Expository
Text
by Raymond Huber
PAIRED
PAIRED
Discovering
Xxxx Xxx
the Rain Forest
READ
READ
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STRATEGIES & SKILLS
Comprehension
Vocabulary
Strategy: Reread
Skill: Main Idea and Key Details
classification, compartment,
engulfs, flank, maneuvering,
obscure, species, submerged
Vocabulary Strategy
Content Standards
Greek Roots
Science
Life Science
Word Count 2,282**
Photography Credit: Cover Buddy Mays/Photodisc/Getty Images.
**The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only. Numerals and words in captions,
labels, diagrams, charts, and sidebars are not included.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by
any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or
broadcast for distance learning.
Send all inquiries to:
McGraw-Hill Education
Two Penn Plaza
New York, New York 10121
ISBN: 978-0-02-118641-9
MHID: 0-02-118641-3
Printed in the United States.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOC 15 14 13 12 11 10
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Essential Question
How do life forms vary in different environments?
Rain-Forest
Riches
by Raymond Huber
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter 1
Many Places to Live . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 2
Surviving in the Rain Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter 3
Playing a Part in the Rain Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Respond to Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
PAIRED
READ
Discovering the Rain Forest. . . . . . . . . 19
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Focus on Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
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Introduction
An explorer slashes through the jungle. Thick plants and
tangled vines obscure his path. Snakes drop from the trees,
and creatures on the jungle floor scurry away from him.
You’ve probably watched scenes like this in movies, but in
real life, scientists and explorers face the same challenges as
they try to learn more about the world’s rain forests.
Rain forests cover around 6 to 7 percent of Earth’s
surface, yet around half of all species of plants and animals
live in this ecosystem. Rain forests overflow with different
living things such as squawking birds, acrobatic monkeys,
colorful plants and flowers, and swarms of insects.
More than half of the world’s rain forests are found in
Central and South America. Other rain forests are found in
NHPA/Photoshot
Australia, Asia, and Africa.
The largest area of rain
forest on Earth is the
Amazon in South America.
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TROPIC OF CANCER
EQUATOR
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
N
E
W
Tropical rain forests are found
in an area around the equator
known as the tropics.
S
Mountain High Maps/Digital Wisdom
Trop
Tr
opic
op
ical
ic
al R
Rai
ain
ai
n Fo
Fore
rest
re
sts
st
s
Rain forests grow in areas where it rains a lot. There are
two kinds of rain forests: temperate and tropical. Temperate
rain forests are cool while tropical rain forests are warm.
Each year, temperate rain forests get up to 100 inches of
rainfall and tropical rain forests get up to 400 inches.
Tropical rain forests have an incredible diversity of
life because they are near the equator, which is halfway
between the North Pole and the South Pole. The climate
there is warm and wet all year round.
This mix of sun and rain means that plants grow
abundantly. Most trees stay green and flower all year.
There are different habitats within a rain forest, each
with a range of animals and plants. Many species have
adapted in special ways to survive.
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Chapter 1
Many Places to Live
Emergent Layer
From above, a tropical rain
forest looks like a mass of thick
vegetation. Rain-forest plants are
the foundation of the ecosystem.
Only a few trees
push through the
canopy into the
emergent layer.
As well as providing shelter for
many creatures, plants use the sun’s
energy to produce foliage and fruit
Canopy
that is eaten by other creatures.
In the canopy, the
tops of the leaves
are in the sunlight.
Most rain forests have four
layers: the emergent layer, the
canopy, the understory, and the
forest floor. Each layer is a different
habitat with specific features that
Understory
suit different kinds of living things.
In the understory,
small trees and
bushes grow in
the shade of
the canopy.
Because of these layers, there
are many places for animals to
shelter, find food, and hide from
predators. Some creatures prefer
the light, open space in the
treetops; some live and hunt on the
gloomy forest floor. These living
Forest Floor
things interact and depend on one
The forest floor is
damp and dark and
covered with rotting
vegetation that falls
from above.
another for survival.
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Illustration: Carlos Aon
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The Emergent Layer
NHPA/Photoshot
Harpy eagles fly through
the trees at great speeds
and swoop on prey.
In the emergent layer, a few very tall trees tower above
the forest, their branches and leaves shading the plants
below. The climate in the emergent layer is different from
the layers below. Trees are exposed to a lot of sunlight, as
well as to strong winds. The air is also drier in this layer. The
leaves of emergent trees are tough and waxy to keep them
from drying out in these harsh conditions.
Many birds of prey make their homes in the emergent
layer. Giant eagles, such as the rare harpy eagle, nest in
the treetops. Up this high, it’s a safe place for the eagles to
raise their young away from predators.
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The Canopy
Below the emergent layer is the canopy, which forms the
“roof of the forest.” Most of the forest’s plants and animals
live in this layer. It’s sheltered and sunny, and there are lots
of leaves and fruits to eat.
The canopy has a thick layer of branches and leaves that
catch the sunlight. These trees and plants use energy from
the sun to grow and make their own food. This process is
called photosynthesis.
With so much food available, many animals have
adapted to life in this layer. Some, such as the spider
monkey, spend their whole lives here. A spider monkey’s
National Geographic Image Collection/Alamy
long limbs and strong tail are perfect for maneuvering
between the trees. These adaptations also help the spider
monkey to avoid the predators that live on the forest floor.
Spider monkeys forage
in the trees for nuts,
fruits, and leaves.
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The Understory
Below the canopy is the darker understory. In this layer,
smaller trees flank larger trees. Plants in this layer often
grow very large leaves in order to catch as much light as
possible. The trees are covered in mosses, and vines wind
their way up tree trunks as they climb into the upper layers.
The understory is home to plants called epiphytes.
These plants attach themselves to the trunks and branches
of trees, using them to reach the light. Some epiphytes
absorb water and nutrients from the moist air. Others trap
rainwater with their leaves and obtain nutrients from the
compost created by fallen leaves.
The tank bromeliad is an epiphyte that has a
compartment in the shape of a cup for storing water. Some
species can hold more than 12 gallons! These pools of water
are important forest habitats, and many creatures, such as
NHPA/Photoshot
worms, insects, and frogs, live in and around these pools.
Poison arrow
frogs breed in
the pools of the
tank bromeliad.
Their tadpoles
feed on the
mosquito larvae
in the water.
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(t) Jason Edwards/National Geographic/Getty Images, (b) Michael P. Fogden/Photoshot
The Forest Floor
The bottom layer of the rain forest is the dim forest floor.
A blanket of dead plants and animals engulfs it. There are
fewer plants here because the canopy blocks much of the
light that is needed for plants to grow.
The floor is home to
arthropods. These animals
have jointed legs and an
outer shell. Beetles, ants,
millipedes, and centipedes
fall into this classification.
The living things on
The giant millipede’s dark
color helps it blend into
the forest floor.
the forest floor are mostly
very small. Decomposers, such as bacteria, are the smallest.
They feed on decaying leaves and animals. Decomposers are
important because they break down the dead material so it
can be used again as food by plants and trees.
Competition for food in each rain-forest layer is intense.
Animals have adapted to hunt, feed, and have their young.
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Chapter 2
Surviving in
the Rain Forest
There are many ways that animals have adapted
to living in the different layers of the rain forest. These
adaptations help them survive in an environment teeming
with hungry predators.
Moving Around
Animals that live in the upper levels of the tropical
the ground. Some fly, some glide from branch to branch, and
others are skilled at climbing and swinging. These animals
must move quickly to escape predators and search for food.
Gibbons are adapted to living in the canopy. Their long
arms make them experts at swinging through the trees. They
move like trapeze artists, grabbing branches and stretching
Tim Laman/National Geographic/Getty Images
rain forest are well adapted to moving around high above
out for the next handhold.
Some snakes have adapted to
live in the canopy. Flying tree
snakes are good climbers
A flying tree
snake doesn’t
actually fly—it
glides from one
tree to another!
even though they don’t
have arms or legs. The
flying tree snake has
scales along its belly
that allow it to grip
onto the bark of trees.
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Hunting at Night
Bats are the most abundant mammal in the rain forest
and range from a fruit bat called the giant flying fox, which
has a wingspan of almost six feet, to the tiny bumblebee
bat, which weighs about as much as a penny.
Most bats are specially adapted to nighttime hunting,
coming out to search for food in the dark when it’s cooler.
Fruit bats have an excellent sense of smell so they can
search for ripe fruit at dusk. These bats have adapted to
survive on fruit and nectar.
Many nocturnal bats, which eat insects, use a kind of
radar called echolocation to find their way through the
canopy and hunt for flying insects.
(l) Bruce Coleman/Photoshot
Echolocation
Nocturnal bats use echolocation
by sending out high-pitched
squeaks that bounce off anything
in their path, such as a branch
or a flying insect. The bat hears
the returning sound as an echo,
which helps it to avoid obstacles
or swoop down on its prey.
A single bat can eat
up to 3,000 insects
in one night.
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Blending In
Tropical rain-forest creatures spend much of their time
looking for food or hiding from animals that want to eat
them. Some animals and insects have colors that help them
to either sneak up on prey or hide from predators.
Many predators use camouflage when they hunt.
The dark circles on a jaguar’s coat allow it to blend into
Adalberto Rios Szalay/Sexto Sol/Digital Vision/Getty Images
A jaguar is well
camouflaged.
the shadows of the forest. The jaguar’s prey won’t see it
until it’s too late! This gives the hunter an advantage.
The large morpho butterfly doesn’t appear to be well
disguised, with its dazzling blue color. However, when the
butterfly lands on the leafy forest floor, it closes its wings
and suddenly becomes difficult to see. It shows only the
underside of its wings, which are a dull brown color.
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Scaring Away Predators
Other rain-forest creatures use bright colors to scare
away predators. Poisonous tree frogs, tarantulas with red
and brown legs, and colorful striped caterpillars all warn
attackers to keep away. Predators soon learn that the bite
or sting of these colorful creatures is dangerous or that
eating them will make the predators sick.
Other creatures keep attackers away by copying the
features of dangerous animals. These harmless creatures
have adapted so they appear to be the same color or shape
as dangerous predators. The owl butterfly has spots on its
wings that look like the eyes of an owl. This helps to keep it
safe from predators.
Although these rain-forest creatures focus on their own
Nicholas Bishop
needs, they are also dependent on one another for survival.
The bright colors and
stinging hairs of these
caterpillars keep
predators away.
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Chapter 3
Playing a Part
in the Rain Forest
All living things in the rain forest depend on each
other in some way. Scientists believe this balance has
enabled rain forests to survive for millions of years.
A Fine Balance
In any ecosystem, organisms are interconnected and
rely on one another for survival. Life in the rain forest is
finely balanced: the extinction of even one plant or animal
can throw the whole ecosystem out of balance, putting the
survival of other creatures at risk.
A Rain-forest Food Web
Pythons
Fruit Bats
Monkeys
Banana Trees
Jaguars
Insects
Orchids
Tree Frogs
Coconut Trees
Decomposers: Bacteria and Fungi
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Helping One Another
NHPA/Photoshot
The agouti and the
Brazil nut tree have a
relationship that ensures
they both survive.
Many plants and animals help one another out in the rain
forest. These relationships benefit both plant and animal.
Because there isn’t much wind in the lower layers of the
rain forest, plants depend on animals, birds, and insects to
disperse their seeds.
The Brazil nut tree and a tiny mammal called the agouti
depend on one another in the tropical rain forest. The Brazil
nut has a very hard seedpod, and the agouti is the only rainforest animal with teeth that are strong enough to open it.
The agouti feeds on some of the nuts but buries others
to eat later. Some of these submerged nuts take root
and grow. This ensures that more Brazil nut trees grow,
providing food for future generations of agoutis.
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The Brazil nut tree produces yellow flowers. In order to
produce nuts from these flowers, the Brazil nut tree must
be pollinated. This is true for many plants, and some use
brightly colored flowers, attractive smells, and sweet nectar
to encourage animal and insect pollinators to visit.
These birds visit up to 2,000 flowers a day. The sicklebill
hummingbird has a long, curved bill that fits neatly into
the heliconia flower so it can drink nectar. As it does this,
it picks up pollen from the flower. Both the flower and the
hummingbird benefit: the plant is pollinated and the bird
gets a nutritious drink.
Michael Fogden/Oxford Scientific/Getty Images
Rain-forest hummingbirds help to pollinate plants.
A sicklebill hummingbird
drinks the nectar from
the heliconia flower.
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Conclusion
Conclusion
Each layer of the tropical
rain forest is different, and
the living things in each layer
have developed and adapted
to suit the conditions. In a
forest teeming with life, many
creatures compete with one
toucan
another, while others have
found ways to work together.
Many plants and animals
(t) Buddy Mays/Photodisc/Getty Images, (tc) Comstock/PunchStock, (bc) Medioimages/PunchStock, (b) Amazon-Images/Alamy
have adaptations that help
them to compete for food
successfully and to survive
so that they can mature and
red-eyed tree frog
reproduce. Some creatures use
bright colors or poison to warn
off predators. Others have
amazing camouflage to keep
themselves from being eaten.
In the rain-forest
community, all living things
orchid flower
are connected in some way.
Their energy is passed around
through food webs, helping
to maintain the balance of this
extraordinary ecosystem.
leaf-cutter ant
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Summarize
Main Idea
Detail
Use key details from Rain-Forest
Detail
Riches to summarize how some rain-
Detail
forest animals have adapted to their
environment. Your graphic organizer
may help you.
Text Evidence
1. Identify some of the features that tell you that
Rain-Forest Riches is an expository text. GENRE
2. Reread pages 10 and 11. What special adaptations do
some rain-forest species have? How does an adaptation
help a species? MAIN IDEA AND DETAILS
3. The Greek root photo means “light” and synthesis
means “to put together.” How does knowing this help
you understand photosynthesis on page 7?
GREEK ROOTS
4. Identify the key details in the text under the subhead
Scaring Away Predators on page 13. Write about how
the details support the main idea.
WRITE ABOUT READING
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Compare Texts
Read about a scientist who studies all kinds of animals
and plants in rain forests.
Discovering the Rain Forest
Nicholas Bishop
Nic Bishop is a
scientist who
studies rain
forests. He often
photographs
the plants and
animals he sees
during his travels.
HOW DID YOU BECOME INTERESTED IN RAIN FORESTS?
I first visited a rain forest when I was young, and I was
amazed by it. There were so many trees rising into the sky,
wrapped with vines and covered in plants. Everywhere
there were incredible frogs, insects, and spiders. Brightly
colored butterflies and parrots flew among the branches.
It was so rich with all kinds of living things.
I soon discovered that I needed a better camera to
take pictures of tiny animals like beetles or birds high in
the branches. I saved to buy a new camera and eventually
taught myself how to take better photographs.
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WHY DO SCIENTISTS STUDY RAIN FORESTS?
Rain-forest plants and animals have many interesting
adaptations because they compete with one another.
Every animal is on the lookout for different predators,
so many organisms have special tricks to help them survive.
Some trees even have poison to keep animals from eating
their leaves or sticky hairs to trap hungry caterpillars. These
adaptations are very interesting to scientists.
WHAT UNUSUAL ADAPTATIONS HAVE YOU STUDIED?
The most amazing is
The snake-caterpillar from
Costa Rica scares predators
away by looking like a snake.
a caterpillar in Costa Rica
that can puff up the front
of its body to look like
(l) Mountain High Maps/Digital Wisdom, (r) Nicholas Bishop
the head of a venomous
snake. It even twists its
head around to face a
predator, like a snake
about to bite.
UNITED STATES
N
E
W
S
Nearly half of the country
of Costa Rica is covered
by rain forest .
COSTA RICA
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WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY THE VARIETY
OF LIVING THINGS IN RAIN FORESTS?
By studying living things in a
rain forest, we can make useful
discoveries. For example, many
Nakano Masahiro/amanaimagesRF/Getty Images
of the chemicals that rain-forest
animals and plants use to defend
themselves are used in medicines
that help us fight disease and
stay healthy. There might be
many useful chemicals still to be
discovered. Some of these could
help us to control the pests and
The periwinkle plant is
used to make medicine
to treat cancer.
diseases that affect crops.
WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF RAIN FORESTS?
Many rain forests have been cut down. People cut down
the trees for wood or turn the land into farms. But we have
to be careful because rain forests are very important. For
the rain-forest plants and animals, it’s often the only place
they can live. Many organisms will vanish forever if we cut
down the rain forests.
Make Connections
What has Nic Bishop learned about how life forms
vary in rain forests? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
In what ways have the snake-caterpillar and other
rain-forest animals adapted to their environments?
TEXT TO TEXT
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Glossary
adapted (uh-DAP-tuhd) adjusted to living in new or
different conditions (page 3)
camouflage (KA-muh-flahzh) the color and pattern
of an animal that allows it to hide (page 12)
decomposers (dee-kuhm-POH-zuhrs) organisms that
get their energy by breaking down dead organisms
or waste from plants or animals, for example,
bacteria and fungi (page 9)
echolocation (e-koh-loh-KAY-shuhn) high-pitched
sounds that some animals make so that they
can find objects—sounds echo back from the
surroundings and help the animal to find the object
even when it is dark or hard to see (page 11)
ecosystem (EE-koh-sis-tuhm) a community of
plants and animals and the environment they live in
(page 2)
equator (i-KWAY-tuhr) an imaginary line halfway
between the North Pole and the South Pole (page 3)
foliage (FOH-lee-ij) leaves (page 4)
nocturnal (nahk-TUHR-nuhl) active at night (page 11)
photosynthesis (foh-toh-SIN-thuh-suhs) a process by
which green plants make food using sunlight, water,
and carbon dioxide (page 7)
pollinated (PAH-luh-nay-tuhd) fertilized with pollen
from another plant (page 16)
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Index
Bishop, Nic, 19–21
canopy, 4, 5, 7–11
climate, 3
emergent layer, 4–7
food web, 14, 17
forest floor, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12
habitat, 3, 4, 8
predators, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 17, 20
understory, 4, 5, 8
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Purpose To understand how rain-forest species have adapted
to their environment
Species
Adaptation
for Rain
Forest
Possible
Threats
My
Prediction
1.
2.
3.
Procedure
Step 1
Identify three species that live in a rain forest.
List them on the table.
Step 2
For each species, explain how it is has adapted to life
in the rain forest.
Step 3
Research possible threats, such as deforestation,
to rain forests.
Step 4
For each species, predict the impact of these threats.
Conclusion Make a poster or give a presentation to explain
the impact of threats on rain-forest species.
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Program: CR 14
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Vendor: Learning Media
Level: 60
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Literature Circles
Nonfiction
The Topic
What is this text mostly about?
Vocabulary
What new words did you learn in this text?
What helped you understand their meanings?
Conclusions
What did you conclude about how plants and
animals have adapted to live in the rain forest?
Author’s Purpose
What is the author’s purpose for writing
this text?
Make Connections
How is Rain-Forest Riches like other expository
texts you have read?
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Component: LR
Vendor: Learning Media
Level: 60
G6 U1 W3 O
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Environments
Science
GR V • Benchmark 60 • Lexile TK
Grade 6 • Unit 1 Week 3
www.mheonline.com
ISBN-13 978-0-02-118641-9
MHID 0-02-118641-3
99701
EAN
9 780021 186419
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Program: CR 14
Component: LR
Vendor: Learning Media
Level: 60
G6 U1 W3 O
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