Experimental abrasion of pebbles
I.
Wet
sandblasting
by
Ph.
H.
Kuenen
der
Instituut
(Geologisch
Rijksuniversiteit,
Groningen)
Abstract
Pebbles
of
current
and
no
fine
of
sand
abrasion
At
below
streams
or
weight
of
of
70
for
important
not
by
the
sand-laden
a
action
There
of
coarse
proved
be
to
second.
per
medium
amount
much
causes
from
measured.
was
cm
this
abrasion
to
resulting
velocities
velocity
This
subjected
were
in
velocity
a
along.
is
sandblasting
loss
different
at
rolled
already
The
bottom
a
kinds
various
water.
of
are
Hence
weight.
cobble
under
particles
pebbles
large
to
loss
severer
wet
either
size
in
beaches.
on
Introduction
It
is
writer
both
that
of
rounding
that
and
by
in
in
for
method
a
The
for
provided
The
grant
a
writer
carrying
demonstration
obtain
wishes
series
of
of
delicate
Dr.
have
and
Tricart
21;
latter
the
con-
was
data.
W.
G.
weighings
for
Organization
authors
p.
The
manner
experiments
quantitative
thank
to
the
out
Netherlands
for
A
this
abrasion
the
1933,
Rurey,
given.
to
in
streams
abraded.
and
Several
factor
of
bed
rocky
fluted
(1947).
1925;
actual
been
attempt
an
beach
important
an
the
are
sometimes modelled in
are
(Barheid,
have
to
discussions.
helpful
(Z. W. 0.)
is
and
water
the
on
However,
Acknowledgements.
suggested
waves
appear
undertaken
aquafacts
rivers
1950).
,
not
boulders
sand-laden
action
same
pebbles
does
therefore
out
that
fact
of
action
the
Schaeffer
tention
known
pointed
torrents
suggested
and
the
to
has
by
well
a
subjected
Perdok,
who
required
and
Research
Pure
equipment.
Experiments
The
apparatus
(-.= revolving
motion.
the
The
heart
covered
pebbles
of
with
bombardment
the
to
side
near
of
the
the bottom
Also
used
the
with
the
tank
was
the turbulence
by
a
up
at
various
held
thin
in
increased.
Some
scooped
In
this
up
levels
band.
the
the
manner
but
more
To
a
ensure
ample
less
or
metal
to
against
floor
collect
higher
amount
in
loop
violent
a
from the
tending
scattered at
an
churn
a
revolving
fixed
were
current
sand
and
with
swift
a
against
ridges")
with
of
basin
water
place
rubber
obliquely
continuously
was
give
("turbulence
the water.
concrete
the
to
were
flanges
running
of
thus
They
round
a
centre
suspended
tubing
sand,
surface
the
were
current.
rubber
of
consisted
in
paddle)
on
levels.
of
sand
143
held
was
in
suspension
the
arrangement
on
the
other
refer
halves
even
the
left
to
moderate
at
hand
side
experiments
current
of
II
and
rolling
on
velocities.
in
the
which
Pig.
will
1
shows
half
upper
be
of
I
;
described
elsewhere.
The
ings.
Fig.
main
Dr.
1.
consuming;
fixed
(I.
Concrete
on
a
technical
W.
tank
with
who
churn.
sandblasting.
wet
The
was
Upper
or
for
a
vein
tinually change.
given
half
quartz
For the
are
sizes
No
of
I
and
refers
to
to
on
of 25
to
II
on
half
successive
grams,
show
experiments
the
ascertain
to
compact
days
time
rolling.
impossible
a
weigh-
these
out
of
left
whether
50
accurate
carry
experiments
is practically
matter
weighed
used,
sufficiently
undertook
remainder
pebble.
obtain
to
kindly
determinations, found that it
value
radiolarite
difficulty
Perdok,
limestone,
results
variations of
10
con-
milli-
144
is in
weighing
are
significant
of
and
only
requisite
until then
all
pebbles
a
fine
well
sand
a
full
The
of
for
the
Table
allow
less
sand
with
velocity
I
from
The
is
the
of
These
point
to
the
of
average
paddle.
point
results
Certain
limestone
and
stones
It
sufficient
the
the
not
sand
of
one
heavier
than
sand
with
1
The
gularities
.
divided
employed:
and
mm
Kach
is
this
used.
to
5
vary
than
the
a
coarse
lasted
run
various
at
values shown
at
certain
a
about
to
the
ten
per
for
each
Noticeable
second
the
velocity
for
the
fact
begins
in
that
fine
unable
are
the
the
at
and
coarse
grains
hit
and
the
test.
new
abrasion
both
I.
between
variations
combined with
pebbles
the
Table
relations
due
partly
per
in
together
as
current
critical
rock
types,
the
is
vein
the
surface
are
the
ratio
the
to
with
is
rock
higher
the
of
a
second
With
torrent.
would take about
of
loss
the
to
types there
are
both
quartz
loss
at
current
same
maintained
velocity
radiolarite
one
year
occur.
amount
proportional
and
centimeters per
velocity
It
unmistakable
an
120
bottom
attacked.
to
flint
quartz,
is
velocity
weight
about
at
This
former
the
more
positions
slightly
in
However,
suspending
the
cm
This
show
begins
the
meter
of
ascertained
such
intermediate resistance:
resistant
and
80
when
cent
per
Each
thus
brought
deduced.
around
abrasion
found
less
the
up
and
resistant
grains.
values
For the
coarse
grams
1
abrasion.
cause
of
sand.
coarse
the
60
graywacke
abrasion
enough
the
the
results
doubt
no
of
be
the radiolarite is
pebbles
The
and
30
were
mm.
of
expulsion
selected,
sand
current
a
current.
did hot
are
different
can
film
most
show
dolerite and
and
to
are
below
fine sand
as
in
rules
that
force
loss
a
Not
than
0.125
0.650
The
advance.
the
was
of
further
test.
stream.
cross-section
capillary
even
long
for
of
velocities
apparent
are
These
between
three
The
coarse
pebbles
kinds
blasting
any
next
in
by
weights
with
circular
experiments
placed
seems
the
pierce
the
shale.
were
velocity
sand.
of
following
The
as
weeks
diameter of
diameter
velocities
in
irregularities
within the
velocity
do
the
under
advantage
the
during
undergoing
constant
small
measured
was
cross-section
of the
same
which
pebbles
than that amount
Two
median
median
a
of
set
(tough).
the
for
three
or
greater
Experimental
the
while
changes
milligrams
additional
wetted
ready
become
weight
not
hard
the
had
course,
two
dry weights
to
with
current
in
speed
cent
the
week.
points
in
them
did
and
rounded
weight
is
weighing
of
and
immediately
representative
a
medium,
sub-angular
soak
balance
tests
the
soft,
it
under water without
then
were
restricted
were
For
over
the
the
shown,
method
were,
under-water
the
desiccator
a
will be
satisfactory
weighed
to
was
has
As
air.
they
in
as
the
on
pebbles
The
And
treatment.
hit
entirely
could be
they
Yet,
experiments.
Perdok
time.
saving
tests
these
proved
This
water.
dried
progress.
in
Dr.
Finally
If
unusual.
not
are
grams
the
at
the
increase
not
have
only
a
times
highest
in
Curiously
em/sec.
velocity
four
is
obsidian,
porphyry,
80
for
as
both
speed
tested
velocity.
irregularities,
more
fine
with
large
marked
but the
influence
group.
thread
milligrams.
should
be
greased,
otherwise
surface
tension
causes
irre-
145
3
coarse sand
cm/sec
)
\
°)
120
3
0
18)
0
fine sand
0
\
>
0
0
SANDBLTIG
week
per
-'
WET
BY
I
TABLE
PEB LES
fine sand
°
10) 12
)
o
1673
2456
28
21
68
307 321
685
18
4
36
/
8
,.5?
0
0
4
f
0
)
15
\
4
3
)
cm/sec
80
26
»
0
coarse sand'
)
|
) j
0
i
706
)
19
'r
]
3
16
)
5
mil grams
in
cm/sec coarse sand
water
60
under
cm/sec coarse sand
°
>o
)
]
o
o
0
0
0
0
/
»
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
17
8
OF
ABRSION
weight
0
40
under
in
EXPRIMNTAL
0
Loss
Weight
in
water grams
27 26
16
33
16
mm
14
0.125
velocity
Cur ent
mm
0.650
diamet r diamet r
type
Rock
limestone shale
porphyr
Quartzie Flint Radiolarte
Quartz Obsidan Dolerite
median median
(iraywacke
Compact Carbonif.
sand,
Sum
Pine
sand,
Coarse
146
all
Averaging
at
80
cm/sec
Stream,
At
this
along,
that
speed
except
has
blasting
if
travelling
pebbles
cent.
medium size
normal
to
be
surpass
material,
pebbles
is
nothing
but
rocks.
facts.
For
flood
before
the
shape
a
and
(a
on
to
be
the
of
is
A
rolled
are
condition
and
travel
boulder
of
be
sizes
that
of
the
preceeding
the
time
one
increase
next
roll
ones
can
of
account
the
the
even
large
suffer
little
sandblasting
in
be
by
cause
the
slow
of
scarcity
large
except
aqua-
violent
exceptionally
an
has
to
to
extremely
can
themselves
enough
great
compared
comparative
years
bed
sufficient
tend at
velocities,
must
dislodged
of
negligible
with
to
as
hard
pebbles
stream.
streams,
loss
caused
etc.
on
smaller
down
2)
pebble
will
by
cent
pebbles
for
a
during
week.
a
medium
rocks,
But
However,
for
accounts
For
in
fast
the
in
per
abrasion
that
current
range
3
to
current
then
like
km
quartzites,
so
current sand-
a
by
soft
out.
the
stone.
will
hard
becoming
boulders the
this
final
The
walking
that
succeeded in changing
about
loss
pebbles
much
is
with
therefore be
may
common
for
sandblasting
Aquafacts
few
a
tend
it
be
70
namely
smoothed
the
cm
velocity
Numeric-
sweeps.
that swash
knowledge
can
not
are
boulders
large
to
drawn that
which
over
sandblasting,
are
and
lose
by
instance
at
that
weight
permanently
on
about.
is
moved
are
subjected
by
intervals
will
this
the
If
pebbles
front
of
a
It
exceed
can
second
per
can
It
cobbles
steep
But
is
attain
certain
their
during
process.
or
a
therefore
abrasion.
cause
by sandblasting
rolling.
on
remain
to
they
sandblasting
caused
for
it
required
whether
pebbles.
beaches
sandy
sandblast objects
whether the loss
question
beach
beaches
sandy
through
conclusion
to
considered is
velocity).
they
severe
be
to
abrasion of
where
because
velocity
however
of
in
piercing
out
borne
suppose
point
coasts
stacks
normal for
beach
the
second.
for the resistant
occurring
mountain
the
boulder
a
is sufficient
leisurely
position,
and
Doubtless
fluted.
this is
rolled
in
dislodge
and
sticking
wide
a
in
2
amount
sandblasting
ones
and
is
about
warranted
cm
blasting
thus
cobble
is
torrent
gradually
there
cobbles
a
larger
ordinary
to
open
minimum
amount
pebbles
experiments).
cent
flint,
5
part
a
wet
important part
Small
deeply
It
the
the
in
the sandblasting
of the swash
ally
in
limit
they
the
the
action.
rare
very
in
usually
more
occur.
sand-
wet
per
significantly.
Surf
play
of
these
as
with
about
velocity
cm/sec
not
such
of
stationary
because
of
out
soft
cm
300
gone
lost
minor factor with
a
absent
3)
Hence
mainly
volume of
abrasion
exceptional
second
per
that
of
conclusion
1)
effective
70
abrasion
attack,
abrasion
for
for
the
along.
sandblast
that
80
sized
an
have
have
15 per
against
is:
em
times
twenty
the
abrasion
cause
would
different set
a
size
a
remain
slow
too
It
results
variations in
to
cause
per
above
theoretically
to
is
to
70
medium
would
pebble
a
0.05
sandblasting
Pebbles
velocity
results
is
boulders,
much
as
120 em/sec.
at
these
and
than 50
more
or
in
3
natural
of
between
pebble
ten
are
these
no
soft
a
(ascertained
against
with
at
these values
Prom
small
velocity
wedged
much
velocity
current
times
19
causes
as
important
most
cm/sec
but
sandblasting
zero
80
to
that week
by rolling
the
firmly
70
at
During
the
bottom
if
times
36
until the
as
sand
coarse
and
quantitative significance.
no
Even
The
begin
not
the
sand
action.
does
blasting
losses
fine
as
of
they
to
will
to
an
also
answer
significant fraction
were
pebble
lifetime
difficult
a
stretch
reasonable
held
beach,
in
wet
a
fixed
blasting
147
might
is
of
and
firmly
he
is
due
importance
rolling.
to
wedged
be
to
has
the
does
waves
of
process
being
of
case
observed
never
that the
beaches,
on
by
soft
on
writer
opinion
in
Only
shifted
especially
apparent,
The
fluting.
therefore of
minor
quite
loss
Ihe
distinct
cause
occurred
and
to
have
sandblasting
overshadowed
entirely
great boulders
fluting
this
wet
large
too
by
too
or
become
aquafacting
rocks.
Conclusion
Sandblasting
boulders
and
however,
lose
the
weight
latter process
The
tank
currents and
by
country
is
by
revolving
rolling
pp.
1925.
Kuenen,
in
,
Ph.
results
of
abrasion
will
current
Marine
J.
1947.
H.,
and
be
of
for
importance
some
faster
by
soft
than
materials.
wet
by
of
carried
rolling
elsewhere
published
terrestrial
1933.
W.,
Journ.
et
Water
Experimental
press.
stone.
Tricart,
of
cobbles,
Pebbles,
that
blasting
in
out
the
in
(Kuenen,
same
press).
References
Bull.
conglomerates.
Geol.
Soc.
Vol.
Amer.,
36,
291—341.
W.
Rubey,
is
those
much
so
List
Barbell, ,T.,
swash
especially
negligible.
experimental
with
rock,
R.
The
Sed.
size
boulders.
of
Vol.
1960.
Rcv.
3,
of
Journ.
II.
Vol.
Sei.,
minerals
heavy
245,
current.
Rolling by
within
a
779—783.
pp.
Jour,
Qeol.
of
water-laid
sand-
3—29.
pp.
L'indice
Géom.
Am.
pebbles,
distribution
Petr.,
Schaejter,
d 'érosion.
systèmes
faceted
abrasion
d'émoussée
Dyn., 4,
des
galets,
moyen
d'étude
des
151—179.
pp.
APPENDIX
Measurement of
the relative
loss
in
weight
of
pebbles
by
W.
Experimental
pebbles
requires
the
request
out
these
A
(and
of
of
with
an
Ph.
H.
Kuenen
E
R
D
O
K
abrasion
by
accuracy
of
the
writer
of
sandblasting
at
this
least
one
on
submerged
milligram.
note undertook
to
At
carry
weighings.
rapid
that
P
determination
weighings
Dr.
G.
and
could
accurate
have
method
given
even
was
developed
tenths
of
that
milligrams
is
entirely
under
repetitive
conditions
of
148
constant
"dry"
A
of
piece
that
so
is
pebble
Considerable differences
with
cloth,
a
it
at
in
the
In the
in
figures
it
in
in
a
pebble
is
or
the
weight
the
case
given
are
the open air
desiccator
quickly
depends
pebble
Table
in
able
which
for
with
is
the
it
while
weight
the
on
1
After
and
water
in
minute
dried
the
with
cloth
for
air
16
37.6761
hours
the
Moreover,
long
a
atmosphere,
A
each
in
weighing
depending
can
in
which
dp
the
be
is
abrasion
the
this
to
g
pebbles
the
not
generally
not
true
upward
are
some
tenths
specially
in
a
some
for
stream
from
pebbles
of
of
a
loss
have
been
and
the
with
its
g
g
it
surrounding
under
out
several
g
that
disadvantage,
relative
milligram
water
d
water
could
days.
loss
weight
of
under water,
(t
-•
as
in
wet
also during
2).
found
in
which
be
done
loss
true
by
of
lower
of
value,
pebble.
weight
G,
for
the
the
two
or
pebbles
is
three
weeks,
within
constant
constancy
abrasion
water,
water.
remains
high
where
under
weighing
the
water
weight
This
experiments,
and
the
a
immersed
the
:
density
relative
on
w
under
kept
but
found,
acts
consider
the
w
(Table
is
that
formula
weight
their
"sandblasting"
sandy
of
and
pebble
equilibrium
the
30.8502
g
is
are
of
required
suspended
the
order
of
milligrams.
The
ably
the
in
relative
the
of
g
than
weight
to
necessary
calculated
the
density
When
they
is
37.6300
constantly
force
dp
R
30.7985
g
g
g
30.7950
30.8267
carried
interval
30.9151
g
great
g
31.0084
g
g
balance.
case
hydrostatic
easily
the
31.1332
37.6123
equilibrium
determine the
the
keeping
in
experiments
shorter
a
have
is
pebble
procedure
the
on
it
Though
it
in
methods
the
with
found by
was
Indeed
the
other
satisfactory
abrasion
the
that
so
follow
not
before
g
31.1380
g
37.6052
latter
two
time,
30.8593
g
37.6060
takes
air,
Some
Sandstone
g
37.6481
110° C
at
the
balance.
g
37.6780
37.6646
Dried
balance,
of'
Quartzite
a
drying
1.
37.6353
in
by
agent.
the
on
dried.
by wiping
(3)
humidity
say,
water,
been
(1)
days,
weight
Treatment
hours
an
1.
TABLE
18
has
water-binding
relative
gains
is
from,
absorb
to
dried
some
a
loosing
on
slowly
and
pebble
wet
different
quite
in
way
a
turned
it
weighing
view.
porous
the
when
because
normal
by
object,
less
on
obtained,
of
points
or
needed
was
pebbles
defined
more
strongly
leaving
final
"dry"
several
is
are
oven
ease
the
third
the
typical
by
an
first
second
in
and
(2)
110° C
it
depends
weight
of
poorly
a
because
glass,
its
from
procedure
method
special
the weight
determining
unsatisfactory
a
This
temperature).
that
out,
of
should
general
weighing
the
not
200
direct
exceed
g.
must
of
reading
the
course
type.
maximum
The
on
weight,
capacity
of
an
analytical
under
the
water,
balance,
of
instrument,
the
prefer
pebbles
which
is
in
149
in
in
which
This
a
1),
piece
of
arm
the
weighing
of
beaker
attain
little
by
the
the
values
device
of
of
2.
in
be
means
of
which
wire
a
water
surface.
To
the
wire
not
is
on
to
been
A,
wire
immersed,
WATER
AT
20°
24.3086
24.3086
prevent
beaker
is
of
thin wire
the
can
place
move
The
any
damage
.should be
freely
carefully
it
on
slipped
up
beaker with
and
to
the
mechanism
done outside the
a
bridge
over
down
water
must
the
hook
without
be
kept
case.
in
F
of
the
to
or
a
water.
C.
zero)
24.3088
pebbles
in
the
which
slightly,
very
is added
24.3024
To
only
tension effects
surface
23.2606
the
During
netting
that
Sandstone
Quaitzite
of
C.
to-
the
at
up
wire
so
ring R,
soldered.
coming
hung
the
greased
UNDER
adjusted
is
platinum
lauryl sulphonate
WEIGHT
(balance
avoid
has
wires
device
under water
schematic
(see
suspended
a
brass
thing
very
by
netting
This
completely
like sodium
RELATIVE
B.
eye
rests
milligrams,
weighings
replaced
nickel-plated
an
remain
detergent
TABLE
thick
must
few
a
a
by
hydrostatic
must
non-corroding
center
pebble,
penetrates the
amount
scale
four
its
balance
of
these
for
left
wide-mesh,
above
the
D,
thin wire
the
carried
exactly
left
a
balance
Fig.
is
ring
gether
the
adapt
To
drawing
of
the
the
touching
outside
the
When
left
the
20.0300
g
g
20.0382
g
20.0424
g
20.0442
balance,
they
balance
19.7460
g
are
after
arm,
so
walls
the balance
of
all
which
the
when
g
g
g
g
handling
immersed,
that
g
the
the
the
eye
device
container.
not
in
use.
150
the
When
bubbles
is
the
the
main
it
is
read
exactly
by
of
which
to
zero
hanging
the
the
justment
of
or
a
flat
balance.
Its
overweight
is
done
by
being
in
pebbles
the
the
weight
taken
single
the
water,
must
be
previously
has
be
to
is
disc
in
E,
away
with
tip
with
with
fine
a
the
many
the
is
an
eye
just
fine
emery
same
to
paper.
reason
air.
experiments
balance
will
conveniently
on
the
file,
air
this
as
dissolved
This
and
scales
of
avoided,
out
that
way,
hook
a
the
roughly
strokes
a
in
unloaded.
immersed
should
For
drive
to
investigated
such
adherence
any
carefully
weighing.
boiled
device
ring
brass
into
device
hydrostatic
should be
adjust
when
the
to
errors
great number of
worthwhile
done
arm
a
source
lowered
are
surface
in the beaker
water
If
pebbles
their
to
the
the
left,
left
after
exact
ad-