8/8/01
Protozoans
Echinodermata
Vertebrata
Uniramia
Nematoda
Protochordata
Hemichordata
Apicomplexa
Protozoans
Actinopoda
Ciliophora
Euglenozoa
Rhizopoda
Granuloreticulosa
Protozoans
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
Echinodermata
Vertebrata
9:06 AM
Brachiopoda Uniramia
Phoronida
Crustacea
Annelida
Mollusca
Protochordata
Chelicerata
Nematoda
Priapulida
Kinorhyncha
Loricifera
Actinopoda
Apicomplexa
Ciliophora
Euglenozoa
Cnidaria
Rhizopoda
Porifera
Granuloreticulosa
Protozoans
Protozoans
Annelida
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Cnidaria
Porifera
Protozoans
Protozoans
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9:06 AM
Other
pseudocoelomates
Nematoda
Mesozoa
Sarcomastigophora
Ciliophora
Apicomplexa
Microspora
Mollusca
Nemertea
Platyhelminthes
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Placozoa
Porifera
Myxozoa
9:06 AM
Numbers of species
Porifera Platyhelmithes Mollusca Arthropoda
Nemertea
Priapulida
Kinorhyncha
Loricifera
Annelida
Mollusca
Bryozoa
Brachiopoda
Phoronida
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Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
Cnidaria
Chelicerata
Uniramia
Echinodermata
Chordata
Lophophorates Chelicerata
Crustacea
Protochordata
Arthropoda
Annelida
Hemichordata
Bryozoa
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Hemichordata
Crustacea
Echinodermata Hemichordata
Lophophores Chordata
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Chordata
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Porifera
Echinodermata
Other
Other protozoans
Apicomplexa
Ciliophora
Pseudocoelomates
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
Digital Zoology © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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9:06 AM
1
8/8/01
Protozoans
Surface to volume ratio
General considerations
Protozoans are 0.005–
0.005–0.3 mm in size.
l Unicellular
heterotrophs, a few are
colonial
l Cells that are much more complex
than normal animal cells
l Characterized by the way they move
Protozoans
Protozoans
Size
0.5 mm
0.6 mm
2.0 mm
5.0 mm
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Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
9:06 AM
Reynold’s number
Surface
0.000007854
0.1256
12.57
78.53
Area
Surface/volume
0000000001636 480,000
0.0004189
299
4.189
3
163.6
0.5
Protozoans
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
9:06 AM
Reynold’s n u m b e r s
Inertial force
plU
Re = plU
v
Viscous force
Re = R e y n o l d ’ s n u m b e r
p = Density of fluid
l = Measure of size
U = Relative velocity
v = Viscosity of the fluid
Protozoans
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
9:06 AM
Blue whale
10 8
Salmon
10 6
Human
10 6
Diving beetle
10 2
Paramecium
10 - 3
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
Digital Zoology ©
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9:06 AM
Amoeboid locomotion
Amoeba
Nucleus
Food
Vacuoles
Ectoplasm
Endoplasm
Water
expulsion
vesicle
Endoplasm
Hyaline cap
Pseudopodia
Ectoplasm
Direction of movement
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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9:06 AM
Digital Zoology ©
Digital Zoology © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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9:06 AM
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Protozoans
Pseudopodial types
Pseudopodial types
Lobopodia
Lobopodia
Filopodia
Filopodia
Reticulopodia
Reticulopodia
Axopodia
Axopodia
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
Digital Zoology ©
9:06 AM
Digital Zoology ©
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Pseudopodial types
Lobopodia
Lobopodia
Filopodia
Filopodia
Reticulopodia
Reticulopodia
Axopodia
Axopodia
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
9:06 AM
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
9:06 AM
Digital Zoology ©
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoan skeletons
Protozoan skeletons
l Chitin
l Chitin
l Calcium Carbonate
l Calcium Carbonate
– Foraminifera
9:06 AM
– Foraminifera
l Silica
l Silica
– Radiolarians
– Radiolarians
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Pylome
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Pseudopodial types
Digital Zoology ©
Test
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Digital Zoology
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
9:06 AM
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Protozoans
Protozoan skeletons
l Chitin
l Calcium Carbonate
– Foraminifera
Cilia and flagella
9 + 2 Organization
l Silica
– Radiolarians
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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9:06 AM
Euglena
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9:06 AM
Trypanosomes
Flagellum
Eyespot
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Pellicle
Paramylon grains
Chloroplast
Paraflagellar body
Water expulsion vesicle
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Compound ciliature
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
9:06 AM
Euplotes
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Digital Zoology
9:06 AM
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© T h e M c G r a w-H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
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Protozoans
Phagocytosis
Myonemes
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
Digital Zoology ©
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Paramecium
9:06 AM
Cytoproct
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9:06 AM
Pellicle structure
Food Vacuole
Cytostome
Cytopharynx
Cilium
Oral Groove (Peristome
( Peristome))
Alveolus
Kinetodesma
Kinetosome
Water expulsion
vesicle (empty)
Pellicle
Macronucleus
Micronucleus
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Trichocyst
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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9:06 AM
Compound ciliature
Digital Zoology ©
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
9:06 AM
Digestion
Cytoproct
Cytostome
Food vacuole
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Digital Zoology
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
9:06 AM
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Protozoans
Water expulsion vessicle
Reproduction
Excretory pore
l Sexual reproduction
Ampulla
Endoplasmic
reticulum
– Conjugation
Feeder canal
l Asexual
– Binary fission
Full
– Multiple fission
Empty
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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9:06 AM
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Conjugation
Volvox
Sperm
Zygote
Zygote
Egg
Sperm
9:06 AM
Conjugates join at
the oral area and the
micronucleus undergoes
meiosis
Daughters
(Sons)
Body cell
Sexual
Asexual
Parent
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Conjugation
9:06 AM
4 micronuclei are formed,
Macronucleus remains
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Conjugation
9:06 AM
Micronuclei are exchanged
Macronucleus remains
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Digital Zoology
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
9:06 AM
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8/8/01
Protozoans
Conjugation
Two macronuclei and
macronucleus disappear
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
Digital Zoology ©
Conjugation
Synkaryon forms from the
fusion of micronuceli i n
each conjugant.
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Conjugation
9:06 AM
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Conjugation
Three mitotic divisions
produce 8 nuclei
9:06 AM
4 micronuclei become
macronuclei, 3 disappear,
and remaining become
Micronucleus.
Brusca and Brusca 5.31
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Conjugation
9:06 AM
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
9:06 AM
Malaria - h u m a n
Mitotic divisions of
micronuclei and
macronucleus
Sporogony
RBCs
Gametogony
Schizogony
Brusca and Brusca 5.31
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Liver
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Digital Zoology
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
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8/8/01
Protozoans
Oocysts beneath
stomach lining
Malaria - h u m a n
Sporozoites migrate to
the salivary glands
Malaria - h u m a n
Female gamete
Male gamete
Sporogony
Sporogony
Mosquito's saliva
infects human
Ingestion of
gametocytes
Ingestion of
gametocytes
Sporozoites
enter liver
cells
Macrogametocyte
Microgametocyte
RBCs
Gametogony
RBCs
Liver
Liver
Gametogony
Schizont
Trophozoite
Schizogony
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Schizogony
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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9:06 AM
Colonial protozoans
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9:06 AM
Colonial choanoflagellate
Flagellum
Collar of Microvilli
Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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Proto
sa n s
P rzootaon
zo
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T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Digital Zoology
9:06 AM
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