A Two Hundred-Year Statistical History of the

The Ohio State University
Knowledge Bank
kb.osu.edu
Ohio State Law Journal (Moritz College of Law)
Ohio State Law Journal: Volume 77, Issue 4 (2016)
2016
A Two Hundred-Year Statistical History of the
Gerrymander
Ansolabehere, Stephen; Palmer, Maxwell
Ohio State Law Journal, vol. 77, no. 4 (2016), 741-762.
http://hdl.handle.net/1811/79607
Downloaded from the Knowledge Bank, The Ohio State University's institutional repository
A Two Hundred-Year Statistical History of the
Gerrymander
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