APPENDIX H
CONVERSION FACTORS
Abbreviations
A
AASHTO
ABS (%)
Abs. Vol.
ACI
AE
AEA
aggr.
AMP
Are
ASTM
bbls.
c
C. A.
cem.
C. F.
conc.
cu
cu. ft.
cu. ft.3
cu. in.
cu. in 3
c. y.
d
da
deg., °
dm
eq
ex
F
F. A.
Ft.
F. M.
g.
h
ha
In.
k
K.
kg.
kg/m3
kip
km
kW
kWh
L
lb.
lb.- ft.
lb./ft.2
2012 v1.0
ampere
American Association of State
Highway & Transportation
Officials
Percent of Absorbed Moisture
Absolute Volume
American Concrete Institute
Air-Entrained
Air-Entrained Admixture
Aggregate
ampere
100 m2
American Society for Testing
and Materials
Barrels (Measurement of
Cement)
centi (10-2)
Coarse Aggregate
cement
Cement Factor
Concrete
cubic
cubic foot
cubic feet
cubic inch
cubic inches
cubic yard
deci (10-1)
deka (10)
degree
decimeter (metric) dm2; dm3
equal
example
Fahrenheit
Fine Aggregate
Foot or Feet
Fineness Modulus
gram (metric)
hecto (10-2)
hectare
inch(es); in.2 in.3
kilo (103)
Kelvin (absolute scale of
temperature)
kilogram (metric)
kilograms per cubic meter
thousand (kilo) pounds
(structural)
kilometer (metric); km2 ; km3
Kilowatt(s)
kilowatt- hour
Liter (metric)
pound
pound-foot
pounds per square foot
lb.-in.
lb/in2
lin. foot
m
m2
m3
m.
M
max
mg
ml
mm
Mg
mPa
Mat’ls
min.
mod.
n
oz
Pa
PCA
pcf
psi
sp. gr.
SI
SSD
sq.
sq. ft., ft2
sq. in., in2
t
VDOT
VTM
W/C
wt.
yd.
yd2 sq.
yd.
yd3 cu.
yd.
pound-inch
pounds per square inch
linear foot
meter (metric); milli (10-2)
square meter
cubic meter
mass
Mega (106)
maximum
milligram (metric)
milliliter (metric)
millimeter (metric)
Megagram (metric ton)
MegaPascal
Materials
minimum
modified
Nano (10-9)
ounce(s)
Pascal
Portland Cement Association
pounds per cubic foot
pounds per square inch
specific gravity (density)
system international (metric
system)
Saturated Surface Dry
square, as in sq. yd.
square foot or feet
square inch or inches
metric ton
Virginia Department of
Transportation
Virginia Test Methods
Water/Cement ratio
weight
yard
square yard(s)
cubic yard(s)
H-1
Signs and Symbols
+
plus, or more than
-
minus, or less than
±
plus or minus
‘
“
Feet
Inches
>
is greater than
≥
<
is greater than or equal to
≤
is less than or equal to
#
number, if before a figure; pounds if after a figure
/
per, as kg/sq.ft.; of; after; to; upon; proportion
123
superior figures (exponents) indicate the power to which a
given number is to be raised, as 122 (squared), 103 (cubed)
°
degree; °F – degree Fahrenheit; °C – degree Celsius
%
μ
Percent
micro (10-6)
H-2
is less than
2012 v1.0
Temperature Conversion Table
To convert from degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit or vice versa, the following
formulas may be used:
F = 9/5 (C + 32)
C = 5/9 (F - 32)
The following table may be used for quick conversion of temperatures in the most
common working ranges. The numbers in the center of each column refer to temperatures
in either degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit. In the center, find the known temperature, and
the corresponding Celsius or Fahrenheit temperatures is then found at the sides.
°C
-45.6
-40
-34.4
-28.9
-23.3
-17.8
-12.2
-6.6
-1.1
4.4
10
15.6
21.1
26.7
32.2
37.8
43
49
54
60
66
71
°F
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
-58
-40
-22
-4
14
32
50
68
86
104
122
140
158
176
194
212
230
248
266
284
302
320
°C
77
82
88
93
99
100
104
110
116
121
127
132
138
143
149
177
204
232
260
288
316
°F
170
180
190
200
210
212
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
338
356
374
392
410
413
428
446
464
482
500
518
536
554
572
662
752
842
932
1022
1122
Metric unit of temperature = Kelvin (K) = °C + 273.15
(The terms Celsius and Centigrade have the same meaning, but Celsius is the preferred
term.)
2012 v1.0
H-3
U. S. A. Standard Sieve Series
Sieve Designation
Standard
50 mm
37.5 mm
31.5 mm
25.0mm
19.0 mm
16.0 mm
12.5 mm
9.5 mm
8.0 mm
6.3 mm
4.75 mm
4.00 mm
3.35 mm
2.36 mm
2.00 mm
1.70 mm
1.18 mm
850 μm
600 μm
425 μm
300 μm
250 μm
212 μm
180 μm
150 μm
106 μm
75 μm
53 μm
45 μm
38 μm
H-4
Alternative
2 in.
1 ½ in.
1 ¼ in.
1 in.
¾ in.
5/8 in.
½ in.
3/8 in.
5/16 in.
¼ in.
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 8
No. 10
No. 12
No. 16
No. 20
No. 30
No. 40
No. 50
No. 60
No. 70
No. 80
No. 100
No. 140
No. 200
No. 270
No. 325
No. 400
Nominal Sieve
Opening, In.
2
1.5
1.25
1
0.750
0.625
0.500
0.375
0.312
0.250
0.187
0.157
0.132
0.0937
0.0787
0.0661
0.0469
0.0331
0.0234
0.0165
0.0117
0.0098
0.0083
0.0070
0.0059
0.0041
0.0029
0.0021
0.0017
0.0015
2012 v1.0
Weights and Measures
(English and Metric)
Metric Units
Length = meter m
Mass = kilogram kg
Time = second s
Electric Current = ampere A
Thermodynamic Temperature =
Kelvin K
Amount of Substances = mole mol
Luminous Intensity = candela cd
Metric Prefixes
10 = 1,000,000,000 = giga = G
106 = 1,000,000 = mega =M
103 = 1,000 = kilo = k
10-1= 0.1 = deci = d
9
10-2 = 0.01 = centi = c
10-3 = 0.001 = milli = m
10-6 = 0.000,001 = micro = μ
Conversion Tables
Metric to Inch-pound
Inch-pound to Metric
Linear Measure
1 m = 39.3701 in.
1 m = 3.28084 in.
1 km = 0.67137 mile
1 in. = 0.0254 meters
1 ft. = 0.3048 meters
1 mile = 1.60934 kilometers
Surface Measure
( 1 hectare = 10,000 square meters)
2
2
1 in2 = 645.16 mm2
1 mm = 0.00155 in
2
2
1 cm = 0.1550 in
1 in2 = 6.4516 cm2
1 dm2 = 0.1076 ft2
1 ft2 = 9.2903 dm2
1 m2 = 10.7639 ft2
1 ft2 = 0.092903 m2
1 m2 = 1.19599 yd2
1 yd2 = 0.83617 m2
1 hectare = 2.47105 acres
1 acre = 0.404686 hectares
2
1 hectare = 0.00386 mi
1 mi2 = 258.99 hectares
Volume Measure
1 cm3 = 0.061024 in3
1 dm3 = 0.035315 ft3
1 m3 = 1.30795 yd3
1 in3 = 16.3871 cm3
1 ft3 = 28.3168 dm3
1 yd3 = 0.764555 m3
Mass (Weight) Measure
1 g = 0.035274 oz.
1 oz.= 28.3495 g
1 g = 0.002205 lb.
1 lb. = 453.592 g
1 kg. = 2.20462 lb.
1 lb.= 0.453592 kg
1 metric ton = 1.1023 net ton
(2000 lb. ton)
1 net ton = 0.9072 metric tons
2012 v1.0
H-5
Liquid Measure
1 oz. = 0.02957 L
1 qt. = 0.946353 L
1 gal. = 3.78541 L
1 gal. = 0.003785 m3
1 L = 33.81402 oz.
1 L = 1.05669 qt.
1 L = 0.264172 gal.
1 m3 = 264.72 gal.
Force & Stress Measure
1 N (Newton) = 0.224809 lb. (f)
1 N/m = 0.06852 lb/ft
1 Pa (Pascal) = 0.000145 psi
1 kPa = 0.145 psi
1 mPa = 145.038 psi
1 Pa = 0.020885 psf
1 kg/m3 = 0.062428 lb/ft3
1 kg/m3 = 1.625555 lb/yd3
H-6
1 lb. (f) = 4.44822 N
1 lb/ft = 14.5939 N/m
1 psi = 6,894.76 Pa
1 psi = 6.89476 kPa
1 psi = 0.006895 mPa
1 psf = 47.88026 Pa
1 lb/ft3 = 16.01846 kg/m3
1 lb/yd3 = 0.5932764 kg/m3
2012 v1.0
2012 v1.0
H-7
2.5
16.10
13.33
11.43
10.00
8.89
8.00
7.27
6.67
6.15
5.71
5.33
4.00
3.0
13.33
11.11
9.52
8.33
7.41
6.67
6.06
5.56
5.13
4.76
4.44
3.33
(Meters)
3.5
11.43
10.50
8.16
7.14
6.35
5.71
5.19
4.76
4.40
4.08
3.81
2.86
Width of Application
2.78/1.25 = 2.22 meters / metric ton
Example: Rate of application = 125 kg/m2. Width of application = 3.6 meters
Note: For rates of application other than 100 kg/m2 , divide lineal meters per metric ton
for 100 kg/ m2 by one hundredth of rate of application.
2
(kg/m )
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
100
Rate of
Application
Lineal Meters Covered by One Metric Ton at
Various Application Rates
3.6
11.11
9.26
7.94
6.94
6.17
5.56
5.05
4.63
4.27
3.97
3.70
2.78
3.7
10.81
9.01
7.72
6.76
6.01
5.41
4.91
4.50
4.16
3.86
3.60
2.70
H-8
2012 v1.0
0.50
0.60
0.667
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.33
1.40
1.50
1.66
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
Application
Rate
(Liters per
Square
Meter)
0.6
3333
2778
2480
2381
2222
2083
1852
1667
1515
1389
1333
1282
1240
1190
1111
1000
952
833
741
667
606
555
0.8
2500
2083
1875
1785
1667
1562
1388
1250
1136
1041
1000
962
938
893
833
750
714
625
555
500
455
417
1.0
2000
1667
1500
1428
1333
1250
1111
1000
909
833
800
769
750
714
667
600
571
500
444
400
364
333
1.5
1333
1111
1000
952
889
833
741
667
606
555
533
513
500
476
444
400
381
333
296
267
242
222
2.0
1000
833
750
714
667
625
555
500
455
417
400
385
375
357
333
300
285
250
222
200
182
167
2.5
800
667
600
571
533
500
444
400
364
333
320
308
300
285
267
240
229
200
178
160
145
133
(Meters)
Width of Spread
3.0
667
556
500
476
444
417
367
333
303
278
267
256
250
238
222
200
190
167
148
133
121
111
3.5
571
476
429
408
380
357
317
286
260
238
229
220
215
204
190
171
163
143
126
115
104
95
Distance in Meters Covered by 1000 – Liters
3.6
555
462
417
397
370
347
308
278
253
231
222
214
208
199
185
167
159
139
123
111
101
92
3.7
541
450
405
386
360
338
300
270
246
225
216
208
202
193
180
162
154
135
120
108
98
90
Reinforcing Steel
Bar Size
Designation
#10
#13
#16
#19
#22
#25
#29
#33
#36
#43
2012 v1.0
ASTM Standard Reinforcing Bars
Nominal Dimensions – Round Sections
Nominal
Mass
Perimeter
Diameter
Cross Sectional
2
(kg/m)
(mm)
(mm)
Area (mm )
0.560
9.53
70.97
29.92
0.994
12.70
129.03
39.90
1.552
15.88
200.00
49.86
2.235
19.05
283.87
59.84
3.042
22.23
387.10
69.83
3.973
25.40
509.68
79.81
5.060
28.65
645.16
90.02
6.404
32.26
819.35
101.35
7.907
35.81
1006.45
112.52
11.384
43.00
1451.61
135.13
H-9
2012 v1.0