I  Revision
Geography
Case Studies
th
Paper 2: Wednesday 8
June
Name: ______________________
Form:__________
Geography Teacher: _____________________
Important:
 In this exam you will have to answer three case study 9 mark questions one for each of these topics:
o Population and Settlement
o Natural Hazards
o Economic Development
 The question will be made up of two parts that need to be answered.
 You MUST include at least three developed ideas and place specific details in each answer
G Sloggett 2016
Population and Settlement
International migration: Mexico to USA
Why is the migration occurring?
Many Mexicans cannot get into the USA as they do not meet strict
criteria put in place by the USA government
1 million cross the border every year
Push factors:
Low wages- GDP per capita $14,000
Gang violence/ crime- 20,000 killed in 2014
Pull factorsHigh wages- GDP per capita 48,000
Access to healthcare- 27 doctors per 10,000
Impacts on Mexico
Money is sent back to families in Mexico (remittance) 
Towns such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of their residents
Elderly and young left behind
Impacts on USA
Mexicans have enriched USA culture e.g. Food & music
TB cases have increased as Mexican migrants are not vaccinated
How is the migration being managed?
2000km border- most parts have very high, fortified fences
Border patrol- helicopters, sniffer dogs 4x4 vehicles
VISAs-to get in legally USA have strict requirements that many Mexicans simply cannot meet to be able to get a visa
Past case study questions
Name an example of international migration.
Why did this migration occur? How has this migration been managed? Include at least three developed ideas.
For a country that you have studied whose population has been affected by international migration, describe with specific detail
the effects of the migration and how the migration is being managed. Include at least three developed ideas.
Internal migration: rural to urban migration in Brazil
Who? Countryside people in NE Brazil leave to go to Rio de
Janeiro
Push factors: Lack of jobs
Drought- the river ‘Old Faithful’ has run dry 3 times in 10 years
Pull factors: Higher numbers of jobs that are higher paid
Access to services such as healthcare and schools
Impacts on the NE of Brazil (Caatinga)
 Young people leave in search of a better quality of life, leaving
the very young and elderly who cannot work the farms well
 Money to send back to families in the countryside.
Impacts on Rio de Janeiro
 Growth of slums (favelas). 150,000+ live in Rocinha
 Very poor conditions in the slums e.g. no sewage, water etc.
 Overcrowding of schools and other services.
How are they managing the situation?
Self-help scheme. Government subsidise (reduce the cost of) materials so residents in favelas can build more secure buildings
with bricks & tiles. Residents provide the labour making it an affordable scheme. BUT!!!!! It still doesn't stop people from
continuing to leave the countryside and come to the city!
Built a new town- Barra da Tijuca- Wealthy residents of Rio looked for a safer place to live with more space. Nearest flat land
20KM along coast. In 1970 4 lane motorway cut through mountains and on stilts over sea. BUT!!!!! Barra already has its own
new favelas as people continue to leave the countryside!
Past case study questions
Name an example of internal migration.
Explain why this migration is occurring? Explain how has this migration been managed? Include at least three developed ideas.
Name a country where rural to urban migration has occurred within it.
Explain why this migration occurred. Describe the effects on the urban area. Include at least three developed ideas.
For a location you have studied that has seen population increase due to internal migration describe the problems of this
migration and explain how they are being manage. Include at least three developed ideas
Urban regeneration/ sustainable living: BedZED, South London
Where? Sutton, South London
It was built on an old sewage works site (industrial
land – Brownfield). So land is being reused.
What: They built 100 carbon neutral homes
There are also offices and shops –so people can
reduce their travelling and CO2 emissions
How: Houses have extra insulation (30cm) in the
walls so not much energy is needed to heat
Secure bike sheds so encourage people to use
bikes rather than transport that emits fumes
Car share scheme with electric car plug in pointsto reduce CO2 emissions if everyone owned cars.
There are solar panels on the roofs so makes
renewable energy
Rainwater is collected on the roof and is used to
flush the toilets so they use less water
Wind cowls on roof means air can move in
summer
Facts: Homes use 80% less energy than normal houses
How successful has this project been?
VERY! It is socially, economically and environmentally sustainable. However there was one problem...
The CHP Combined heat and power generator failed! The CHP was fed waste wood from tree surgery that would otherwise
become landfill, so it would have been a great idea!
Past case study questions
Name an urban area where there has been redevelopment. Describe how the urban area has been changed through
development. Explain why this change has happened. Include at least three developed ideas.
Name an area or example of sustainable living. Explain how this is an example of sustainable living? How successful was this
example of sustainable living? Include at least three developed ideas.
Name a location you have studied that has had sustainable development. Describe the development using specific details and
explain how sustainable they are. Include at least three developed ideas.
Changes in retail over time: Meadow hall shopping centre, Sheffield
Location factors:
Transport- M1/ A roads (customers/ delivery's/ workers)
Transport- Railway line – new station built here as railway line passed by
(customers/workers)
Staff- Near to suburban housing (for workers)
Size of site- former steelworks- large space- for expansion
Large site- 12000 car parking spaces
Customers- 9 million people living within an hour’s drive of the centre
Changes over time:
Advertising on twitter, Facebook and YouTube: because more people are online- you can
attract more customers!!!
Expansion! A brand new store is arriving in 2016- IKEA! Brings more customers!
Loyalty card: Earn points and can spend in the shopping centre
Impact on Sheffield city centre:
Economic downturn – fewer customers came into the CBD, shops shut, graffiti and crime
Past case study questions
Name and locate an area where retail services have changed.
How has the retail service provision changed? What are the effects of this change? Include at least three developed ideas.
Name a place you have studied where retail has changed.
Describe how the retail landscape has changed and explain reasons for these changes. Include at least three developed ideas.
Population management: China and the one child policy
Background - Started – 1979
Reason for policy – concerns over the rapidly growing population and
ability to provide all with food and shelter
nd
Exceptions – twins. If you live in rural areas (the 2 child helps on the
farm)
It been successful – prevented over 1 million births and slowed
population growth rate
2015- Policy has been replaced with the TWO child policy!
Consequences of not keeping to it
Fines.
Have to pay for education/ health care.
Benefits of keeping to it
Access to health care, education and housing.
Other effects of the law:
Impacts
The elderly now have fewer young people to look after them. Or the
young have more people to look after. Higher dependency ratio (4-2-1)
Incidents of female infanticide have been recorded (killing baby girls),
and lots more selective terminations.
Gender imbalance – 120 boys to 100 girls.
Little emperor syndrome
Is it a sustainable policy?
While China's population is now rising more slowly, it still has a very large total population (1.3 billion in 2013)
New problems it now has are:
The falling birth rate - leading to a rise in the number of elderly people
Fewer people of working age to support the growing number of elderly dependants – China is developing into an ageing
population
Past case study questions
Name and locate an area where population control has been used.
What methods of population control were used? How successful was this population control? Include at least three developed
ideas.
Natural hazards
Tectonic hazard in an MEDC: California, San Simeon earthquake, 2003
Cause: Conservative plate margin/ boundary. San Andreas Fault
Magnitude: 6.5
Impacts:
Dead: 3 (Acorn Building – killed the 3 people)
Homeless: 0
Cost of damage: $250 million
75,000 homes and businesses lost power after the quake, but service was
restored to all soon after.
Responses:
Earthquake resistant buildings- retrofitted buildings did NOT collapse
All schools had participated in ‘The Great Shake out’ earthquake drills
Within 12 hours, search and rescue crews found all the quake's victims
(using sniffer dogs)
Minor damage to buildings could be repaired due to payments from
insurance companies. Therefore life got back to normal very quickly.
Past case study questions
Identify a type of tectonic hazard you have studied in an MEDC. Describe methods used to respond to the hazard. How
successful are these response methods? Refer to specific event(s). Include at least three developed ideas.
Name the MEDC and the type of tectonic hazard. Explain the natural processes which caused the tectonic hazard event and
describe people were able to reduce the impact of the hazard. Include at least three developed ideas.
For a MEDC tectonic hazard that you have studied: Describe the methods used to manage the hazard and explain how
sustainable they are. Include at least three developed ideas.
Tectonic hazard in an LEDC: Haiti earthquake, 2010
CAUSE: Conservative plate margin/ boundary
MAGNITUDE: Richter scale: 7.0
IMPACTS:
Number of dead: 250,000
Homeless: 1.5 million
Prison destroyed- 4000 escaped
Cholera because of broken sewage pipes contaminating water
RESPONSES:
Aid- USA sent 10,000 troops
Digging out by hand- no rescue equipment
Music single - Simon Cowell released music single ‘everybody
hurts
Because Haiti relied on aid, which took several days to them,
more people died being trapped in the water.
Past case study questions
Name and locate an example of a tectonic hazard event in an LEDC. Describe the effects of the hazard and explain how
successful attempts have been to reduce the effects. Include at least three developed ideas.
Name and locate an example of a tectonic hazard in an LEDC.
Describe the causes of the hazard and explain reasons for the impacts. Include at least three developed ideas.
Name and locate an example of a tectonic hazard in an LEDC that you have studied. Describe the physical processes that
caused the hazard with specific place detail and how human activity affected the impact of it.
Climatic hazard in an MEDC: Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, USA
Causes: Every real person can memorise storms
o
Evaporation of the warm tropical waters (27 )
Rising of the evaporated water into the air
Condensing of the water vapour to create clouds
Moist air forms clouds releasing lots of energy
Sinking air occurs in the air which is an area of low pressure
Katrina was a category 4 storm: the levees failed leading to the
flooding of New Orleans
The primary impacts: 1800 were killed
300,000 homes were destroyed
3 million people were left without electricity.
The secondary impacts: Tens of thousands were homeless
230,000 jobs were lost from business that were damaged and
destroyed.
Water supplies were polluted with sewage, chemicals and dead
bodies.
Oil and gas prices rose due to production stopping in the Gulf of Mexico
Responses: Sophisticated satellite tracking- BUT not evacuated soon enough (some had no transport to leave)
Those left behind took shelter in organised shelters- the Superdome- but more than 15,000 turned up.
Jabbar Gibson stole a bus after the storm and took people stranded in the Superdome to Texas
Past case study questions
Name the MEDC and state the type of climatic hazard. Explain the methods used to protect people and property from this
climatic hazard and explain how sustainable these methods are. Include at least three developed ideas.
Name a type of climatic hazard and the location where it took place.
Explain the natural processes which caused the natural hazard event and how human activities affected the impacts. Include
at least three developed ideas.
Name a climatic hazard that you have studied in an MEDC. Describe the measures of hazard protection used and explain how
successful the protection methods have been. Include at least three developed ideas.
Climatic hazard in an LEDC: Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines
CAUSES: Every real person can memorise storms
o
Evaporation of the warm tropical waters (27 ) Pacific Ocean
Rising of the evaporated water into the air
Condensing of the water vapour to create clouds
Moist air forms clouds releasing lots of energy
Sinking air occurs in the air which is an area of low pressure
IMPACTS
Thousands of coconut farms have been destroyed as trees were
ripped from their roots by high winds
1.1 million homes were destroyed
Tacloban airport was covered completely by the 5.2 metre high
storm surge
RESPONSES
Mass graves were dug to try and stop disease spreading
Satellites were used to give people warnings before the storm hit.
But many rural isolated islands had nowhere to go
USA sent the navy ship USS George Washington with aid
Charities such as the Red Cross sent helicopters with aid of food, medicine and shelter
BUT- the fact the area was made up of low lying islands made it difficult to get aid to people.
Past case study questions
Name and locate an example of a climatic hazard in an LEDC. Explain the natural processes causing the hazard and describe
its impact on people in the area. Include at least three developed ideas.
Name and locate an example of a climatic hazard in an LEDC. Explain how the country responded to the natural hazard and
explain how effective these methods were. Include at least three developed ideas.
Economic development
An aid project in an LEDC: Solar Cookers, Kenya
Who: Solar international trained 23 women in Kenya
Where: village in Kenya
What: solar cookers
Why?
Cook beans and grains SO healthier diets SO longer life expectancy
Sterilise water SO diarrhoea fallen by 40% SO longer life
expectancy
Heat from sun reflected onto dark cooking pot SO renewable
energy SO costs nothing to cook food
Made from recycled materials = easy to make= suitable for LEDC
Kenya
Don’t need fuel wood for fires = less tress chopped down = protect
habitat
Don’t need fuel wood for fires= girls don’t need to go collect
wood= time to go to school
Is it sustainable? Yes! Socially, economically and environmentally!
Make sure you can explain each one!
However the cookers depend on the weather
Name and locate an aid project
Describe the main features of the project. Explain how the project is sustainable. Include at least three developed ideas.
Name the LEDC and aid project. Describe the main features of the aid project and explain how sustainable the project is.
Include at least three developed ideas.
Name and locate an aid project in an LEDC. Describe the aid project and explain how successful it has been.
Location of an industry in a MEDC: Meadow hall shopping centre, Sheffield, UK
Location factors:
Transport- M1/ A roads (customers/ delivery's/ workers)
Transport- Railway line – new station built here as railway line passed by
(customers/workers)
Staff- Near to suburban housing (for workers)
Size of site- former steelworks- large space- for expansion
Large site- 12000 car parking spaces
Customers- 9 million people living within an hour’s drive of the centre
Changes over time:
Advertising on twitter, Facebook and YouTube: because more people are online- you can
attract more customers!!!
Expansion! A brand new store is arriving in 2016- IKEA! Brings more customers!
Loyalty card: Earn points and can spend in the shopping centre
Impact on Sheffield city centre:
Economic downturn – fewer customers came into the CBD, shops shut, graffiti and crime
Name and locate an example of an economic activity in an MEDC. Explain the factors which influence the location of this
economic activity and describe its effects on people in the local area. Include at least three developed ideas.
Name an example of an industry in an MEDC that you have studied. Explain the reasons for its location and explain how it
may change in the future.
Name an example of an industry you have studied in an MEDC and its location. Describe its location and explain how
successful this location choice was.
Location of an industry in a LEDC: Coca Cola, Cali, Colombia
A Multi National Company (LEDC) in a country: Coca Cola, Cali, Colombia
Reasons for locating in Cali, Colombia:
Low labour costs in Colombia- average £600 a month compared to $3000 in the USA
Main road to Ecuador to expand and easily transport goods
Population in Cali is 2.4 million so plenty of people to work in the factory
Positive impacts on Cali
 Every job created in Coca cola factory in Cali has generated 10 more in the wider
economy= the multiplier effect (snowballing of economic activity)
 Local farmers can supply sugar cane to the factory= earning more money
 Coca cola pay taxes to the Colombian government in 2014 this was $75 million- invest
in schools and hospitals
Negative impacts on Cali
 Accused of using paramilitary groups to kill union workers so they don’t have to pay for
better health and safety, better wages or shorter hours of work
 Waste has been pumped into local rivers killing fish in the Cali River
 The traditional fruit juice industry has shrunk significantly- people have lost jobs
Name and locate an industry in an LEDC that you have studied. Explain why it is located here and explain the impacts the
industry has had on the local area. Include at least three developed ideas.
Name and locate an example of an economic activity you have studied in an LEDC. Explain why this economic activity is
located in this LEDC. What factors might influence decisions about whether the named economic activity remains at this
location in the future? Include at least three different ideas, with detail.
Name a multi-national company and one country where it operates. Explain how the multi-national company affects local
people and the economy of that country. Include at least three different ideas, with detail.
Name a multi-national company you have studied and a country where it is located. Explain how the multi-national company
affects local people and the overall economy of the country. Include at least three different ideas, with detail.
The impact of industry on the environment: Cotton farming in Kazakhstan, Aral Sea
Why is the Aral Sea shrinking?
2 major rivers, the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya flow into the Aral Sea but
water was taken from the rivers to water field of cotton in Kazakhstan
Very little water from these 2 rivers now reaches the Aral Sea plus high
temperatures cause greater evaporation.
Why is this an environmental disaster? What are the impacts on the
environment?
The water in the Aral Sea is becoming more and more polluted with the
chemicals from the fertilisers and pesticides used on the irrigated farmland.
Thousands of fish have died including the Zander.
Wild horses have migrated away as there is little to eat.
The air is salty, dusty and polluted which is blown around and people breathe
it causing leukaemia, bronchitis and cancer
What methods have been used to reduce the impacts of this disaster?
In areas where the sea has dried up trenches have been dug up and clean
sand put in, then a tree called The Saxaul tree is planted. This traps sand and
stops it blowing around creating the lung disorders.
Using a new $126m World Bank loan, the Kazakhstan government is building a second dam. The new dam traps water from the
Syr Darya in the North Aral Sea.
However, nothing is being done in the South Aral in Uzbekistan; this is predicted to totally disappear in the next 50 years.
Name and locate an economic activity
How has the economic activity affected the natural environment? What has been done to minimise damage to the
environment?
Describe how this economic activity has caused environmental damage. How has the conflict between economic development
and the environment been managed? Include at least three developed ideas.