Your textbook has been organized to help you learn about the significant
events and people that make up American history. Before you start reading, though, here is a road map to help you understand what you will
encounter in the pages of this textbook. Follow this road map before you
read so that you can understand how this textbook works.
Units
Your textbook is divided into 7 units. Each unit begins with two pages of information
to help you begin your study of the topics.
WHY IT MATTERS
QUOTATION
Each unit begins with Why It Matters. This is a short summary
about what you will study in the unit and the important topics
in the unit.
A short quotation gives a glimpse
of the idea of a key figure from
the era.
“I found very
many islands
peopled….”
Different
Worlds Meet
—Christopher Columbus, 1493
Beginnings to 1625
W
hy It Matters
As you study Unit 1, you will learn
that the first immigrants came to the
Americas long before written history.
From their descendants evolved a rich
variety of cultures. The following
resources offer more information
about this period.
Primary Sources Library
Astrolabe, early
astronomical instrument
See pages 592–593 for primary source
readings to accompany Unit 1.
Use the American History
Primary Source Document Library
CD-ROM to find additional primary
sources about Native American life.
Monument Valley
12
CHAPTER XX
Chapter Title
PRIMARY SOURCE LIBRARY
This tells you where to find the Primary
Sources Library readings that accompany the unit.
xiv
VISUALS
A photograph or painting shows
you what life was like during the
time period.
Chapters
Each unit in The American Republic to 1877 is made up of chapters. Each chapter
starts by providing you with background information to help you get the most
out of the chapter.
CHAPTER TITLE
WHY IT MATTERS
The chapter title tells you
the main topic you will be
reading about.
THE IMPACT TODAY
Why It Matters tells you why
events you will study are
important.
The Impact Today explains how
these events changed the way we live
today.
First
Americans
The
Categorizing Study Foldable Group information
into categories to make sense of what you are
learning. Make this foldable to learn about the
first Americans.
Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper in half from top
to bottom.
Prehistory to 1492
Step 2 Fold in half again, from side to side.
Why It Matters
Thousands of years ago small groups of hunters crossed a bridge of land
that connected Siberia and Alaska. Eventually, they spread throughout
North and South America.
Step 3 Unfold the paper once. Cut up the fold
of the top flap only.
The Impact Today
This cut will
make two tabs.
These first people, called Native Americans, influenced later cultures. Native
Americans are part of the modern world, yet many of them also preserve
the ways of life, customs, and traditions developed by their ancestors
centuries ago.
Step 4 Turn the paper vertically and sketch
the continents of North and Central and South
America on the front tabs.
Native Americans
North
America
The American Republic to 1877 Video The chapter 1
video, “Before Columbus,” examines the diverse cultures of North
America before Europeans arrived, focusing on the Anasazi.
Central
and South
America
Reading and Writing As you read the chapter,
write under the flaps of your foldable what you
learn about the Native American people living
in these regions.
City in the Sky Inca workers built the city of Machu Picchu high
in the Andes mountain ranges.
c. A.D. 700
• Maya empire
reaches peak
c. 28,000 B.C.
• Asian hunters enter
North America
c. A.D. 1300
• Hohokam
civilization
begins to
decline
c. A.D. 1130
• Drought strikes
Anasazi communities
c. 1500 B.C.
• Rise of Olmec
in Mexico
A .D .
1325
• Aztec
establish
Tenochtitlán
c. A.D. 1400
• Inca empire
begins to
expand
HISTORY
Chapter Overview
Prehistory
900
1100
A.D.
A.D. 1095
• The Crusades begin
1300
1500
A .D .
1368
• Ming dynasty begins in China
c. A.D. 33
• Jesus Christ
is crucified
c. 10,000 B.C.
• Last Ice Age
ends
14
CHAPTER 1
613
• Muhammad preaches
Islam in Makkah
The First Americans
TIME LINE
The time line shows you when
and where events happened
during the period of time covered in the chapter.
A .D .
1215
• England’s King John
signs Magna Carta
A .D .
1295
• Italian traveler Marco Polo
returns from China
A.D. 1312
• Mansa Musa begins rule of
West African kingdom of Mali
CHAPTER 1
VISUALS
A photograph or
painting shows
how people of the
time lived.
Visit tarvol1.glencoe.com
and click on Chapter 1—
Chapter Overviews to preview chapter information.
The First Americans
15
WEB SITE
History Online directs you
to the Internet where you
can find more information,
activities, and quizzes.
xv
Sections
A section is a division, or part, of the chapter. The first page of the section, the
section opener, helps you set a purpose for reading.
READING
STRATEGY
Completing the
Reading Strategy
activity will help you
organize the information as you read the
section.
READ
TO
LEARN
SECTION THEMES
Keep the Read to Learn
statements in mind as you
read the section.
Your textbook organizes the events of your nation’s
past and present around themes. You can read
about the themes on pages xx-xxi.
Early Peoples
MAIN IDEA
Guide to Reading
The Main Idea of this
section is introduced
here. Below it, are
important terms you will
encounter as you read
the section.
Main Idea
Reading Strategy
Read to Learn
The first Americans spread throughout North, Central, and South
America.
Determining Cause and Effect As
you read Section 1, re-create the diagram below and explain why the first
Americans came to the continent and
the consequences of their arrival.
• how the first people arrived in the
Americas.
• which discovery changed the lives
of the early Native Americans.
Migration to the Americas
Geography and History The Ice Age
made it possible for hunters to
migrate to the Americas.
Key Terms
archaeology, artifact, Ice Age,
nomad, migration, maize, carbon
dating, culture
TIME LINE
Preview of Events
Effects
✦10,000 B.C.
✦30,000 B.C.
The time line
identifies important
events you will study
in the section.
Causes
c. 28,000 B.C.
Asian hunters enter
North America
c. 10,000 B.C.
Last Ice Age ends
Section Theme
✦5000 B.C.
c. 7000 B.C.
Farming develops
in Mexico
✦1000 B.C.
c. 3000 B.C.
Early villages established in Mexico
AN AMERICAN
STORY
Think of An
American Story
as a moment in
time. It introduces you to
an important
event that
you will
read
about.
No one knows for sure how the first people arrived in America. They may have
crossed a land bridge that many scientists think connected Asia and North America
thousands of years ago. They may have come by boat from Asia or Europe. Why
they came is also a mystery. Possibly they followed mammoths or other game animals or were hunting seals and whales along the coast. Over time these people settled in America, becoming the first “native Americans.”
Arrowhead, handchipped stone
The Journey From Asia
These first Americans arrived thousands of years ago. As food supplies
improved, the population of the Americas increased. By A.D. 1500, millions of
Native Americans, belonging to more than 2,000 different groups, lived on the
two continents of North America and South America.
When Europeans arrived in the Americas in the late 1400s, they found Native
Americans living there. The Europeans wondered where these peoples had
come from and how they happened to settle in the Americas. Some believed the
Native Americans had come from Atlantis, an island that was supposed to have
sunk beneath the waves of the Atlantic Ocean.
16
xvi
CHAPTER 1
The First Americans
Reading Roadmap
You will get more out of your textbook if you recognize the different elements that help you to understand what you read.
READING CHECKS
MAPS
This Reading Check helps you check
yourself. Did you understand the main
ideas?
Easy-to-read maps provide a link between geography and
history. Questions test your understanding of the map’s
information.
862
The Early Battles, 1861–1
1
the lavish mansions shown in fictiona
l accounts
VT.
of the Old South. Most white
Southerners fit into
N.H.
one of four categories: yeomen,
tenant
farmers,
MASS.
the rural poor, or N.Y.
plantation
owners.
troops.
Ft. Sumter falls to Confederate
s.
erate flow of trade and supplie
2 Union blockade cuts Confed
battle
ies, Shiloh is the bloodiest
3 With about 23,000 casualt
fought thus far.
ies than any other single day
4 Antietam costs more casualt
killed or wounded.
of the war — over 23,000
New
did
elphia have
Philadnot
40°N
The
Antiet
s am
who
Second Bull Run farmer
slaves—
Sept. 17, 1862
, 1862 n—ma
yeome
Aug. 29–30
de up theN.J.
largest group of whites
OHIO
4 MD.
IND.
in ssas)
the
South.
Most
DEL.
yeomen owned land.
(Mana
Bull Run
1861
21,
Althou
July
gh they lived throughoutngton,
D.C.
Washi the region,
they
W.VA.
were most numerous in the
ack
r v. Merrim
R.
Upper
Monito
South
and in
io
Richmond
St. Louis
9, 1862
Oh
the hilly rural
March
areas
of
the
Deep
k
South,
Norfol
where
KY.
MO.
the landVA.
was unsuited to large plantations.
Nashville
A yeoman’s
N.C.
farm usually ranged from 50 to
2
TENN. 200 acres. Yeome
1861
n grew crops bothApril
3
for their own
Chattanooga
A rka
Shiloh
ns
use and to sell, and they often traded
a
1862
their proApril 6–7,
S.C.
ic
duce
ant
ARK.
Atlantato local merchants and Atl
Corinth
worker
s for goods
and
GA. service
Ocean
Oct. 3–4, 1862
s.
Fort Sumter
Charleston
ALA.
1861
12–14,
April
MISS.
Most Southe1 rn whites did not live
in elegant
Montgomery
Savannah
Jackson
°N
Identifying What group made up
the largest number of whites in the South?
is
si
ss
Confederate troops
R.I.
CONN.
Small FarmersPA.
and the Rural York
City
Poor
ILL.
M
Union troops
MICH.
clear a few trees, plant some corn,
and keep a hog
or a cow. They also fished and hunted
for food.
The poor people of the rural South
were stubbornly independent. They refused
to take any
job that resembled the work of enslave
d people.
Although looked down on by other
whites, the
rural poor were proud of being self-suf
ficient.
ip
Indecisive battle
R.
Boundary between
Union and
Confederacy
s
Union naval blockade
R.
Confederate victory
pi
Union victory
mansions or on large plantations.
30
They lived in
far simpler homes, though the structu
re of their
homes
changed over time. In the
N
Baton Rouge
early 1800s
April 25–May 1, 1862 many lived in cottage
E
s built of wood
W
Houston
and plaster
New Orleans
traders
and agreement
theS Native
withmade
thatche
roofs. Laterwith
FLA.
many
lived
in onePhillip
Ft. Jackson/Ft. St.
Americans
to trade
fur.orIn 1608 the group sent
story frame
houses
log cabins.
April 18–28, 1862
Samuel
de
Champlain
to
establish
a
settlement
2 April 1861 Not all Southern whites owned land. Some
200 miles
in Quebec
in what
now Canada.
Champlain
0
rented land,
or is
worked
as tenant
farmers, on
made several trips to the region and discovered
kilometers
Gulf of Mexic o landlords’ estates. Others—the0 rural 200
poor—
n
lived
ea projectio
Equal-Ar
Lambert
Lake
Champlain.
He
described
the
beautiful
in crude
cabins in woode
80°W d areas where they could
scenery and abundant wildlife and the Native
LA.
Mobile
TEXAS
90°W
Plantations
A large plantation might cover several
thousand acres. Well-to-do plantation
owners usually
lived in comfortable but not luxurio
us farmhouses. They measured their wealth
partly by
the number of enslaved people
they controlled
and partly by such possessions
as homes, furnishings, and clothing. A small group
of plantation owners—about 4 percent—held
20 or more
slaves in 1860. The large majority
of slaveholders
held fewer than 10 enslaved worker
s.
A few free African Americans
possessed
slaves. The Metoyer family of Louisia
na owned
thousands of acres of land and
more
than 400
gs
s Fla
slaves. Most
erica’
Amoften,
these
slaveholders were free
African Americans who purcha
sed their own
family
Flag
of New
France rsSettlers
in to free them.
membe
in order
New France often flew this flag
Americans he met there.
of the French Royal Navy. They
From Quebec the
French
moved
into other
Histor
ymon
d
also flew the French Royal
In what state was the Battle
at Rich
n Defeatwhere
1. Analyzing Information
to
partsUnio
of
Canada,
they
built
trading
posts
overland
tly
Wealthy Southern
Banner, which was blue instead
direc
ers
pose
ncing
for
?
the
adva
camera
fought
of
in
front
ad gathered by Native Americans ed
of Shiloh
Inste
to collect
furs
mov
of white.
of an elegant
were Confederate forces
plantation
ed, McC
home.
wish
What
were lellan
the
Lincoln
as
2. Summarizing In what battles
ond
Richm
and French
trappers
were
called
duties oftrappers.
between
the wife ofThe
sula
aship
plantatio
penin
a
n
owner?
to
victorious?
by
army
his huge
coureurs
de bois
(ku•RUHR duh
BWAH),
meanthe
of
east
the James Rivers south
Albany) on the Hudson River and on Burlingthe Yorkofand
ing “runners
the woods.”
n a major offensiveton Island in New Jersey. Shortly after that, Fort
city. From there he bega
ad
reorganized and drille
ar Campaign. The oper Nassau was established just opposite where
y
nsul
ughl
Peni
thoro
the
as
n
lellan
McC
know
rHowever, when facedDutch Settlements
s. Time passed and oppo Philadelphia stands today.
many week
the Army of the Potomac.
tion tookEuropean
countries, the Netheras General
e, McClellan was cau- Like other
attack slipped away
to
ies
with the prospect of battl
tunit
- The center of the new colony was New Amslands
was
also
eager
to
claim
its
share
of
world
not
evalu
to
were
s
tried
troop
his
his troops and
terdam, located on the tip of Manhattan Island
tious and worried that
McClellan readied
voyage,gth.
there
hadln,
been
no tantly
cons
use of reportstrade. Until Hudson’s
beca
Linco
fight
to
stren
ated
where the Hudson River enters New York Harready. He hesit
ate the eneminy’sNorth America. Hudson’s
s.
one messize of the Rebel force Dutch exploration
lellan to fight, ended
bor. In 1626 Peter Minuit, the governor of the
ding McC
that overestimated the
voyageprod
became
the start for Dutch must
claimsact.”
on Comthe Army of the Potomac
colony, paid the Manhates people 60 Dutch
with an urgent plea: “You
Finally, in March 1862,
sage
re
the
continent.
did
captu
Its goal was to
situation, McClellan guilders in goods for the island. The goods probn.
ult
actio
diffic
for
his
of
ready
ing
was
plain the Netherlands was a small counAlthough
te capital.
ably included Atlanta
cloth, and
valuable tools such as
Richmond, the Confedera
, Georgia
, business
try, its large fleet of trading ships sailed all over
axes, hoes, andstreet,
awls.
c. Like
1860 Portugal, Spain, and
the world. In 1621 the Dutch West India
The Civil War
CHAPTER 16
470
France, the Netherlands started colonies in the
Company set up a trading colony—New
Americas.
Netherland—in the area Hudson had explored.
In 1624 the company sent 30 families to settle
Analyzing Why was the idea of a
the area. They settled at Fort Orange (later
Northwest Passage important?
100°W
PHOTOGRAPHS
Photographs
show you important
people, places, and
events of the time.
Checking for Understanding
1. Key Terms Write a sentence in
which you correctly use each of
the following terms: mercantilism,
Columbian Exchange, Northwest
Passage, coureur de bois
2. Reviewing Facts What were English,
French, and Dutch explorers searching for while charting the coast of
North America?
Reviewing Themes
3. Global Connections How did French
goals in the Americas differ from the
goals of other European nations?
62
CHAPTER 2
Critical Thinking
4. Identifying Central Issues How did
the economic theory of mercantilism
influence the exploration and settlement of North America by Europeans?
5. Determining Cause and Effect
Re-create the diagram below and
explain how the Columbian Exchange
affected both sides of the Atlantic
Ocean.
Analyzing Visuals
6. Geography Skills Review the map,
French Explorers, 1535–1682, on
page 61. Which of the French
explorers traveled farthest south?
Along what river did Marquette and
Joliet travel?
Columbian Exchange
Persuasive Writing Write a letter
to one of the explorers who
searched for a Northwest Passage.
In the letter, explain why it is
important for your nation to find
a Northwest Passage.
Effects on
the Americas
Effects
on Europe
OUTLINE
Think of the
headings as
forming an
outline. The blue
titles are the main
heading. The red
titles that follow
are the subsections.
VOCABULARY
The terms in blue
are the key terms.
The definition is also
included here.
SECTION
ASSESSMENT
The Section
Assessment is
the last item in
every section.
Completing the
assessment can
help evaluate
how well you
understand.
Exploring the Americas
xvii
Special Features
A variety of special features will help you as you study The American Republic
to 1877.
nation’s trade grows,
its gold reserves inc
PEOPLE IN
HISTORY
People In History tells
you the story
of individuals that
influenced American
history.
Ben Franklin learned
the printer’s trade as a
young man. By the time
he was 23, he owned his
own newspaper in
Philadelphia. Soon after
ward he began publishing Poor Richard’s
Almanack, a calendar
filled with advice, philosophy, and wise sayings, such as “Early to
s
bed, early to rise, make
SKILLBUILDERS
America’s Literature
analyzes excerpts
from famous pieces
of American fiction
and describes its
historical lessons.
Social Studies
Skillbuilders teach
valuable skills that will
be useful throughout
the book.
CHAPTER 4
The Colonies Grow
109
Understanding the Parts of a Map
Why Learn This Skill?
Maps can direct you down the street or around the
world. There are as many different kinds of maps as
there are uses for them. Being able to read a map
begins with learning about its parts.
TWO
VIEWPOINTS
Empires of the Maya,
Aztec, and Inca
120°W
CHAPTER 15
Road to Civil War
S
450
Learning From History
1. According to Lincoln, what was the
only substantial disagreement
between the North and the South?
2. What did Lincoln compare the
United States to?
3. Did Lincoln and Davis say anything
in their inaugural addresses that
was similar?
The South Secedes
E
Jefferson Davis
Atlantic
Ocean
pacific
Dougla
s for the
preside
Ocean
ncy and supE
W
ported popularS sovereignty. SouthSoutherners j
Quito
EQUATOR
0°
ern Democ
rats—vowing toSOUTH
uphold
1,000 miles
0
Lincoln and the Republicans had
ory of states’ rig
promised
slavery—nominated
Esther
AMERICA
For
John
besBreckC.
not to disturb slavery where it already
voluntarily cho
(1891–1967)
0
1,000 kilometers
PERU
existed.
inridge of Kentucky
Lambert Azimuthal
and suppor
Many people in the South, however,
ted
defined the Cons
Esth
Machu Picchu
er Forbes
did not trust
Equal-Area
projection
the Dred
Scott decisioCuzco
n. Moder
the party, fearing that the Republ
ates
independent sta
wro
te a number
ican adminisfrom both the
Capital
City and South who
North
tration would not protect Southe
government ha
of books;20°S
am
rn
here was
rights. On
ong
had formed
Majorthe
City Consti tutiona l
aberbo20,
atswa
refusing to enfor
them is the
in’s the South’s
1860,
whistle,Decem
It was long-st
Union PartyMaya
and in silence
close anding
nominated John Bell
of inning
denying the Sou
prize-w
to leave one
group threat
became
n dawna wh
reality
when
boarded the the Unionupo
Tennessee. This
en
Inca party took nobio
posiSouth Carolina Da
mouth. The Ele
territories—the s
rt- special
graphy Paul
work
conven
anor and the held a the
on alltion and
tion on slavery
Aztec
.
Beaver three
had to be wa voted to
Revere and the
the Union.
ships was
rped in tosecede.
World He Lived
the wharf.
Johnny was
In. As she
do
ne.
clo
An
se
d
to Mr. Revere
researched Paul
yet
Lincoln Nominated
heels. He hea Attemp
’s the great,
Revere’s life,
Reactions to Sec
t at
Compromise
rd him cal
silent
Forbes learned tha
ling
The Republicans
for the aud
captain, pro
nominated Abrat many young
iena’s
Many Souther
Even
misin
ce on
after
g him
Carolin
the many
action,
rentices played
, inSouth
ham Lincoln. app
jar
the
gon
Their
w
eve
harf, men
platforam,
role in the
ryone
Charleston, South
people
still
talk
wished
to
ed
preserv
,
Am
tha
e
the
eric
Union.
t
night, wome
an Rev
The
that not one
designed to attract voters
olumany
tion. Johnny
from
n,
thi
and
bells,
questio
ng
fired cann
n
shouldwas
chil-rn
how.- As other Southe
Tremain, a fictiona
be dam
aged on the
states
quarters, was that
dr en , ha d
l wo
slavery should
shi
p excd
berk, tells
streets. A newspa
debate
eptsecess
t
ion—w ithdra
the story of suc
only the
walnofrom
tea, but the cap
the
left
gon
undistuthe
h an, but
e
rbedSkill
where it existed
apprentice.
hom
tain
Applying
e.
and leaders
the South “will
As
all his crein
had best stay Union—
gton, D.C.,
w Washin
the thr
that it should be excluded from
ee groups worked
in the cablly
theof your
defend its libertie
in to
Drawing a Map Picture
mental image
unfashion
til the a cam
work was ove frantica
last-mi
AD aTO
Pau
mise.
l Revere
DISfeared,
e nute
territories. ManyRE
CO
r.On
off compro
R
the
Other Southern
house or room. DrawSouthe
a maprners
showing
theVE
location
December 18, 1860,
Ca
Senato
pta
r
shi
John
in
ps, they formeCrittenHall shrugg
this pasican
however, that aInRepubl
sagkey
e from
d in fours aloA South Carolinia
and did as
victory
Johnnyany
of various areas. Include
a map
explaining
Kentuc
he was told, lea den ofed
theed
ng
Treslave
whaarfseries
main, revolts
ving his cabin ky propos
would encourage
, their of
14-yea
axeamend
r-ol
s on the- ir sho
. d aJoh
boy
hand over the ments
symbols or colorsand
you use. Also
include
scale
nnybar
to
to
the
Constit
der
ution.
uls. Th
Centra
l to
keys to the hol
en a hu
Critten
his friend Rab hav
rrah
went -up and
My heart has
d. The
boy was grinni den’s
dis-the
explaining the size of your map
comparede to
was
fife beg
a provisi
a
on an
to to
ng wit plan
protect
play. slavery
Lincoln Electedguised themselves as Mohaw
asure. The
“tea party” wa southh ple
destruction of my
real area. Finally,The
add ajoin
compass rose and title to
ks.
36°30'N latitudExc
e—the
s not uneof
erpt from
lineJohn
set
by
the
the
xpe
With the Democyrats
cro
cte
ny
wd
d.
Trem
...
at Griffin’s
divided, Linain by Esther ment of that
The winchesMissouri Compr
Forbes. Copyrig
your map.
grea
Wharf in Bos
in all
ht © 194
rattled and omise—
ies3 by
“now
coln won a clear
tonthe
Esther Forbes
Harelecheavy chests
the Hoskins, © territor
majority of
bor, where
hereafter
begheld
three English
an toorapp
d.” ine, renewed 1971 by Linwood
M. Ersk
ear—oneacquire
toral votes— 180
hundred and
s carHe
Virginian Robert E
Jr., Executor of
rying tea
out of ship
303.
Repub
Glencoe’s
Skillbuilder
Interactive
fift
licans
the
y
Esth
are
of
consid
Esta
the
ered
er
doc
te of
For
this
m. As some
ked and are una
unacce
bes Hos
ptable.
received only 40 percen
men worked
kins. Rep
the future. “I see o
rinted by per
t of Level
to
mission of Hou
popinThey
provides
Workbook
1,ble
the had
leaveCD-ROM,
hold,just
election onght
or unload the
on Mif
the
othwon
princip
broke open the
flin Co.
ers an
leAll righupon
their cargo.
ular vote, but this
reserved.
us,” he wrote
more
ts
che
that
instruction and was
practice
in keythan
social
stsslavery
would
and flung
not be extend
ed in any territea into the
the
any other candidate. Douglas was
In the North so
harbor
tories.
. Bu“Now
studies RE
skills.
t
we
one
AD
are
told,”
ER
thi
Lincoln
ma
’S
ng
said,
de them unexp
second with 30 percent of DIC
NARY
allow the Southern
the TIO
ect
vote.
ed
difficulty.
The tea ins
boatswain: offi
The vote was
ide the che
could be kept toge
cer onsec27
along purely
a ship
AN
thests
governm
wasent shall
wrapped in hea
YZINup,
beAL
warped: roped
broken
G unless
LITERATURE on slavery, they de
tional lines. Lincoln
vy canvas. Th
’s name did not
e axes
went through
we surrende
1. Rec
jar
gon
all beaten.
have
:
stra
and Interpret
even appear on the ballot
nge lan
the wood easr to those we
destroyed. Most No
gua
ge
in
Wh
most
y
eno
was
ily
ugh—the can
hold: place where
the “tea party” exp
vas made end
Southern states,
that the Union mu
ected?
but he won car
go is
every
trouble. Johnny
Leader in les
2. Eva
thes South
also
luate
rejected
ed on a ship
the
had never swo
and Con
Northern state. stor
necplan.
t What the issue was “whe
ridge swept
rked every doe
so hard in his
“We spit upon
winBreckin
ch: machin
s
plan
life
the
to
compro
.
con
mise,”
duc
e
the South, and Bell
for
t of the “tea
hauling
minority have the r
took most border
Then Mr. Rev exclaimed one Southepar
rn ty”
leader.
ere called the
particip“No
human
ants sug
states. Douglas won only the state
gest about ment whenever the
captain to come up power
of
the ” wrote
save
and inspeccan
test? Exp
anothe
r. r answer
lain you
t. The teathe Union,pro
Missouri and three of New Jersey’
was utterly gon
.
s
e, but Captain
seven electoral votes.
Hall
agreed that bey
Presidential Respo
Interdisciplina
The
ond
thaConfed
t there eracy
ry Activity
not been the slig
had
In effect, the more populous North
Lincoln had won
htestBy
Exp
Februa
dam
ositoryLouisia
age. ry 1861,
Texas,
Writinna,
Missishad outvoted the South. The victory
g Write a
yet president. Jame
sippi, Alabama, Florida
one-pa
ge pap
, and
Georgi
er abo
a had
joined
for Lincoln was a short-lived one,
ut how
March
4, 1861. In De
you
thinalso
South Carolina and
k you secede
would rea
d. ctDelega
however, for140
tes’s
in Johnny
a message to Congre
the nation Lincoln was
situatio
from these states and
n.
South
Carolina met in
to lead would soon disintegrate.
states had no right to
Montgomery, Alabama, on Februa
ry 4 to form a
he had no power to
new nation and government. Calling
Examining What
themselves
As Lincoln prepa
the
Confed
erate States of America, they chose
caused the split in the Democratic Party
March 4, 1861, peopl
Jefferson Davis, a senator from
in 1860?
Mississippi, as
South
wondered wh
their president.
They wondered, too,
D
Address,
As a necessity, not
a choice, we hav
remedy of separat
e resorted to the
ion, and hencefo
rth our energies
be directed to the
must
conduct of our own
[continuation] of
affairs, and the
the Confederacy
which we have
formed. If a just
perception of mut
ual interest shall
permit us peaceab
ly to pursue our
separate political career, my mos
t earnest desire
will have
been fulfilled. But
if this be denied
to us . . .
[we will be forced]
to appeal to arm
s. . . .
Caribbean
Sea
N
N
4 About how many miles long was the Inca Empire?
What
theis’scapital
of the Aztec Empire?
ersowas
5 Jeff
n Dav
Inaugural
20°N
Chich´en Itz´a
Tikal
A
Abraham Lincol
Address, March 4, 1861
Practicing the Skill
One section of our country
to showsAbraham
The map on ought
this page
where Lincoln
believes slavery is right and
it
believes
the ancient
Aztec,
and Inca
the otherMaya,
be extended, while
ed.
extend
be
to
not
ought their empires in North America and South
is wrong and built
dispute . . . .
substantial
e
America.
Look
at the parts of thisnot
map,
then
This is the only
remov
we can not separate. We can
speaking,the
Physically answer
questions
follow.
an impassable
nor build
each otherthat
from
s
go
our respective section
and
ed
divorc
be
may
nd and wife
What
information
is given in the key?
A husba
them.
wall between1
other; but the
and beyond the reach of each
out of the presence
. . .Empire?
shows
thethis.
Inca
not do
2 What color
y can
different parts of our countr
and not in
ymen,
sfied fellow countr
my dissati
In your hands
direction
would you travel to go from
3 ,What
ntous issue of civil war.
mine, is the mome
Tenochtitlán
to Chichén Itzá?
60°W
Gulf of
Mexico
Tenochtitl´an
Maps usually include a key, a compass rose, and a
scale bar. The map key explains the meaning of special colors, symbols, and lines used on the map.
After reading the map key, look for the compass
rose. It is the direction marker that shows the cardiUnion nal
ordirections
Secession
of north,? south, east, and west.
President AbrahamALincoln
and Jefferson
measuring
line, often called a scale bar, helps
Davis, president of the Confederacy, were
you estimate distance on a map. The map’s
inaugurated just several weeks apart. These
scale
tells
you
what
distance on the
excerpts from their Inaugural Addresses
willthe measureis represented by
help you understaearth
nd differing points of view
ment
on
the
scale
bar.
about secession from the United States For example,
in 1861.
1 inch (2.54 cm) on the
map may
represent 100 miles (160.9 km)
onn’s
theInaug
earth.
ural
February 18, 186
1
80°W
100°W
MEXICO
Learning the Skill
Two Viewpoints
compares the
opposing viewpoints of two historic figures on a
particular issue.
xviii
AMERICA’S
LITERATURE
America’s first lending
library, and an academy
of higher learning that
later became the University of Pennsylvania.
Franklin’s greatest
services to his fellow
Americans would come
during the 1770s. As a
statesman and patriot,
Franklin would help
guide the colonies toward
independence.
a man healthy, wealthy,
and wise.”
Franklin was deeply
interested in science. He
invented the lightning
rod, bifocal eyeglasses,
and the Franklin stove for
heating. Energetic and
open-minded, Franklin
served in the Pennsylvania Assembly for many
years. He founded a hospital, a fire department,
T
Johnny Trem
ain
“
“
”
CHAPTER