the information (annual statistic reports) submitted by the water users - discharges of
different pollutants (t/year). Unfortunately, these data are rather incomplete.
Currently, data on river discharges (measured flow) and selected water quality parameters, at locations close to
river mouths, there exist for the Chorokhi and Rioni Rivers only. So, for these 2 rivers the formula Ly = Qmean x
Cmean (as used in Bulgaria, for instance) could be applicable.
1.4. Other types of monitoring
Protected areas (Fig. 24)
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Figure 24. Protected areas in Georgia
There is no special monitoring programs for the rivers located within protected areas. Biodiversity monitoring
studies in protected areas are mainly conducted by university research departments and NGOs in the
frameworks of international projects.
Drinking water
Since 2006, the National Food Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture has conducted the control on drinking water
safety parameters ensuring the relevant drinking water quality monitoring (Figure 25) is being in place. The
Agency undertakes its monitoring activity according to its annual plan, in which monitoring requirements are
defined in national legislation. Therefore, the National Food Agency collects samples annually at the locations of
drinking water treatment and checks results against the standards defined in national legislation. The frequency
of sampling increases in cases of registered non-compliance and in emergency situations (e.g. floods, spills,
malfunction of treatment facilities, etc.). General procedures are given in the Order of the Minister of Agriculture
N2-143 on the approval of risk assessment and communication procedures in the framework of risk analysis. The
procedures in case of non-compliance and emergencies are also defined.
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Figure 25. Georgian drinking water monitoring: National Food Agency samples collected in 2009–2014
Real-time monitoring
For water discharge measurements an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and old equipment (cable ways
+ current meters) are used. All current meters are calibrated biennially. Automatic stations for water level and
water temperature monitoring are installed at 15-20 hydrological sites, but are not yet operating.
1.5. Data management and assessments under the WFD and/or others
Data management is ensured in a special database (Slovenian software), which is not available online. Regular
assessments are not taking place, and there is no national regulation, which would specify quality elements for
rivers. There are, though, standards for 1346 chemical parameters (order of the Ministry of Labor, Health and
Social Affairs, 2001), but they are inherited from Soviet times and are very much different from those specified in
EC legislation (e.g. 2013//39/EС). Development of a new by-law “On Water Quality Ecological Standards” is
planned for 2016.
Assessments of Pressures/Impacts are problematic, thus, programmes of measures, if any, are not scientifically
grounded. River-basin management plan has been drafted only for the Chorokhi-Ajaristskali River Basin (EPIRB
Project) and is now submitted for public consultations (available at the www.moe.gov.ge). In accordance with AA
(Association Agreement of GE with EC, 2014), Georgia has to finalize preparation of river basin management
plans for other river basins in the country by 2024.
Conclusions
The surface waters monitoring in GE is not compliant with EC legislation, the hydrological network is critically
low. Hydromorphological parameters are measured partially and rarely, and hydrobiology parameters are
sampled only in pilot studies under international projects (not sustainable practice). The List of physico-chemical
parameters is short as compared to the monitoring carried out in other BS countries. Sampling of sediments and
biota for identification of contaminants is not carried out.
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Riverine loads to the Black Sea are often calculated using long-term annual averages of river flows as
measurements of flows on a regular basis are often missing.
The used equipment in rivers monitoring is largely outdated and real-time monitoring is hardly developed.
Thus, the riverine loads of Georgia to the Black Sea are poorly assessed and there is no methodology which
would instruct how to calculate those loads.
ROMANIA
In Romania, the National System of Integrated Environmental Monitoring (SNMIMR) was established in 1990.
The system functioning is under constant improvement with the support of relevant international institutions and
funding. Rivers monitoring is part of the SNMIMR, and in the Black Sea Basin there is only one river under
control – the Danube.
"Romanian Waters" National Administration (Dobrogea Litoral) is the authority responsible for the SNMIMR in the
Dobrogea-Litoral river basins area, including data management and reporting at various levels, as well as
preparation of regular assessments.
Acting legislation/policy documents are enlisted below:

Water Law no. 107/1996 amended by GD no. 948/1999, Law no. 404/2003, Law no. 310/2004, Law no.
112/2006, Government Emergency Ordinance no. 130/2007, GEO 3/2010 approved by Law no.
146/2010, GEO 64/2011, GEO 71/2011 and GEO 69/2013

Decision no. 188 of 28 February 2002 approving the rules on the conditions for discharge of wastewater
into the aquatic environment

Decision no. 352 of 21 April 2005 on amending and supplementing Government Decision no. 188/2002
approving the rules on the conditions for discharge of wastewater into the aquatic environment

GD no. 351/2005 regarding the approval of the phasing out of discharges, emissions and losses of
priority hazardous substances

Decision no. 1038 of 13 October 2010 amending and supplementing Government Decision no.
351/2005 regarding the approval of the phasing out of discharges, emissions and losses of priority
hazardous substances.

Order no 31/2006 for the approval of the Manual (Handbook) of the Modernization and Development of
the Integrated Monitoring System of Waters in Romania (SMIAR)

MO no. 245/26.03.2005 approving the methodology for risk assessment of hazardous substances in List
I and II of priority/hazardous priority substances to the aquatic environment

Order no. 1072 / 19.12.2003 approving the organization of national support integrated surveillance
monitoring, control and decision to reduce the contribution of pollutants from agricultural sources to
surface water and groundwater and approving appropriate surveillance and control program and
procedures and instructions for data monitoring assessment of surface and groundwater
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
MO no. 44/2004 approving the Regulation on water quality monitoring for priority/priority hazardous
substances

GD no. 964/2000 on the approval of the Action Plan for water protection against pollution caused by
nitrates from agricultural sources amended by Government Decision no. 1360/2005

National management plan of waters in Romania – 2004

River basin management plans in Romania – 2009

Manual (Handbook) of the Modernization and Development of the Integrated Monitoring System of
Waters in Romania (SMIAR) – 2006

Order No. 161/2006 for the approval of the Normative basis for the classification of the quality of surface
waters in order to establish the ecological status of water bodies
The Monitoring on surface waters in Romania includes programmes of surveillance, operational (sensu WFD for
water bodies at risk) and various investigations, the latter for research purposes.
A distinctive feature of the RO coast is the availability of many lakes, lagoons and the large Danube Delta. The
hydrografic network includes not only rivers and lakes, but also artificial channels - the Danube-Black Sea
channel (64.2 km) and Poarta Alba-Midia-Navodari channel (27.5 km) and also irrigation channels from Carasu
Valey (Fig. 26).
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Figure 26. Rivers of the RO BS coast
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The monitoring network of surface waters in the Dobrogea catchment area of RO is presented in Fig. 27.
Figure 27. The monitoring network of surface waters in the Dobrogea catchment area (Romania)
For rivers, the sections included in surveillance monitoring of the Danube River, Danube Delta and River
Dobrogea Area are 35. For natural river water bodies 11 sections were selected, and in strongly modified river
water bodies 24 monitoring sections were defined.
In operational monitoring (water bodies at risk sensu the WFD) the number of monitored sections is 17: all 17
sections are located in natural water bodies.
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Investigative monitoring program is applied where necessary to complement the data regarding water quality,
and new evaluation methods for impact assessments to develop.
Figure 28 presents the monitoring programs from the relevant sections as monitored in 2013.
Figure 28. The network for monitoring of surface water quality in the Dobrogea catchment area
(Romania) in 2013
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The parameters for monitoring of surface waters under the Waters Integrated Monitoring System in Romania are
enlisted below:
a) physico-chemical parameters

General (G) - temperature, conductivity/fixed residue, pH, alkalinity, suspended matter, color, turbidity

Organic substances (SO) - dissolved oxygen, COD – Mn, COD-Cr, BOD5, TOC, COD

Nutrients (N) - nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, Ntot, orthophosphate, Ptotal, chlorophyll "a"

Heavy metals (SP-MG) - Cd, Ni, Hg, Pb and its compounds

Organic micro-pollutants (SP-MO) from GD no 351/2005 GD on the approval of Program for
gradually disposal of discharges, emissions and losses of priority hazardous substances, amended by
Government Decision no. 783/2006, GD no. 1038/2010 (see tables below)

Pollutants (AP) in list I and II of the GD 351/2005 amended by Government Decision no. 783/2006,
GD no. 1038/2010 (Table 13), and other pollutants specific to river basin such as iron, manganese,
chloride, sulphate, fluoride, phenols, active anionic detergent, AOX (Table 14).
Table 13. Priority substances (list I) (according to GD no. 1038/2010) (Romania)
No
CAS number
EU number
Name of priority substance
1
15972-60-8
240-110-8
Alachlor
2
120-12-7
204-371-1
Anthracene
3
1912-24-9
217-617-8
Atrazine
4
71-43-2
200-753-7
Benzene
5
n.a.
n.a.
Brominated diphenylethers
6
7440-43-9
231-152-8
Cadmium and its compounds
7
85535-84-8
287-476-5
C10 – 13 chloralkanes
8
470-90-6
207-432-0
Chlorfenvinphos
9
2921-88-2
220-864-4
Chlorpyrifos
10
107-06-2
203-458-1
1,2-Dichloroethane
11
75-09-2
200-838-9
Dichloromethane
12
117-81-7
204-211-0
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)
13
330-54-1
206-354-4
Diuron
14
115-29-7
204-079-4
Endosulfan
959-98-8
n.a.
alpha-endosulfan
15
206-44-0
205-912-4
Flouranthene
16
118-74-1
204-273-9
Hexachlorobenzene
17
87-68-3
201-765-5
Hexachlorobutadiene
18
608-73-1
210-158-9
Hexachlorocyclohexane
58-89-9
200-401-2
(gamma-isomer,lindane)
19
34123-59-6
251-835-4
Isoproturon
20
7439-92-1
231-100-4
Lead and its compounds
21
7439-97-6
231-106-7
Mercury and its compounds
22
91-20-3
202-049-5
Naphthalene
57
December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
No
CAS number
EU number
Name of priority substance
23
7440-02-0
231-111-4
Nickel and its compounds
24
25154-52-3
246-672-0
Nonylphenols
104-40-5
203-199-4
(4-(para)-nonylphenol)
1806-26-4
217-302-5
Octylphenols
140-66-9
n.a.
(para-tert-octylphenol)
26
608-93-5
210-172-5
Pentachlorobenzene
27
87-86-5
201-778-6
Pentachlorophenol
28
n.a.
n.a.
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
50-32-8
200-028-5
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
205-99-2
205-911-9
(Benzo(b)fluoroanthene)
191-24-2
205-883-8
(Benzo(g,h,i)perylene)
207-08-9
205-916-6
(Benzo(k)fluoroanthene)
206-44-0
205-912-4
(Fluoroanthene)
193-39-5
205-893-2
(Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene)
29
122-34-9
204-535-2
Simazine
30
688-73-3
211-704-4
Tributyltin compounds
36643-28-4
n.a.
(Tributyltin-cation)
12002-48-1
234-413-4
Trichlorobenzenes
120-82-1
204-428-0
(1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene)
32
67-66-3
200-663-8
Trichloromethane (Chloroform)
33
1582-09-8
216-428-8
Trifluralin
25
31
* Frequency of monitoring – every month
Table 14. Families and groups of substances of specific pollutants (according to GD no. 1038/2010)
(Romania)
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Families and groups of substances of specific pollutants
Organohalogen compounds and substances which may form such compounds in the aquatic
environment
Organophosphorus compounds
Organostannic compounds
Substances with carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic properties
Persistent mineral oils and petroleum hydrocarbons1
Cyanide2, persistent synthetic substances which may float, remain in suspension, sink or may
interfere with any water use
Metals and their compounds
Biocides and plant protection products
Substances which have a deleterious effect on the taste and / or odor of groundwater or aquatic
products for human consumption (on the organoleptic properties) or can lead to the formation of this
kind of substance, making them unfit for human consumption
Toxic or persistent organic compounds of silicon and substances which may lead to the formation of
this kind of substances in the water, except that, in terms of the biological, which are not harmful or
which in water are fast converted to non-hazardous substances
Inorganic compounds of phosphorus and elementary phosphorus
58
December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
No.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Families and groups of substances of specific pollutants
Fluorides, mineral oils and non persistent petroleum hydrocarbons3
Substances which contribute to eutrophication (in particular, nitrates and phosphates)
Suspended matter
Substances that can have a negative impact on the balance of oxygen and can be measured using
indicators such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)
1For
groundwater will be considered "mineral oils and hydrocarbons."
2For
surface waters will be considered List II (Table 15).
3Will
be considered only for surface waters.
Table 15. Indicative list (list II) of substances that correspond to the families and groups of substances
enlisted in Table 14 (Romania)
CAS No.
Substance
1
2
71-55-6
methyl chloroform; 1,1,1-trichloroethane
79-34-5
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
79-00-5
1,1,2- trichloroethane
76-13-1
1,1,2-trichloro-trifluoro-ethane
75-34-3
1,1-dichloroethane
75-35-4
1,1-ethylene dichloride; vinylidene chloride
95-94-3
1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene
106-93-4
1,2-dibromoethane
95-50-1
1,2-dichlorobenzene
540-59-0
1,2-ethylene dichloride
78-87-5
1,2-dichloropropane; propylene dichloride
96-23-1
1,3-dichloro -2-propanol
541-73-1
1,3-dichlorobenzene
542-75-6
1,3-dichloropropene
106-46-7
1,4-dichlorobenzene; p-dichlorobenzene
97-00-7
1-chloro-2; 4-dinitrobenzene
90-13-1
1-chloro-naphthalene
78-88-6
2,3-dichloropropene; 2,3-dichloropropilenă
93-76-5
2,4,5-T; acid 2,3,4-trichlorophenoxy-acetic acid
neaplicabil
2,4-D salts and esters
120-83-2
2,4-dichlorophenol
94-75-7
2,4-D; acid 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
95-85-2
2-amino-4-chlorophenol
615-65-6
2-chloro-4-methylaniline
95-51-2
2-chloroaniline
107-07-3
ethylene chlorohydrine; 2-chloroethanol
88-73-3
2-nitrozochlorobenzene
95-57-8
2-chlorophenol
95-49-8
2-chlorotoluene
59
December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
CAS No.
Substance
1
2
108-42-9
3-chloroaniline
121-73-3
3-nitroso chlorobenzene
108-43-0
3-chlorophenol
108-41-8
3-chlorotoluene
92-87-5
benzidine, 1,1 '-biphenyl-4, 4'-diamine; 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, biphenyl-4, 4'-ilendiamin
89-63-4
4-chloro-2-nitroaniline
89-59-8
4-chloro-2-nitrotoluene
59-50-7
chlorocresol, 4-chloro-m-cresol; 4-chloro-3-methylphenol
106-47-8
4-chloroaniline
100-00-5
1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene
106-48-9
4-chlorophenol
106-43-4
4-chlorotoluene
107-05-1
3-clorpropenă; allyl chloride
98-87-3
benzylidene chloride; alpha, alpha-dichlorotoluene
7440-36-0
Antimony
7440-38-2
Arsenic and compounds
1327-53-3
diarsenic trioxide, arsenic trioxide
2642-71-9
azinphos-ethyl; dithiophosphate O, O-diethyl-4-oxobenzotriazin-3-yl-methyl
86-50-0
azinphos-methyl; dithiophosphate O, O-dimethyl 4-oxobenzotriazin-3-yl-methyl
7440-39-3
barium
25057-89-0
bentazone, 2,2-dioxide 3-isopropyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4-one
56-55-3
benzo (a) anthracene
100-44-7
benzyl chloride, alpha-chlorotoluene
7440-41-7
beryllium
92-52-4
diphenyl, biphenyl
7440-42-8
boron
57-74-9
chlordane; 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octacloro-3a, 4,7,7 a-tetrahydro-4,7-metanoinden
6164-98-3
chlordimeform; N2-(4-chloro-o-tolyl)-N1, N1-dimethylformamidine
79-11-8
chloroacetic acid
108-90-7
chlorobenzene
25586-43-0
chloro-naphthalene
neaplicabil
chloro-nitrotoluene
126-99-8
Chloroprene; 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene;
7440-47-3
chromium
7440-48-4
cobalt
7440-50-8
copper
56-72-4
Coumafos, thiophosphate-O-3-chloro-4-methylcoumarin-7-yl and O, O-diethyl
126-75-0
demeton-S; diethyl and S-2-ethylthioethyl thiophosphate
919-86-8
demeton-S-methyl, thiophosphate of S-2-ethylthioethyl and dimethyl
301-12-2
oxydemeton-methyl; O thiophosphate, O-dimethyl and S-(2-ethyl sulfinyl-ethyl)
60
December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
CAS No.
Substance
1
2
683-18-1
Dibutyl chloride
818-08-6
Dibutyltin oxide
neaplicabil
dibutyl salt
27134-27-6
dichloroaniline (all isomers)
neaplicabil
dichloro-diamino-biphenyl
108-60-1
dichloro-di-iso-propyl ether
neaplicabil
dichloro-nitrobenzene (all isomers)
120-36-5
Dichlorprop; 2,4-DP; 2 - (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propionic acid
62-73-7
dichlorvos, 2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate, and dimethyl
109-89-7
diethylamine
60-51-5
124-40-3
dimethoate; methylcarbamoyl methyl and O dithiophosphate, O-dimethyl
disulfoton; dithiophosphate O, O-diethyl 2-ethylthioethyl
dimethylamine
298-04-4
disulfoton; dithiophosphate O, O-diethyl 2-ethylthioethyl
106-89-8
epichlorohydrin, 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane
100-41-4
ethylbenzene
122-14-5
fenitrothion; O thiophosphate, O-dimethyl and O-4-nitro-m-tolyl
55-38-9
fenthion; O thiophosphate, O-dimethyl and O-(4-methylthio-m-tolyl)
76-44-8
heptachlor; 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptacloro-3a, 4,7,7 a-tetrahydro-4, 7metanoinden
67-72-1
hexachloroethane
98-82-8
cumene
330-55-2
linuron, 3 - (3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea
121-75-5
malathion; dithiophosphate 1,2-bis (ethoxy-carbonyl) ethyl and O, O-dimethyl
94-74-6
MCPA, 2,4-MCPA; 4-chloro-o-toliloxiacetic
93-65-2
salts mecoprop and mecoprop; 2 - (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) propionic acid
10265-92-6
methamidophos; O thiophosphoramide, S-dimethyl
7786-34-7
mevinphos; 2-methoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl and dimethyl phosphate
7439-98-7
molybdenum
1746-81-2
Monolinuron; 3 - (4-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea
1113-02-6
omethoate; O thiophosphate, O-dimethyl and S-methylcarbamoylmethyl
56-38-2
parathion; O thiophosphate, O-diethyl and O-4-nitrophenyl
298-00-0
parathion-methyl (ISO); O thiophosphate, O-dimethyl and O-4-nitrophenyl
1336-36-3
PCB; polychlorobiphenyls; chlorinated biphenyls
85-01-8
phenanthrene
126-73-8
tributyl phosphate
14816-18-3
phoxim; alpha-(dietoxifosfinotioilimino) phenylacetonitrile
709-98-8
propanil 3 ', 4'-dichloroproprioanilide
7782-49-2
selenium
7440-22-4
silver
13494-80-9
tellurium
1461-25-2
tetrabutyl tin
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December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
CAS No.
Substance
1
7440-28-0
2
thallium
7440-31-5
tin
7440-32-6
titanium
108-88-3
toluene
24017-47-8
triazophos; thiophosphate of O, O-diethyl O-(1-phenyl-1H,2,4-triazol-3-yl)
52-68-6
trichlorfon; 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl phosphonate
neaplicabil
trichlorophenol
900-95-8
fentin acetate, triphenyltin acetate
639-58-7
triphenyltin chloride
76-87-9
fentin hydroxide, triphenyltin hydroxide
7440-61-1
uranium
7440-62-2
vanadium
75-01-4
vinyl chloride, chloroethylene
1330-20-7
xylene (the amount of o-, m-, p-)
7440-66-6
zinc
b) biological parameters

Phytoplankton (FPL) - Taxonomic composition - the list and number of species, density, saprobic index,
biomass - only in case of eutrophication;

Microphytobentos (MFB) - taxonomic component – the list and number of species, density, saprobic index;

Macrophytes (MF) - Taxonomic composition - the list of species and number, density;

Zoobenthos (ZB) - Taxonomic composition - the list and number of species, density, saprobic index,
diversity index, species sensitive to human impact;

Fish fauna (P) - Taxonomic composition - the list and number of species, density, species sensitive to
human impact, age structure;

Zooplankton (ZPL) - provides useful information in some cases: eutrophication, pollution incidents.
c) microbiological parameters: total coliforms, fecal coli forms, fecal streptococci and salmonella (4-12 times
per year), analysis of microbiological parameters is performed in sections for capture of surface water for drinking
water (P), in sections of trans-national monitoring network (TNMN) of the International Convention for the
protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) and other sectors where monitoring of these parameters is established
under bilateral or international conventions and agreements. Parameter "Salmonella" is performed by
decentralized units of the Ministry of Health of the territory
d) parameters of toxic pollutants by natural or anthropogenic origin

MG – heavy metals from list II and list of priority substances/priority hazardous substances according to GD
351/2005 (see tables above);
SP-MO - organic micropollutants from GD 351/2005, relevant to the biological response, in accordance with
the table above.
e) ecotoxicological parameters (biota) - to highlight the effects of heavy metals and organic pollutants of
anthropogenic origin by applying risk and impact assessment methodology provided in MO 245/2005 approving
the methodology for risk assessment of hazardous substances in lists I and II and the priority substances/priority
hazardous substances into the aquatic environment

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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
In the Danube River, Danube Delta and River Dobrogea Area according to the Management Plan of River Basin,
the quality elements monitored and frequency of sampling for rivers and natural lakes are presented in the tables
below:
1.1. Hydromorphology
Table 16. Hydromorphological elements in RO rivers and lakes monitoring
№
Quality
element
Rivers
Frequency of sampling
Parameters
Water level and flow
1
Surveillance
H = 2 times
daily
Q = 2-60 times
per year
Connection with groundwater
bodies
Hydrological
regime
River continuity
2
Morphological
conditions
The water level in the lake and
tributary and de-fluent flows
Residence time (for lakes)
Connectivity of the lake with
groundwater bodies
River depth and change of the
width
Structure and substratum of
river bottom
Structure of river zone
Variation of lake depth
Volume and structure of the
substratum of lake bottom
Structure of lake shore
Natural Lakes
Frequency of sampling
Surveillance
Operational
N/A
N/A
1 time per 3
days
1 time per 6
years
Operational
H = 2 times
daily
Q = 2-60
times per
year
1 time per 3
days
1 time per 6
years
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1-30/30 days
1-30/30 days
N/A
N/A
1 per 6 years
1 per 6 years
N/A
N/A
1 per 3 days
1 per 3 days
1- yearly
1- yearly
N/A
N/A
1 per 6 years
1 per 6 years
N/A
N/A
1 per 6 years
N/A
1 per 6 years
N/A
N/A
1 per 6 years
N/A
1 per 6 years
N/A
N/A
1 per 6 years
1 per 6 years
N/A
N/A
1 per 6 years
1 per 6 years
1.2. Physico-chemical and hydrobiological parameters
Table 17. Physico-chemical parameters monitored in Romania
N
Quality elements
Parameter
Frequency of sampling per month/per year
Surveillance
1
Transparency
2
3
Thermal conditions
Oxygen balance
conditions
4
5
Salinity
Acidification status
Suspended matter (TSS)
Turbidity
Colour
T 0C
O2 dissolved COD-MN and/or CODCr, BOD5 and in some cases COD,
TOC
Conductivity/fixed residue
pH
Alkalinity
63
Operational
6 times per year
6 times per year
6 times per year
6 times per year
6 times per year
6-12 times per year*
6-12 times per year*
6-12 times per year*
6-12 times per year*
6-12 times per year*
6 times per year
6 times per year
6 times per year
6-12 times per year*
6-12 times per year*
6-12 times per year*
December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
N
Quality elements
Parameter
Frequency of sampling per month/per year
Surveillance
6
Nutrients
7
Nutrients (suspended
matter)
Priority substances water
Priority substances
(suspended matter)
Priority substances
(sediments)
Priority substances
(biota)
Non-priority specific
pollutants
Non-priority specific
pollutants (suspended
matter)
Non-priority specific
pollutants (sediments)
Non-priority specific
pollutants (biota)
Other pollutants
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Operational
N-NO2
N-NO3
Ammonium Ntotal
Orthophosphates Ptotal
Chlorophyll "a"
Ntotal
Ptotal
See Table 13
6 times per year
6 times per year
6 times per year
6 times per year
6 times per year
6 times per year
6 times per year
12 times per year
6-12 times per year*
6-12 times per year*
6-12 times per year*
6-12 times per year*
6-12 times per year*
6 times per year
6 times per year
12 times per year
Heavy metals: Cd, Ni, Pb, Hg
6 times per year
6 times per year
Heavy metals and organic
micropollutants relevant to sediments
Heavy metals and organic
micropollutants relevant to biota
See Table 15
1 time per year
1 time per year
6 times per year
6 times per year
Other heavy metals (list II)
6 times per year
6 times per year
Substances from list I and II relevant
to sediments
Substances from list I and II relevant
to biota
3)
1 time per year
1 time per year
1 time per year
1 time per year
6 times per year
6 times per year
*it is monitored 12 times per year when the risk is due to the nutrients and organic matter; it is monitored 6 times per year when the risk is due to
morphological alterations and priority substances
1) Priority substances (Annex X of the WFD - Decision 2455/2001 / EC) in case of pollution sources which are discharging this kind of substances
2) Non-priority specific pollutants (substances in Annex 8 and 9 of the Framework Directive) in case of sources pollution which are discharging this kind of
substances
3) Other pollutants: substances not included in Annexes 8, 9 and 10 of the Framework Directive: in case of pollution sources which are discharging this kind
of substances
Table 18. Hydrobiological parameters (Romania)
Quality elements
Parameters
Frequency
Surveillance monitoring
Operational monitoring
Phytoplankton
Taxonomic composition (list and
no. of species) density (cells / l)
Twice per year
3 times per year
Microphytobenthos
Taxonomic composition (list and
no. of species) density (cells /
m 2)
Taxonomic composition (list and
no. of species) density (ind / m2)
Twice per year
3 times per year
1 time per 3 years
1 time per 3 years
Zoobenthos
Taxonomic composition (list and
no. of species) density (ind / m2)
Twice per year
3 times per year
Fish fauna
Taxonomic composition (list and
no. of species) density (ind /
100m2) age structure
1 time per 3 years
1 time per 3 years
Macrophytes
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December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
1.3. Calculation of loads
For nutrients, the MONERIS model (Modelling Nutrient Emissions in River Systems) for estimating emissions
from point and diffuse sources of pollution is used. The MONERIS model calculates the emissions of nitrogen
and phosphorus stemming to surface water through different pathways, as well as the instream retention in the
surface water network.
According to a methodology developed by the Romanian Waters National Administration, the assessment of the
emission of pollutants discharged from point sources of pollution, broken down by activity branches (domestic
and industrial) can be done taking into account:
• flow of wastewater discharged, expressed in m3/day and thousands m3/year;
• amount of pollutant contained in the wastewater, which is expressed as:
For COD, BOD5, suspended matter, NT, PT as measuring unit is used tons/day, calculated as follows:
Pollutant load (t/day) =
= average flow (m3/day) x average concentration of pollutant (mg/l) : 1000000
Where:

Average flow (m3/day) is the simple arithmetic average of the flows recorded during a year;

Average concentration of the pollutant (mg/l) is the simple arithmetic average of the concentrations
recorded during a year, corresponding to the above mentioned flow.
For heavy metals as measuring unit is used tons/year calculated as follows:
The amount of metallic ions (t/year) =
= average flow (m3/year) x average concentration of metallic ions (mg/l): 1000000
Where:

Average flow is the total volume of discharged wastewater registered during a year;

Average concentration of metallic ions (mg/l) is the simple arithmetic average of the concentrations
recorded during a year, corresponding to the above mentioned flow.
For the
Danube
loads
calculation the
TNMN
(https://www.icpdr.org/main/publications/tnmn-yearbooks).
65
(ICPDR)
methodology
is
followed
December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
1.4. Other types of monitoring
Protected areas
Same as in Bulgaria, in the Danube River, Danube Delta, Dobrogea River Area and coastal waters there have
been identified and mapped the following categories of protected areas: protected areas for water abstraction for
drinking water, areas for the protection of fish species, economically important, areas for the protection of
habitats and species where the maintenance or improvement of water is an important issue, areas vulnerable to
nitrate pollution from agricultural sources and bathing areas.
A very important aspect regarding the distribution of protected areas is that in Romania all territory has been
identified as a sensitive area to pollution with nutrients (total nitrogen and total phosphorus), on identification
criteria of Annex II to Directive 91/271 / EEC concerning urban wastewater treatment and according to the
position paper concluded between Romania and the European Community on the environmental chapter.
Along the RO coast there are vulnerable areas and areas most threatened by pollution/eutrophication. They are
demonstrated in Figure 29. In Figure 29 the vulnerability is mentioned in relation to nitrates pollution, however,
the same areas are sensitive to any kind of pollution.
Figure 29. Vulnerable areas to nitrates in the Dobrogea river area and the Danube Delta (Romania)
66
December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Besides the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (DDBR), for which there is a special protection and administration
law concerning the economic and social development and water infrastructure, the Dobrogea region in Romania
holds other 39 protected areas (Figure 30).
Figure 30. Areas intended for protection of habitats and species where water is an important factor in
the Dobrogea River Area (Romania)
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December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Drinking water
In 2007, according to the Management Plan of the Danube River, Danube Delta, Dobrogea Hydrographic area
and Coastal waters in Dobrogea area, there were inventoried in total 14 water catchments surface sources out of
which 2 were designated as protection areas (14.3 %). For ground water sources, in total 159 water catchments
were inventoried out of which 155 were designated as protection areas (97.5%).
Figure 31 presents the water catchments for drinking water from surface and groundwater sources from
Dobrogea basin area.
Figure 31. Protection areas of water catchments for drinking water of Dobrogea river area (Romania)
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December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
County Public Health Directorates (DSPJ) carry out monitoring of drinking water quality under Romanian
legislation which is in line with the European Directive 98/83/EEC on the quality of water intended for human
consumption.
The verification of quality of drinking water is carried out in the following way: by control monitoring (water
producers self-monitoring) and audit monitoring (performed by DSPJ). The frequency of sampling and
parameters monitored in water supply systems for these types of monitoring are established in legislation - both
audit and control monitoring programmes are carried out under Law 458/2002 and GD 974/2004 amended and
supplemented.
Control monitoring checks periodically organoleptic, chemical and microbiological quality of the drinking water
produced and distributed, and efficiency of the treatment processes, focusing on the disinfection technology in
order to determine if drinking water is adequate or not in terms of the relevant parameter values stipulated in Law
no. 458/2002 on drinking water quality.
Audit monitoring verifies where drinking water meets quality requirements and specifications for all parameters
set out in Law 458/2002 on drinking water quality, including additional parameters imposed by sanitary
authorities.
Real-time monitoring
The "Romanian Waters" National Administration implements the project "WATMAN - Integrated Management
Information System for Water - Phase I" project which sets the foundations for application of the national strategy
of water resources management, including situations resulting from extreme hydrological events (droughts and
high water, pollution or accidents at the water management system) in case of disasters, drafted by the Ministry
of Environment, Water and Forests.
The proposed infrastructure works, equipment and endowments will be installed in different points throughout the
entire Romanian territory in all 11 Hydrographic Basins: Somes-Tisa, Cris, Mures, Banat, Jiu, Olt, Arges-Vedea,
Buzau-Ialomita, Siret, Prut-Bârlad and Dobrogea Litoral.
The project is worth 63 million euros, of which 85% are European funds, and the remaining 15% is financed from
the state budget. The project has 2 investment objectives.
Investment Objective 1 - Increasing the safety of hydraulic structures
Proposed investments include automatic sensors and complementary equipment for:

89 automatic stations with sensors to improve safety of dams;

233 automated stations with sensors to measure the snow level and hydrometric stations for tributary
flow, sockets and derivatives;

89 dams equipped with software and hardware to control and coordinate the operation of hydrotechnical constructions;

Equipment and means of intervention to flooding.
Investment Objective 2 – Increasing the capacity in case of natural disasters

15 coordinating centers and 23 early intervention centers;
o
software and hardware endowments at the coordination centers;
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o

endowments at the early intervention centers.
51 automatic stations with sensors for monitoring water quality.
Among all activities, the WATMAN project is the largest project in the field of real-time monitoring of surface
waters undertaken so far in Romania.
1.5. Data management and assessments under the WFD and/or others
In Romania, the database for monitoring of surface waters - surface water quality in river basins and quality
categories - under the Waters Integrated Monitoring System in Romania (SMIAR) is kept in Word files, there is
no specific software to manage it. The data are not online and are not accessible by public. The status of surface
waters is being annually assessed in line with the WFD requirements.
The assessment of surface water quality is made in accordance with the provisions of Order no. 161 of 16
February 2006 for approving the Norms regarding the classification of surface water quality in order to establish
the ecological status of water bodies.
The classification and assessment system of the ecological status of water bodies has been prepared in
accordance with the principles and recommendations of the Water Framework Directive and European
Guidelines Guidance document no 13 - Overall approach to the classification of ecological status and ecological
potential and Guidance document no 4 - Identification and designation of Heavily Modified and Artificial water
Bodies, being specific for categories of surface water.
Characterization of the environmental status in accordance with the requirements of the Water Framework
Directive (transposed into Romanian legislation through Water Law no. 107/1996 as amended and
supplemented), is based on a classification system in five classes, namely: very good, good, moderate, poor and
bad, defined and represented as follows:





blue colour - for very good status – the values of biological elements are characterized by values
associated with those from unaltered areas (as reference) or with minor anthropogenic alterations. The
values of hydromorphological and physico-chemical elements of surface waters are characterized by
values associated with those in unaltered areas (as reference) or with minor anthropogenic alterations
areas;
green colour - for good status – the values of biological elements are characterized by slight
deviations from values characteristic to unaltered areas (as reference) or with minor anthropogenic
alterations. The values of general physico-chemical elements are characterized by minor deviations
from values characteristic to unaltered areas (as reference) or with minor anthropogenic alterations
areas;
yellow colour - for moderate status - the values of biological elements for surface water deviate
moderately from values characteristic to unaltered areas (as reference) or with minor anthropogenic
alterations areas;
orange colour - for poor status - there are major alterations of biological elements; relevant biological
communities differ substantially from those normally associated with unaltered conditions in unaltered
areas (as reference) or with minor anthropogenic alterations areas;
red colour – for bad status – there are severe alterations of the biological elements values, a large
number of relevant biological communities are absent from those present in unaltered areas (as
reference) or with minor anthropogenic alterations areas.
Biological elements are taken into account when defining all those 5 classes, based on the principle that
biological elements are the integrator of all kinds of pressures. Physico-chemical elements are taken into account
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in the characterization of "very good" and "good" status and the morphological characterization only for "very
good" status, for the rest of states there is no specific definition.
For specific synthetic pollutants, very good ecological status is defined by values close to zero or at least below
the limits of detection of the most advanced analytical techniques used. For specific non-synthetic pollutants very
good ecological status is defined by concentrations which remain within the range normally associated with
background values. Good environmental status, both for specific synthetic pollutants, and those non-synthetic is
defined by concentrations which do not exceed the environmental quality standards; for specific non-synthetic
pollutants these values do not involve the reducing of pollutant concentrations below natural background.
Global (overall) status of surface waters is determined taking into account the ecological and chemical status.
To illustrate the level of the chemical status of a water body two colors are used:
• Blue for good chemical status;
• Red for other status than good.
In 2013, in the Danube River, Danube Delta, Dobrogea River Area and Coastal Waters, 115 water bodies were
examined and characterized in terms of status / ecological potential 93 (81%) of water bodies (79 natural (69%)
and 14 heavily modified / artificial (12%)) of which: 57 (61%) water bodies are in good ecological status and 8
(9%) water bodies in maximum ecological and good potential. The remaining 22 water bodies are lakes for fish
and therapeutic purpose for which environmental status was not evaluated as there are no definitions of specific
environmental objectives for them.
Also, all 115 bodies were analyzed and characterized chemically of which 112 (97%) water bodies achieve good
chemical status and 3 (3%) water bodies do not.
Figure 32 illustrates the ecological status and ecological potential of water bodies in the Danube River, Danube
Delta, Dobrogea River Area and Coastal Waters in 2013.
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Figure 32. Ecological status and ecological potential of surface waters in the Danube catchment area
in 2013 (Romania)
References:
Management plan of Danube River, Danube Delta, Dobrogea Hydrographic area and Coastal waters, 2009-2015
Conservation and protection of the Black Sea Diversity – report made under MISIS project (2012)
Project of the Management plan of Danube River, Danube Delta, Dobrogea Hydrographic area and Coastal
waters, Cycle II, 2016 - 2021
Website of "Romanian Waters" National Administration: www.rowater.ro
Conclusions
The monitoring of Romanian surface waters is conducted in line with EU Directives and national legislation
requirements.
The important issues of water management, both nationally and within basins/hydrographic spaces, are similar to
those set out in the International Danube River Basin as described in the document Significant Water
Management Issues 2013 developed by the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
(ICPDR), with the contribution of Danube countries (https://www.icpdr.org/main/SWMI-PP).
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Emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Danube River contribute to eutrophication of the north-western part
of the Black Sea. Regarding the nutrient contribution of the Danube River to the Black Sea in 2000-2008, in the
draft second Management Plan of the International Danube River Basin (http://www.icpdr.org/main/draftplans2015) it is specified that Danube loads are estimated to be approx. 670 kt/year for nitrogen and approx. 44
kt/year for total phosphorus.
Therefore, the quantity of pollutants collected by the Danube River from the entire catchment area is a significant
pressure on Romanian coastal waters. During 2015, the activities for completion of the Management Plan of the
International Danube River Basin (second planning cycle) include update of scenarios aimed at reducing nutrient
loading in the Black Sea basin. In scenarios updates the MONERIS model (https://www.icpdr.org/main/activitiesprojects/moneris-modelling-nutrient-emissions-river-systems) will be used to prepare the needed estimates of
inputs from point and diffuse sources in the Danube catchment area.
Romania participates in TNMN (Trans-national monitoring network, https://www.icpdr.org/main/activitiesprojects/tnmn-transnational-monitoring-network), established under ICPDR in 1996. The TNMN is a good
example to achieve rivers monitoring harmonization in the Black Sea region, following:



Harmonising monitoring and assessment methods concerning water quality in rivers (including
hydromorphology and hydrobiology parameters as required to assess ecological status of rivers);
Developing co-ordinated monitoring systems applying also stationary or mobile measurement
devices, and shared communications and data processing facilities;
Elaborating and implementing joint programmes for monitoring riverine conditions, including flow
rates, water and sediments quality, as a basis for the assessment of impacts on the Black Sea.
TURKEY
The most important concept in WFD (Water Framework Directive) is river basin management and for each river
basin preparing RBMP (River Basin Management Plan) shall be developed. In the participation process of the
candidate countries, they have to fulfil the requirements of WFD. Carrying out studies on the properties of the
river basin, impacts of human activities and economic analysis of water usage are important in terms of meeting
the WFD requirements.
According to WFD, RBMP milestones are enlisted below (Legislations equivalent to these in Turkey are given
also as currently available);











River basin characterization,
Summary of the significant pressure and impacts of human activities,
Determining and mapping protection areas,
Map of monitoring nets,
Environmental targets list,
Economic analysis,
Precautions program,
Listing and summarizing detailed precautions,
Public information and consulting on the subject, summarizing in a way to include the results of
exchanging ideas and information sharing,
List of competent authorities,
Determining contact points to obtain background information and comment from public and procedures
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to be followed (Tanık, 2007).
Apart from WFD, other EC Directives taken into consideration in Turkey as related to surface water management
are:





Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, (91/271/EEC); (In Turkey 2006),
Nitrate Directive (91/676/EEC); (In Turkey 2004),
Drinking Water Directive, (98/83/EC); (In Turkey 2005- TS 266–2005)
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive (2008/1/EC)16;
Bathing Water Quality Directive (76/160/EEC)17; (In Turkey 2006).
Generally, boundaries of river basins may not match administrative boundaries (provinces and towns) and a river
basin may include more than one administrative region. This is also valid for Turkey. Figure 33 demonstrates the
boundaries of TR Black Sea river basins. A high level management structure on the basis of river basins has the
potential of creating administrative, social and political problems and is a subject of examination and research
within itself in order to recommend on its institutional and legal framework.
Figure 33. Black Sea river basins of Turkey
When looking at the situation in Turkey, the European Union association process contributed to advancements in
the field of rivers management. Specifically, the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and the Ministry of
Forestry and Hydraulic Affairs have played an active role in the process and they have progressed their work
taking into consideration European Union requirements and standards in the Water Quality Sector. Accordingly,
River Basin Protection Action Plans were completed by TUBITAK MRC in 2011 under the coordination of the
mentioned ministries.
In Turkey, the regularly monitored rivers along Black Sea coasts are Yeşilırmak, Kızılırmak, Sakarya, Melet and
Filyos Rivers.
Water and wastewater management issues are shared among many governmental organizations (Table 19).
Each of these organizations has developed plans, monitoring systems and regulatory precautions for
16
17
Replaced by the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU)
Replaced by the revised Bathing Water Directive (2006/7/EC)
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management and control of water pollution. Along with crossing and/or overlapping activities of the involved
organizations, there are significant gaps specifically in terms of the scope of water quality monitoring. In 2007,
SHI (State Hydraulic Affairs) was included in the institutional framework of state environmental protection
agencies. Thus, an important step was undertaken in building integrated water resources management and a
ground for planning of more efficient surface water monitoring (in compliance with WFD) was established.
In Turkey, current water and wastewater management system is not based on river basins as stipulated in WFD,
but is established at the provinces and Municipalities scale. In the TR association process to EU, and specifically
when the Phase of Environment was opened, studies on restructuring the current water management sector to
meet the requirements of WFD were well advanced. In Turkey, drinking water supply, sewage
(wastewater/rainwater) and wastewater treatment/removing services are under the responsibility of the
Municipalities. The duties and responsibilities of the municipalities are given in Table 20.
Table 19. Governmental Organizations involved in River Basin Management (Turkey)
ORGANIZATION
MAIN DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
State Planning
Organization
•
Planning investments on water sources (example: dams, reservoirs, water
supply and pollution control (example: sewage and canalization treatment)
The Ministry of Forestry
and Water Affairs
•
Developing and approving environmental plans and providing for their
implementations
Avoiding water pollution
Establishing water quality laboratories
Implementing national ÇED (Environmental Impact Assessment)
arrangements
Determining RAMSAR cites
Coordinating the process ensuring Turkish water legislation is compatible
with EU communautaire
Determining water resources quality classification
Determining quality criteria related to water resources including bathing
water quality standards
Approval of projects on wastewater treatment facilities of industrial plants
Preparing river basin protection plans and river basin Action Plans
Preparing response plans for protection of water resources
Rehabilitation of water beds
Arrangement of water discharge permissions, monitoring discharges from
industrial and wastewater treatment facilities
Water resource evaluations and analysis
Development of river basins
Planning, construction and finance of water and wastewater treatment
facilities
Water management by 25 Regional Directorates
Protecting underground and surface waters
Allocation of ground water and keeping under record
Flood control
Examination, planning, design, construction and operation related to
watering, domestic water supply, hydroelectric energy and environment
Determining bathing water quality standards, implementing and monitoring
these standards
Monitoring urban waste collection and treatment quality
Drinking water legislation, drinking water standards, implementing and
monitoring these standards
And
The Ministry of
Environment and
Urbanization
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
General Directorate for
State Hydraulic Works
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Ministry of Health
•
•
•
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ORGANIZATION
MAIN DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
The Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Affairs
•
•
•
•
Fishery and aquaculture legislation
Protection of water resource use in agriculture
Monitoring nitrate parameters for freshwater and ground water
Controlling and monitoring pesticides
The Ministry of Culture and
Tourism
The Bank of Provinces
•
Planning and constructing wastewater infrastructure in tourism areas
•
Designing and financing public works on drinking water supply and process,
waste systems and urban wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal for
the municipalities
Table 20. Municipality Environmental Services (Turkey)
MUNICIPALITIES/SETTINGS
INSTITUTION IN CHARGE
Settlements in the Metropolitan Municipalities Service
Areas (County/Town Municipalities and Villages)
Water and Sewerage Administrations (SKI’s)
SHI (In country-wide large water drinking water
supply projects)
Municipalities out of metropolitan municipalities Service
Areas
(Municipalities which do not include Service Area
Province Boundary )
Other Province/ County/Town Municipalities
Rural Settlements
Directorate of Technical Affairs of County, Town
Municipalities
Directorate of Provincial Special Administration (With
Model of Teams Bringing Service to Villages)
Note: Municipalities with a population between 3,000~100,000, water procurement, sewage and wastewater
Water quality monitoring studies, which is a crucial part of the river basin management, includes establishing or
extending monitoring networks required both at surface waters and ground waters and continuous monitoring as
stated in WFD.
Current water quality monitoring along rivers and their tributaries in Turkey is being managed or observed by
many institutions, primarily by the State Hydraulic Institute (SHI) within the framework of water usage (Table 21).
These institutions are the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs,
General Directorate of Electric Power Resources Survey and Development Administration (EIEI), metropolitan
municipalities, the Ministry of Health, Provincial Directorates of Agriculture (TIM) and General Directorate of State
Meteorology Affairs (DMI). Each involved state institution performs monitoring according to own
purposes/responsibilities, however, there is no governmental requirement the collected data on surface waters to
be jointly stored and managed. Thus, a Joint Water Quality Monitoring System is absent, as well as a Joint
Water Quality Data/Information Sharing Platform. Establishment of the latter would significantly improve the
access of stakeholders, including general public, to such an important data/information as the quality of surface
waters.
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Table 21. Municipality Environmental Services (Turkey)
Monitoring of Receiving Environment Water Quality:
Intra-continental Water resources (river,
lake, dam, wetland area and ground
waters) flow, drinking and irrigation, water
quality monitoring
SHI Regional Directorates
Regional Directorates of Electric Power Resources Survey
and Development Administration (EIEI) (currents,
hydrological observations)
At some pilot river basins/lakes the Ministry of Environment
and Forestry
Monitoring water quality at coasts (beach),
estuaries and seas
Monitoring water quality at waters where
aquaculture production is in place
Monitoring water quality at drinking water
supply
Monitoring nitrate pollution generated as a
result of agriculture/stock raising
Some Metropolitan Municipalities Water and Sewerage
Administrations (at dams)
ÇOB Department of Coast and Sea Management
Some Metropolitan Municipalities SK Administrations
Provincial Directorates of Health/Provincial Sanitation
Laboratories
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Regional
Directorates of Aquaculture
Provincial Directorates of Health
Provincial Directorates of Sanitation
Water and Sewerage Administrations of Metropolitan
Municipalities
Provincial Directorates of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
Ministry
Acting policy: Legal/policy documents, which regulate rivers monitoring in Turkey are given below:

Water Pollution Control Regulation (no of OG: 25687, date: 31.12.2004)

Surface Water Quality Management Regulation (no of OG: 28483, date: 30.11.2012)

Water Protection Regulation against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (No of OG:
25377, date: 18.02.2004)

Regulation on Protection of Water Basins and Preparing Management Plans (Official Gazette dated
October 17, 2012 and numbered 28444)

Regulation on the Surface Water and Groundwater’s Monitoring (no of OG: 28910, date: 11.02.2014)

Protection of Water against Pollution Directive, taking samples and analysis methods, (no of OG:
27372, date: 10.10.2009)
Purpose of “Regulation on Protection of Water Basins and Preparing Management Plans” is to arrange principles
and procedures on protecting surface waters and ground waters in terms of quantity, physical, chemical and
ecological aspects with an integrated approach and on preparing water basins management plans. In this
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context, Communiqué on Formation, Duties and Working Principles and Procedures of Basin Management
Committees is put into practice by publishing in the Official Gazette dated June 18, 2013 and numbered 28681.
Thus, 26 basin management Committees have been established for 25 basins in Turkey.
Related Projects:
A chain of projects have been initiated to be able to completely apply the Water Framework Directive on TR
coastal, transitional, and inland waters. While some of the aforementioned projects reveal the primary
components for the classification of the shore areas and the determination of environmental targets, another
project group targets the production of data through various methods (gathering the data which will be used for
classifications) and carrying out the necessary monitoring activities to fill in data gaps.
Aims, scopes, operating areas, time intervals of related projects with river basin monitoring are given below:


Project on Control of Dangerous Substances in River Basin Areas (TMKK) (2011-2013)
Detection of Hazardous Materials in Turkey’s Coastal and Transitional Waters and Ecological Coastal
Dynamics Project (KIYITEMA) (2012-2014)

Detection of Water Pollution Caused by the Use of Plant Preservation Products and Determination of
Environmental Quality Standards on a Material or a Material Group Basis(BiKoP) (2012-2014)
Integrated Pollution Monitoring Projects (since 2013)
River Basin Protection Action Plans (HKEP) (2011-2013)
Determination of Water Quality Targets and Sensitive Areas in Terms of Basins in Turkey
(HHAP)(2012-2016)
EU Twinning Project on water quality monitoring (ÇŞB ve EU) (2011-2013)




Brief descriptions of the mentioned projects are given in Annex II to this Report.
1.1. Hydromorphology
As published in the Official Gazette No. 28,910, dated February 11, 2014, the Regulation on monitoring of
surface and ground water, provisional article 1 - (3) came into the force, which stated that biological and
hydromorphological indices shall be determined within eight years. In other words, hydromorphological
monitoring should be completed in 8 years in all water bodies in Turkey. In addition to that, a project
“Determination of Sensitive Areas and Quality Targets for River Basins in Turkey” has started in 2013 under the
Ministry of Environment and Water Affairs and TUBITAK MRC coordinates it. This project will provide crucial
inputs for further hydromorphological studies by producing data on rivers depth and width change, passage of
fishes, rivers bed structure, velocity, channel structures, water flows and other dynamics studies.
So far, hydromorphological studies have been conducted in the Büyük Menderes, Susurluk, Konya Closed Basin
and Meriç-Ergene basins. The Black Sea rivers will be soon attended and regular monitoring programmes, where
hydromorphology is included once per 6 years as minimum, will be developed.
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1.2. Physico-chemical and hydrobiological parameters
In Turkey, river basins have been monitored by the State Hydraulic Institute (SHI) since 1950’s serving flood
protection, agricultural activities, hydrological energy production and drinking water supply. Because of the
aobove mentioned missions, SHI has not been focused on environmental pollution of river basins in detail. Only
conventional parameters like TSS, BOD5, COD, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, total nitrogen, total phosphorus,
ammonia, and Heavy Metals (Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni) have been analysed monthly or on 2 months intervals. With
the same frequency flow rates of rivers have been measured as well. For the Black Sea Coasts of Turkey,
Yeşilırmak, Kızılırmak, Sakarya, Filyos and Melet Rivers have been monitored monthly by SHI. Distribution of
monitoring stations along Black Sea river basins is given in Figure 34.
Figure 34. Distribution of monitoring stations along Black Sea river basins (Turkey)
Pesticides have been measured sporadically in scientific research and projects in 1998-2000 (Yeşilırmak and
Kızılırmak Rivers) and later to evaluate inputs of rivers to the Black Sea. The same stands for metals. For
instance, in 2000, a study was undertaken for heavy metals (Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ , Cu2+ , Ni2+ and Co2+
concentrations) (Altas and Büyükgüngör, 2006), Table 22 gives information on the sampled stations.
Table 22. Selected sampling stations and their features (Altas and Büyükgüngör, 2006) (Turkey)
No.
Sampling Station
No.
Sampling Station
17
Samsun Sewage System
Çark Stream
Origin of the
Wastes
Domestic and
industrial
Industrial
1
Sakarya River
2
18
Mert River
3
Melen Stream
Industrial
19
4
5
Alaplı Stream
Erdemir South Collector
Industrial
Industrial
20
21
TÜGSAŞ Fertilizer Industry
Inc.
KBİ Copper Industry
Yeşilırmak River
6
Erdemir North Collector
Industrial
22
Miliç Stream
7
Gülüç Stream
Industrial
23
Civil Stream
79
Origin of the
Wastes
Domestic
Domestic and
industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Domestic and
industrial
Domestic
industrial
Industrial
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No.
Sampling Station
Origin of the
Wastes
8
Çatalağzı Stream
9
Kozlu Stream
10
11
Zonguldak Stream
ÇATEŞ-B Ash Canal
Domestic
industrial
Domestic
industrial
Domestic
Industrial
12
Filyos Stream
13
Bartın Stream
14
15
Sinop Sewage System
Kızılırmak River
16
Kürtün Stream
Domestic
industrial
Domestic
industrial
Domestic
Domestic
industrial
Domestic
No.
Sampling Station
Origin of the
Wastes
and
24
Melet River
and
25
Ordu Sewage System
Domestic
industrial
Domestic
26
27
Giresun Sewage System
Aksu Stream
and
28
Fol Stream
and
29
Söğütlüdere Stream
and
30
31
Trabzon Sewage System
Değirmendere Stream
32
Rize Sewage System
Domestic
Domestic
industrial
Domestic
industrial
Domestic
industrial
Domestic
Domestic
industrial
Domestic
and
and
and
and
and
The Project “Monitoring the Black Sea” (2006- 2010), continued the efforts to trace riverine pollution stemming to
the Black Sea. For example, according to the results of this project, Yenice (Filyos River) is one of the most
important pollution sources along the Black Sea coast. Other impotent sources are the rivers Sakarya, Kızılırmak
and Yeşilırmak. Regular measurements of trace metals are carried out at Sakarya and Filyos Rivers.
Additionally, Feryal Akbal et al. (2009) carried out studies on water and sediment quality along Turkey’s Central
Black Sea coasts rivers in 2007. Samplings were conducted at 6 stations located in the following rivers:
Yeşilırmak, Abdal, Mert, Kürtün, Engiz, and Kızılırmak Rivers. The studied parameters were total carbon (TC),
total inorganic carbon (TIC), total organic carbon (TOC), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N),
nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), total phosphorus (TP), sulphate, total bitterness, methylene blue active materials
(MBAS), phenol, absorbable organic halogens (AOX), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) in
water; TC, TIC, TOC, TP, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), redox potential (Eh), and water contents (WC) in
sediments.
In line with WFD-related harmonization studies in Turkey, since 2014 work on classification of water bodies and
specific pollutants determination has been started in the projects KIYITEMA and TMKK. Priority substances are
monitored seasonally and monthly. The list of specific pollutants has not been officially announced yet. This list
and respective quality standards (EQS) will be published as an Attachment to the “Regulation on Surface Water
Quality Management (2012)” by the end of 2015. SHI prepares a large scale project to start monitoring specific
and priority pollutants in all river basins in Turkey in 2016.
Hydrobiological parameters are not yet attended in TR rivers monitoring. The same stands for biota
contamination and pollution of sediments.
References
Akbal, F., Gürel, L., Bahadır, T., Güler, I., Büyükgüngör, H. 2009, Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Surface Water Quality
at the Mid-Black Sea Coast of Turkey. 5th BBCAC, 23-26 September Fatsa-Ordu
Altas, L., ve Büyükgüngör, H. 2006, Heavy metal pollution in the Black Sea shore and offshore of Turkey. Environ Geol
(2007) 52:469-476
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Sur, H. İ., Yüksek A., Altıok H., Sur, M., Ünlü, S., Taş, S., Yılmaz, N. Ve Demirel, N. 2010, Monitoring Black Sea Pollution
Final Report Karadeniz Monitoring Project Final Report, Istanbul University, Marine Sciences and Administration Institue
(2010)
1.3. Calculation of loads
The “Regulation on Protection of Water against Pollution, taking samples and analysis methods” (no of OG:
27372, date: 10.10.2009) gives a very general description how to calculate pollution loads in rivers.
For velocity-area measurement method: determining flow rate by multiplying velocity in the section by the section
area of the mass flowing into this specific section. Consequently, the most significant aspect of this method is
velocity measuring. Various velocity measuring systems and devices successfully used are enlisted:





Current meters (propeller type)
Electrical methods (thermal conductivity, hot-wire anemometers, hot-film anemometers)
Float flowmeters
Pitot tubes
Measurements by monitoring substances
Water level and flow rate measuring in streams are carried out at flow observation stations sustained by the
State Hydraulic Works (DSI) and Electric Power Resources Survey and Development Administration (EIE). For
flow rate measuring, the below given TSE Standards are followed.

TS 3417/June 1979, Measuring Fluid Flow in the Pipes - Velocity-Area Method in which Pitot tubes are
used

TS 2353/April 1976, Measuring Water Flow in the Pipes –Monitoring Methods

TS 1423/April 1973, Measuring Fluid Verdi by Orifice Plates and Nozzles

TS 1424/April 1973, Measuring Fluid Verdi by Fluid Venturi Tubes
Mixtures of samples taken from various points on cross-sections of rivers are used to determine average
composition or total pollution loads. Preparation of this type of samples requires a special tool to collect sample
from a known depth. However, as local changes are generally much more important than total or average values
in natural water masses, samples should be taken and examined separately.
1.4. Other types of monitoring
Limited operational monitoring studies have been carried by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization since
1990. Unfortunately, this operational monitoring (for water bodies at risk) was not sustained on a permanent
basis. Eutrophication-related parameters were mainly monitored in these studies.
On February 11, 2014 (as published in the Official Gazette No. 28910), the Regulation on Surface Water and
Ground Water Monitoring came into force. It states that the governmental institutions and organizations will
implement monitoring activities on water quality, creating monitoring infrastructure in the course of five years and
will work to establish regular monitoring of surface water and groundwater bodies. Article (4) of this regulation
indicates that the national monitoring network shall be established (and should start functioning) within five years
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at latest after entry into force. Thus, as envisaged by the referenced Regulation, in TR operational monitoring of
surface waters should fully function by 2019 together with surveillance and investigative monitoring as required
by the WFD.
Protected areas
In Turkey, natural and biodiversity-rich areas are protected by several different statuses such as national park,
nature park, nature reserve, nature monument, wildlife reserve, specially protected area, biosphere reserve and
Ramsar site. As a result of the diversity of protection statuses, protected areas are managed under different
laws, regulations or international conventions and by different authorities. Currently, about 7.2% of Turkey’s land
area is protected and these designations focus on forest, wetland and mountain habitats and include 40 national
parks, 31 nature conservation areas, 184 nature parks, 81 wildlife reserve areas, 15 special environmental
protected areas, 14 Ramsar sites and 1 biosphere reserve.
Figure 35 shows national protected areas located within the Black Sea coasts: 1 national park, 1 nature parks, 5
national reserves, 5 wildlife conservation areas and 1 Ramsar site.
Figure 35. Protected Areas in the Black Sea coasts of Turkey
Igneada Longoz Forests National Park; the area is defined as a National Park in 2007. The national park covers
an area of 3,155 ha (7,800 acres) and is located at Igneada town on the Turkish-Bulgarian border at 25 km
(16 mi) far from Demirkoy District of Kırklareli Province. This protected area with the high habitat and biological
diversity and many different ecosystems (sand dunes, wetlands, longos (flooded alluvial) forests, deciduous
forests, and many streams) is the most important floodplains (Longos) forests on a national and European scale.
The Longos forests which are completely covered with water during winter and spring has a floristic composition
of mixed forest trees of 8-15 meters tall. Since the alluvial soils have more intensive micro-organism activities,
the forests and the other plants in this region start vegetation earlier than the other plants.
Kasatura Körfezi Nature Reserve; the Kasatura Gulf is located at the Black Sea coast, southwards of Kıyıköy
(Vize). In the area, there are forests composed of various trees, longoz forests, sand dunes, maquis, black pine
and oak forests. The place is important since there are various habitats and thriving plant diversity in the field,
along with the plant species which are under protection of international conventions.
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Demirciönü Nature Reserve: The nature reserve is in the Akçakoca district of Düzce, in the Black Sea region. It
has a unique ecosystem that is very rich in flora and fauna, and wildlife inhabiting the park includes bears, wild
boars, foxes, rabbits, wolves, jackals, deer, partridge, eagles, crows and sparrow hawks.
Hamsilos Nature Park: This area is a rare example of fjords in Sinop, Black Sea coast of Turkey. Due to its
extraordinary natural beauty, Akliman-Hamsilos area was declared as a first degree natural protected area.
Sarıkum Nature Reserve: The area is in Abali village, near merkez in the province of Sinop, in the western Black
Sea region. The 78 hectares of the area are situated in a combination of sea, sand, lake and forest. There are
many species of water birds and birds of prey, and animals like roe deer, lynx, bustard and swan. There is a
dense presence of the wild colt plant, and species of trees also include beech, horn-beam and oak, a rare
combination, plus a pure ash forest.
Kızılırmak Delta Ramsar Convention Area and The Wildlife Development Area: It is the biggest wetland in
the Black Sea Region. Delta has a great ecological value not only tor Turkey but also worldwide due to including
20 different lagoons, swamps and torb areas and great area (56.000 ha). In 1994 Kızılırmak delta was
determined as an Important Bird Area. In order to protect the natural properties of Delta, all of the wetlands in
eastern part of the Delta were declared as Natural Sit Area and it is under protection since 1994.
Hacıosman Nature Reserve: The forest ecosystem is a rare one, and the most common species are ash, oak,
walnut and silver birch. Because of the nourishment qualities of the area, there are also many species of animals
inhabiting the forest, which include mole, turtle and grey heron. In order to protect and preserve the area, the 86
hectares were given official natural protection in 1987.
Hacıosman Nature Reserve; This area with habitat diversity, bird richness and bottomland forest (longos)
ecosystem have been designated as Strict Nature Reserves in Black Sea coast of Turkey.
Çamburnu Nature Reserve: The Park is in Sürmene in the Eastern Black Sea. The main characteristic of this
180-hectare park is the Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris ssp. Kochiana) which normally grows only at an altitude of
between 1300 – 2700m, but here is near sea level. The area is also the first point at which migrating birds arrive
when coming from the north over the Black Sea, to the mountain range of it.
Legal Aspects and Responsible Organization for National Protected Areas
As mentioned above, protected areas are managed under different laws, regulations or international
conventions, and by different administrative institutions. Institutional responsibility for the establishment and
management of MCPAs lies with four agencies: (i) the Authority for the Protection of Special Areas (EPASA), (ii)
the Fisheries Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, (iii) the General Directorate for Nature
Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) and (iv) the Ministry for Culture and Tourism (MCT). Table presents
an overview of the national protected areas.
Table 23. Types of Protected Areas and Legislations (Turkey)
Type of Protected Area
Nature Monuments
National Parks
Nature Reserves
Responsible Organization
Legislation
General Directorate for Nature N. Parks Law 2873
Conservation and National
Parks (GDNCNP)
GDNCNP
N. Parks Law 2873
GDNCNP
N. Parks Law 2873
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Type of Protected Area
Nature Parks
Natural Sites (SITs)
Responsible Organization
GDNCNP
Ministry of Culture and
Tourism (MOCT)
GDF
GDNCNP
Legislation
N. Parks Law 2873
Law for Protection of Cultural and
Natural Assets 2863
Protective Forests
Forest Law 6831
Ramsar Sites
National Regulation for Protection of
Wetlands
Special Environmental Protection Environment
Protection Decree 383
Area
Agency for Special Areas
(EPASA)
Wildlife Development Areas
GDNCNP
Terrestrial Hunting Law 4915
Source: Documentary of MoEF, GDNCNP, GDF, EPASA
The “Black Sea Biodiversity and Landscape Conservation Protocol” (to the Bucharest Convention) came into
force and this was published in the official newspaper dated July, 6, 2004 with number 25514 in Turkey.
There exists no specific monitoring programme for surface waters in protected areas in Turkey.
Drinking water
In Turkey, Ministry of Health is the only official authority in protection of human health. It is responsible for
implementation of related national legislation/policy and also for transposition of relevant EC Directives
(concerned with human health) in Turkey.
"Regulation on Water Intended for Human Consumption" in Turkey was released in the Official Gazette No.
25,730, dated 17.02.2005. It was prepared in accordance with the Council Directive 98/83 EC and requires:





Supervisory monitoring of drinking water quality at points of delivery to consumers with specified
frequency,
Monitoring programs at sources of drinking water, i.e. springs, drinking water catchments, wells and
similar structures,
Preparation of other appropriate monitoring programs with the minimum conditions laid down in the
Regulation,
Determination of sampling points by competent authorities,
Implementation of sampling programs throughout the year to control the quality of water consumed.
Real-time monitoring
Real-time monitoring is existent in Turkey and is well developed, however, not exactly in the field of rivers
monitoring.
Automated measurements of various parameters on a pilot basis are taking place for river discharges and for
atmospheric pollution.
An important Project was once implemented aiming at development of real-time rivers monitoring.
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Central Real Time River Pollution Monitoring Project (2006-2008)
The aim of this project was:


to monitor pollution loads of wastewaters (industrial and domestic) and from other sources throughout the river
basin,
to make predictions for appropriate precautions.
The scope of the Project was:



establishing stations on Yeşilırmak River which is flowing into the Black Sea in order to monitor the changes in
water quality by on-line systems,
processing the data in real time and collect them on a main server system,
predicting the effects of pollution by using model-like systems in order to establish a control mechanism for clean
and efficient use of water resources.
This Project was financed by TUIBITAK and coordinated by Ankara University. Hitit University was partner of the
Project and client was the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (old name of the Ministry of Environment and
Urbanization). In 2008, two stations for real-time monitoring of the Yesilirmak River were established at the exit of
the Amasya City (highly pollutes area). The data from these stations were being transferred to a “Monitoring
Center of Yeşilırmak” which was established at the Ankara University Engineering Faculty. At stations, flow, pH,
conductivity, DO, NH4-N, NO3-N, TOC, Cl, Phosphate, and Chlorophyll-a were monitored with sensors.
However, after the completion of the project, nobody took the responsibility of the operation of these automated
stations and no more data were produced by them.
1.5. Data management and assessments under the WFD and/or others
There is a project-based development process to manage the river basin data and match the WFD requirements.
Alas, as mentioned above, a Joint Water Quality Monitoring System is absent, as well as a Joint Water
Quality Data/Information Sharing Platform.
There are river basins management reports for 11 river basins, including Yesilirmak and Kizilirmak Basins. In
these reports, water quality maps are included. The reports are available on the webpage of the Ministry of
Environment
and
Urbanization
(http://www.cygm.gov.tr/CYGM/AnaSayfa/SuToprakYonetimi/HavzaKoruma.aspx?sflang=tr). However, there is
no regular system of communication to public the results of monitoring activities managed by SHI (State
Hydraulic Affairs).
Conclusions
Within the framework of the Turkey’s Acquis Communautaire Accordance Programme, WFD transposition into
national legislation is of highest priority. During this process, important integrated environmental projects have been
realized, which inter alia aimed to advance surface water monitoring in Turkey.
In Turkey, water and wastewater management issues are shared among many governmental organizations. Each
of these organizations has developed plans, monitoring systems and regulatory precautions for management and
control of water pollution. Along with crossing and/or overlapping activities under such a complicated institutional
framework, there are still significant gaps in surface water quality monitoring. In 2007, SHI (State Hydraulic Affairs)
was incorporated in the structure of environmental governmental organizations. Thus, an important step was made
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toward development of an integrated water resources management. In this, a strong ground for planning of more
efficient water resources monitoring in compliance with WFD has been established. Since 2015 SHI is responsible
for surface waters monitoring implementation which should take into consideration WFD requirements.
So far, there is no regular monitoring in rivers for hydromorphological and hydrobiological parameters, including
biota contamination. In chemical monitoring, oxygen, nutrients, BOD5, COD and trace metals (zinc, copper,
chromium, lead, and cadmium) are regularly measured. (Note: trace metals monitoring is conducted in Sakarya
and Filyos Rivers only). River sediments are not monitored.
However, for 19 river basins, monitoring programmes have been already prepared by the Ministry of Forestry
and Water Affairs including all parameters required by the WFD (biological monitoring as well). Other 6 river
basins are pending in the Agenda, by the end of 2015 their monitoring programmes shall be completed as well.
In the process of EU accession, Turkey intends to develop river basin management plans for its twenty five river
basins. Until 2019 these plans will be developed in line with WFD requirements.
UKRAINE
In Ukraine, monitoring of rivers is regularly conducted. The number of stations varies from 49 to 137, the
major set of traced variables include from 3 to 25 parameters depending on the frequency required by the
national legislation. Some stations and parameters are observed every 10 days, others – monthly, and there
are stations and parameters which are monitored on a seasonal basis.
The monitoring is regulated by:
1. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On the approval of the Regulations of the state
environmental monitoring system” (Nr 391 date: 30.03.1998).
2. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On the approval of the Regulation of state water
monitoring” (Nr 815 date: 20.07.1996).
3. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On the approval of the Regulations of the state
environmental monitoring system” (Nr 391 date: 30.03.1998).
Specific national programs are enlisted below:
1. State Special-Purpose Environmental Programme on Performance of Environmental Monitoring (Resolution of
the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine Nr 1376, date: 05.12.2007).
2. Regional Environmental Monitoring Programme – Odessa Oblast for the period 2011-2017.
3. Environmental Monitoring Programme – Mykolaiv Oblast (Resolution of Mykolaiv Oblast Council Nr 4, date:
23.12.1999).
4. Environmental Monitoring Programme – Kherson Oblast for the period 2010-2015 (Resolution of Kherson
Oblast Council Nr 1376, date: 06.08.2010).
The standard operational procedures, guidelines and manuals in UA are:
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
Organisation and carry out of monitoring of surface water pollution (under the Ministry of Ecology and
Natural Resources of Ukraine) (КНД 211.1.1.106-2003) (Order of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural
Resources of Ukraine Nr 89-M, date: 04.06.2003).

Single Inter-departmental Guidelines on organisation and performance of the state monitoring of waters
(Nr 485, date: 24.10.2001).

Guidelines of hydrological researches/observations of estuary (river mouth). – M.: Hydrometizdat, 1965.
Analyses are performed according to special methods and methodologies, they can be found here:

Gagarina O. V. Assessment and establishment of norms of natural waters: criteria, methods, existing
problems (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1267393/).

SEV. Unified methods for water quality research/analysis. Part 1 – Methods for chemical analysis
(http://www.geoversum.by/catalog/item298.html).
There are four large rivers in Ukraine, flowing into the Black Sea (Danube, Dniester, Dnieper and Southern Bug).
Among rivers, the most important contributors to the pollution/eutrophication of the Black Sea are the large rivers
Dnieper (with Bug), Dniester and Danube (the branch Chilia). The catchment area of these three rivers is about
1400000 km2 and average annual river flow is 222 km3/yr.
In Ukraine, the monitoring is not classified as surveillance, operational, investigative or any other type as given in
EC legislation and terminology. It is organized on the principle of ‘agency’ conducting it, as described further
below.
Surface waters monitoring
There are four “agency-level” monitoring systems for surface waters:
1)
2)
3)
4)
State Hydrometeorological Service of Ukraine (State Emergency Service of Ukraine);
State Environmental Inspection (Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine);
State Agency for Water Resources;
Sanitary-Epidemiological Service (Ministry of Health of Ukraine);
State Hydrometeorological Service of Ukraine performs monitoring (hydrochemical parameters) on 151 water
bodies and carries out hydrobiological observations on 45 water bodies. 46 parameters are monitored. Such
approach gives the possibility to assess chemical composition of water, nutrients parameters, content of
suspended solids, heavy metals, pesticides, etc. Total 8 water bodies are monitored for chronic water toxicity
level. Radiation level is also traced. Map of monitoring network is presented below in Figure 36.
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Figure 36. Surface water monitoring stations – the Hydrometeorological Service under the State
Emergency Service of Ukraine
State Environmental Inspection of Ukraine monitors about 60 parameters in surface waters (rivers, lakes,
etc.). Map of monitoring network is given below in Figure 37.
Figure 37. Surface water monitoring stations – the State Environmental Inspection under the Ministry of
Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine
State Agency for Water Resources performs monitoring of surface waters. Monitoring of physical and chemical
parameters is performed on 72 reservoirs, 164 rivers, 14 irrigation networks, 1 coastal lake and 5 channels. Also
radionuclides are monitored in surface waters. Map with monitoring stations is given in Figure 38. The list of
monitored parameters for Laboratories of the State Agency for Water Resources is similar to the list of the State
Environmental Inspection (currently does not perform the monitoring of marine and surface waters) and
Hydrometeorological Service.
In the framework of State Agency for Water Resources there are also River Basin Management Authorities:
Danube River Basin Management Authority - http://www.dbuvr.od.ua/ (stations in Figure 39)
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Dniester-Prut River Basin Management Authority - http://dpbuvr.gov.ua/category/news/
Dnieper River Basin Management Authority - http://dbuwr.com.ua/
Southern Bug River Basin Management Authority - http://www.buvr.vn.ua/
Figure 38. Surface water monitoring stations – the State Agency for Water Resources (Ukraine)
Figure 39. Danube River monitoring stations - Danube River Basin Management Authority (Ukraine)
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Sanitary-Epidemiological Service is responsible of monitoring under sources for centralized drinking water
supply and in recreational areas (along river banks and Black Sea coast line). Also it performs monitoring
(chemical parameters) of ground water used for drinking purposes. Map of monitoring stations is presented in
Figure 40. Sanitary-Epidemiological Service (Ministry of Health of Ukraine) monitors the following parameters:
temperature, odor, colour, turbidity, SS, pH, dissolved oxygen, BOD5, permanganate oxidability, alkalinity, total
hardness, dry residue, calcium, magnesium, total iron, chlorides, sulphates, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen,
nitrite nitrogen, fluorine, anionic surfactants, oil products, cooper, lead, zinc, chromium(VI), nickel, cadmium,
aluminum and bacteriological parameters (coli-phage, total saprophytic bacteria, coli-index, pathogenic
microflora). Some laboratories under the Ministry of Health of Ukraine also monitor radiation parameters (total activity).
Figure 40. Surface water monitoring stations – the Sanitary-Epidemiological Service under the Ministry
of Health of Ukraine
Same as in Georgia, there were several international projects dealing with rivers monitoring in UA, building
capacities for WFD-compliant observations. The last one is the EPIRB Project, which included pilot studies in the
Prut Basin (between Moldova and Ukraine).
In general, for all types of monitoring in UA, the equipment used is often outdated. It is very important to improve
the technical basis of water quality observations and analytical control. An inter-departmental program to improve
the technical layout and equipment of monitoring should be created and implemented.
1.1. Hydromorphology
Hydromorphological changes are caused mainly by overregulation of river flow (i.e. hydro-energy facilities),
urbanisation process and agriculture activity. Local dams protect separate settlements and industrial
enterprises. So, the following components of hydromorphological changes are fixed:

interruption of free river water flow and free migration of fish;
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
hydrological modifications;

modifications of river morphology.
Unfortunately, nobody is responsible for performing regular hydromorphological monitoring. However, it is
possible to find data on the following parameters in scientific literature and in some statistical sources.
Table 24. Hydromorphological parameters (Ukraine)
№
Quality element
Parameters
Rivers
Lakes
1
River continuity
River continuity
Yes
N/A
Quantity and dynamics of river flow
Yes
N/A
2
3
Hydrological regime
Morphological conditions
Connection with groundwater bodies
No
Residence time (for lakes)
No
River depth and change of the width
Yes
N/A
Structure and substratum of river bottom
Yes
N/A
Structure of river zone
Variation of lake depth
No
N/A
N/A
No
Quantity, structure and substratum of lake bottom
N/A
No
Structure of lake shore
N/A
No
1.2. Physico-chemical and hydrobiological parameters
The list of monitored parameters varies. The key monitored parameters are as follows:
Table 25. UA key monitored parameters for rivers
Ammonia nitrogen
N total
Nitrite nitrogen
Nitrate nitrogen
Synthetic surface active substances
BOD
pH
Hydrocarbonates
Hardness
CO2
Suspended solids
Fe total
Odour
K
Ca
Dissolved oxygen
Colour
Cr
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Alkalinity
Mg
Mn
Cu
Mineralisation
Na
Oil products
Permanganate oxidation
Conductivity
Transparency
Oxygen saturation
Salinity
Sulphates
Sum of nitrogen compounds
Sum of ions
Temperature
Phenols
Phosphates
P total
P mineral
Chlorides
Cr (VI)
Cr total
Chloroorganic pesticides
COD
Zn
1.3. Calculation of loads
Methodology does not exist but load can be calculated according to the following document:
Temporary methodological recommendation on calculation of movement of organic, biogenic substances,
pesticides and microelements with river flow. – M.: Hydrometizdat, 1983.
1.4. Other types of monitoring
Depending upon objectives there are three types of monitoring:

Routine (regular or standard) monitoring – it is implemented in the framework of national and regional
programmes and many institutions are involved – detailed information is given above;

Crisis monitoring – it is implemented in case of emergency, mostly the State Emergency Service of
Ukraine and State Sanitary-Epidemiological Inspection are responsible. The list of monitored
parameters depends upon the problem and emergency situation;

Background (scientific) monitoring – it is performed in the framework of international, national and local
projects. Usually it is performed only during 3-5 years. The list of parameters and responsible institution
is defined by the project and monitoring area features. It is performed also in protected areas (see
below).
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Protected areas
According to the Law of Ukraine “On natural protected fund of Ukraine” the following types of protected areas in
Ukraine are in place:

State natural reserves

National parks

Natural parks

State nature reserves

Nature sites

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens

Therapeutic area and resorts
Each type of protected area has a list of permitted activities. According to the Law of Ukraine “On natural
protected fund of Ukraine” protected areas can be used for background monitoring activity and for background
(scientific) monitoring activities.
Drinking water
The Act of Ukraine No 2455-IV dated March 3, 2005, approved the National Program "Drinking water of Ukraine
for 2006-2020". The responsible authority for Program implementation is:


at national level: Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of Ukraine,
and at regional and local levels: Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, regional,
Kyiv and Sevastopol City State Administrations, rural, village, district and city councils.
Besides, Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of Ukraine and state (regional, district state
administrations) and local authorities are responsible for execution of the National Program of Reforming and
Development of Communal Services for 2009-2014 (approved by the Act of Ukraine No 1511-VI dated June
11th, 2009).
In 2014 a new state standard DSTU 7525:2014 “Water drinking. Requirements and control methods of quality”
was approved. It contains new lists of organoleptic, chemical, microbiological, virological, parasitological,
mycological, toxicological parameters of water quality which should be monitored and controlled; also water
toxicity level, radiation safety level should be controlled.
According to the national legislation (GOST 17.1.1.03-86 “Nature protection. Hydrosphere. Classification of water
usage”), there are two types of water bodies:

Category 1 – water bodies which can be used for drinking water intake and for water intake for food
industries

Category 2 – water bodies used for culture-and-community purposes and water bodies, located within
settlement borders
Corresponding MAC values should be observed in each type of water body.
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Real-time monitoring
Real-time monitoring system is still not created, especially for rivers.
1.5. Data management and assessments under the WFD and/or others
For rivers data management the Central Geophysical Observatory (Kiev, http://www.cgo.org.ua/) sustains a
database, which is not in open access and is not on-line. The database includes data on hydrology, hydrography,
meteorology/climatology, and pollution of the natural environment. Specifically for rivers the data are on rivers
flow and pollution level. Each 4 months Bulletin on surface waters pollution is compiled. Information can be
provided on request, but raw data are not freely available.
Conclusions
UA national monitoring system includes three types of monitoring:

Routine (regular or standard) monitoring – is implemented in the framework of national and regional
programmes and many institutions are involved – detailed information is given above

Crisis monitoring – is implemented in case of emergency, mostly the State Emergency Service of
Ukraine and State Sanitary-Epidemiological Inspection are responsible. The list of monitored
parameters depends upon the problem and emergency situation

Background (scientific) monitoring – is performed in the framework of international and local
projects. Usually it is performed only during 3-5 years. The list of parameters and responsible
institution is defined by the project and monitoring area features. It is performed also in protected
areas.
There are following problems:

many institutions are involved and there is no real coordination among them;

there is no data exchange, data correlation and analysis between institutions;

number and location of monitoring points as well as monitoring parameters are outdated and
should be revised;

monitoring data are stored and not processed; data are rarely used for the development of
recommendations and there are no data products, which can be used by decision-makers;

equipment is obsolete and should be urgently replaced with new and modern devices;

hydromorphology is not regularly studied;

hydrobiology is not included in the state monitoring, including biota contamination;

river sediments are not studied;

old methods for water analysis are used (due to outdated equipment);

basin approach to river management is declared but it is not fully introduced.
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The implementation of the WFD in Ukraine is a very complex process. Implications are to be found in the
legislative, institutional, scientific and technical fields. From legal point of view Ukraine has no difficulties to
comply with WFD standards, since the existing UA standards are comparable or even stricter than those valid in
the EU countries. The major problem in Ukraine, however, is the standards enforcement. There are a large
number of governmental and interdepartmental normative documents - regulations, orders, resolutions,
Guidelines, etc. – with requirements to be followed obligatory, which complicates the work of practitioners.
Furthermore, in contrast to the EU Water Framework Directive, the Ukrainian water legislation focuses on very
stringent limit values for emissions but without defining environmental targets for receiving water bodies and the
period in which these targets shall be achieved. Therefore, the state monitoring is concentrated on controlling
effluents (against the established standards) but without the obligation to intertwine them with the monitoring on
quality of the environment. Thus, programmes of measures aimed at water quality (for the receiving water
bodies) improvements are of low efficiency. The existing classification system for surface water, which differs
slightly from the EU system, gives a picture of actual state of water quality but it is not used to prepare
pressure/impact analysis and risk assessments which should be the basis of an action plan on water quality
protection and rehabilitation, and inter alia of relevant monitoring programmes.
Hence, much effort should be invested to harmonise the Ukrainian river monitoring systems with the European
ones following the ‘combined18’ approach required by the WFD.
3. International level (Black Sea regional)
At regional level, rivers monitoring is required by the Bucharest Convention and its Protocols, namely the
Protocol on LBS. The latter was revised in 2005-2008 and signed by the BS coastal states on 17th of April 2009.
However, the revised Protocol is not in force as being so far ratified by GE only. Thus, the acting Protocol is the
one of 1992 (ratified in 1994, http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_convention-protocols.asp), which is
considered quite outdated.
The BS SAP200919 (http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_bssap2009.asp) is the Guiding document toward
improvement of the governance of environment protection at the regional level. It contains targets which are
directly or indirectly addressed to rivers monitoring:
Target 30: Introduce cost efficiency approach to nutrient management in all BS countries
Target 37: Harmonise the monitoring and assessment of N & P (concentrations and loads) in major rivers and
straits.
Target 51: Develop/improve the existing monitoring system to provide comparable data sets for pollutant loads
(from direct discharges and river inputs) and for other parameters
Target 52: Improve the “List of Black Sea-specific priority pollutants” to help target monitoring priorities.
Therefore, the BSSAP2009 speaks about rivers monitoring and the importance of its harmonization at the
regional level.
In this “combined approach”, control and prevention of water pollution is only possible when applying environmental
quality standards (EQS) and emission limit values (ELV) together.
19 Strategic Action Plan for the Environmental Protection and Rehabilitation of the Black Sea, signed on 17 th of April 2009 by
all coastal states.
18
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However, BSIMAP (the regional Black Sea Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme,
http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_bsimap.asp) does not regulate rivers monitoring. It only requires reporting
on river loads (specifies on what parameters) and such reporting takes place on annual basis.
Thus, there is no regional document, which would ensure harmonization of rivers monitoring, and would specify
how exactly this or these types of monitoring should take place.
Under the BSC, reports on LBSs are being annually prepared including Black Sea Basin rivers, however, they
include very limited information on riverine loads which is besides not publicly available. The BSC 5-yearly SoE
Reports do not include budgets of nutrients and pollutants where loads of all Black Sea rivers should be taken
into consideration.
Conclusions and Needs in harmonization
1. General conclusions
The analysis of current river monitoring in the HBS Project beneficiary countries shows serious differences in
strategies and the comparability of generated data is thus doubtful.
Even in the very short List of rivers parameters reported to the BSC, the BS countries rivers monitoring
programmes have little in common as demonstrated below.
Table 26. List of rivers parameters reported by the BS countries to the BSC
Parameters (Estimated loads per year)
BULGARIA
GEORGIA
ROMANIA
TURKEY
UKRAINE
Nitrate (N-NO3)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Nitrite (N-NO2)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Orthophosphate (P-PO4)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Total Nitrogen
Yes
Yes
Rarely
No (TIN only)
Total Phosphorus
Yes
Yes
Rarely
Yes
Ammonia (N-NH4)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Zinc (Zn) - Dissolved
Copper (Cu) - Dissolved
Chromium (Cr) - Dissolved
Lead (Pb) - Dissolved
Cadmium (Cd) - Dissolved
Mercury (Hg) - Dissolved
Nickel (Ni) - Dissolved
Total Zinc
Total Copper
Yes
Yes
Rarely
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Parameters (Estimated loads per year)
Total Chromium
Total Lead
Total Cadmium
Total Mercury
Total Nickel
Iron
Lindane (instead of Gamma-HCH)
TSS (instead of Suspended Particulate
Matter)
BULGARIA
GEORGIA
Rarely
ROMANIA
Yes
(dissolved
since
201020)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Total Hydrocarbons
Anionic active surfactants (instead of
detergents)
Phenols
PCB-28
PCB-52
PCB-101
PCB-118
PCB-153
PCB-138
PCB-180
Total PCBs
BOD-5
COD-Cr
Rarely
Yes
Yes
TOC
Yes
Yes
TURKEY
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Long Term Annual Average for the
Riverine Flow
Yes
Rarely (only
for some
rivers)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Only Suspended
Particulate
Matter
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
(occasionally)
Yes
(occasionally)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes (Strontium90; Cesium137)occasionally
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
AOX
Tritium
Other Radionuclides (please name)
Average Riverine Flow for the Year
UKRAINE
Other rivers parameters, outside of the BSC reporting, are enlisted in the table below. Among them, only pH is
measured by all BS states.
Meanwhile, Total Iron is indicated in the Table of Basic Parameters, see Annex I. For the rest of the BS countries there is
no indication whether they report on dissolved or on total iron.
20
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Table 27. Other rivers parameters (outside of BSC reporting) monitored in the BS states rivers
monitoring
Parameters
рН
Temperature, T0C
Odour
Chromaticity
Transparency
Colour
Turbidity
Fluoride
Conductivity (electroconductivity,
fixed residue), µS/cm
CaCO3-Hardness, mg CaCO3/l
Dissolved oxygen, mg/l
Oxygen saturation
Total mineralization
Sulphates
Chlorides
Ca
Total magnesium (Mg)
Carbon dioxide
Potassium
Total silicon
Alkalinity
Total manganese (Mn)
Total sodium
Oil products (visual)
Permanganate oxidation (COD-Mn)
Hydrogen sulphide
Alachlor
Anthracene, µg/l
Atrazine, µg/l
Benzene
(Benzo (a) pyrene), µg/l
Benzo (b) floroanthene), µg/l
Benzo (g,h,i) perylene, µg/l
(Benzo (k) fluoroanthene), µg/l
Brominated diphenylethers
C10 – 13 chloralkanes
Chlorfenvinphos
Chlorpyrifos µg/l
1,2-Dichloroethane, µg/l
Dichloromethane, µg/l
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)
Diuron
Endosulfan
alpha-endosulfan
Flouranthene, µg/l
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene, µg/l
Hexachlorocyclohexane
(gamma-isomer,lindane)
Isoproturon
Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene, µg/l
Naphthalene
BULGARIA
Yes
Yes
GEORGIA
Yes
Yes
Yes
ROMANIA
Yes
TURKEY
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Rarely
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
98
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
UKRAINE
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Rarely
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yeas
Rarely
Yes
Rarely
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Parameters
Nonylphenols
(4-(para)-nonylphenol)
Octylphenols
(para-tert-octylphenol)
Pentachlorobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
Simazine, µg/l
Tributyltin compounds
(Tributyltin-cation)
1,2,4 – Trichlorobenzene, µg/l
Trichloromethane (Chloroform),
µg/l
Trifluralin, µg/l
Prometon, µg/l
Prometryn, µg/l
Propazine, µg/l
Ametrin, µg/l
Simetryn, µg/l
Terbutryn, µg/l
Chl a
Macroinvertebrates
Macrophytes
Phytobenthos
Fish
Hydromorphological parameters
BULGARIA
GEORGIA
Yes
Yes
Yes
ROMANIA
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
TURKEY
UKRAINE
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Rarely
Rarely
Yes
Yes
Comparing frequencies of monitoring for some major rivers parameters, the picture is as follows:
Table 28. Frequency of sampling in rivers
Parameters
Frequency of measurements per month
BULGARIA
Nitrate (N-NO3)
Nitrite (N-NO2)
Orthophosphate (P-PO4)
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Ammonia (N-NH4)
1 (4 times per
year)
1 (4 times per
year)
1 (4 times per
year)
1 (4 times per
year)
1 (4 times per
year)
1 (4 times per
year)
GEORGIA
ROMANIA
1 (12 times
per year)
1 (12 times
per year)
1 (12 times
per year)
1
(12 times per year)
1 (12 times per
year)
1 (12 times per
year)
1 (12 times per
year)
1 (12 times per
year)
1 (12 times per
year)
1 (12 times
per year)
TURKEY21
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Silica
Zinc (Zn) - Dissolved
UKRAINE22
1
1 (4 times per
year)
1 (6 times per
year)
21
-
-
Only conventional parameters like TSS, BOD5, COD, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, total nitrogen, total phosphorus,
ammonia, and trace metals (Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni) are analysed monthly or on 2 months intervals.
22 As per the Hydromet monitoring system. The frequency depends on the stations sampled. Some stations with their set of
parameters are observed every 10 days, others – monthly, and there are stations with parameters monitored on a seasonal
basis.
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Parameters
Frequency of measurements per month
BULGARIA
Copper (Cu) - Dissolved
GEORGIA
1 (4 times per
year)
Chromium (Cr) - Dissolved
Lead (Pb) - Dissolved
Cadmium (Cd) - Dissolved
1
(12 times per
year)
1 (12 times per
year)
Mercury (Hg) - Dissolved
Nickel (Ni) - Dissolved
1 (12 times per
year)
Total Zinc
1 (4 times
per year)
1 (4 times
per year)
Total Copper
Total Chromium
Total Lead
Total Cadmium
Total Mercury
Total Nickel
Iron
Manganese
Lindane (instead of GammaHCH)
TSS (instead of Suspended
Particulate Matter)
Total Hydrocarbons
Depends on type
of monitoring
1 (4 times per
year)
1 (12 times
per year)
1
1 (12 times
per year)
Oil products (visual)
Anionic active surfactants
(instead of detergents)
Phenols
PCB-28
PCB-52
PCB-101
PCB-118
PCB-153
PCB-138
PCB-180
Total PCBs
BOD-5
COD-Cr
TOC
ROMANIA
TURKEY21
1 (6 times per
year)
1 (6 times per
year)
1 (6 times per
year)
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 (6 times per
year)
1 (6 times per
year)
1 (6 times per
year)
1 (6 times per
year)
1 (6 times per
year)
1 (6 times per
year)
1 (6 times per
year)
1 (6 times per
year)
1 (6 times per
year)
1 (6 times per
year)
1 (6 times per
year)
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
-
1
-
1
-
-
1
1
1
1 (12 times per
year)
1 (12 times per
year)
1
1
1
1
1 (12 times per
year)
1 (12 times per
year)
1 (4 times per
year)
1 (4 times per
year)
1 (4 times per
1 (12 times
per year)
100
UKRAINE22
1 (12 times per
year)
1 (12 times per
year)
occasionally
1
1
1
1
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Parameters
Frequency of measurements per month
BULGARIA
GEORGIA
ROMANIA
TURKEY21
UKRAINE22
year)
AOX
Tritium
Other Radionuclides (please
name)
Average Riverine Flow for the
Year
daily
daily
(water
level)
daily
1
1
Long Term Annual Average
for the Riverine Flow
Hydrobiology
Phytoplankton
Macroinvertebrates
(zoobenthos)
Macrophytes
Phytobenthos (microalgae)
Fish fauna
Water level (rivers)
Water flow (velocity/quantity
and dynamics of rivers)
Connectivity with
groundwater bodies
River continuity
Variation of river depth and
width
Structure and substrate of the
riverbed
The structure of the riparian
area (for rivers)
-
once every 3
years
once every 3
years
once every 3
years
once every 3
years
once every 3
years
once every 3
years
once every 3
years
once every 3
years
once every 3
years
Hydromorphology
daily
2 times daily
2-60 times per
year
continuously 1
once per 3 days
month
once per 6 years
once per 6 years
once per 6 years
once per year
continuous
monthly
once per 6 years
once per 6 years
once per 6 years
once per 6 years
1
1
The national gaps in hydromorphological and hydrobiological monitoring are visible in the Table above.
Additionally, in rivers monitoring the BS countries poorly study biota contamination and sediments pollution.
Note: Attend also the Conclusion section of each country for country-specific gaps.
2. Conclusions as per priorities in harmonization
2.1. Definitions
The terminology, hence, definitions are common for BG and RO, as required by EU legislation/policies. However,
in GE, UA and TR national legislation does not identify or differently identifies important elements of monitoring
and assessments, such as:
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1. Types of monitoring
2. Types of rivers
3. Types of water bodies
4. Reference conditions
5. Environmental quality standards
6. Environmental targets
Any legal/policy document starts with definitions and a ’River monitoring strategy’ or a Programme cannot be an
exception. Common definitions for the terms specified above are needed in the BS region to ensure national
rivers monitoring programmes are built in a compatible way.
2.2. Identification of river types, water bodies and those, which are at risk or not
They took place in BG and RO, however, GE, TR and UA do not conduct monitoring, which takes into
consideration the type of a river or its water bodies classifications (first as a hydromorphologically homogeneous
entity, and second – depending on the status – at risk or not at risk).
Harmonization in river types and water bodies identification at regional level will ensure the countries common
approach revising their stations networks, choice of monitoring parameters and frequencies.
2.3. Choice of monitoring parameters and frequencies
Table 29 shows that there are very few rivers parameters (basic physic-chemical), which are monitored in all
beneficiary countries, but not the same frequencies are followed in their sampling. In the Lists of other basic
physico-chemical parameters there are differences, whereas priority and specific substances are mostly not
monitored in GE, TR and UA.
Table 29. Common rivers parameters in the monitoring programmes of the beneficiary countries
Parameters (Estimated loads per year)
BULGARIA
GEORGIA
ROMANIA
TURKEY
UKRAINE
pH
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Nitrate (N-NO3)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Nitrite (N-NO2)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Orthophosphate (P-PO4)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ammonia (N-NH4)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
BOD-5
Average Riverine Flow for the Year
Long Term Annual Average for the
Riverine Flow
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Rarely
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
The choice of monitoring parameters and frequencies is especially important to ensure comparability of data at
regional level. As shown in the Tables above (Tables 26-28), even in BG and RO the chosen frequencies differ
substantially as well as the lists of parameters.
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Clearly, the parameters and frequencies of sampling should not be the same for all stations monitored along
rivers. However, the stations used for calculation of loads stemming to the Black Sea should follow the
same Protocol in choice of parameters and frequencies.
A serious gap is that BSIMAP does not contain anything about riverine sediments. Well-known is that these
sediments are a major factor controlling the Black Sea ecosystem functioning.
2.4. Quality assurance/Quality control (common procedures in sampling and processing of samples)
IN BG, GE and RO – ISO standards
In UA – national
In TR – national, taking into consideration ISO standards
Common procedures in sampling and samples processing are not agreed in the BS region for rivers monitoring.
Set of recommended SoPs (standard operational procedures) and Guidelines is missing.
2.5. Environmental standards, reference conditions and environmental targets
Reference conditions and environmental targets exist in BG and RO only. Environmental standards differ
considerably in the BS region, as in GE and UA the standards are those set in Soviet times.
A common approach to identification of reference conditions and environmental targets for rivers is needed in the
Black Sea region. However, at regional level, more important gap is the lack of knowledge on threshold loads for
the BS rivers. Riverine loads might be poorly comparable due to different frequencies of parameters measured or
different methods used in sampling, laboratory analysis and calculation of loads. Alas, the missing threshold
loads are of higher priority. Because in their absence we cannot denominate the impact on the Black Sea for a
river, which would be a more valuable result than simple comparison of loads. The latter says nothing about
negative impacts on the Black Sea, as naturally some rivers are larger than others, and logically, their loads are
larger. It is understandable that a larger load does not automatically mean a larger negative impact.
2.6. Calculation of riverine loads
In none of the beneficiary countries the calculation of riverine loads is well defined in policy. Thus, the
comparability of riverine loads reported to the BSC is doubtful.
Regional methodology for riverine loads is missing.
2.7. Quality classifications of rivers status
The used national classifications in rivers quality identification (hydromophological, chemical, biological and
general ecological, where available) are not harmonised, except between BG and RO. Thus, the respective
approaches of countries differ very much and results cannot be compared to conclude on which BS rivers have
deviated mostly from their pristine status in the long-term run.
Regional methodology on identification of rivers ecological status (with common classes of status) is missing.
2.8. Data management and assessments
They are also among the weakest links in the BS countries as well as at regional level.
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In none of the BS countries there is a tool for rivers data (all available) storage and management. For data
storage Excel or Word files are used. Data are manually managed to generate data products. Sharing of
data/information is critically low if any, especially at the level of public. At regional level, data on riverine loads
are stored in Excel files and are also manually managed.
Each country produces assessments on rivers following own practices. The main problem at regional level is the
absence of common understanding on how to assess the level of BS rivers influence on the status of the Black
Sea. There are no pressure/impact analyses in regional annual or 5-yearly reports prepared under the BSC.
Besides, recently the BSC LBS Advisory Group agreed on the following parameters to be included in the annual
reports of the BSC:
Parameter (tonnes/year)
Annual Flow
TP
TN
Inorganic N
Inorganic P
Trace Metals
TSS
TPH
BOD5
As discussed above, the BS countries have little in common in their parameters in rivers monitoring, thus, among
the selected above indicators the following short List is currently feasible in regional compilations of riverine
loads:
Parameter (tonnes/year)
Inorganic N
Inorganic P
BOD5
Understandable, that such assessments will hardly contribute to improved understanding of the Black Sea
functioning, where inorganic nutrients are not the single source of environmental problems of the sea.
The lack of regional requirement (in BSIMAP) to monitor and/or report on riverine sediments –flow and pollution –
is seen as one of the major gaps at regional level as well.
Recommendations
Recommendations further are given along with the harmonization needs specified above building a road-map
toward common understanding of rivers monitoring (within its various domains) at Black Sea regional level.
1. Definitions
The List below contains priorities and is not a full inventory of missing definitions in adopted Black Sea regional
documents.
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Agree on:
1. Types of monitoring (taking into consideration the WFD types: surveillance, operational and
investigative)
2. Types of rivers (taking into consideration the WFD requirements, e.g. System ‘B’ in Annex II of the WFD
and the criteria included: ecoregion, geology, average height over the sea level, substrate, character of
the flow, and drying)
3. Types of water bodies (first specify what is a water body taking into consideration WFD, as well as the
types of water bodies identified under this Directive)
4. Reference conditions (consider pristine state and the definition given in this Report as well as the ‘good
environmental status’ definition of MSFD)
5. Environmental quality standards (WFD definition)
6. Environmental targets (consider the MSFD definition)
2. Identification of river types, water bodies and those, which are at risk or not
Harmonization is needed not only at the level of definitions but also in approaches employed to identify river
types and water bodies.
Recommended Guidelines:

WFD Guidance document N2, Identification of water bodies, https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/655e3e313b5d-4053-be19-15bd22b15ba9/Guidance%20No%202%20%20Identification%20of%20water%20bodies.pdf

WFD Guidance document N4, Identification and designation of heavily modified and artificial water
bodies, https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/f9b057f4-4a91-46a3-b69ae23b4cada8ef/Guidance%20No%204%20-%20heavily%20modified%20water%20bodies%20%20HMWB%20(WG%202.2).pdf

WFD Guidance document N10, River and lakes – typology, reference conditions and classification
systems, https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/dce34c8d-6e3d-469a-a6f3b733b829b691/Guidance%20No%2010%20-%20references%20conditions%20inland%20waters%20%20REFCOND%20(WG%202.3).pdf
3. Choice of monitoring parameters and frequencies
To harmonise regional assessments of riverine loads, the following list of parameters and frequencies is
recommended. The List is meant for all stations where riverine loads stemming to the Black Sea are calculated.
The choice of these stations should take into consideration the river mouths specifics (delta, estuary, etc.) to
correctly evaluate the riverine loads directly entering the Black Sea.
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3.1. Mandatory parameters in water
The following rivers parameters are recommended to consider as mandatory at the regional level of
reporting to the BSC (BSIMAP sensu):
Parameters
Required frequency of measurements per month
Nitrate (N-NO3)
1 (12 times per year)
Nitrite (N-NO2)
1 (12 times per year)
Ammonia (N-NH4)
1 (12 times per year)
Orthophosphate (P-PO4)
1 (12 times per year)
Silica (SiO2)
1 (12 times per year)
Total Nitrogen
1 (12 times per year)
Total Phosphorus
1 (12 times per year)
Zinc (Zn) - Dissolved
Copper (Cu) - Dissolved
Chromium (Cr) - Dissolved
Lead (Pb) - Dissolved
Cadmium (Cd) - Dissolved
Mercury (Hg) - Dissolved
Nickel (Ni) - Dissolved
Total Zinc
Total Copper
Total Chromium
Total Lead
Total Cadmium
Total Mercury
Total Nickel
Total Iron
Manganese (Mn 2+)
Lindane (instead of Gamma-HCH)
TSS (instead of Suspended Particulate Matter)
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Anionic active surfactants (instead of detergents)
Phenols (total)
Total PCBs23
BOD-5
COD-Cr
TOC
Riverine Flow
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (6 times per year)
1 (12 times per year)
1 (12 times per year)
1 (12 times per year)
1 (12 times per year)
1 (4 times per year)
1 (12 times per year)
1 (12 times per year)
1 (4 times per year)
daily
3.2. Optional parameters in water (which can be in future considered in BSIMAP, they are selected taking
into consideration the current monitoring practices in BG and RO)
3.2.1. Trace metals
Aluminium, Arsenic (dissolved and compounds), Cobalt (Co 2+), Vanadium
23
Measuring PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-118, PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-180.
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3.2.2.
Pesticides
Note: Lindane is included as optional for more frequent measurements than those specified in the Table of
mandatory parameters.
3.2.3.
Radioactive substances
Tritium, Radium, Strontium, Uranium
3.2.4.
Chlorinated organic substances
3.2.5.
Other organic substances
Recommended Guidelines:

WFD Guidance document N 19, Surface water chemical monitoring,
https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/e54e8583-faf5-478f-9b11-41fda9e9c564/Guidance%20No%2019%20%20Surface%20water%20chemical%20monitoring.pdf
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
WFD Guidance document N 28, Preparation of an inventory of emissions, discharges and losses of
priority and priority hazardous substances, https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/6a3fb5a0-4dec-4fde-a69d5ac93dfbbadd/Guidance%20document%20n28.pdf
Attend also the Lists of specific and priority substances given in the Directive 2013/39/EC on environmental
standards.
3.3. Riverine sediments monitoring
This domain of rivers monitoring is open for utilising existing studies and initiating new research activities in order
to better understand the influence of riverine sediments and their pollution on the Black Sea. First of all, BSIMAP
should include reporting on the flow of riverine sediments to the Black Sea. Next, the stations used for calculation
of riverine loads (by water) should be also sampled for the following parameters:
1. Nutrients
2. Trace metals (see the mandatory list for river water)
3. Pesticides
4. Total petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
5. Polychlorinated biphenyls
6. Radionuclides
7. Others to be decided
Recommended Guideline:
WFD Guidance document N25 on Chemical monitoring of sediment and biota under the WFD,
https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/7f47ccd9-ce47-4f4a-b4f0-cc61db518b1c/Guidance%20No%2025%20%20Chemical%20Monitoring%20of%20Sediment%20and%20Biota.pdf
3.4. Hydromorphology and hydrobiology
These domains of rivers monitoring are recommended for inclusion in national river monitoring programmes,
taking into consideration the parameters and frequencies recommended by the WFD.
Recommended Guidelines:

WFD Guidance document N32, On Biota monitoring, https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/62343f10-57594e7c-ae2b-12677aa57605/Guidance%20No%2032%20-%20Biota%20Monitoring.pdf

WFD Guidance document N33, Analytical methods for biota monitoring,
https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/9cf535ba-14f2-4f0f-b75e-e334ad506caf/Guidance%20No%2033%20%20Analytical%20Methods%20for%20Biota%20Monitoring.pdf
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3.5. Building river monitoring programmes at national level (general, including choice of stations)
Attend the experience already compiled in BG and RO, see for details Annex I as an example.
Recommended Guideline:
WFD Guidance document N7, Monitoring under the WFD, https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/63f7715f-0f45-4955b7cb-58ca305e42a8/Guidance%20No%207%20-%20Monitoring%20(WG%202.7).pdf
Also, trace the achievements of EPIRB Project, which acted to prepare surface water monitoring programmes in
GE (see http://blacksea-riverbasins.net/en/georgia) and UA (http://blacksea-riverbasins.net/en/downloads-librarysearch?f[0]=field_country%3A36&f[1]=field_downloads_type%3A59).
4. Quality assurance/Quality control (common procedures in sampling and monitoring)
Set of recommended SoPs (standard operational procedures) and Guidelines needs to be prepared.
5. Environmental standards, reference conditions and environmental targets
The approaches to identification of environmental standards, reference conditions and environmental targets
need to be harmonised at the regional level.
Recommended Guidelines:
WFD Guidance document N27, WFD Technical Guidance for deriving environmental quality standards,
https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/0cc3581b-5f65-4b6f-91c6-433a1e947838/TGD-EQS%20CISWFD%2027%20EC%202011.pdf
WFD Guidance document N20, Exemptions to the environmental objectives,
https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/2a3ec00a-d0e6-405f-bf6660e212555db1/Guidance_documentN%C2%B020_Mars09.pdf
For Reference conditions recommended Guideline:
WFD Guidance document N10, River and lakes – typology, reference conditions and classification systems,
https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/dce34c8d-6e3d-469a-a6f3-b733b829b691/Guidance%20No%2010%20%20references%20conditions%20inland%20waters%20-%20REFCOND%20(WG%202.3).pdf
6. Calculation of riverine loads
The TNMN methodology is recommended (see also ICPDR TNMN Yearbooks,
https://www.icpdr.org/main/publications/tnmn-yearbooks).
Where several sampling sites in a profile (river cross-section) are included in monitoring, the average
concentration at a site is calculated for each sampling day. In case of values “below the limit of detection”,
the value of the limit of detection is used in the further calculation. The average monthly concentrations are
calculated according to the formula:
109
December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
where
Cm - average monthly concentrations
Ci - concentrations in the sampling days of each month
Qi - discharges in the sampling days of each month
The monthly load is calculated using the formula:
Where:
Lm - monthly load
Qm - average monthly discharge

If discharges are available only for the sampling days, then Qm is calculated from those
discharges.

For months without measured values, the average of the products Cm.Qm in the months with
sampling days is used.
The annual load is calculated as the sum of the monthly loads:
12
La [tones] = Σ Lm [tones]
m=1
7. Quality classifications of rivers status
Approaches to classifications of river status need to be harmonised. Follow the practices employed in BG and
RO under the WFD.
Recommended guidelines:

WFD Guidance document N13, Overall approach to the classification of ecological status and ecological
potential, https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/06480e87-27a6-41e6-b1650581c2b046ad/Guidance%20No%2013%20%20Classification%20of%20Ecological%20Status%20(WG%20A).pdf
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December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring

WFD Guidance document N 30, Procedure to fit new or updated classification methods to the results of
a completed intercalibration exercises, https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/5aee6446-276c-4440-a7de0d4dec41ed4b/IC_manual_2015_to%20be%20published.pdf
Note: Intercalibration exercises involving BS countries are crucial to ensure the systems of classification
employed are commonly understood
See also:

WFD Guidance document N6, Towards a guidance on establishment of the intercalibration network and
the process on the intercalibration exercises, https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/a091506c-6fc8-45a8-a5885c6397ed2aa4/Guidance%20No%206%20-%20intercalibration%20(WG%202.5).pdf

WFD Guidance document N14, Intercalibration Process, https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/366c3e9c-47804c9d-bb39-c47262915c45/Guidance%20No%2014%20-%20Intercalibration%20process.pdf
8. Data management and assessments
Use the regional LBS Database created by the HBS Project. It allows collection of meta data and data on Black
Sea rivers as well as generates data products. The latter could be useful in regional assessments – both annual
and 5-yearly.
Elaborate a common template for Rivers quality assessment, as well for the evaluation of riverine pressures on
the Black Sea against impacts observed in the sea.
Apply the MONERIS model to calculate loads from point and diffuse sources stemming to Black Sea rivers to
build scenarios of rivers protection.
Implement GIS (geographical information system) technologies to visualise river status and related issues. For
river water quality visualisations use the example of the ICPDR TNMN Yearbooks
(https://www.icpdr.org/main/publications/tnmn-yearbooks).
Recommended Guidelines:

WFD
Guidance
document
N
3,
Analysis
of
pressures
and
impacts,
https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/7e01a7e0-9ccb-4f3d-8cec-aeef1335c2f7/Guidance%20No%203%20%20pressures%20and%20impacts%20-%20IMPRESS%20(WG%202.1).pdf

WFD Guidance document N 9, Implementing the geographical information system elements (GIS),
https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/4786fb8a-e489-438a-8ca5-8d1762a93238/Guidance%20No%209%20%20GIS%20(WG%203.1).pdf

WFD Guidance document N23, Eutrophication assessment in the context of European Water Policies,
https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/9060bdb4-8b66-439e-a9b0a5cfd8db2217/Guidance_document_23_Eutrophication.pdf

WFD Guidance document N 31, Ecological flows in the implementation of the WFD,
https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/4063d635-957b-4b6f-bfd4-b51b0acb2570/Guidance%20No%2031%20%20Ecological%20flows%20(final%20version).pdf
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring

WFD Guidance document on the application of water balances for supporting the implementation of the
WFD,
https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/820ec306-62a7-475c-8a98699e70734223/Guidance%20No%2034%20%20Water%20Balances%20Guidance%20(final%20version).pdf
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December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
ANNEX I: Rivers surveillance and operational monitoring programme in the Bulgarian Black Sea Basin, 2010-2015
S
IМ
2
Batova River mouth
S
EC,ND
S
IМ
Provadijska River
26.844
43.43445
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 9, 24, 25, 28
12
S
IМ
Provadijska River
27.1492
43.31444
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 6, 9, 20, 23,
24, 25, 28
12
S
ND
Provadijska River
27.435
43.20932
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8
4
-
S
EC
Provadijska River
27.6273
43.17864
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
S
IМ
Provadijska River
27.1458
43.30778
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
S
EC
Kamchia River
26.4283
42.96617
1-3, 6-19
S
IМ
Kamchia River
26.6348
43.02848
S
IМ
Kamchia River
26.6733
S
EC
Kamchia River
S
IМ
Kamchia River
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Devnenska River
- mouth
Madara River mouth
Ticha River –
above Ticha
village
Ticha River –
Mengishevo
village
Gerila River –
after Varbitza
village
Kamchia River –
Milanovo village
Andere River mouth
PS,PB*,
PF
R,PS,P
F,PH
PS,PH,
PF
X
Y
I group
II group
frequency
substance
frequency
Black sea
Dobrudja Rivers
27.8839
43.33533
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 9, 19, 20, 23,
24, 25, 28, 33
12
Black sea
Dobrudja Rivers
28.0564
43.35781
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 15,
16, 20, 21, 23,
24-28, 33
12
Hydromorpholog
ical elements****
Specific pollutants***
1, 2, 3
4/0
RLVarna
1, 2
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RLVarna
1, 2
4
-
-
RL Shumen
10
1, 2
4
-
-
RL Shumen
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
RLVarna
6, 9, 10, 12, 20,
21, 23, 24, 25,
30, 32
12
1, 2, 12
1, 3-5
1, 2
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RLVarna
4
3, 9, 20, 24, 25
12
2
1, 8,
9, 10
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RL Shumen
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
24, 25
12
1, 2
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RL Shumen
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
1, 2, 3
4/0
RL Shumen
42.99858
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
1, 2, 3
4/0
RL Shumen
26.8688
43.18058
1-3, 6-19
4
6, 9, 20, 23, 24,
25
12
1, 2, 1824, 29
1, 2,
3, 4
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
26.5239
43.36055
1-3, 6-19
4
3, 9, 24, 25
12
12
1, 2
-
4
1, 2
12/0
113
1-4, 6-8,
10
1-4, 6-8,
10
2
III group
4
II group
1, 2
I group
frequency
5
Priority substances**
elements
4
Provadijska River
- Dobri Voynikovo
village
Provadijska River
- before Madara
River
Provadijska River
- Zlatina vilage
Basic*
frequency
3
FS,PH,
PF,PS,
PB
Physico – chemical quality elements
Geographical
coordinates
laboratory
Type of report
Izvorska River –
above Dolishte
village
Sub – basin
Monitoring type
1
№
type of the station
Name of the station
Note: For abbreviations and monitored parameters see Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 below this Table.
Note: Currently, the monitoring programmes for 2016-2021 are under revision taking into consideration lessons learnt and results from the monitoring conducted in 2010-2015.
RL Shumen
RL Shumen
December, 2015
II group
frequency
substance
frequency
I group
II group
III group
frequency
elements
frequency
S
IМ
Kamchia River
26.6128
43.23003
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 9, 24, 25
12
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2
12/0
RL Shumen
S
IМ
Kamchia River
26.7593
43.24058
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 9, 24, 25
12
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2
12/0
RL Shumen
Y
Basic*
Priority substances**
Specific pollutants***
laboratory
X
I group
type of the station
Sub – basin
14
Hydromorpholog
ical elements****
Type of report
13
Kalaigidere River
–
On the road
Targovishte –
Veliki Preslav
towns
Kalaigidere River
- Nadarevo
Physico – chemical quality elements
Geographical
coordinates
Monitoring type
№
Name of the station
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
15
Kralevska River –
Dalgach village
S
IМ
Kamchia River
26.7299
43.21616
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 9, 24, 25
12
-
-
-
-
1, 2
12/0
RL Shumen
16
Brestova River mouth
S
IМ
Kamchia River
27.0682
43.07258
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
6, 9, 20, 23, 24,
25
12
2
1, 2
-
4
1, 2
12/0
RL Shumen
17
Kamchia River –
Grozdjovo village
S
EC
PS,PF
Kamchia River
27.5441
43.03455
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 9, 23, 24, 25,
28
12
-
1, 2
1
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RLVarna
18
Kamchia River "Poda" area
S
EC,ND,
EA
R,FS,P
B,PH,P
F,PS
Kamchia River
27.8214
43.01981
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11,
17, 20, 21, 23,
24, 25, 27, 28,
29, 31, 32, 33
12
18-23
1, 2
1
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RLVarna
19
Kamchia River –
Beronovo village
S
EC,EA
PS,PF,
PH,PB
Kamchia River
26.6806
42.83147
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
9, 19, 24, 25
12
-
1, 2
1
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RL Burgas
S
ND, IМ
Kamchia River
26.9455
42.88418
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
24, 25
12
-
1, 2
1
4
-
-
RL Burgas
S
ND,EA
Kamchia River
27.222
42.93614
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
24, 25
12
-
1, 2
1
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RL Burgas
S
IМ
Kamchia River
27.2055
42.81467
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
-
-
-
1, 2
-
4
-
-
RL Burgas
North Bourgas
Rivers
27.8768
42.82644
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
5, 7, 12, 13, 19,
24, 25, 27, 30
12
-
1, 2
1
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RL Burgas
North Bourgas
Rivers
27.3989
42.78789
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
1, 2, 3
4/0
RL Burgas
North Bourgas
Rivers
27.6553
42.70106
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
5, 6, 7, 12, 13,
19, 20, 24, 25,
27, 30
12
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RL Burgas
20
21
22
Luda Kamchia
River- after "
Kamchia"
reservoir
Luda Kamchia
River –
Bilka village
Alma dere River –
Vresovo village
23
Dvojnitza River before Black sea
S
EC,EA
24
Hadjiiska River –
Rajitza village
S
IМ
25
Hadjiiska River –
Tankovo village
S
ND,EA
FS,R,P
B,PF,P
S
FS
114
December, 2015
Type of report
type of the station
Sub – basin
26
Aheloj River –
Aheloj camp
S
EA
FS
North Bourgas
Rivers
27
Azmak River –
before mouth
S
IМ
S
IМ
S
IМ
S
IМ
S
IМ
Mandra Rivers
27.1636
42.48747
1-3, 6-19
S
IМ
Mandra Rivers
27.2598
42.42503
1-3, 6-19
S
IМ
Mandra Rivers
27.2335
42.36731
1-3, 6-19
S
IМ
Mandra Rivers
27.2762
42.38452
1-3, 6-19
S
IМ
Mandra Rivers
27.0867
42.18881
1-3, 6-19
S
IМ
Mandra Rivers
27.3974
42.39389
1-3, 6-19
S
ND, IМ
South Bourgas
Rivers
27.6649
42.26889
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
5, 7, 12, 13, 19,
24, 25, 27, 30
12
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RL Burgas
37
elements
frequency
36
Fakijska River –
Fakia vilage
Fakijska River mouth
Dyavolska River 5 km before
Primorsko town
frequency
35
Sredetzka River mouth
III group
34
II group
33
I group
32
Y
frequency
31
X
substance
30
Hydromorpholog
ical elements****
Specific pollutants***
frequency
29
Sanardere River mouth
Chakarlijka River
– Ravnetz village
Chakarlijka River
– Bratovo village
Rusokastrenska
River – Jelyazovo
village
Rusokastrenska
River - mouth
Sredetzka River –
after Sredetz town
Priority substances**
II group
28
Basic*
I group
№
Physico – chemical quality elements
Geographical
coordinates
laboratory
Monitoring type
Name of the station
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
27.6405
42.63411
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
5, 7, 12, 13, 19,
24, 25, 27, 30
12
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RL Burgas
North Bourgas
Rivers
27.4789
42.60303
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
6
12
-
1, 2,
3, 4,
5
1
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RL Burgas
27.3053
42.50964
1-3, 6-19
4
19, 24, 25
12
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
27.2224
42.52061
1-3, 6-19
4
19, 24, 25
12
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
27.3017
42.49722
1-3, 6-19
4
19, 24, 25
12
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
4
-
-
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2, 3
4/0
4
19, 24, 25
12
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
4
12, 19, 24, 25
12
-
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
4
-
-
-
-
4
1, 2, 3
4/0
4
24, 25
12
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
4
19, 24, 25
12
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
North Bourgas
Rivers
North Bourgas
Rivers
North Bourgas
Rivers
1-4, 6-8,
10
1-4, 6-8,
10
1-4, 6-8,
10
1-4, 6-8,
10
1-4, 6-8,
10
1-4, 6-8,
10
1-4, 6-8,
10
1-4, 6-8,
10
1-4, 6-8,
10
1, 2,
3, 4
1, 2,
3, 4,
5
RL Burgas
RL Burgas
RL Burgas
RL Burgas
RL Burgas
RL Burgas
RL Burgas
RL Burgas
RL Burgas
38
Karaach River mouth
S
IМ
South Bourgas
Rivers
27.7481
42.19486
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
5, 7, 12, 13, 19,
24, 25, 27, 30
12
-
1, 2,
3, 4,
5
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RL Burgas
39
Mehmechkojska
River - mouth
S
IМ
South Bourgas
Rivers
27.6199
42.31245
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
1, 2, 3
4/0
RL Burgas
40
Ropotamo River –
Veselie village
S
EC,ND,
EA
South Bourgas
Rivers
27.6238
42.31078
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
5, 7, 12, 13, 19,
24, 25, 27, 30
12
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RL Burgas
41
Veleka River –
above Brashlyan
village
S
IМ
Veleka River
27.4294
42.08317
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
5, 7, 12, 13, 19,
24, 25, 27, 30
12
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
RL Burgas
PS,PF,
PH
115
85
Rezovska River
27.6595
41.96061
1-3, 6-19
S
IМ
Rezovska River
28.0246
41.98053
1-3, 6-19
O
EC
PS
Provadijska River
27.1586
43.45111
1-3, 6-19
O
EC
PS,PF
Provadijska River
27.2125
43.30945
1-3, 6-19
O
EC
PS,PF
Provadijska River
27.17
43.30805
O
EC
PS,PF
Provadijska River
27.4761
O
EC
PS,PF
Provadijska River
O
EC
PS,PF,
PB
O
EC
O
Kriva River –
Enevo village
(mouth)
Provadijska River
- after Kaspichan
town
Provadijska River
– after
“Provadsol”
Provadijska River
– Sindel village
Provadijska River
- mouth
Glavnitza River mouth
Stara reka River –
between Vehtovo
and Vertishte
villages
Vrana River –
after
Targovishte town
Vrana River – at
Kochovo village
Vrana River – at
Han Krum village
Grand Kamchia
River – Kalnovo
village
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
5, 7, 12, 13, 19,
24, 25, 27, 30
12
-
1, 2
-
4
1, 2, 3
12/0
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
7, 9, 20, 23, 24,
25, 28
12
10, 24,
25
1-5,
7, 10,
11
-
4
-
-
RL Shumen
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
6, 9, 20, 23, 24,
25
12
1, 2, 24,
26, 30,
31
1, 2
4
-
-
RL Shumen
43.12591
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 5, 6, 9, 20, 21,
23, 24, 25, 28
12
1, 2, 24,
27
1, 2
4
-
-
RLVarna
27.5986
43.11702
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 9, 24, 25, 28
12
18-23
-
-
4
-
-
RLVarna
Provadijska River
27.6504
43.18175
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 5, 6, 9, 14, 20,
21, 23, 24, 25, 28
12
1, 2,
3, 4,
5
-
4
-
-
RLVarna
PS,PF
Provadijska River
27.475
43.10863
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 9, 24, 25, 28
12
2, 10,
12, 1824, 31
3-6, 16,
18-23
1, 2
-
4
-
-
RLVarna
EC
PS
Kamchia River
27.0622
43.18182
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 6, 9, 20, 23
12
-
1, 2
-
4
-
-
RL Shumen
O
EC
PS,PF
Kamchia River
26.637
43.29269
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
6, 9, 20, 21, 23,
24, 25
12
1, 2, 10
1-5,
7, 10
1
4
-
-
RL Shumen
O
EC,EA
PS,PF
Kamchia River
26.7903
43.2168
1-3, 6-19
12
1, 2, 24
1
4
-
-
O
EC
PS,PF
Kamchia River
26.8859
43.20111
1-3, 6-19
12
1
1
4
-
-
O
EC
PS,PF
Kamchia River
27.0392
43.095
1-3, 6-19
12
-
-
4
-
-
Y
I group
frequency
84
IМ
elements
83
S
Rezovska River –
Slivarovo village
Rezovska River –
mouth
Kriva River –
Tzarkvitza village
frequency
82
27.9667
III group
81
Veleka River
II group
80
FS,R,P
B,PF,P
H,PS
I group
79
EC,EA
frequency
78
S
Hydromorpholog
ical elements****
Specific pollutants***
substance
77
Veleka River –
Sinemotetz village
Priority substances**
frequency
76
X
Basic*
II group
75
Sub – basin
74
type of the station
44
Type of report
43
Monitoring type
42
Name of the station
№
Physico – chemical quality elements
Geographical
coordinates
laboratory
December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
42.0605
1-3, 6-19
116
1-4, 6-8,
10
1-4, 6-8,
10
1-4, 6-8,
10
1-4, 6-8,
10
1-4, 6-8,
10
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
4
4
6, 7, 9, 20, 21,
23, 24, 25
6, 9, 20, 21, 23,
24, 25
5, 6, 9, 20, 21,
23, 24, 25
1, 2,
3, 4,
5
1, 2,
3, 4,
5
1-5,
7, 10
1-5,
7, 10
1, 2
RL Burgas
RL Burgas
RL Burgas
RL Shumen
RL Shumen
RL Shumen
RL Shumen
December, 2015
Monitoring type
Type of report
type of the station
Sub – basin
X
I group
II group
frequency
substance
frequency
I group
II group
III group
frequency
elements
frequency
Kamchia River –
at ”HMP Arkovna"
O
EC,ND,
EA
PS,PF,
PB
Kamchia River
27.2792
43.01933
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 6, 9, 24, 25, 28
12
18-23
1, 2
1
4
-
-
RLVarna
O
EC
PS,PF,
PB
Kamchia River
27.3781
43.04966
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
3, 6, 9, 24, 25, 28
12
18-23
1, 2
1
4
-
-
RLVarna
O
IМ
Kamchia River
27.0064
43.22972
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
6, 20, 21, 23
12
1, 2, 24,
29
5
1, 2
4
-
-
RL Shumen
O
IМ
Kamchia River
27.015
43.18556
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
6, 7, 20, 21, 23,
28
12
1, 2, 10,
24, 29
5
1, 2
4
-
-
RL Shumen
O
EC,ND
PS,PF,
PB, PH
North Bourgas
Rivers
27.3381
42.50733
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
19, 24, 25
12
-
1, 2
1
4
-
-
RL Burgas
O
EC
PS,PF
North Bourgas
Rivers
27.3027
42.56106
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
19, 24, 25, 28
12
-
1, 2
1
4
-
-
RL Burgas
№
86
87
88
89
90
91
Grand Kamchia
River – after
Dalgopol town
Porojna River –
Dibich village
Porojna River –
Radko Dimitrievo
village
Ajtoska River mouth
Ajtoska River –
after Kameno
town
Physico – chemical quality elements
Geographical
coordinates
Y
Basic*
Priority substances**
Hydromorpholog
ical elements****
Specific pollutants***
laboratory
Name of the station
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
92
Ajtoska River
(Alansko dere) –
Topolitza village
O
EC
PS,PF
North Bourgas
Rivers
27.1308
42.72889
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
19, 24, 25
12
-
1, 2
-
4
-
-
RL Burgas
93
Ajtoska River
(Alansko dere) –
Polyanovo village
O
EC
PS,PF
North Bourgas
Rivers
27.1784
42.83294
1-3, 6-19
1-4, 6-8,
10
4
19, 24, 25
12
-
1, 2
-
4
-
-
RL Burgas
Abbreviations
tabl. 1
Basic*
tabl.2
Priority substances**
tabl.3
Specific pollutants***
tabl.4
Hydromorphological elements****
tabl.5
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Table 1. Abbreviations
types of monitoring
S
surveillance
O
operational
I
investigative
type reporting
IM
station in internal monitoring network
EC
station reported on ЕC
EA
station on Euronet network
DP
station on ISPDR
IC
intercalibration station
ND
station under Nitrate Directive
D
station under Directive 98/83/ЕC (drinking water)
type of the station
R
referent station
FS
mouth (in Black sea)
FCB
before STATE border
PH
station in protected area for Habitats, Natura 2000
PS
station in Sensibility area
PF
station in protected area for Fish
PSH
station in protected area for Shellfish
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Table 2. Basic physico – chemical indicators
№
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
І
№
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
ІІ
pH
Temperature
Suspended solids
Transparency (Secci disk)**
Chlorophyll “A”**
Electrical conductivity
Dissolved oxygen
Oxygen saturation %
BOD5
COD
Nitrogen ammonium N – NH4
Nitrogen nitrate N – NO3
Nitrogen nitrite N – NO2
Orthophosphates Р –РО4
Chlorides
Sulphates
NO3
Ammonium ion
Nitrogen on Keldal
Oxidization (K- Mn)
Total extracted substances
**
For lakes, reservoirs and coastal sea waters
***
Analyses are made when necessary and in the opinion of the Basin Directorate
Total nitrogen
Total phosphorus
Calcium
Magnesium
Total hardness ***
Total iron
Manganese
Calcium – carbonate hardness
Hydrogen sulphide***
Total organic carbon
Silicon **
Salinity, ‰ **
Turbidity (FNU/NTU) **
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Table 3. Priority substances
№
CAS number
EU number
Name of priority substance
1
15972-60-8
240-110-8
Alachlor
2
120-12-7
204-371-1
Anthracene
3
1912-24-9
217-617-8
Atrazine
4
71-43-2
200-753-7
Benzene
5
n.a.
n.a
Brominated diphenylethers
6
7440-43-9
231-152-8
Cadmium and its compounds
7
85535-84-8
287-476-5
C10 – 13 chloralkanes
8
470-90-6
207-432-0
Chlorfenvinphos
9
2921-88-2
220-864-4
Chlorpyrifos
10
107-06-2
203-458-1
1,2-Dichloroethane
11
75-09-2
200-838-9
Dichloromethane
12
117-81-7
204-211-0
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)
13
330-54-1
206-354-4
Diuron
14
115-29-7
204-079-4
Endosulfan
959-98-8
n.a.
alpha-endosulfan
15
206-44-0
205-912-4
Flouranthene
16
118-74-1
204-273-9
Hexachlorobenzene
17
87-68-3
201-765-5
Hexachlorobutadiene
18
608-73-1
210-158-9
Hexachlorocyclohexane
58-89-9
200-401-2
(gamma-isomer,Lindane)
19
34123-59-
251-835-4
Isoproturon
20
7439-92-1
231-100-4
Lead and its compounds
21
7439-97-6
231-106-7
Mercury and its compounds
22
91-20-3
202-049-5
Naphthalene
23
7440-02-0
231-111-4
Nickel and its compounds
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Table 3. Priority substances
№
CAS number
EU number
24
25154-52-3
246-672-0
Nonylphenols
104-40-5
203-199-4
(4-(para)-nonylphenol)
1806-26-4
217-302-5
Octylphenols
25
Name of priority substance
140-66-9
n.a.
(para-tert-octylphenol)
26
608-93-5
210-172-5
Pentachlorobenzene
27
87-86-5
201-778-6
Pentachlorophenol
28
n.a.
n.a.
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
50-32-8
200-028-5
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
205-99-2
205-911-9
(Benzo(b)fluoroanthene)
191-24-2
205-883-8
(Benzo(g,h,i)perylene)
207-08-9
205-916-6
(Benzo(k)fluoroanthene)
206-44-0
205-912-4
(Fluoroanthene)
193-39-5
205-893-2
(Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene)
29
122-34-9
204-535-2
Simazine
30
688-73-3
211-704-
Tributyltin compounds
36643-28-4
n.a.
(Tributyltin-cation)
12002-48-1
234-413-4
Trichlorobenzenes
120-82-1
204-428-0
(1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene)
32
67-66-3
200-663-8
Trichloromethane (Chloroform)
33
1582-09-8
216-428-8
Trifluralin
31
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Table 4. Specific pollutants
№
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Organic substances
І
№
Phenols
Oil products
Aldrin
Dieldrin
Endrin
Isodrin
Carbontetrachloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Polychlorinated biphenyiles
(PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 105, PCB 118, PCB 138, PCB 153, PCB 156, PCB 180)
EOX (extractable)
AOX (absorbable)
o,p - DDE
p,p- DDE
o,p - DDD
p,p - DDD + o,p DDT
p,p - DDT
Prometon
Prometryn
Propazine
Ametrin
Simetryn
Terbutryn
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Chloromethane
Bromomethane
Bromodichloromethane
1,4 - dichlorobenzene
1,2 - dichlorobenzene
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Trans-1,2-dichloroethene
Tetrachloroethane
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Heavy metals and metalloids
ІІ
Zink
Copper
Chrome 6 valence
Chrome 3 valence
Arsenic
Selenium
Silver
Potassium
Sodium
10
Fluorides
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Antimony
Magnesium
Aluminium
Vanadium
Cobalt
Uranium (natural)
Radium
Total β radioactivity
Total Chrome
122
№
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Other
ІІІ
Surface active substances
Cyanides
Sulphides
Carbonates
Bicarbonates
Vegetable oils and fats
Fluorohydrogen
Lithium
Xylenes (p+m Xylene)
December, 2015
Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Table 4. Specific pollutants
№
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Organic substances
І
№
Heavy metals and metalloids
ІІ
Ethylene
O, m, p-xylene
Toluene
Benzo(а)anthracene
Pyrene
Fenantrene
Chrysene
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
Acetone
DIBP
Bentazone
DEP
DBP
Linuron
MCPA
Acetochlor
Bisphenol А
123
№
Other
ІІІ
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
ANNEX II. Projects in Turkey in support of surface waters management advancements

Project on Control of Dangerous Substances in River Basin Areas (TMKK)
Supporting Institution
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, General
Directorate of Water Management
Project Manager Establishment
IO Environmental Solutions
Project Start – End Dates
2011 – 2014
The main goal of the Project (in Inland Waters) is to provide the means for the determination of Environmental
Quality Standards, which should be adhered in order to prevent dangerous substance pollution caused by human
activities in basin terms. With the purpose of preventing the hazardous material pollution in all of the receiving
water environments, detection of hazardous materials in domestic and industrial waste waters, development of an
industry based hazardous material inventory, determination of Environmental Quality Standards and Discharge
Standards, and the development of a Web based Hazardous Material Information System are the most important
targets of the project.
To be able to carry out the activities necessary within the scope of the project, determination of the size of the
hazardous material pollution caused by the industries is targeted. Domestic and industrial wastewaters will be
studied, considering the dangerous substances list; put together after the aforementioned study, within the
borders of Ergene Basin, Susurluk Basin, Konya Closed Basin, which were selected as pilot basins.
Within this framework, a sector based inventory will be formed as a result of the studied industries. Moreover,
Environmental Quality Standards will be determined while studying the surface water sources in detail and
considering the current status of water environments; and consequently, the discharge standards of industries
and domestic waste water processing facilities will be detected.

Detection of Water Pollution Caused by the Use of Plant Preservation Products and
Determination of Environmental Quality Standards on a Material or a Material Group Basis
(BiKoP)
Supporting Institution
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, General
Directorate of Water Management
Project Manager Establishment
TUBITAK MRC, Environment and Cleaner Production Institute
Project Start – End Dates
2012 – (in progress)
Provided that the active materials list included in the plant protection products used in Turkey and the active
material and plant protection product groups prepared by the European Union are predicated on, taking plant
protection products that are used and still being used along with the related Turkish regulations and the Acquis
Communautaire, and the amount of grown agricultural products and the agricultural lands in consideration, the study
and the identification of the pollutants in mainland surface waters and coastal waters located in the pilot river basins
of the Aegean (Büyük Menderes Water Basin), Eastern Mediterranean (Çukurova-Seyhan Water Basin), and
South-Eastern Anatolian (Fırat-Dicle Water Basin) regions, where agricultural activities are high, the study and the
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
identification of methodologies for the determination of Environmental Quality Standards for the active materials,
which are the source of the aforementioned pollutants, and the plant protection products containing these materials,
determination of a suitable methodology and the determination of Environmental Quality Standards for the related
articles are the goals of the project.

Integrated Pollution Monitoring Projects
Supporting Institution
Project Manager Establishment
Ministry of Environment and Urbanization– Directorate General of
Environmental Management
The project manager is determined by tender every 4 years by the
Ministry
First monitoring studies started in 2013
For Black Sea
TUBITAK MRC, Environment and Cleaner Production Institute
“Integrated Pollution Monitoring Projects could not be implemented due to the restructuring of the Ministry and the
transfer of the aforementioned work from the Ministry to some other establishment. However, the project is
scheduled to be continued in the next phase.”
The aim of the Integrated Pollution Monitoring in the Marine Environments Project is to understand the ecological
and pollution status, using pollution and ecosystem parameters in transtional, coastal, and marine waters; to carry
out the necessary studies in order to determine and classify the typologies of the water masses, in accordance
with these and additional physical data. It is intended to create a base for EU-like regulations that are compatible
with the Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008),
while evaluating the future long term integrated (suppression-status-effect) monitoring activities and the studies
from former phases.
Within the context of the project, monitoring studies were carried out at 66 stations in the Marmara Sea, at 52
stations in the Aegean Sea, at 34 stations in the Mediterranean Sea, and at 70 stations in Black Sea. In this
context, there are river basins mouth stations on coastal discharge ares for Black Sea as well. The parameters,
whose samplings were made in the aforementioned stations, were gathered under 3 groups, consisting of
physicochemical parameters, ecological parameters, and chemical (pollutant) parameters. Temperature,
conductivity (salinity), turbidity, dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation, total phosphorus, dissolved inorganic
phosphorus, total inorganic nitrogen (total of nitrate + nitride nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen), silicate, and
chlorophyll-a were identified as the physiochemical parameters. The parameters determining the ecological
status are phytoplankton, zooplankton, macro flora, zoobenthos, and demersal fish biodiversity, under the
biological parameters.

River Basin Protection Action Plans (HKEP)
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, General
Supporting Institution
Directorate of Water Management
Project Manager Establishment
TUBITAK MRC, Environment and Cleaner Production Institute
HKEP Project 1st Phase Start – End
Dates
2009 – 2011
HKEP Project 2nd Phase Start – End
2011 - 2013
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Black Sea Rivers Monitoring
Dates:
“The Preparation of Basin Conservation Action Plans” studies have been started by the Mülga Ministry of Forest
and Water Affairs in year 2009, with the purpose of managing the water sources on a basin scale in our country.
Initially, 25 hydrological basins were graded, considering their water quality, pollutant sources, protected areas, and
drinking water sources.
In accordance with this prioritization, the task of preparation of the action plans for the 11 basins was given to
TUBITAK – MRC who possesses the ample competence and experience due to its gathering of different disciplines
under the same roof and the implementation of many relevant projects in the past. The aforementioned project was
implemented between August 2009 and December 2010, and was successfully accomplished.
For the remaining 14 basins, a protocol has been signed between the Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs of the
T.R and the Presidency of TUBITAK at the end of 2011, for “The preparation of Basin Conservation Action Plans”
project, which contains the revising of draft conservation action plans which were previously had prepared for 4
basins by the Ministry, and the preparation of basin conservation plans in the remaining 9 basins. The time span of
the aforementioned project is 2 years, and it is scheduled to be accomplished in the year 2013.
The studies for the preparation of the Basin Conservation Action Plans, forms the base for the processes of the
creation and the application of the River Basin Management Plans, which include the necessities of the Water
Framework Directive, which forms the framework for all of the EU water directives for Turkey as a EU member
candidate and came into effect in the year 2000, for the basins of our country.
Primarily,
 Determination of the current situation while considering the water source potentials, point and distributed
pollution sources, and current water quality, for the prevention of the pollution in the basin, and for the
conservation and the rehabilitation basin,
 Planning of technologically economical and suitable urban waste water processing facilities for all of the
settlements in each basin.
 As a result of the studies, preparation of short, medium, and long-term, “Action Plans,” aimed for the
problems in the basins and their solution proposals.
 Preparation of all the data, utilizing GIS technologies, to be integrated into the Ministry of Forest and Water
Affairs’ system,
 Sharing of all the studies with the accountable establishments and organizations, primarily the Ministry of
Forestry and Water Affairs, in the basin activities are carried out in the project.
A long-term conservation plan, which depends on the principles in the EU Water Framework Directive, which came
into effect along with the Basin Conservation Actions Plans, in the year 2000, will be determined. Furthermore, with
the help of these projects and again within the context of the WFD, an important base is formed for the “Preparation
of River Basins Management Plans” and the “Classification of Marine and Coastal Areas.”

Determination of Water Quality Targets and Sensitive Areas in Terms of Basins in Turkey (HHAP)
Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, General Directorate of Water
Supporting Institution
Management
Project Manager Establishment
TUBITAK MRC, Environment and Cleaner Production Institute
Project Start – End Dates:
2012 – (in progress)
In the HHAP Project, which is supported by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs and
which is carried out by TUBITAK – MRC Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, determination of the
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sensitive areas within the context of the “Urban Waste Water Processing Regulation” which was prepared taking
the Urban Waste Water Processing Directive, a sub directive of the Water Framework Directive, as a base, and
the determination of nitrate sensitive areas and the introduction of water quality targets in the aforementioned
areas within the context of the “Conservation of Waters Against Pollutions with Agricultural Origin Regulation”
which was prepared taking the EU Nitrate Directive as a base are being planned.
Primarily,
 Identification of the current surface water masses in the 25 water basins in Turkey for the determination of
the pressures formed in the water masses due to urban, industrial, and agricultural actives and the
determination of pollution loads in terms of basins,
 Introduction of the eutrophication status through the identification of water pollution in the environment
with the monitoring activities, which will be carried out after the introduction of potential sensitive water
areas, as a result of the evaluations carried out utilizing the existing data,
 Determination of final sensitive water areas and nitrate sensitive regions, in terms of water pollution, in
surface and subterranean waters, while evaluating the calculated pollutions loads and the monitoring data
together,
 Determination of water quality objectives for the designated sensitive areas,
 Review of the water quality measures introduced in the designated pilot areas through a model, activities
are targeted in the project.

Determination of Specific Pollutants in Coastal/Transitional Waters and Ecological Coastal
Dynamic in Turkey (KIYITEMA)
Supporting Institution
Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, General Directorate of Water
Management
Project Manager Establishment
TUBITAK MRC, Environment and Cleaner Production Institute
Project Start – End Dates:
2012 – 2014
According to the WFD, Member States should implement measures necessary to prevent or limit the input of
pollutants into the water bodies. In this respect, the progressive reduction, cessation or phasing-out of
pollutant discharges are required in order to achieve good water quality. The pollutants are defined as priority
substances and specific pollutants in WFD. Priority substances were determined for the first time by
2455/2001/EC Council Directive; then, revised according to the 2011/0429(COD) Proposal Directive. The
proposed list composed of 48 chemical substances should be monitored by Member States per months a
year. On the other hand, specific pollutants can be national, regional or river basin pollutants and identified
as being discharged in significant quantities into the water body. WFD requires that Member States identify
and develop standards for specific pollutants. Many EU countries have determined their specific pollutants in
the context of WFD and have been monitoring these pollutants in the aquatic environment periodically.
Regarding to EU harmonization process of Turkey, the pollution caused by discharge of specific pollutants to
coastal/transitional waters should be detected and necessary measures should be taken in order to achieve
good water quality. In this content, the project named “Determination of Specific Pollutants in
Coastal/Transitional Waters and Ecological Coastal Dynamic in Turkey” has been signed between Ministry of
Forestry and Water Affairs, and TUBITAK Marmara Research Center. The purpose of this project is the
selection of probable specific pollutants discharged directly into the coastal/transitional waters caused by
urban/industrial activities, and the determination of environmental quality standards (EQSs) and
corresponding emission limit values (ELVs). In this study, the methodology applied for the selection of
specific pollutants that are of possible concern to the aquatic environment throughout the country was
assessed. Initially, “list-based approach” was used to establish a list of polluting substances of concern that
might be considered as specific pollutants covered by existing national/international
Regulations/conventions, Turkey’s Chemical Inventory Information System, BREF documents and sectoral
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capacity reports. Afterwards, specific pollutants were screened through a three-step process by taking into
account hazard classifications (risk phrases), persistency-bioaccumulation-toxicity (PBT) characteristics and
expert judgement. Finally, the chemicals were ranked by three different risk-based prioritization processes in
terms of chemical hazards and environmental exposures; then, candidate specific pollutants in
coastal/transitional waters were identified as a draft to be reviewed on an ongoing basis in the next phase of
the study, monitoring programmes will be performed in both coastal/transitional waters and wastewaters of
pilot urban/industrial facilities in Turkey within 2-month intervals during a year; thereby, specific pollutants
may be revised according to the monitoring data. Then, EQSs and corresponding ELVs will be determined
for each specific pollutant.
In context of this project, Yeşilırmak and Kizilirmak rivers mouths have been monitored with 2 months
intervals for a year to evaluate specific and priority pollutants.

Project on Transforming Basin Protection Action Plans to River Basin Management Plans (20142017)
Supporting Institution
Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, General Directorate of Water
Management
Project Manager Establishment
TUBITAK MRC, Environment and Cleaner Production Institute
Project Start – End Dates:
2014 – ongoing
By this project, it is intended for all waters to achieve to environmental targets by transforming Basin Protection
Action Plans to River Basin management Plans. Purpose of this project is performing the studies on transforming
Basin Protection Action Plans to River Basin management Plans (RBMP) in compliance with the European Union
Water Framework Directive numbered (2000/60/EC) and with other sister directives and develop national
capacity within this process.
This project is being carried out for 4 basins to be a model for the others. The Black Sea basins are not among
these basins. However, with all other basins in Turkey, RBMP’s shall be prepared also for the Black Sea Basins
in time. These plans shall include monitoring plans for each basin.
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