Standard Indicator 8-7.2
Post Reconstruction Era:
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
US civil rights movement
continued on from colonial
times
Jim Crow Laws
Voting Restrictions
Discrimination in the
workplace
Limited social, political, &
economic opportunities
African Americans sought
recognition of their rights as
outlined in the Declaration
of Independence in the 13th,
14th, & 15th amendments
B.
20th Century organizations for
equal treatment of African
Americans:
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
NAACP
Congress of Racial Equality
National Association of Colored
Women
National Urban League
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
“Victory abroad, victory at
home” (Double V)
Influence of mass media
Martin Luther King, Jr. –
Peaceful approach
NAACP – Legal approach;
laid ground work for
change
Elmore v. Rice – white
primary unconstitutional
A.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
1. Clarendon County, SC started as a request for a bus
to take their children to an all-black school
2. Parents at Scott’s Branch School felt that the
“separate but equal” doctrine (Plessy v. Ferguson)
required school districts to pay for gas & repairs to
the used bus the parents had bought to transport
their children
3. Original case was dismissed due to a technicality
A.
B.
C.
D.
Effort to improve black schools to be
comparable to white schools to keep under the
“separate but equal” doctrine
Brown ruling was met with widespread,
sometimes violent, opposition & delay
Governor Byrnes encourages resistance
White Citizens Councils were established to
coordinate intimidation efforts towards blacks
who petitioned equal treatment & “traitor”
whites who supported the effort
SC Senator Strom
Thurman authored the
Southern Manifesto
B. Signed by all 3
Congressmen from the
Deep South
C. Document condemned the
Brown decision for
upsetting the relationship
of whites & blacks in the
south
A.
Encouraged resistance to
desegregation
D.
“white flight” private
academies
2. School choice
3. Plans for voluntary closing of
public schools
1.
E.
Took till early 1970s before
full-scale integration
occurred in most SC
schools
Rosa Parks & the Montgomery
Bus Boycott
A.
1.
2.
B.
C.
Supreme Court ruled city buses
could not be segregated
SC bus companies ignored this ruling
Greensboro, NC lunch counter
sit-in prompted SC students to
follow their example throughout
the state & initiated a new tactic
(Friendship Nine, Rock Hill, SC)
Grassroots demonstrations
echoed the national movement
led by Martin Luther King, Jr.
A.
B.
C.
Need for economic investment led SC to change
Mass media showed protests & violence in other
southern state which did not promote
investment in the south
1963, SC slowly began & deliberately integrated
public facilities
D.
E.
First Clemson College, then SC State, state
colleges were integrated without violence
Mostly peaceful integration of public facilities
in SC.
1. Except the violence of the Orangeburg Massacre
F.
The Civil Right Act of 1964 & Voting Rights Act
of 1965 were enforced in SC & public schools
were finally desegregated
Septima Clark – equal
pay for teachers
B. Modjeska Simkins –
helped w/ Elmore v. Rice
& Briggs v. Elliott
C. Matthew Perry – Civil
Rights Lawyer
D. Friendship Nine – “Jail
No Bail” tactic (1960s)
A.
1968, SC State College, students protested at a
bowling alley in Orangeburg
E.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Police were called in to keep the peace after several days
of protests
Police opened fire on the students
Injured dozens, killing three
Officers were acquitted; one wounded student was
convicted of “riot” b/c of his activity at the bowling alley
several nights before the shooting
Press & national media paid little attention to the event
Overshadowed by riots that followed the assassination
of Martin Luther King, Jr. in April