RAPIID EMERGENCY ASSESSM
A
MENT OF DISPLAC
CED POPULATION
NS
AWERIAL, YIR
ROL, MUND
DRI AND T
TEREKEKA
A COUNTIE
ES
JANUAR
RY 2014 RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
Conten
nts
EXECUTIVE SUMMA
ARY ....................................................................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCTION A
AND BACKGR
ROUD INFO
ORMATION .................................................................... 8 1.1 Introductio
on.......................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Background
d .......................................................................................................................... 9 2. MAGN
NITUDE OF T
THE PROBLE
EM ..................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Cause of the problem ........................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Analysis of the Effects of Insecuritty and Displaacement ................................................. 10 2.3. Timing of O
Occurrence t
to the Magn
nitude of thee Crisis .................................................... 13 2.4. Populations Affected b
by Conflicts ....................
.
................................................................ 13 3. SHELT
TER AND PERSONAL PR
ROTECTION EFFECTS ..................................................................... 14 3.1. Shelter ................................................................................................................................. 14 3.2. Personal prrotection Efffects ............................................................................................... 15 4. RELIEFF ASSISTANCE ...................................................................................................................... 16 5. HEALT
TH AND NUT
TRITION STA
ATUS............................................................................................... 17 5.1. Health .................................................................................................................................. 17 5.2. Nutritional Status of Ch
hildren 12 – 59 months ................................................................. 19 6. WATER AND SANITATION ............................................................................................................ 20 Water .................................................................................................................................. 20 6.1. 6.2. Sanitation ............................................................................................................................ 22 7. EDUCA
ATION ................................................................................................................................... 23 8. SECUR
RITY OUTLO
OOK .................................................................................................................... 23 9. FOOD SECURITY O
OUTLOOK F
FROM JAN –
– MARCH 20
014 ........................................................... 25 10. CONC
CLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 27 2
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
EXECUTIIVE SUMMA
ARY The NPA and RRC assessment team made a vissit to Aweriaal, Yirol, Mund
dri and Terekkeka from th
he 10th th
through tto 17 Januarry 2014. The assessment was conductted in a respo
onse to emergency in ord
der to determine the possible effects of the occurren
nce on the lo
ocal food, nu
utrition and l
livelihood security understanding
ects of fightin
ng on situation.. The assessment objectiive was to esstablish an u
g of the effe
internal d
displaced pop
pulations’ food, nutrition
n and liveliho
ood security and determine the imme
ediate needs and
d priorities. The inseccurity became a concern for the resid
dents from t he 16th Deceember 2013, w
when the fig
ghting broke outt between th
he president’s guards in Ju
uba. The situ
uation escalaated, when m
more SPLA so
oldiers defected to oppositio
on forces baccked by White Army carrried out the series of atttacks on the SPLA positions and civilian populations in southern parts of Jon
nglei. The fig
ghtings were
e destructive
e, and which ressulted in a ma
ass displacem
ment from pe
ermanent setttlements an
nd loss of asssets. For insttance, food stoccks, livestockk and propertties were lootted and burn
nt. The housses were burn
nt and lives l ost. Since mid
d‐December 2013, many people p
fled fighting f
in Bo
or, Twic eastt & Duk , Ge
emeiza & Mangala went in hiding h
in islan
nds and toiccs and crosse
ed the river N
Nile. Many ffled to Awerrial, Yirol, Mu
undri, Wanyang
g and Nyokin
ne and Tom
mbek. They lack access to shelters, and living under treess and makeshifts. Insecuritty continues to increase f
further suffeering and displacement. The deteriorrating situation shows no sig
gn of abating
g. Since late
e December 2
2013, the situ
uation for displaced popu lation has beeen differentt. The conflicct and insecurityy have had w
wide range off effects on h
households’ access to food and, as a consequencce, on the displa
aced populattion’s welfare
e. Loss of livvestock, food stocks, excchange and t
trade meanss a lot. The sseverity of fo
ood insecuritty has increased
d, displaced p
populations’ responses haave become progressing more seriou
us and threatening to liveliho
oods. Large numbers of d
displaced populations aree running a c
continually hiigh risk of inaability to meet f
food needs. This is so be
ecause, as fo
ood crisis exttends throug
gh time, displlaced househ
holds’ capacity t
to cope is ste
eadily eroded
d. If no reliief assistance is forthcoming, the assessment tteam foreseee a substanttial crisis a head. Displaced
d population
ns will sufferr greatest fo
ood, nutritio
on and healtth related sstress. The likely response of displaced
d populationss who do nott receive reli ef assistancee will be to abandon disp
placed areas for refugee cam
mps in Kenya and Uganda.. Given that the food
d sources will w be insuffficient to m
meet immediate needs of the disp
placed populatio
on, early inte
erventions off non‐food ittems, relief food, health
h, nutrition, w
water, sanitaation, fishing an
nd agriculturral inputs arre recommen
nded. Thesee would help
p and minim
mize the sufffering which oth
herwise will lead to overrall deprivatio
on and avoid
d a situation of respondin
ng in a “too much too late fo
or too long”.. The follow
wing are the summary of key findings and recomm
mendations fo
or action: NFIs & Sh
helter Key findin
ngs 3
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y


Liiving conditio
ons of displacced populations are near r catastrophicc, made worsse by chronicc sh
hortages of s
shelters. The
e majority of displaced po
opulations laccked access t
to shelters an
nd were encamp
w
ed under the
e trees, although few werre living in maakeshift shelters. Th
he fighting w
was particularrly destructivve; hence perrsonal belong
gings were se
eemingly takken or destroyed to decimate the population
n. People mo
oved the insstant they saaw or though
ht the hite army we
ere advancin
ng towards ttheir villages and they m
moved opposition forces and wh
in
nstantly – dro
opping everything, taking
g very little w
with them. Recommeendations Immediatte:  Th
he provision of a basic shelter materiaal (plastic sheeeting, poless and strings)) and tents w
will ce
ertainly beco
ome a necessity. These w
would allow th
he displaced households to erect te
emporary she
elters thus eaasing the con
ngestion.  NFIs such as M
N
Mats, soap, fo
ood, mosquitto nets, jerry cans, blankeets, cooking a
and feeding uttensils are im
mmediate prio
ority needs in
n displaced s
ites and to faacilitate somewhat eventtual re
eturns to norrmalcy. Health &
& Nutrition ngs Key findin
 Th
he January 2014 assessment found th
he prevalencee for illness e
episodes amo
ong children were ra
anked as (I) diarrhoea (iii) acute respiratory tracct infections (cough and
d pneumoniaa) (iii) su
uspected ma
alaria and (iv)) vomiting. Further, epissodes of diarrrhoea, suspe
ected malaria and re
espiratory illn
ness among a
adults were r
reported.  La
ack of shelte
ers for displaced populatiions (living u
under the treees) is life thrreatening, ass they arre exposed to t extreme conditions c
su
uch as intense cold or h
heat. Assesssment reportts the likkelihood of p
pneumonia outbreak, relaated to lack o
or poor shelteer.  Th
he nearest re
eferral hospittal for Aweriaal IDPs is locaated in Yirol, over 100 km far.  Th
he nutrition status for ch
hildren 1‐5 ye
ears is deterio
orating very fast as a ressult of inadeq
quate dietary intake
e. It is precipiitated by the
e lack of acceess to nutritiious foods (ffish and porrridge) an
nd milk throu
ugh displacem
ment, as welll as a combin
nation of heaalth and care
e related causses at th
he household
d and commu
unity levels. Recommeendations Immediatte:  Sccale up healtth service dellivery system
ms, so that dissplaced popu
ulations are r
eached. Reinforce prim
mary health c
care program
mme, particullarly to addreess preventivve health actiivities ra
ather than cu
urative, provvision of suffiicient drug aavailability an
nd essential a
and quality h
health se
ervices is hig
ghly recomme
ended. Addittional facilitiees to respon
nd to surgical emergencie
es are needed. he existing health h
service
es, by expan
nding immunisation prog
grammes. Waays to  Sttrengthen th
esstablish additional facilities to enable health centrres respond to any eventtual epidemicc that may arise due
m
oming rains. to concentraation of IDPss in limited arrea and upco
 Public health m
measures invvolving impro
oved shelter, water supplly and person
nal hygiene, a
as well as food sa
w
afety measurres are highlyy required.  A supplement
A
tary ration for children un
nder 5 years, pregnant wo
omen and lacctating mothe
ers is re
ecommended
d. This suppllementary ration would p
provide additional kilocalo
ories. 4
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
Water &
& Sanitation Key findin
ngs  Assessment A
results show that 100 percent of the respondentts utilised the deep bore
eholes an
nd water tan
nker / taps ass their main s
sources of waater. By contrast, in Tom
mbek, Nyokine and Wanyang, W
the
e majority of displaced po
opulations a ccess uncleaan and unsaffe water from
m the river Nile. a
displaced house hold in mostt displaced ssettlements could  By mid‐Januarry 2014, an average ulted in enorrmous not meet minimum water requirementts per houseehold per dayy, which resu
su
uffering. On the contrary, displace
ed househol ds in Mund
dri were able
e to meet w
water re
equirement.  In
n Awerial, To
ombek, Nyokkine and Wan
nyang, assesssments indicate improper disposal off solid waste, w
which contributess to public health. h
All tthe displaced
d population
ns were foun
nd to defecate in th
he open. The
ere is lack off sanitation in
n the four diisplaced sitess, which forcces all displaced pop
pulation to defecate in the open. These takeen into acco
ount of all these co
onditions inccrease the risk of a majo
or disease ou
utbreak. In Mundri and Yirol, the story is different for d
displaced pop
pulations, wh
here assessm
ment estimattes that 100 aand 57 perce
ent of re
espondents u
use pit latrine
es as their primary meanss of sanitation
n respectivelly. Recommeendations Im
mmediate:  In
n emergency situations th
he provision o
of adequate safe water iss of particular concern in order to
o control the spread of infectious dise
ease and in paarticular to p
prevent large scale outbre
eak off diseases. Itt remains a key priority to
o reduce wateer and sanitaation‐related illnesses thaat kill people, especcially children
n below the aage of five ye ars old. Provvision of suffficient safe an
nd cllean water fo
or domestic p
purposes is an absolute reequirement a
and should never be co
ompromised.  Repair two de
eep boreholes in Mingkam
man to ease w
water probleem for displacced populatio
ons ass well as resid
dent populattions.  In
n displacement situation a
and presence
e of a large n umber of peeople, manag
ged open defecation can
n be extreme
e but feasible
e short‐term solution giveen that enoug
gh space is avvailable.  Use Communi
U
ity‐Led Total Sanitation (C
CLTS) initiativve, the displaaced househo
olds should b
be en
ncouraged to
o construct p
pit latrines. R
RRC, civil auth
hority and caamp leadersh
hip should takke ra
adical mobilissation and se
ensitisation o
of displaced p
populations t
to change the
eir perceptions ab
bout using pit latrines. Im
mprovement of sanitation
n has direct im
mpact on chiildren. The mobilisation a
m
and sensitisattion of the displaced com
mmunities tow
ward this end
d seems to be
e crrucial.  Promotion and support to improving h
hygiene behavviours and geender aspectts; strong sup
pport o the use of s
sound approaaches toward
ds improving
g sanitation c
coverage with
h technologies to
which are affo
w
ordable, effecctive and envvironmentallyy friendly. 5
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
Educatio
on Key findin
ngs  Ed
ducation for displaced ch
hildren tends to be dismallly. The prim
mary schools i in Awerial, M
Mundri West W
and Yiro
ol open in February F
2014. Howeverr, the schoo
ols in Bor So
outh County were su
upposed to o
open in Janu
uary 2014. In Mingkaman
n‐ Awerial, where people from Greate
er Bor have been dissplaced has o
one primary s
school. In M
Mundri Payam
m, there are 1
4 primary scchools (including 4 prrivate schoolls) and 3 seco
ondary schoo
ols; while Yirol Town has 6 primary scchools an
nd 2 seconda
ary schools. By contrast, in Tombek, Nyokine and
d Wanyang – Terekeka Co
ounty, th
here are no schools in the
e proximity. Recommeendations Im
mmediate:  Maintain educ
M
cation service
es for childre
en, particularlly during emergency periods, are esse
ential both to ensure
e that childre
en do not misss their educ ational oppo
ortunities and
d because sch
hools play importan
nt role in psycchological we
ellbeing. Thee efforts shou
uld be made to ensure that th
he education of children i s not disruptted.  Provide schola
astic materials to children
n. Food Seccurity & Live
elihoods Key findin
ngs  Lo
oss of livesto
ock and cropss not only afffect nutrition
n directly thro
ough of loss of milk and m
meat products and sorghum wh
hich are consu
umed, it has indirectly efffects nutritio
on through th
he oss of a tradittional reserve
e of food and
d cash. The l oss of livesto
ock and crops is like losing
g all lo
off one’s saving, hence botth the househ
hold’s and th
he children’s v
vulnerability to food sh
hortages are increased ass a result of im
mpact of con
nflict.  Fo
ood becomes more important than evver. This is seelf‐evident in
n contexts off heightened vu
ulnerability, f
for example internally dissplaced peop
ple who have lost their access to food. As th
housands of people are displaced, so t
the severity o
of their accesss to food inssecurity in
ntensifies, and they becom
me trapped in
n the debilitaating strugglee simply to fiind adequate
e fo
ood for survivval.  Th
he displaced households will have lesss recourse t o the kinds o
of risk‐minim
mising mechan
nisms avvailable. The
e displaced h
households’ w
welfare signaals a fragile f
food securityy prospect, w
which will w continue to deteriorate rapidly. As A the severrity of food insecurity inccreases, disp
placed households re
esponses be
ecome progrressing moree serious an
nd threatenin
ng to livelihoods. arge numberrs of displaced populatio
on will run aa continually high risk off inability to meet La
fo
ood needs. A
A cyclical redu
uction in diettary intake is expected.  Conflict has be
ecome a critiical influence
e on seed sys tems securitty. Seeds were looted burnt, an
nd lost during the escape
e to displaced
d sites. IDP h
households w
will not have s
seeds and wiill fa
ace limited acccess to seed
ds in the com
ming season. Recommeendations Im
mmediate:  Advocate the A
reinforceme
ent and accele
eration of fo od and non‐ffood assistan
nce to vulnerrable populations. 6
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y



Provision of se
eeds and oth
her agriculturral inputs for farming are essential to i improving th
he ecconomic possition of displaced househ
holds (also w
when they return to their a
areas). Proviision off such inputss motivates th
hem to cultivvate land and
d become self‐sufficient in
n food, co
onsequently decreasing t
their vulnerab
bility. Provision of fishing equipm
ment is imporrtant. Immed
diate fishing e
equipment in
ntervention f
for argeted displlaced househ
holds is cruciaal in enhancin
ng household
d food security. ta
Restocking for the most vu
ulnerable me
embers of thee communitiees (also when they return
n to th
heir areas) 7
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
1. INTRODUCTION A
AND BACKGR
ROUD INFO
ORMATION 1.1 In
ntroduction
n The follow
wing report s
stems from a
a visit the NP
PA and RRC tteams made t
to Awerial, Y
Yirol, Mundri West and Terekeka Counties from the
e 10 January through to 17th Januaryy 2014. The
e assessmentt was conducte
ed in a respon
nse to emerg
gency in orde
er to determ
mine the posssible effects of the occurrence on the lo
ocal food, nutrition and livelihood security s
situaation. The assessment objective w
was to establish an understtanding of the t
effects of o fighting o
on internal displaced populations’ food, nutrition and livelihoo
od security an
nd determine
e the immediiate needs an
nd priorities. The areas covered by b assessmen
nt teams inccluded Ming kaman (Aweerial), Yirol, Mundri, Nyo
okine, Wanyang
g and Tombe
ek. The team
ms conducte
ed 74 key infformant inteerviews (Awe
erial; 17, Yiro
ol; 26, Mundri; 2
21, Nyokine; 4
4, Wanyang; 3, and Tomb
bek; 3) and 339 focused g
group discusssions (Aweriaal; 29, Yirol; 4, M
Mundri; 3, Nyo
okine; 1, Wan
nyang; 1, and Tombek; 1) w
with mostly w
women. A checklisst was used to provide the assessme
ent team with
h a reminderr and guide t
to all the typ
pes of information needed. The checkklist is easy to use, an
nd provides a comprehe
ensive outlin
ne of information needs yett flexible guid
de. The invesstigation wass carried out through sem
mi‐ structured
d interviews w
with individu
uals and grou
ups of displaced
d householdss, and with SRRC S
officials on the gro
ound. This w
was a guided conversatiion in which on
nly the topiccs were pre‐‐determined and new q
questions or insights arise as a resu
ult of discussions and visua
alised analysis. The interrviews were informal and
d convention
nal, but remained controlled
d and structu
ured. New a
avenues of questioning w
were pursued
d as the interrviews develo
oped. Special efforts were made to enssure that a range r
of opin
nions was reepresented aand to enablle the understan
nding of all sides of the isssues. In additio
on, the team
m made exten
nsive use of direct obserrvation to heelp build up a picture off how people were w
survivin
ng, particulaarly after the displacem
ment. Directt observation is an effe
ective assessme
ent tool to record what te
eams see and
d hear to help
p shape the u
understandin
ng of a situatiion or a problem
m. Direct observation is a
also a good w
way to crosss‐check peop
ple’s answerss to question
ns and information acquired during the semi‐structured interview
ws (seeing iss believing). The teams tried and looke
ed at a numb
ber of factorss to back up t
the informatiion already co
ollected. Focus gro
oup discussio
ons were use
ed to gain a rapid underrstanding of key themes or issues. FFocus group discussions were w
used to
o generate qualitative d
data (insigh
hts into needs, expectations, d feelings of I DPs). attitudes,, perceptionss, beliefs and
Key inforrmant intervviews were commonly used u
in dataa collection for rapid asssessments. Key informant interviews were one w
where individu
uals with prio
or knowledg
ge of affected population
ns are questione
ed to gatherr key informaation on the impact of fiighting and on priority n
needs. Intervviews had particular value in
n gaining a p
perspective o
of the impactt of disaster o
on the populations. Theyy also provided holistic and
d qualitative overviews of the impaact of a disaaster. The iinternal disp
placed populatio
ons were va
aluable key informants simply s
beca use they sh
hare their re
epresentative
e but personal experience. Key informaant interview
ws were used
d to delve intto sensitive is
ssues that arre not appropria
ate for focus group discusssions. 8
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
The reporrt, which follows, is based
d on analysis and findingss, and provides the impacct of insecuritty and displa
acement. 1.2. Background
B
d clashes erup
pted between
n two The fighting in South Sudan begaan on the 15thh December 2013, when c
factions in i military barracks in th
he national capital c
Juba,, and escalatted into all‐o
out war between government troops an
nd those loyaal to Riek Maachar. The vi olence has sp
pread to som
me states of S
South Sudan. There has bee
en sustained f
fighting in Jo
onglei, Unity and Upper N
Nile States. Civilians –
– including children and w
women have
e not been sp
pared, and m
make up the majority of t
those displaced
d and desperrate need of humanitarian. Assessmeent estimatees – many mo
ore fled the areas during the intensive fighting and a
an estimated
d 32,000 perssons have fled to neighbo
oring countie
es. Of these disp
placed popullation, some 60,000 have
e taken refug
ge on bases o
of UN Peacekkeeping Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS
S), where cro
owded encam
mpments havve been estaablished. Maany of whom have fled a wave of ethnic violence pittting governm
ment forces a
against oppo
osition forcess. On the gro
ound, the huma
anitarian situa
ation is dire. The talkss brokered by b Intergoverrnmental Au
uthority on D
Developmentt (IGAD) are aimed at ending more than four weekss of fighting. The conflictt has left tho usands dead
d, while large populationss have been disp
placed or havve fled the co
ountry. Instability continu
ues to plaguee Jonglei, Upper Nile and Unity States, an
nd IGAD – sponsored talkks in Addis Ab
baba, have yeet to yield a negotiated s
settlements t
to the conflict. oost with chin
na – which iss the biggest buyer of Sou
uth Sudan’s o
oil – The push for peace was given a bo
pushing f
for peace and
d offering to mediate betw
ween the tw
wo sides. 2. MAGN
NITUDE OF T
THE PROBLE
EM 2.1. C
Cause of the problem The fightiing in Juba began on the 15th December 2013, whe n clashes eru
upted between two factio
ons in military b
barracks in Ju
uba, and escaalated into all‐out war bettween goverrnment troop
ps and those
e loyal to Riek Machar. M
The
e violence sp
pread to som
me states of South Sudan. There haas been susttained fighting in
n Bor, Jongle
ei. South Su
udan was sha
aken by violence since mid‐Decembe
m
er 2013 when President Kiir accused
d Riek Machar o
of standing behind a failed coup attem
mpt against h
his regime. H
However, in Juba, the fig
ghting subsided after 3 days,, and somewhat people b
began to movve, although with fear. In Bor, Jo
onglei State, fighting beg
gan on the 177th Decemberr 2013, life w
was a struggle
e for survivall. For civilians, f
fighting brou
ught little butt misery, partticularly sincee the escalattion of the co
onflict. At the nig
ght of the 17th December 2013, Peter Gadet – Com
mmander of D
Division 8 defected from SPLA in Panpan
ndier Militaryy Barrack, He
eadquarter. The fighting
g took placee between go
overnment fforces 9
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
and Division Comman
nder Peter Gaadet / Oppossition forces. The govern
nment forces were pushe
ed out by opposition forces. On the m
morning of the 18th Decem
mber 2013, there was movvement of large population from southern part of Bo
or Town to t
he northern part. This w
was the indicaation of likelyy clashes in B
Bor Town. O
On the 18th December 2013, the fighting b
began in Bor T
Town. In thee evening of the 18th Dece
ember 2013, many people crrossed the rivver Nile fleein
ng for safety. Some peop
ple did hide t
themselves in
n the toics, isslands and bush
hes, but were followed by opposition forces, and escaped
d to Aweriaal, Yirol, Nyo
okine, Wanyang
g and Tombekk. The fighting on the ground betwe
een governm
ment and opp
position forcces mostly afffected areass such as Panpan
ndier, Malual Chaat, Bor T
Town, Laudie
er and Chinu
uerben. In th
hese battles, villages and crops were burrnt; cattle loo
oted, civilian were killed & assaulted . Banks and
d shops were
e broken into
o and looted. The five payams of Bor B South Co
ounty, includ
ding Kolnyan
ng, Anyidi, M
Makuach, Jale
e and Baidit were affected. The payams of Kolnyang, Anyidi and
d Makuach, w
which surrou
und Bor Town, were exte
ensive affected by the fightting in Bor Town. T
Furth
her, the resp
pondents revvealed that B
Baidit Payam
m was mostly afffected by fighting – esp
pecially Math
hiang and Gaaamez Bomaas, where ho
ouses were b
burnt, crops burrnt and loote
ed, and cattle looted. Th
he elderly, bllind and disaabled people who were le
eft as they could not flee for safety were
e killed. The deve
elopment wa
as signal of the end of even relativve stability in
n some payams, which were consumed in terrible fighting on the ground, a serious esscalation of tthe conflict, and a deepening humanita
arian crisis. Violent displacement has led to lo
oss of accesss to livelihoo
od, loss of seeeds and fraagile food seccurity combined
d has had serrious effects.. Many households have lost assets s
such as cattle
e. This meant that when people displaced to other areas, they have few rresources an
nd are forced
d to rely on host communiities or relief assistance. 2.2. Analysis of t
A
the Effectss of Insecurrity and Dissplacemen
nt The inseccurity caused
d by opposittion forces and White Arrmy is increaasingly seriou
us in Jonglei as a cause of population d
displacementt and impoverishment. A ll three coun
nties of Duk, Twic East an
nd Bor are affeccted by the fighting. No
ot only that but people of Gemeizaa and Mangaalla Payams were displaced
d to Nyokine and Wanyan
ng Islands resspectively. In
n Juba, havin
ng security siituation imprroved some peo
ople fled for safety to Mu
undri. Indeed
d, Bor South County was most affecte
ed by the con
nflicts and inseccurity. The fightting has caussed widespre
ead displacem
ment, resultiing in large p
population g
groups to become vulnerablle to food, nutrition and livelihood ass well as sociial disruption
n. The impacct of displace
ement on availa
ability and access to food, f
nutrition status and health depends o
on many facctors. Displacem
ments have reduced peop
ple’s ability to
o support th emselves and increased t
trauma and s
stress within the
e population which adverrsely affected
d the caring p
practices of c
children. 10
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
A large in
nflux of disp
placed peoplle has put pressures p
on the infrastrructure, health and sanittation us, increasing
facilities, as well as the food resou
urces of the r
resident com
mmunities, thu
g the vulneraability of the lattter group. T
This has cause
ed the sociall relations beetween displaaced and ressident populaations to suffer. People ha
ave been disp
placed from their original lands due to
o fighting, th
he collapse of food produ
uction systems in Jonglei State S
have resulted r
in hunger. Th
his is particu
ularly true ffor women, their dependen
nt children, and other vu
ulnerable gro
oups includin
ng the elderrly, the disab
bled, orphans and widows. The crisiss has compounded manyy fold when social s
relatio
ons have beeen destroyed. The crises have destroyed
d normal sup
pport system
ms. The fighting has resullted in loss o
of lives, in ph
hysical separaations for varyin
ng periods off time, in forced relocatio
on, and in peermanent sep
paration of ssome commu
unity / household members. Women and a
their de
ependent children have been affecteed more sevverely by dissruption of social relations.. Children, particularly infants, have
e succumbed
d early to d
diseases thatt make theirr way through the populattion. An ovverwhelming majority off displaced p
populations in Awerial, Yirol, Mundri, Nyokine, N
Wanyang and Tombek T
are women w
and their depend
dent children
n. They com
mprise more tha
an 90 percen
nt of the uprrooted popullations. The ir presence iin all categories of vulne
erable groups re
eflects the magnitude of t
their vulnerability. The loss of shelter is life‐threaten
ning, as displaced populaations are exxposed to exxtreme conditions such as in
ntense cold a
and heat. It is
s traumatic b
because it is a
accompanied
d by a loss off possessionss. It is humiliatin
ng due to losss of privacy. Women end
dure greaterr humiliation due to more
e stringent taaboos associate
ed with infrin
ngement on their personal privacy. LLoss of sheltters implies lloss of prote
ection from other people. T
The fighting have forced large numbeers of peoplee at any one time to reso
ort to er the trees. In Awerial, N
Nyokine, Wan
nyang and To
ombek, majorrity of makeshift shelters and living unde
the people are living u
under the tre
ees. Further, few displaceed household
ds are living in
n makeshiftss. One of the well‐know
wn characterristics of unusual enviro
onments is sttress and itss effects on men, women a
and children. Stress is variable but prresent in diffeerent phasess of an emerrgency or disaaster. Unusual situations ha
ave themselvves become powerful sttressors com
mpelling peop
ple to experrience stress. Many of the economic and social networks th
hat househo lds normally employ durring times of crisis have bee
en shattered. In these caases, coping mechanismss differ, becaause displace
ed household
ds are no longerr available ass a safety ne
et. The overw
whelming maajority of dissplaced households are m
mainly women and children s
struggling to survive with
h little hope o
of returning h
home. The fightting has lea
ad to the breakdown of o political sstructures an
nd of econo
omic system
ms, to productivve land along
g the river Nile lying idle a
and cattle loo
oted and desstroyed, to fllights of disp
placed people. I
t is a processs that heighte
ens people’s vulnerabilityy. At community level, a
assessment fo
ound a patte
ern emerging
g of three diffferent experriences of conflict. The first i is characterissed by the to
otal destructiions of the co
ommunity’s habitat: hom
mes are destrroyed; constant attacks on people obliged them to ab
bandon their homes and m
move elsewh
here. As disp
placed people, their t
membe
ers are oblig
ged to move
e several tim
mes, as theirr options fo
or refuge become 11
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
narrowerr. They face the prospectt of never be
eing able to r
return to theeir homes, livving perpetuaally in temporarry shelters orr camps. has affected communitiess by leading t
to the death,, maiming. TThis has affeccted the econ
nomic Fighting h
viability o
of the househ
holds by desstroying its productive re source base,, either in the short‐term
m or in the long‐‐term. Thiss leads to gross g
impove
erishment, tto acute foo
od security, or to flightt and dependen
nce on relief aid. e communities by Further, fighting has affected pssycho‐social health and ssense of ideentity of the
promotin
ng schisms, disrupting gender g
strucctures and rrelations, an
nd by inflicting on indivvidual memberss traumatic experiences which se
eriously imp
pair their ccapacity to carry out their responsib
bilities. duced the sttandard of livving and leveels of resourrces availabillity in societyy as a The confllicts have red
whole, an
nd destroys h
health, welfaare and educaation servicees. Displaced
d people are d
doubly vulne
erable to this red
duction in resources and support. Firsst, physical vvulnerability h
has become h
higher. Conflict has h changed
d the option
ns available to individuaals and communities cau
ught up in these conflicts, restricting them. t
It has deepened the t poverty aand vulnerab
bility from w
which it grew
w or in other insttances, has challenged th
he past. Women are a negativelly affected by b conflict an
nd turbulent change. W
Women’s vulnerability and
d how changes in their situ
uation lead, in many cases, to loweer status, in
ncreased marginalisation, and perhaps t
to greater ab
buse of their h
human rightss. Bor Soutth County su
uffered a serries of brutaal and destru
uctive fightin
ell endowed with ng. It is we
fisheries and animal r
resources tho
ough these a
are all but deestroyed in t
the conflict, when people
e fled from theiir lands and huge numbe
ers of animalls were looteed. Looting and theft off civilian prop
perty, the loss o
of cattle has t
therefore pro
ovoked perm
manent destittution. It is well known tha
at populatio
on affected by armed cconflict expeerience seve
ere public h
health conseque
ences often aggravated by displace
ement, food
d scarcity an
nd collapse of public h
health services. Violent displacement has led to lo
oss of access to clean w
water, loss off livelihood, loss of seeds and fragile food security ccombined hass serious effe
ects. Many d
displaced hou
useholds havve lost assetss such as cattle. This meanss that when people are d
displaced to other areas, they have few resources and are forced
d to rely on r
resident communities or r
relief assistan
nce. Insecurityy and conflictt are having w
wide range o
of effects on households’’ access to fo
ood (i) looting and destructio
on of food stocks has reduced access to food (ii)) looting of l
ivestock hass reduce acce
ess to trade and
d exchange, milk, meat and a social ne
etworks and
d (iii) reduced
d access to areas affecte
ed by insecurityy and confliccts could reduce access to wild foo
ods, fish, veegetable gard
dens and income s. Insecuritty and confllict have forrced peoplee away from
earning opportunitie
o
m their tradittional livelihood
ds and increasingly comm
mon source off risk to food entitlementts. 12
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
It is impo
ortant to view
w the insecurrity and confllict in Decem
mber 2013 and
d January 2014 and in the
e near future no
ot simply in lig
ght of its imm
mediate effects on the po
opulation, bu
ut with the lo
ong lasting im
mpact on the tra
aditional livellihoods patte
ern of househ
holds. 2.3. Timing of O
T
Occurrence to the Mag
gnitude of the Crisis The fightting came at possibly one
e of the worrst times of the year witth respect to
o household food, nutrition and livelihoo
od security. In Duk, Twicc East and B or Counties, the 2013 cro
op productio
on fell well shorrt of the norm
mal productio
on due to flo
ooding and m
militias’ activiities carried b
by David Yau
u Yau. The food needs were
e severed with the widesspread loss o
of propertiess, livestock aand food sto
ocks – uth County. especiallyy the Bor Sou
Normally in Decembe
er, communitties in Duk, T
Twic East and
d Bor Countiees, and Gemeza and Man
ngalla Payams prepare p
for Christmas se
eason; sorgh
hum crop is being dried
d on dry stan
nds, collectio
on of thatched grass for co
onstruction o
of new house
es. Further, women colleect firewood
d and sell the
em to the markkets. Those h
households l
iving along t
the river Nilee clear the veegetable gard
dens and praactice subsisten
nce fishing. F
Fish are sold to markets a
and remainin
ng ones conssumed. Fishiing is a vital social and econ
nomic activity. Further, livestock ow
wners migratte with theirr cattle to drry season grrazing areas. In Juba, in Decembe
er, people prrepare for Christmas C
seeason. Furth
her, they paarticipate in petty businesse
es to generatte income to meet the foo
od needs. Moreover, insecurity and conflictts impinge on o mobility, rrestricting other optionss for meeting the food nee
eds. Not on
nly that but trade and exchange e
ab
bruptly affeccted by confflicts, altering
g the household food and cash econo
omies. The
e conflicts d
disrupt markkets and cau
use labour tto be withdraw
wn from productive activitties. 2.4. Populations
P
s Affected by Conflictts The numb
bers of displa
aced people,, where thesse are provid ed, are at beest rough esttimates, base
ed on figures provided by RRC, R
civil autthority and other o
key info
ormants. Acccurate figurres are difficult to establish,, as the disp
placed population are no
ot found in ‘camp’ situaation, but diispersed and
d few integrated with relattives. Any estimates, e
th
herefore, sh
hould be takken only as indicative o
of the magnitud
de of the problem. e below show
ws estimates of total displacement as p
provided by RRC in mid‐January 2014 The table
Displaced Sites Awerial man) (Mingkam
Yirol Mundri Nyokine Isslands Wanyang Islands Tombek Numb
ber of Households 400 Still co
onducting reg
gistration of IDPs 1,004 2,020 2,002 Number of Population 146,613 (figu
ure given on t
the 11th January 2014 was 136,9977) 2,250 Still conduccting registration of IDPs 6,020 12,132 10,430 So
ource: RRC, Aweerial, Yirol, Mund
dri, Nyokine, Wanyang and Tombbek, 2014 13
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
The figure
es provided b
by RRC are faar higher than those avail able on OCH
HA situation M
Map. endation Recomme
here is a need for close m
monitoring off displaced po
opulations in
n all sites. Some displaced
d  Th
populations arre still in hiding and out o
of reach. Furtther, some displaced pop
pulations are moving out of
m
f the sites to Juba and beyyond.  Th
he populatio
on figures sho
ould be updated time and
d again. A joint regular ve
erification ex
xercise in necessary to esstablish the ccorrect figurees for plannin
ng and targetting purposes. 3. SHELT
TER AND PERSONAL PR
ROTECTION EFFECTS 3.1. S
Shelter ms which con
nfront The criticcal problems of internallyy displaced populations a re all the claassic problem
internallyy displaced po
opulation everywhere. T
The people diisplaced to M
Mingkaman –– Awerial, Tombek and Wanyyang, their liiving conditio
ons are nearr catastrophiic. The displlaced populaations are living in precariou
us conditions, made worse by chronic shortages o f shelters. In
n January 20114, the majorrity of displaced
d population
ns lacked acccess to she
elters and w
were encam
mped under the trees. One responde
ent in Aweria
al was asked a question o
on shelter an
nd replied “aas you can seee, we sleep u
under the trees”
”. Further, t
there are few
w and majoritty displaced h
households iin Awerial an
nd Nyokine Isslands living in m
makeshift she
elters respecttively. Awerial ID
DPs ( NPA 12.1.2014) By contra
ast, in Mund
dri and Yirol, displaced populationss have found
d shelters w
with relativess and friends, and a
need a minimum off relief assistance. Thee displaced populations are housed with relatives, space is extrremely limite
ed. In Yirol, fe
ew displaced
d population are living in t
the churchess. al and Yirol, 5
55.8 percent of the respo
ondents said they can provide some building matterials In Aweria
d population
for tempo
orary shelterrs. Assessme
ent revealed the displaced
n can provide
e poles, if the
ey are 14
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
provided with pangas and axes. In Mundri, 75 percent of the respo
ondents said
d they are ab
ble to provide p
poles and gra
ass. In Tomb
bek, Nyokine
e and Wanya ng islands, 554 percent off the respondents reported they can pro
ovide local po
oles and Papyyrus. Generallyy, in Yirol and Awerial, th
he displaced
d population said the bu
uilding materrials needed from external sources incclude tents, plastic she
eeting, poless and bamb
boos. In M
Mundri, disp
placed households requested
d to be assistted with plasstic sheeting and iron sheeets. In Tom
mbek, Nyokine and Wanyang
g Islands, 90 percent said
d they would
d like to be provided with plastic sh
heeting and ttents, while 40 p
percent requ
uested to be assisted with
h iron sheets and other ro
oofing materrials. Recomme
endation Immediatte he provision of a basic shelter materiaal (plastic sheeeting, poless and strings)) and tents w
will  Th
ce
ertainly beco
ome a necessity. These w
would allow th
he displaced households to erect te
emporary she
elters thus eaasing the con
ngestion. Mid‐term  Depending on
D
n security situ
uation in IDPss areas return
n arrangemeents, arrangements to be planned in advvance to support IDPs witth shelter maaterials that a
are rain proo
of need to be
e put in
n plan. 3.2. Personal pr
P
otection Efffects In Aweria
al, Yirol, Tom
mbek, Nyokine and Wanyaang, displaceed population
ns told the a
assessment t
teams that fighting was pa
articularly de
estructive, hence person
nal belongin
ngs were see
emingly take
en or destroyed
d to decimatte the population. For in
nstance, hou
uses and pro
operty were llooted and b
burnt. This is sig
gnificant beca
ause personaal belongingss lost per hou
usehold mean
ns a lot. Whether real or imagiined – and it is probably r
real – the feaar of oppositiion forces an
nd white armyy was widespread. Whenevver and whe
erever the asssessment teeams talked to displaced
d populationss, the story wass basically th
he same: peo
ople moved t
the instant th
hey saw or t
thought the opposition fforces and whitte army werre advancing
g towards th
heir villages.. And they moved insttantly – drop
pping everythin
ng, taking verry little with them. The d
displaced peeople are mo
ostly women and children
n who arrived ca
arrying the fe
ew personal b
belongings th
hey managed
d to savage b
before fleeing
g. For Mund
dri displaced population l
left Juba from the 21st Deecember 2013, when the security situ
uation had some
ewhat impro
oved. The he
eads of households manaaged to send
d women, ch
hildren and elderly people to
o the relativves in Mundrri with hand
d luggages aand many peersonal possessions were left behind w
with some of h
household m
members – wh
hich were inttact. erry cans, foo
od, blankets, mosquito neets, cooking and feeding utensils soap and The distriibutions of je
mats wou
uld ease the b
burden on th
he displaced h
households. Recomme
endation 15
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y

NFIs such as M
N
Mats, soap, fo
ood, mosquitto nets, jerry cans, blankeets, cooking a
and feeding uttensils are im
mmediate prio
ority needs in
n displaced s
ites and to faacilitate somewhat eventtual re
eturns to norrmalcy. 4. RELIEF
F ASSISTAN
NCE Doctors o
of Africa, Savve the Childre
en, Internatio
onal Committtee of Red Crross (ICRC), M
MSF, Oxfam, CCM and WFP are agenciess on the grou
und, howeverr, appear to b
be falling sho
ort in their effforts to mitig
gate the difficu
ult conditions faced by displaced popu
ulation. Hum
manitarian effforts are makking good progress,, but life‐saving assistance
e is still urgen
ntly needed. Two weeks into the resp
ponse, majorr needs rem
main the distribution of fo
ood, access t
to clean wateer, provision of shelter maaterials, child
d protectio
on and health
h services. The table
e below show
ws activities u
undertaken by NGOs that operate in A
Awerial, Yirol,, Mundri and Terekeka NGOs and UN ICRC CCM MSF Oxfam Save the C
Children WFP Doctors off Africa PSI AAH South Sud
dan Red Cross SEM NPA Awerial A
Relief food R
Non‐food item
N
s Health services
H
s Health services
H
s Water and W
sanitation Protection serv
P
vices for displaced population p
Relief food R
Yirol Mundri T
Terekeka Relieff food Health Services Health serrvices Health serrvices Health serrvices Land rights L
Agricu
ulture/ livestock Health serrvices A
Agriculture Source: RRC
C, Awerial, Yirol, Mundri and Terrekeka, 2014 The food and non‐foo
od items distrributions in A
Awerial and Y
Yirol were rep
ported to be fair, accounttable, transpare
ent, and gender sensitive
e. The transsparent systeem, results in
n the fewer opportunitie
es for abuse lea
ading to unfa
air distributio
on practices. The beneficciaries were i nformed of t
their entitlem
ments and the timing t
of disstributions. The relief asssistance waas distributed
d to women because of their primary r
ole in househ
hold food maanagement. Any relieff assistance d
distribution s
system requirred an identiification of th
he intended b
beneficiariess. The relief food was distrib
buted to ben
neficiary housseholds for 1
5 days. The distribution cycle will de
epend on the type of popula
ation served,, the contextt and food reesources available. In Aw
werial, assesssment revealed that not all displaced households re
eceived relieef food and non‐food ite
ems. Assesssment results sh
howed that 50 5 and 35.7%
% of the resp
pondents in A
Awerial and Yirol receive
ed relief food
d and 16
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
non‐food items (no no
on‐food item
ms were distriibuted in Yiro
ol) respectiveely. In Aweriial, each disp
placed household received 25 2 kg of sorg
ghum, 10‐15 kilogrammes k
of beans, 5 litres of oil aand salt. In Yirol, displaced
d populationss received on
nly sorghum from WFP. No other fo
ood and non
n‐food items were distribute
ed. Further, in Awerial, non‐food n
ite
ems were distributed, bu
ut to some displaced households. Each displaced
d household r
received plasstic sheeting;; 1, blankets; 3, small buccket; 1, mosquito nets; 2, mats; 2, small je
erry can; 1, sa
aucepans; 2, p
plates; 10, sp
poons; 5 and cups; 5. On t
the 11th Januaary 2014, RRC
C told the assessment that 6
67,500 displaced persons out of 136,99
97 had receivved foods an
nd non‐food it
tems. On the co
ontrary, in M
Mundri, Tomb
bek, Nyokine
e and Wanya ng Islands, n
no NGOs or U
UN agencies have intervene
ed with relieff assistance. of emergenciies. Howeve r, it is used in
n different w
ways dependin
ng on Food aid has a role in prevention o
stage and
d particular c
circumstance
e of the food
d security situ
uation. The relief food continues to be an essential element of an overall fo
ood security. The displacced population are entire
ely dependent on food assiistance for outright o
conssumption, an
nd the prioritty is to allevviate malnutrrition and to
o save lives. The
e non‐food items are miniimising livelih
hood stress. Recomme
endation n view of the
e fact that dissplaced popu
ulations havee little or no income earn
ning opportu
unities  In
in
n areas theyy are displacced and havve fled theirr homes witth little or n
nothing, it is the co
onclusion off the assessm
ment that prrovision of rrelief assistance is justifiied. It shou
uld be noted that dissplaced population are being b
hosted
d by local co
ommunities w
who have miinimal sp
placed popu
pare capacityy to cater fo
or the food needs n
of disp
ulations and hence food aid is fu
urther justifie
ed in order not n to burde
en host comm
munities to p
point where they may re
equire fo
ood assistancce. 5. HEALT
TH AND NUT
TRITION STA
ATUS 5.1. H
Health Assessme
ent of displa
aced househo
olds with children aged less than fivve years wass conducted.. The prevalencce of illnesse
es is similar to other dataa collected in
n South Sudaan. Assessment indicatess that morbidityy rates have increase as a
a result of tw
wo changes in
n epidemiolo
ogical structu
ure: (i) move
ement of the population into
o new areas a
and (ii) crowding in camp
p leading to in
ncreased disease transmission rates. Most epid
demics and c
communicab
ble diseases a
are related t o risk factorrs upon arrivaal of personss into displaced
d areas and camps, rath
her than being carried b
by the displaaced populaations to a ccamp. Diseases are associatted with riskk factors succh as inadeq uate water aand sanitatio
on, crowding
g and poor shellter – especia
ally in Aweriaal, Tombek, N
Nyokine and W
Wanyang Islaands. In Aweria
al, Yirol, Tombek, Nyokine
e and Wanyang, the Janu ary 2014 asseessment foun
nd the prevaalence for illnesss episodes am
mong children were ranke
ed as (I) diarrrhoea (ii) acu
ute respirato
ory tract infecctions (cough an
nd pneumon
nia) (iii) suspected malariia and (iv) vo
omiting. Furtther in Awerial, Yirol, Tom
mbek, 17
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
Nyokine and Wanyan
ng Islands, episodes e
of diarrhoea, ssuspected m
malaria and rrespiratory illness among ad
dults were re
eported. d, Gemeiza ( N
NPA 15.1.2014
4) IDPs in Nyyikone Island
In Mundrri, suspected
d malaria, resspiratory tracct infectionss and diarrho
oea in descending order were common diseases among children
n. While adults suffered fr
rom diseasess such as diarrrhoea, suspected malaria and respiratorry tract infections. Diarrhoea
a, suspected malaria, and respiratory t
tract infectio
ons are primaary causes off morbidity am
mong displaced
d population
ns. Diarrhoe
eal diseases are a majo
or cause off morbidity among disp
placed populatio
ons, primarilyy because of the inadequ
uacy of waterr supply, insu
ufficient and poorly sanittation facilities. Serious illne
ess, such as d
diarrhoea, is harmfully afffect children
n more than adults. Malaaria is currently one of the most seriouss health problems affectting displaced population
ns. Malaria is the most com
mmon diseasse in Awerial,, Yirol, Mund
dri, Tombek, Nyokine and
d Wanyang I
slands. It is most common in Awerial, T
Tombek, Nyo
okine and Wanyang Island
ds, which aree all near larg
ge bodies of w
water of the rivver Nile. Give
en the dry season, acute r
respiratory in
nfections aree among the leading causses of morbidityy. In Aweria
al, Tombek, N
Nyokine and Wanyang Isllands, lack off shelters forr displaced p
populations ((living under the
e trees) is life
e threatening
g, as they arre exposed to
o extreme co
onditions succh as intense
e cold or heat. A
Assessment r
reports the li
ikelihood of p
pneumonia o
outbreak, relaated to lack o
or poor sheltter. In Aweria
al, sick persons sought he
ealth servicess in primary h
health care c
centre (PHCC
C) run by CCM
M and supported by MSF du
uring the crissis. In Mund
dri and Yirol, displaced po
opulations se
eek treatments in PHCC in M
Mundri and L
Lui Hospital, and Yirol Ho
ospital respeectively. In M
Mundri, assessment team
m was told, therre were inadequate drugs in health faacilities and hence displaaced population sought h
health care from
m drug sellers and private
e care provid
ders. In Tom
mbek and Waanyang, displaced populaations 18
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
access he
ealth services in health facility f
and mobile m
clinic respectively.. While in N
Nyokine Islan
nd, no health faccilities is available. Recomme
endations ms, so that dissplaced popu
ulations are r
eached.  Sccale up healtth service dellivery system
Reinforce prim
mary health c
care program
mme, particullarly to addreess preventivve health actiivities ra
ather than cu
urative, provvision of suffiicient drug aavailability an
nd essential a
and quality h
health se
ervices is highly recomme
ended.  Sttrengthen th
he existing health h
service
es, by expan
nding immunisation prog
grammes. Waays to esstablish additional facilities to enable health centrres respond to any eventtual epidemicc that to concentraation of IDPss in limited arrea and upco
may arise due
m
oming rains. 5.2. Nutritional N
Status of C
Children 12 – 59 month
hs Assessme
ent teams did conduct nutritional assessment byy use of MUA
AC measurem
ment. Meassuring mid uppe
er arm circumference (M
MUAC) is a rapid meanss of screenin
ng children to find the most malnourisshed. In Januarry 2014, a rap
pid MUAC asssessment was w conducteed in Aweriall for children
n 1‐5 years frrom a sample of o 96 children
n. 12.5 perce
ent (12) of th
he children w
were severelyy malnourish
hed, 3 percen
nt (3) were moderately malnourished, 11.5 1 percent (11) were at risk malnutrrition. 73 pe
ercent (70) o
of the were nourish
hed (normal n
nutrition stattus). children w
A rapid assessment a
in i Yirol reco
orded 19 perrcent (4) of children weere severely malnourishe
ed, 43 percent (9) ( of childre
en was mod
derately maln
nourished. I n Yirol, 21 raandomly sele
ected childre
en 1‐5 years werre screened w
with 38 perce
ent (8) of chiildren with no
ormal nutritiion status. A rapid assessment a
of o 20 random
mly selected
d children ag
ged 1 – 5 years were scrreened in M
Mundri recorded 5 percent (11) 0f children
n with at risk malnutritio
on, while 95 percent (19) of children
n with normal nu
utritional status. ne, Wanyang and Tombekk – Terekeka County, asseessment team
ms through vvisible observvation In Nyokin
reported some cases of malnourished children. In Awerial, Yirol, Mu
undri and Terekeka T
Cou
unties, asse ssment team
m found no
o visible sign
ns of malnutrittion among adults. a
The assessment team was in
n agreementt, however, tthat the situ
uation was worsening witho
out concerte
ed efforts on the part o
of NGOs, UN agencies, governmentt and donors. The nutrition status for f children 1‐5 1 years is deteriorating d
very fast. Itt is precipitatted by the laack of access to nutritious fo
oods (fish and
d porridge) aand milk thro
ough displaceement, as we
ell as the impaact of diseases i in an environ
nment in which health serrvices are red
duced, caring
g structures h
have been brroken down witthin society, a
and trauma h
has increased
d. 19
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
In an individual level, nutrition staatus is deterriorating as tthe result of inadequate dietary intakke, or infection,, or a combin
nation of both
h. These in t
urn derive fr om a combin
nation of food, health and
d care related ca
auses at the h
household an
nd communitty levels. The mostt common types t
of dise
eases suffere
ed by young
g children in
n both stable
e and emerg
gency situationss are diarrh
hoea, acute respiratory infections aand malaria.. All these
e conditions may contributte to malnutrrition through
h loss of app
petite, mal‐ab
bsorption of nutrients and
d loss of nutrrients through diarrhoea orr vomiting an
nd decreased
d food intakke. Children who are sicck frequentlyy lose their appetite and are
e thus unlikelyy to maintain
n dietary inta ke. For childrren, nutrition
n status depe
ends not onlyy on the foo
od available w
within the ho
ousehold, but also on the prriorities of ho
ousehold, kno
owledge of a
available foo ds and how to make the best use of these foods in h
household, feeding practtices and cariing practicess. In addition
n, the health environmen
nt and availabilitty of health services will a
also affect the nutritional status of thee children. Recomme
endations measures invvolving impro
oved shelter, water supplly and person
nal hygiene, a
as  Public health m
well as food sa
w
afety measurres are highlyy required.  A supplement
A
tary ration for children un
nder 5 years, pregnant wo
omen and lacctating mothe
ers is re
ecommended
d. This suppllementary ration would p
provide additional kilocalo
ories. ER AND SAN
NITATION 6. WATE
6.1. W
Water Water is a basic nutrrient of the human bodyy and is criti cal to human life. It is also essential for preparation of food sttuffs and req
quirements fo
or food prepaaration. Domesticc water supp
plies are one of the fundaamental requ
uirements fo
or human life
e. Without w
water, life canno
ot be sustain
ned beyond a
a few days and lack of acccess to adequate waterr supplies leaads to the sprea
ad of disease
es. Children bear the gre
eatest health
h burden asssociated with
h poor wate
er and sanitation
n. Diarrhoeal diseases are
e attributed t
to poor wateer supply, san
nitation and h
hygiene. In Awerial, the main
n options used u
for waater supply in displaced
d settlements include w
water purificatio
on systems (water tankering supplie
es and taps)) and three deep boreholes. In Aw
werial, displaced
d populationss are served with new waater suppliess as a result o
of investmen
nt by Oxfam. The newly insstalled waterr points have
e eased life in
n the camp a
and little time is wasted in fetching w
water. Knowing they are drinking d
from
m a clean source s
is alsso a huge benefit, botth physicallyy and psycholog
gically. Asse
essment foun
nd 13.8 and 8
86.2 percent of the respo
ondents did a
access waterr from boreholes and water tanker supplies / taps respectively. I
In Mingkamaan – Awerial,, there are 7 deep boreholes. Of these, 2 boreholess are broken and 2 boreh
holes are useed by the pollice. The ressident and displaced popula
ations have access to only o
3 deep boreholes. In Awerial,, water tankkering supplies a
and taps are the most wid
despread. 20
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
In Yirol and Mundri, the t assessme
ent results show that 10 0 percent off the respondents utilise
ed the deep boreholes as the
eir main sourrce of water. In Tombe
ek, Nyokine a
and Wanyang
g, the majority of displac ed populatio
ons access un
nclean and unsafe water fro
om the riverr Nile. Nyokine and Waanyang Islan
nds are new
w settlements, therefore,, lack boreholes. On the co
ontrary, some
e displaced p
populations in
n Tombek acccess clean w
water from a deep borehole. The quan
ntity of waterr delivered aand used for households is an importtant aspect o
of domestic w
water supplies, which influences hygiene
e and therefo
ore public heaalth. By mid Ja
anuary 2014, an average d
displaced household in A
Awerial, Yirol and Mundri had access t
to 60, 78 and 14
40 litres of wa
ater per day f
for drinking, cooking, perrsonal and do
omestic hygiiene. The 90 litres of water per househo
old size of 6 i is considered
d the minimu
um water req
quirements. The total ave
erage standard water usage
e would be closer to apprroximately 90
0 litres per household per day. This m
means each persson (househo
old size of 6)) in Awerial, Y
Yirol and Mu ndri consum
med a minimu
um of 10, 13 aand 23 litres of w
water per dayy. In Awerial and Yirol, m
many displaceed household
ds lacked acce
ess to basic w
water requirements resulting in enormou
us suffering. In Aweria
al, one woma
an from Bor Town, Rebecca Alek Ajakk said “the w
water is veryy close to us –– and water is li
ife. So our livves are safe n
now”. For instan
nce the SPHERE project sets out 15 liitres of wateer used per p
person per d
day as being a key indicator in meeting minimum standards for disaster reli ef (SPHERE 1998). A h
higher quanttity of about 20 litres per pe
erson per dayy should be assured to taake care of b
basic hygiene
e needs and basic food hygiene. The im
mportance of adequate w
water quantityy has been recognised fo
or many yearrs and there hass been an exttensive debaate about the
e relative imp
portance of water quanttity, water qu
uality, sanitation
n and hygiene in protectin
ng and impro
oving health. In Aweria
al, there is on
ngoing impro
oving water f
facility which
h is not only a clean and s
safe water so
ource that will ensure thatt children an
nd their fam
milies are ke pt free from
m diseases. It is also w
within reasonab
ble walking distances d
thaat will drasticcally reduce the burden of fetching water from
m long distance especially fo
or girls and women. w
The
e governmen
nt and NGOss have tried to provide w
water sources, t
the average distance of d
displaced households to water sourcees is about 6
6, 8 and 4 minutes in Aweria
al, Yirol and M
Mundri respe
ectively. Thiss way, accesss to clean waater has greaatly improved
d and time spen
nt fetching w
water by wom
men and girls could be putt to more pro
oductive use.. endation Recomme
n emergency situations th
he provision o
of adequate safe water iss of particular concern in order  In
to
o control the spread of infectious dise
ease and in paarticular to p
prevent large scale outbre
eak off diseases. Itt remains a key priority to
o reduce wateer and sanitaation‐related illnesses thaat kill people, especcially children
n below the aage of five ye ars old. Provvision of suffficient safe an
nd cllean water fo
or domestic p
purposes is an absolute reequirement a
and should never be co
ompromised.  Repair two de
eep boreholes in Mingkam
man to ease w
water probleem for displacced populatio
ons ass well as resid
dent populattions. 21
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
6.2. Sanitation Assessme
ent has revea
aled the majjority of disp
placed populaations are frrom rural are
eas with outd
doors defecatio
on habits. Th
hese habits b
become unhyygienic in cro
owded camp and become
e a focus of i insect infestatio
ons and disea
ases. al, Tombek, N
Nyokine and Wanyang, assessments indicate imp
proper dispossal of solid w
waste, In Aweria
which co
ontributes to public healtth. All the displaced d
po
opulations w
were found to
o defecate in the open. Th
here is lack of sanitation i in the four displaced site s, which forcces all displaced populatiion to defecate in the open. People are defecating in
n open areass and when t
this is taken i into account of all these con
nditions incre
easing the rissk of a major disease outb
break is extreemely high. Mingkam
men ( Awerial)) IDPs ( NPA 1
11.1.2014) There is p
pollution arou
und the sitess, which is caused due to open defecaation by displaced populations. Open deffecation has grave implications on he
ealth of peop
ple, particularrly children. Estimates fo
or the total number of displaced ho
ouseholds without w
saniitation faciliity are in agreement with independ
dently observvations of asssessment te
eams. The stories of co
ommunities defecating in the bushes arre a common
n practice in A
Awerial, Tom
mbek, Nyokinee and Wanyaang displaced
d sites. In Yirol, 57 percent of the resp
pondents use
e pit latrinees. On the contrary, 433 percent o
of the responde
ents were deffecating in th
he open. In Mundrri, the story is different for displaced population
ns, where asssessment esstimates thaat 100 percent o
of responden
nts use pit latrines as the
eir primary m
means of saniitation. Pit laatrines are o
one of the mostt common human h
excre
eta disposal systems an
nd their use is on the rise to mee
et the sanitation
n. Mundri ha
as aimed for an open defe
ecation free status, with it achieving 100 percent of pit latrines coverage. However, there are low levels of hand waashing faciliity coveragee. People tto‐date have
e not appreciatted that theyy need to wash w
hands after a
visiting g a latrine, th
hey have lattrines but are not washing h
hands. Recomme
endations 22
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
Immediatte  In
n displacement situation a
and presence
e of a large n umber of peeople, manag
ged open defecation can
n be extreme
e but feasible
e short‐term solution giveen that enoug
gh space is avvailable. Short‐term  Use Communi
U
ity‐Led Total Sanitation (C
CLTS) initiativve, the displaaced househo
olds should b
be en
ncouraged to
o construct p
pit latrines. R
RRC, civil auth
hority and caamp leadersh
hip should takke ra
adical mobilissation and se
ensitisation o
of displaced p
populations t
to change the
eir perceptions ab
bout using pit latrines. Im
mprovement of sanitation
n has direct im
mpact on chiildren. The mobilisation a
m
and sensitisattion of the displaced com
mmunities tow
ward this end
d seems to be
e crrucial.  Promotion and support to improving h
hygiene behavviours and geender aspectts; strong sup
pport to
o the use of s
sound approaaches toward
ds improving
g sanitation c
coverage with
h technologies which are affo
w
ordable, effecctive and envvironmentallyy friendly. 7. EDUC
CATION Education
n is often the
e most valuaable asset forr children to pursue. Thee insecurity a
and conflicts have deprived children fro
om education. Educatio
on for displaaced children
n tends to b
be dismally. The primary s
schools in Aw
werial, Mund
dri West and Yirol open in
n February 22014. Howevver, the scho
ools in Bor South
h County we
ere supposed
d to open in January 20144. In Mingkaaman‐ Aawerrial, where people from Grea
ater Bor have
e been displaaced has one primary scho
ool. In Mundrri Payam, there are 14 prim
mary schoolss (including 44 private scho
ools) and 3 se
hools; econdary sch
while Yiro
ol Town has 6 primary scchools and 22 secondary s
schools. By contrast, in Tombek, Nyyokine and Wanyyang – Terekkeka County, there are no schools in th
he proximity.. The civil a
authority, go
overnment, U
UN agencies and NGOs sh
hould ensuree that education of children is not disru
upted is an essential e
emergency inte
erventions. Special conssideration sh
hould be given to ensure th
hat displaced children havve equal acce
ess to schooliing opportun
nities. endation Recomme
M
cation service
es for childre
en, particularlly during emergency periods, are esse
ential  Maintain educ
both to ensure
e that childre
en do not misss their educ ational oppo
ortunities and
d because sch
hools play importan
nt role in psycchological we
ell being. Thee efforts sho
ould be made
e to ensure th
hat th
he education of children i s not disruptted.  Provide schola
astic materials to children
n. 8. SECUR
RITY OUTLO
OOK During th
he assessmen
nts, the security situation
n in Awerial, Y
Yirol, Tombeek, Nyokine a
and Wanyang
g was described
d as generallyy calm, indicaating the ove
erall situation
ns are completely stable with people living their norm
mal life. By c
contrast, in M
Mundri, there
e were reportts of scattereed security in
ncidents in Lu
ui and Mvolo‐Ma
aridi‐Mundri Junction, where w
the op
pposition for ces exchang
ged fire with
h the govern
nment forces on
n the 4th and
d 2nd of January 2014 respectively. T hereafter, th
he security situation has been calm and without any incidents wh
hich would afffect the oveerall situation
n. 23
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
Ayak Ayo
ong Mereng , a woman orriginally from Langbar B ‐ Bor Town, b
but displaced to Awerial d
during the assesssment , said “ it is imposssible for herr to go back t
to her previo
ous home areea at present as no one is theere. The areea is being occcupied by opposition o
fo
orces and wh
hite army. W
When we sleeep we think abo
out what will happen in th
he morning. She is not suure of going b
back to his orriginal area u
unless the SPLA forces chasee the opposittion forces an
nd white arm
my away and d provide adeequate securiity. If there willl be no securiity, then we w
would not go
o back”. t
Bor Sou
uth is not seccure enough for people tto consider g
going back in any This quotte indicates that case. The
e security wo
ould depend
d on how the
e SPLA force s advance an
nd consolidaate themselve
es. If this happ
pens, people a
are likely to g
gradually return to their r
respective arreas, to rebuiild houses (but for now grass is not availa
able) and con
ncentrate on
n cultivation. On the 18
8th January 2014, 2
SPLA forces f
dislodged the opp
position forces and white army from
m Bor. However, the team do
oes not know
w how long t
the SPLA forcces would ho
old on in the area and advvance to other areas in Bor, Twic East and a Duk Counties. Howevver, intelligeence information suggestts the combined
d opposition forces and w
white army are regroupin
ng. Indeed th
he conditionss in many paarts of Jonglei would w
remain
n insecure. Would W
the security s
situaation deterio
orate, continued suffering will increase. The deteriorating security situation s
shows no sig n of abating.. The majo
or stress, which w
the displaced d
po
opulation is facing, is the insecuriity and resu
ulting displacem
ment. If the s
security will worsen, acce
ess to cultivaable land for the displace
ed household
ds will become i ncreasingly l imited. IDPs in To
ombek (Terek
keka) ( NPA 1
6.1.2014) g to the most likely scenaario develope
ed by assessm
ment teams, the risks renewed widesp
pread According
conflict iss somewhat low for the period January through to April 2014
4, however, already therre is a marked d
decrease in lo
ocalised inseccurity and co
onflicts in som
me areas com
mpared to latte Decemberr 2013 and mid J
January 2014 period and t
this is expectted to contin ue until secu
urity measure
es are establiished. Areas mo
ost affected b
by increased insecurity are
e found in Bo
or South Cou
unty. Recomme
endation 24
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y

Th
here is an urg
gent need to
o enable a mo
ore systemat ic presence o
of police and security forcces to
o help preven
nt security incidents in an
nd around thee displaced sites in Awerial. 9. FOOD SECURITY O
OUTLOOK F
FROM JAN –
– MARCH 20
014 Prior to the displacem
ment, food so
ources were v
very significaant for supplyy of the calorific requirem
ments of the pe
eople. Own crop production would account forr a large foo
od needs. So
orghum crop
p was consumed in considerrable amounts. Milk playyed importan
nt role in dietts of many people, accou
unting for high a
animal protein consumed
d. Wild foodss which inclu
ude; lalop fru
uits and nuts, water lilly w
would suppleme
ent own crop
ps and milk. What makes wild foodss such an imp
portant part of the household food baskket is not neccessarily the amount conssumed, but r
rather their n
nutritional and medicinal v
value. Thus, anyy decline in the consumpttion of wild f
foods may h
have nutrition
nal repercusssions. Majorrity of the respo
ondents said they purchase foods through marketts. This chan
nge is accom
mpanied by a more in diet fro
om own crop
ps to one baased upon markets. m
Foo
od purchasess from the m
markets have been means off securing foo
od supplies. Different combination
ns of optionss play an important role and allow the people to
o meet theirr food needs. In
ncreased foo
od and incom
me options le
ead to greatter food avaiilability, acce
ess and ultim
mately improved
d food intake
e and diets. People enjoy sufficient a
access to eneergy. With t
the available food options, f
food securityy remained sttable, with lo
ocalised food security pro
oblems. In mid Ja
anuary 2014, results of the assessmen
nt reveal thatt displacemeent is one off the main sh
hocks. Food seccurity of disp
placed populations in the
e sites is of concern. This has led tto low house
ehold income, d
decreased acccess to basicc food stockks and a relia nce on negaative coping m
mechanisms. The majority o
of the displacced households do not haave adequatee food consu
umption to m
meet their nee
eds. In Januarry 2014, in ma
any displaced
d sites, the situation was deteriorating
g due to the depletion off food sources. S
Some displacced households hardly me
eet their basiic energy neeeds and depe
end heavily o
on the markets f
for food purchases leavin
ng them vuln
nerable to prrice fluctuatiions. Lack o
of financial m
means prevents displaced po
opulations fro
om successfu
ully carrying o
out income g
generating acctivities. The food
d security pro
ospects rem
main bleak. The consequeence of inseecurity includ
des not only their immediatte impact upo
on household
d consumption, but also their differen
ntial impact on the produ
uctive activities,, which are c
crucial to future productiion and conssumption. Itt is obvious t
that the disp
placed populatio
on will not ha
ave sufficientt means to acccess food so
ources. With the insecurity, ho
owever, a nu
umber of straategies have been underm
mined. People will contin
nue to exploit options such as social nettworks, trade
e and exchan
nge, which w
will become somewhat critical means – how much and for how
w long is nott known. Mo
ost displaced
d householdss will continue to exploit th
he social nettworks from relatives an
nd friends (reemittances). The increassed health risk of living und
der the trees and makesh
hifts without mosquito neets, and the f
food securityy risk of living
g with so few via
able options,, makes this a
an increasing
g problematicc option. Loss of livestock, fisshing equipm
ment and fo
ood stocks m
means a lott. Before tthe displacem
ment, exchange
e and trade w
would be crittical means b
by which ho useholds seccure foods. T
The insecuritty has altered access to imp
portant food
d source of exchange e
an d trade. Thee strain put o
on the house
ehold food economies by displaced pop
pulation remaains a questio
on. When displaced hou
useholds fled
d their areas, did
d not carry w
with them the sorghum, w
which was lo
ooted and bu
urnt by oppo
osition forces and 25
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
white army. Many displaced households h
hardly h
have the resources to trade and exchange. However, few displaced households who have
e cash and wo
ould need sorghum grain. Cultivatio
on is essentia
al for re‐estab
blishing traditional livelih
hoods. The ID
DPs have lostt their harvests of last seaso
on due to dissplacement. The producction capacitiies of farmerrs especially from Bor Co
ounty, Mangala and Gemieza
a have been significantly affected. In a normal seaason, farmerrs depend on
n their own seed
ds. Considerring the factt that 2013 season s
had aalready been
n affected b
by flooding, small harvests have alreadyy been burnt, looted. A
As the fightin g has resulteed in destrucction of crop
ps and food storres, IDP farm
mers will havve no seeds and tools to
o re‐establish
h their farmiing in the co
oming season, w
where ever th
hey will be residing. This w
will leave the m heavily deependent on food aid. The secu
urity situation
n in Jonglei will be majjor determin
nant factor tto either allo
ow the disp
placed households to return back to orig
ginal areas an
nd begin cul tivation or n
not. The asse
essment team
ms do oved securityy in Jonglei in
n the coming months. If i it happens, itt will take tim
me for not foresee the impro
people to
o return backk to their resp
pective areass. From the
e perspective
e of coping fo
ood options, the displaceed population will face greater constraints on their a
ability to respond to a fo
ood crisis. Th
he displaced households will have lesss recourse t
to the kinds of risk‐minimisin
r
ng mechanissms available
e. The displaaced househ
holds’ welfare signals a ffragile food secu
urity prospecct, which willl continue to
o deteriorate rapidly. As t
the severity of food insecurity increasess, displaced households h
responses become prog
gressing morre serious an
nd threatenin
ng to livelihood
ds. Large num
mbers of disp
placed population will run
n a continually high risk o
of inability to meet food need
ds. A cyclical reduction in
n dietary intaake is expecteed. The confllict brought t
terrible devastation to th
he lives and li
ivelihoods off the people.. The conflict also took a devastating toll t on livelih
hoods. Seed
ds were lootted, lost during the esccape to disp
placed settlemen
nts. Bor South County waas mostly afffected by losss of seeds. If no assistance is prrovided to su
upport the displaced d
po
opulations, th
hey will face
e substantial food insecurityy. As a resu
ult most disp
placed people are likely tto leave for refugee cam
mps in Kenyaa and Uganda, a
as the option
ns for securin
ng food will b
be insufficien
nt or not at all. endations Recomme
eeds and oth
her agriculturral inputs for farming are essential to i improving th
he  Provision of se
ecconomic possition of displaced househ
holds (also w
when they return to their a
areas). Proviision off such inputss motivates th
hem to cultivvate land and
d become self‐sufficient in
n food, co
onsequently decreasing t
their vulnerab
bility.  Provision of fishing equipm
ment is imporrtant. Immed
diate fishing e
equipment in
ntervention f
for ta
argeted displlaced househ
holds is cruciaal in enhancin
ng household
d food security.  Advocate the A
reinforceme
ent and accele
eration of fo od and non‐ffood assistan
nce to vulnerrable populations. ulnerable me
embers of thee communitiees (also when they return
n to  Restocking for the most vu
th
heir areas) 26
RAP
PID EMERGENCY A
ASSESSMENT OF D
DISPLACED POPULLATIONS YIROL, MUNDRI A
AND TEREKEKA CO
OUNTIES AWERIAL, Y
10. CONC
CLUSION Jonglei Sttate has been suffering from conflict for many ye ars. There iss no question
n that the fig
ghting is taking a heavy toll. Fighting haas killed tens of thousand
ds. Thousand
ds have fled the state an
nd are living in re
efugee camp
ps and displacced settleme
ents. ment strains c
coping mech
hanisms and t
the loss of caattle dives peeople into destitution. Displacem
With the intensificatiion of the conflict, c
targeting of civiilians, both by direct vio
olence as w
well as structural destruction
n of livelihood
ds, has becom
me commonp
place by opp
position force
es & white army. There hass been lootin
ng and theft o
of cattle and other civilia n property b
by opposition
n forces and w
white army. Th
housands off homes have been burn
nt, personal belongings looted, crop
ps destroyed
d, and cattle seized by oppo
osition forcess and white a
army. The p
patterns resu
ult in perman
nent displace
ement and destitution of civiilians. The impa
act of fighting and associated violencce has been escalating. A number o
of people had
d lost their hom
mes and crop
ps, but had always a
manaaged to returrn after the fighting is ovver. Increassingly, however,, the scale off violence and destruction
n , including the burning of homes, t
theft of cattle and the violen
nce against civilians havve caused the
em to permaanently leavee their home
es. When civvilians are loote
ed and permanently disp
placed without cattle or access to grain the que
estion of whether humanita
arian assistan
nce is availablle can be critical. The confflict and inse
ecurity have
e upset the normal balaance betweeen self‐sufficciency and d
death resulting in food inseccurity, which is largely a trransitory pheenomenon. TThe commun
nity normal m
means of accesssing food is compromise
c
d by opposittion forces aand white arrmy. The disp
placed population will be unable to gaiin access to enough foo
od; the fightting reduced
d population’s access to food directly, by b affecting household food f
stocks and other prroductive asssets. This haas resulted to the displaced
d population t
to face a sub
bstantial and shortfall to f
food consum
mption. The relieff assistance w
will play a vittal part in re
educing the s
suffering and
d prevent a m
more catastrrophic disruption
n to food and
d livelihood a
activities. 27