Medieval Historical Movements
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Secularism
Rationalism
Individualism
Nationalism
Grace and Salvation
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Aquinas: Sacraments and confession
Mystics: Mystical union with God
Luther: Faith Alone
Calvin: Predestination.
Martin Luther
• 1483. Augustinian monk. Doctorate in Scripture.
Pilgrimage to Rome. Problem of salvation.
• 1517. Indulgences for those in purgatory scandal.
• 1518. Scripture preferred above Church.
• Priesthood of all believers. Reform Church.
• 1520. Individual may interpret Scripture.
Martin Luther: 1520
• 1520. Baptism and Eucharist are Scriptural.
• Distribute cup to laity.
• No transubstantiation and Eucharist not a
sacrifice.
• Faith alone justified. Works of no value.
Divisions in the Reformation
• 1521: Karlstadt attacks images.
• 1525 Thomas Munzer denies authority of
Scripture.
• 1523. Hubmaier denies infant Baptism.
• 1530. Luther and Melancthon: Augsburg
Confession.
John Calvin
• 1489-1565. Preached reform in Basel in 1524
and expelled.
• 1525-32. Preached around Switzerland.
• 1534. Called for reform and arrived in Geneva.
• 1535. Abolished mass there.
• 1538. Charged with heresy and expelled.
• 1541. Returned to Geneva until 1564.
Calvin’s Theology
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God is absolutely sovereign and mysterious.
Scripture the sole authority.
Original sin made us totally evil and sinful.
Predestined to salvation or damnation.
We have no free will and are incapable of
doing good.
English Reformation
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Henry VIII: 1491-1547. War of Roses.
Married to Catherine of Aragon, but no male heir.
Rome refused to annul marriage.
Declared his authority over worldly matters.
Church had authority over spiritual matters.
Accepted Nicene and Athanasian creeds.
Translated Bible into English
Henry and Edward
• Henry had 5 more wives seeking male heir.
• 1552. Edward VI. Weak. Protestant leaders used
to regain authority. Issued Forty Two Articles to
restore Protestantism.
• 1555. Mary Tudor succeeded and sought to
restore Catholicism. She was unpopular and
executed many Protestants. Imprisoned and died
in 1558.
Elizabeth
• Sought coexistence of Catholics and
Protestants. Book of Common Prayer issued.
Thirty Nine Articles defined Anglicanism.
• 1570. Excommunicated by Pope.
• 1588. Destroyed Spanish Armada sent to
dethrone her.
Catholic Counter Reformation
• 1545-63. Council of Trent.
• Strong resistance from vested interests.
• Period I. Scripture and Tradition. Original Sin
and Justification. Seven Sacraments. Clerical
discipline enforced.
• Period II. Eucharist, Penance, Authority.
• Period III. Mass as sacrifice, marriage,
Society of Jesus:
• 1534. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola.
• Fostered Reform and missionary work.
• Recaptured nobility through schools and
Spiritual Exercises.
• Secured faith in Poland, southern Europe and
mission lands along with Friars.
30 Years War
• 1618 Defenestration of Prague
• 1628 Tilly drives to Baltic shore. Edict of
Restitution expropriates property in Bohemia,
Austria, Southern Germany.
• 1630 Gustavus Adolphus revives Protestant
forces.
• 1632 Wallenstein slays Adolphus in Bohemia.
30 Years War
• 1634-1648 Battles devour central Europe
• 1648 Peace of Westphalia stops conflict with
boundaries where they were in 1618.