ODA世界と地球の未来 08.5.26 9:01 AM ページ1
Japan’s International
Cooperation
For the future of the world and the planet
Japan is carrying out
cooperation through funding and technology in order to
contribute to economic and
social development and improved
welfare in developing countries.
The number of recipient countries and regions has grown
to about 160.
CONTENTS
Global Issues
Partnership
Performance
Case Studies
There are 1.1 billion people in the world living on US$1.00 or less per day ....2
Why does Japan provide assistance? .............................................................4
Japan provides assistance to about 160 countries and regions .....................6
Japan’s international cooperation (case examples).........................................8
Case 1: Transmission of Japan’s knowledge and technology
Case 2: Collaboration with private companies
Case 3: Actors in Japan’s international cooperation (1)
Case 4: Actors in Japan’s international cooperation (2)
Topics
Japan’s assistance shown on currencies and stamps of foreign countries ..12
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
ODA世界と地球の未来 08.5.26 9:01 AM ページ2
Developing countries are countries where people are suffering from hunger and poverty,
and are unable to get enough food and potable water or cannot receive sufficient education
and medical care. People living in these countries account for over 80% of the world’s population (approximately 6.6 billion people).
We constantly have
food, water, and clothing around us, and we
walk to school or commute by car to work on
paved roads. We take
these
for
granted.
Nevertheless, viewing this from a global perspective, this way of living is by no means
“normal.” In fact, around 150 of the approximately 190 countries in the world are still
developing countries which have fallen behind in
★ Population not using an ★
improved water source
(Age 15 and above / 1995 - 2005)
40
20
0
53.4%
99%
80
60
40
Japan
Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2007
For example, in Bangladesh...
In Bangladesh in southwest Asia, 48% of men
and 70% of women are illiterate. The proportion
of illiterate adults is even higher in rural areas,
and is a major impediment to work, especially
for women.
2
20
0
153 people
200
100
41%
21%
Least developed
countries
60
Developing
countries
80
(Per 1,000 people / 2005)
(2004)
Over
Developing
countries
77.1%
Least developed
countries
100
★Under-five mortality rate★
160
120
0%
Japan
80
For example, in Mali...
Mali in Africa, which is mostly covered by desert, is
faced with chronic water shortages. Over half of the
people in the country are using unsanitary water,
and as a result, many people are suffering from illnesses of the stomach, eyes, skin, and so forth.
4 people
Japan
40
0
Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2007
83 people
Least developed
countries
★ Adult literacy rate ★
industrial and technological development. In
these countries, there are many people who
have to live on only around 100 to 200 yen per
day.
Developing
countries
Global Issues
There are 1.1 billion people in the w o
Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2007
For example, in Cambodia...
In Cambodia, a civil war continued for 30
years, and as a result there is a shortage of
hospitals and doctors. There is thus a high
mortality rate for children, and approximately
one in 10 children dies by the age of five.
ODA世界と地球の未来 08.5.26 9:01 AM ページ3
w orld living on US$1.00 or less per day
Japan
Developing countries
Countries particularly behind in
development*
* These are called least developed countries, and
there are 50 such countries.
(The map is a sketch and does not reflect the
precise current status of national borders and
so forth.)
0
62.6 % 44.3 %
80
60
40
Japan
20
0
Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2007
For example, in Guatemala...
In Guatemala in Latin America, only three in 10
children are able to advance to junior high
school. The situation is even more severe in rural
areas, which have fallen behind in the development of transportation, and there are students
who enter junior high school but quit along the
way because of transportation difficulties.
86.1%
(Females / 2000 - 2005)
100
70.3 % 49.9 %
80
60
40
Japan
Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2007
20
0
Developing
countries
20
100
Least developed
countries
40
53%
(Males / 2000 - 2005)
100 %
Developing
countries
60
27%
Least developed
countries
80
(Proportion of school-age children
/ 2005)
Developing
countries
100
★Probability at birth of surviving to age 65★
Least developed
countries
★Secondary enrollment rate★
93.1%
Japan
Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2007
For example, in Zambia...
In Sub-Saharan Africa, where there are many persons infected with AIDS, there is a high rate
of adult mortality, and the probability that a male will live to age 65 is only 37.8%. The average
life expectancy is only 39 years in Zambia, where there are said to be several tens of thousands
of children who have lost their parents due to AIDS.
3
ODA世界と地球の未来 08.5.26 9:01 AM ページ4
Partnership
Why does Japan provide
Affluent countries offer a helping hand to needy countries.
Japan does not provide assistance for only this reason.
Japan focuses on the various issues which are troubling
developing countries in order to protect the future of the
planet and world peace and to support the future of Japan
itself.
Japan and developing countries
mutually support each other
Japan, as one of the most economically and industrially developed
countries in the world, maintains a stable way of life by exporting various products and technologies overseas.
Nevertheless, Japan covers its needs by importing from developing
countries a large amount of its raw materials such as oil and wood, as
well as resources and energy resources, which serve as a basis for
industry, and food and clothing and so forth, which are necessary for
daily life.
Thus, Japan’s providing assistance to these important developing
country partners and making improvements to the environment for
trade and investment through assistance is not only of use in
improving living circumstances in the respective countries, but is
also essential for supporting the safety and prosperity of Japan
based on the stability and development of developing countries.
Japan
Tourism,
Tourism, electronic
electronic products,
products,
automobiles,
automobiles, motorcycles,
motorcycles,
machinery,
machinery, factories,
factories,
animation
animation
●
Proportion of goods imported from developing countries
After the end of World War II, a large
amount of assistance from foreign
countries helped Japan to successfully
recover from the devastation of the war.
For example, the United Nations
Children’s Fund (UNICEF) used
approximately 6.5 billion yen, in terms of
the money at that time, to donate school
meals and medicine for the children of
Japan. Furthermore, the Tokaido
Shinkansen, Tomei Expressway, Kurobe
No. 4 Dam, and so forth were constructed
with loans from the World Bank.
48.3%
Total amount
of imports
US$579.3 billion
●
Japan was also helped by
the world in the past
US$279.6
billion
Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Calculated based on 2006 trade trend
data set
We also rely on imports for much of our day-to-day diet
0
Rice
12
Green tea
Oden
46
(Japanese hotchpotch)
51
Curry and rice
Nikujaga
64
(Japanese meat
and potato stew)
97
Ramen
(Chinese-style noodles)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100
Import dependency
rate (%)
Source: created based on the “Food Balance Sheet” of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
4
●
●
ODA世界と地球の未来 08.5.26 9:01 AM ページ5
e assistance?
Overseas
Overseas study,
study, food
food products,
products,
industrial
industrial products,
products,
clothing,
clothing, wood,
wood, oil,
oil,
natural
natural gas
gas
Building a better
future for the planet
Developing
countries
●
●
Official Development Assistance Charter
The Official Development Assistance Charter (ODA
Charter), which was approved by the Cabinet in
August 2003, was made to boost the strategic
value, mobility, transparency, and efficiency of ODA
and promote widespread public participation. The
Charter states that the objective of providing ODA is
“to contribute to the peace and development of the
international community, and thereby to help ensure
Japan’s own security and prosperity,” and it
positions efforts through ODA as the best policy for
the peaceful nation of Japan to win the sympathy of
the international community.
●
As globalization progresses, there still exist on this
planet many issues such as poverty, famine, racial and religious confrontations and conflicts, terrorism, the
repression of freedom, human rights and democracy,
and gender gaps, and are intertwined in a complex
manner. More than a few of these issues such as global
warming and other environmental issues and infectious
diseases such as HIV/AIDS go beyond national borders
and pose a major threat to humanity as problems on a
global scale,. From the perspective of human security
(see note) as well, it is necessary for the countries and
people of the world to work together to address these
issues. This also serves as a major pillar of the reasons
why Japan is providing assistance.
(Note) Human security is the concept of aiming to build a society in
which each person can live a dignified life, through placing people at
the center and enhancing the protection and capabilities of
individuals and regional societies which are potentially exposed to
threats or are currently under threat. Japan provides development
assistance based on this perspective.
●
Japan’s efforts in regard to the climate change issue
Global warming is an issue which will have a major impact on our
lives, and the international community needs to unite in
addressing it. In May 2007, Japan announced the “Invitation to
Cool Earth 50” proposal regarding climate change. In the
proposal, Japan set forth three principles, including halving the
global volume of greenhouse gas emissions, which are the cause
of global warming, by 2050 and creating a framework for climate
control measures for 2013 onwards (note 1).
In January 2008, Japan presented the Cool Earth Promotion
Programme. This consists of the three pillars of: (1) a framework
for 2013 and beyond, (2) international environmental cooperation,
and (3) technological innovation. In regard to international
environmental cooperation, Japan proposed building a new
US$10 billion funding mechanism (Cool Earth Partnership), and
using this to support developing countries which are working to
balance the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and
economic growth. This is thus a policy that will promote support
in the areas of: (1) reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, (2)
responding to the negative effects of climate change, and (3)
promoting the use of clean energy sources.
(Note 1) The framework for 2013 and beyond is a framework for
after the first commitment period (targeted period (2008
- 2012) stipulated as the initial phase for efforts to
reduce greenhouse gases) set forth in the Kyoto
Protocol (note 2). A framework for after 2012 is not
stipulated in the Kyoto Protocol.
(Note 2) The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement aimed
at preventing global warming that was adopted at a third
Conference of the Parties to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1997. It
sets forth a goal of having developed countries reduce
greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible during a
first commitment period of 2008 through 2012. Japan
has set a goal of reducing its volume of emissions by
6% from 2008 through 2012 based on the level in 1990.
5
ODA世界と地球の未来 08.5.26 9:01 AM ページ6
In order to contribute to economic and social development and
improved welfare in developing countries, Japan is carrying out cooperation through funding and technology. This type of cooperation is
called official development assistance (ODA), and is carried out in
various forms in about 160 countries and regions in collaboration
with non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The countries of the
world have high expectations regarding Japan, which assists development of developing countries and works to resolve global issues.
Proactively responding to these expectations will cultivate trust in
Japan and enhance its presence in the international community, and
bring benefits to Japan itself in various forms.
Wide-ranging forms of ODA
Japan’s record in ODA by type
Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(Note 1) Totals may not be consistent due to rounding.
(Note 2) Excludes record regarding Eastern Europe and
countries where ODA has been completed.
–404
4509
This is assistance in which
funds are lent at low interest
rates (yen loans).
100
million
yen
00
00
Technical
cooperation
14,0
12,0
00
1,00
6
This is assistance for particularly
needy countries and so forth that
does not need to be returned.
Government loans, etc.
Cooperating
through international
organizations such
as the United
Nations
5875
0
8,00
ODA
Donations and
contributions to
international
organizations, etc.
Total: 13,022
Grant aid
Technical cooperation
Donation
Directly
cooperating with
recipient country
3042
0
Forms of ODA
Net expenditure
6,00
Government
loans, etc.
0
4,00
0
2,00
0
00
–2,0
Japan’s ODA takes various forms,
including providing funding and
technologies to particular countries
and providing assistance to large
numbers of countries via international organizations. Japan gives
careful consideration to the circumstances of the recipient countries,
and chooses methods that correspond to wishes and needs of
those countries.
2006
Performance
Japan provides assistance to about
Japan passes on its technologies so
that developing countries can
become self-reliant. Japan
dispatches experts, or receives
persons from developing countries
for training in Japan.
Grant aid
Japan provides the necessary funds
mainly in areas such as health care
and education. The recipient countries
use the funds to build schools and
hospitals and import food.
ODA世界と地球の未来 08.5.26 9:01 AM ページ7
t 160 countries and regions
To respond to the expectations of the world
Japan’s record in ODA (based on net expenditure) was in first place in the world for 10 consecutive years from 1991 through 2000, but
the United States took first place in 2001, and
Japan dropped to third place behind the
United Kingdom in 2006. This is the first time for
Japan to hold third place or lower since 1982, 24
years ago. Looking at the proportion of ODA
in terms of economic scale, Japan is in 18th
place out of the 22 developed countries, and
looking at the amount of expenditure per capita,
Japan is in 17th place among these countries.
As for Japan’s budget for ODA, it has
dropped approximately 40% relative to its
peak in FY1997. Nevertheless, it is important to
proactively provide ODA in response to the
expectations of the world despite domestic
economic and financial difficulties. As a result,
such efforts help Japan gain international
community’s trust which brings benefits to
Japan itself in various forms.
Asian countries account for the majority of
the approximately 160 countries and regions
receiving ODA, and thus this region can be
seen as is an important partner for Japan.
Japan’s record in ODA by region
(bilateral)
Others
Records in ODA of leading donor nations
15.7%
Europe
0.7%
(US$ million)
Africa
Oceania
30,000
Japan
35.0%
1.0%
United States
France
Germany
Latin America
5.9%
25,000
Middle East
Total
US$7,313,090,000
14.3%
2006
Source:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(Note 1) Totals may not be
consistent due to rounding.
(Note 2) Excludes records regarding
Eastern Europe and countries
where ODA has been completed.
Ratio of
ODA relative
to GNI
United Kingdom
(Note) definite values for 2006
23,532
Canada
20,000
Asia
15,000
13,508
27.4%
10,640
13,147
9,283
US$87.6
8,922
9,847
9,358
Japan
12,459
11,187
10,601
12,163
10,000
First place Second place Third place
18th place
Norway
Japan
Sweden Luxembourg Netherlands
1.03%
0.89%
0.81%
0.25%
‥‥
First place Second place Third place
17th place
Amount of
contribution Luxembourg Norway
Sweden
per capita
US$632.0 US$631.2 US$434.1
Italy
10,435
8,880
5,000
3,641
3,684
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
(Calendar year)
(Source) OECD and DAC
(Note) Excludes record regarding Eastern Europe and countries where ODA has been completed.
Source: DAC statistics
7
ODA世界と地球の未来 08.5.26 9:01 AM ページ8
Case Studies
8
Japan’s international cooperation
(case examples)
Characteristics of Japan’s assistance
Japan has provided assistance to developing
countries over the past more than 50 years.
The concept of Japan’s ODA, which has been
shaped based on its experience, is to contribute to economic and social development in
developing countries through eliciting the
strength of the people in these countries by
passing on Japan’s knowledge and technologies.
In order for developing countries to continue
growing economically, it is essential that the
developing countries themselves independently take responsibility for their future and
work for their development based on the
efforts of their own people. This is clear from
Japan’s own history. In order to support the
self-help efforts of these developing countries,
Japan is providing assistance through various
approaches in response to the needs of these
countries, including bilateral assistance, assistance via international organizations, and
assistance in collaboration with NGOs.
Simply giving funds or goods is not
enough. Human resource building is also
important as an element that supports the
self-help efforts of developing countries.
Japan will pass on its technologies and knowledge, which have been developed based on
its own history and experience to date, while
experts work hard together with the people of
developing countries.
Japanese people active in the world
(Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers)
Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers is a
project conducted by the Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) which dispatches
young people seeking to make use of their
skills, knowledge, and experience for people
in developing countries. Thus far, a total of
30,816 Japanese people have engaged in
international cooperation activities as volunteers in 82 countries throughout the world.
Currently, 2,542 young Japanese people (996
men and 1,576 women) are active in 77 countries. There are also an increasing number of
Japanese people who are active throughout
the world as experts and senior volunteers.
(The above figures are as of November 2007.)
JICA also receives trainees from overseas
with the objective of deepening the knowledge
of young people of developing countries, who
will play a role in future nation-building,
through training in specialized fields and
deepening mutual understanding through
exchanges with young Japanese people in the
same fields. As of 2006, 31,428 young people
are expected to have come to Japan. These
people learn a great deal in Japan so that they
will be of help in nation-building after they
return to their country.
Europe region
Latin America region
83 people
638 people
Asia region
542 people
Oceania region
231 people
Middle East
region
161 people
Africa region
887 people
ODA世界と地球の未来 08.5.26 9:01 AM ページ9
Case
Indonesia
1
Transmission of Japan’s
knowledge and technology
Protecting the health of mothers and children
(spreading maternal and child health handbooks)
In Indonesia, there is a high rate of maternal and
infant mortality relative to other countries in the
area (the maternal mortality rate is 226 per
100,000 people, and the infant mortality rate is 42
per 1,000 people. In Japan, the maternal mortality
rate is three per 100,000 people, and the infant
mortality rate is nine per 1,000 people), and there is
a need for better quality health care for pregnant
women and improved maternal and child health
services. In response, Japan has developed and
distributed the Maternal and Child Health
Handbook in Indonesia, based on the example of
Japan’s maternal and child health handbook system, and it has carried out cooperation through
passing on know-how regarding health care for
mothers and children via the handbook.
Case
Vietnam
Phu My 2 Power Plant
2
Based on this cooperation, the maternal and
child health handbook system has become
accepted among the
people of Indonesia. In
2003, it spread to twothirds of the provinces of
Indonesia, and 1 million
copies have come to be
distributed each year.
Currently
activities
are being carried out to
create and spread country-specific maternal and
child health handbooks
for
the
Philippines,
Mexico, Thailand, Ghana, Palestine, and so forth.
Collaboration with
private companies
Phu My Power Plant Project
In order to achieve development, an increasingly important role is being played not only by
official financial assistance (i.e. ODA) for recipient countries, but also other official flows
(OOF*) and private-sector funding. In particular,
the development of infrastructure and its
maintenance require huge amounts of funding, and there is thus a need for the public and
private sectors to cooperate while dividing
roles with private-sector funding and so forth.
In Vietnam, there is an increasing
demand for electrical power in Ho Chi Minh
City and other southern areas, and in order to
respond to this, the Government of Japan
and private-sector companies have worked
together to construct and operate thermal
power plants. Specifically, the Government of
Japan lent the necessary money to construct a thermal power plant (Phu My 1),
electrical power lines, and related facilities,
and private-sector companies of Japan
borrowed approximately 30 billion yen of
official funding from governments other
than the Government of Japan to construct
and operate thermal power plants (Phu My 2
and Phu My 3).
* Other official flows (OOF) are flows of government funds to
developing countries which are by definition not recognized
as ODA.
Phu My 1 Power Plant
9
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Case Studies
Japan’s international cooperation
(case examples)
Case
Niger
3
Actors in Japan’s
international cooperation (1)
“School for All” Project
Logo mark of “School for All”
Project
Niger is one of the neediest countries in the world.
Persons living on US$2.00 or less per day account
for 85.5% of the population, and the proportion of
children who are able to receive primary school
education is 54% (2006), the lowest level in the
world. The main reason for this is said to be a lack of
schools, as well as insufficient understanding
among community residents and parents regarding
education. The government of Niger established
school management committees and attempted to
deepen public understanding of schools by eliciting the participation of residents, but many
committees were not functioning adequately.
The “School for All Project” was then started with the
cooperation of Japan. It was decided that JICA
experts, serving as chief advisors in this project,
would first of all choose the members of the school
management committees in elections. As a result, the
interest of the residents in school operation increased.
“School action plans” were then adopted in which the
residents themselves identify and analyze issues related
to schools, and discuss solutions and so forth. Now, the
school management committees take the initiative in
school management and
carried out activities such
as assisting residents to
construct classrooms and
purchasing teaching materials which are lacking. The
government of Niger, hoping to spread these initiatives across the country,
has decided to deploy the
“School for All Project” at
9,000 elementary schools
nationwide with funding
Chief Advisor Hara (left) (photograph provided by JICA)
from the World Bank.
;
ODA世界と地球の未来 08.5.26 9:01 AM ページ11
Case
Mexico
4
Actors in Japan’s
international
cooperation (2)
Technical assistance for
the Cooperative Producers
Union Maya Vinic
Mexico is a major producer of coffee
beans. In the past, the government purchased all of the coffee beans, but the
system changed and government’s buyback was abolished. As a result, the
incomes of producers have become
unstable. The producers then gathered
together and formed cooperative union to
develop products and carry out sales.
The Cooperative Producers Union Maya
Vinic is one of these cooperative unions.
The Cooperative Producers Union
Maya Vinic, which was organized in 1999, independently
created sales routes and carried out domestic sales of roasted
beans and foreign exports of raw beans based on fair trade※,
but it faced various problems arising from insufficient production facilities and a lack of experience. The Keio
University Professor Junichi Yamamoto Fair Trade Project
(Keio FTP) was launched in 2003 as a result of the professor
meeting with the director of the cooperative union, and
research on fair trade and local surveys began. Beginning in
2006, technical support has been carried out through a support
system of JICA.
The project is aimed at enhancing the quality of the coffee
beans, improving quality control, and boosting knowledge
and sales ability with regard to coffee. Currently the upgrading
of facilities is progressing, and the union members themselves have made progress and have come to tackle issues on
their own. Plans are also underway to export coffee beans to
the United States and Japan. The activities of the
project are still being carried out today toward
achieving the ultimate goal of having the producers of Mexico operate their unions on their
own and the union members becoming economically independent.
General meeting of the
Cooperative Producers
Union Maya Vinic
※ Fair trade is a mechanism for supporting sustainable life improvements for producers by
continuously trading at fair prices crops and
products produced in developing countries.
(Photograph provided by Keio FTP)
Keio FTP general meeting and meeting of officers.
Organizer Professor Yamamoto is on the far left.
A
ODA世界と地球の未来 08.5.26 9:01 AM ページ12
Topics
Japan’s assistance shown on currencies
and stamps of foreign countries
Appreciation for Japan’s assistance is expressed by the people of developing
countries in various forms. Some of these are introduced below.
Stamps in China commemorating a human resource development project in
Yunnan Province
Japan is carrying out support for the development of human resources through yen loans
(see note) to 220 universities in inland China. Improvements are being made to higher education
in inland China through constructing and maintaining school buildings, libraries, laboratories, and
so forth and having Chinese university personnel train and study in Japan. As of the end of
September 2007, 2,900 Chinese teachers have received training at universities and so forth in
Japan. The commemorative stamps show photographs of school buildings and facilities that have
been constructed and maintained and states: “May the friendship between the people of
China and Japan continue for many years to come.”
(Note) Japan’s new grants of yen loans to China ended in 2007.
Stamps in Ghana commemorating the 120th
anniversary of the birth of Dr. Hideyo Noguchi
Ghana is the country in which Dr. Hideyo Noguchi conducted
research on yellow fever and was struck down by the disease.
The Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research is a
central institute for medical research in Ghana which bears the
name of Dr. Noguchi. It was established in 1979 with grant aid
(total of 3.26 billion yen) from Japan. Japan has carried out
technical cooperation
with the institute for
more than 20 years,
and it has contributed
the development of
human resources in
the field of medical
research.
Cambodia’s 1,000 riel bill (project for improvement of National Road Route 6 and Route 7)
The National Road Route 6 and Route 7 are arterial roads
connecting Cambodian capital Phnom Penh and major city
Kampong Cham have had safety problems until now, and it
took five to six hours to travel. The roads were improved, however, with grant aid (total of 4.578 billion yen from 1996
through 1999) from Japan. The safety of the roads changed
dramatically and the time required to travel them was reduced to
two hours.
● For “open ODA” ●
With the domestic economic situation becoming increasingly severe, Japan’s ODA is now about to
undergo significant changes. In order to realize more proactive and effective assistance, it is
necessary to create a flexible, high-quality mechanism that reflects the wisdom and feelings of each
Japanese person and enables people to take action together with the government. Currently reforms
to ODA are being advanced based on the key ideas of “public participation,” “ensuring
transparency,” and “improving efficiency.” The results will be seen in world peace and stability and
the trust of the international community in Japan.
For more information on Japan’s international cooperation, please visit the . . . . .
◎ Ministry of Foreign Affairs ODA website
http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/index.html
International Cooperation Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Tel: 03-5501-8000 (main line)
◎A wide range of opinions regarding ODA policies are welcomed. Please send an e-mail to [email protected] .
Created May 2002
Reprinted October 2003
Revised April 2008
B
Photographs provided by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), United
Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Kyodo News, Miwa Kudo, Yasuyuki Ebata