კავკასიის უნივერსიტეტი
კავკასიის სამართლის სკოლა
სტუდენტთა სამეცნიერო საზოგადოება
ჟურნალი № 8
,,სამართლებრივი განვითარება’’სტუდენტთა მე-11
სამეცნიერო კონფერენციის:
„ბუნებითი და პოზიტიური სამართალი ’’
მონაწილეთა ნაშრომები
1
G
Sinaarsi
qristianobis gavlena romis samarTalze upiratesad romis memkvidreobiTi samarTlis
konteqstSi ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
sofio kusraZe
samarTlianobis zogierTi problema ...................................................................................................................................... 27
besik sxirtlaZe mari SaraZe
zianis anazRaureba ciliswamebisTvis qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi.......................................................... 41
giorgi kakuSaZe
saqarTveloSi Svilad asayvani bavSvis uflebaTa dacvis gzebi ........................................................................... 53
mariam bolqvaZeE Ggvanca jiSiaSvili
ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia............................................................................................................................................. 61
ana nadiraZe
pornografiuli nawarmoebis an sxva
sagnis ukanono damzadeba an gavrceleba ...................................... 67
Tamar koraxaSvili
saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris funqcionirebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis
analizi da Sedareba evropul praqtikasTan .................................................................................................................... 74
nodar WiabriSvili
aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis perspeqtiva saqarTveloSi...........................................................................................87
giorgi kvirikaSvili
2
qristianobis gavlena romis samarTalze upiratesad romis
memkvidreobiTi
samarTlis konteqstSi
sofio kusraZe
samecniero xelmZRvaneli :
dimitri gegenava
I. Sesavali
samarTlis konkretuli institutisa Tu samarTlebrivi movlenis ganviTarebis
kvlevisas yuradReba unda mieqces saxelmwifos wyobas, religias, istorias da yvela
sxva mniSvnelovan faqtors, romelic masze gardauval zegavlenas axdens. amis gauTvaliswineblad obieqturi Sefasebis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia. romis samarTalze udidesi gavlena iqonia qristianobam, romelmac mis yvela doneze SeaRwia da sakuTari
principebis Sesabamisad, aiZula samyaros yvelaze Zlieri da stabiluri samarTlebrivi sistema, morgeboda axal sinamdviles.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi, sadac romauli samarTali, faqtobrivad, yvela samarTlebrivi ojaxis safuZvelia, qristianoba ki erT-erTi dominanti religiaa, mniSvnelovania dadgindes, Tu ra zegavlena moaxdina am ukanasknelma Tanamedrove samarTlis
formirebaze. romis memkvidreobiTi samarTlis kvleva aris warsulis da Soreuli
institutis Seswavla, romlis Rirebulebac istoriuli gaazrebisa Tu samomavlo
ganviTarebisTvis aris mniSvnelovani. memkvidreobiTi samarTlis romauli gageba sruladaa integrirebuli Tanamedrove samarTalSi, maT Soris, qarTul samoqalaqo samarTalSi.
naSromis mizania, gaanalizdes qristianobis, rogorc socialuri movlenis, integrireba romauli saxelmwifosa da marTlwesrigis wiaRSi, misi gavlena Zvelromauli
samarTlis sxvadasxva institutebze, principebsa da movlenebze, gansakuTrebiT ki
memkvidreobiT samarTalze; aseve, dadgindes is ZiriTadi cvlilebebi da siaxleebi,
rac qristianobam samarTlis am mniSvnelovan dargSi Semoitana. rac mTavaria, naSromis mizania, ganixilos qristianobis gavleniT reformirebuli da damkvidrebuli institutebis recefcia Tanamedrove qarTul samoqalaqo samarTalSi.
naSromSi gamoyenebuli iqneba SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi, istoriul-genetikuri, hermenevtikuli, deskrifciuli, analitikuri da sinTezuri kvlevis meTodebi.

kavkasiis samarTlis skolis bakalavriatis pirveli
kursis studenti
3
II. qristianoba romis imperiaSi
1. qristianobis gavrceleba da romis imperiis
politika principatis xanaSi
qristianoba romis aRmosavleT provinciaSi - iudeaSi (palestinaSi) Camoyalibda
da qristes pirveli mimdevrebic swored iq gaCdnen.1 igi warmoiqmna rogorc iudaizmis erT-erTi seqta. iudaizmsa da romis imperias Soris didi principuli winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobda, isini SeTanxmebulad Tanaarsebobdnen. sanam qristianoba iudaizms
gamoeyofoda, romaelebi am or religias erTmaneTisgan didad ver arCevdnen da arc
agresias iCendnen,2 imperia mas rogorc adgilobriv ebraul movlenad ganixilavda,
rac saxelmwifo interesebTan winaaRmdegobaSi ar modioda, Tumca qristes ramdenime
wlianma moRvaweobam adamianebis azrovneba radikalurad Secvala. SemdegSi momxdari
ambebis (jvarcmis, aRdgomis da a.S.) Sedegad, e.w. seqtam gafarToeba daiwyo. sabolood, iudaizmsac gamoeyo da damoukideblad ganagrZo arseboba. iudaizmisgan gamoyofis
safuZvlad ki ierusalimis, anu iudeuri centraluri kultis, dacema iqca.3 aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvelad qristianobis devna ara romaelebma, aramed iudevelebma daiwyes.
swored maT mier gandevnilma mociqulebma - pavlem da petrem iqadages romSi.4 aqedan
eyreba safuZveli imperiaSi qristianobis gavrcelebas, ramac am ideologiur erTianobas safrTxe Seuqmna.
qristianobis gavrcelebas gansakuTrebiT xeli Seuwyo im faqtma, rom yvela modgmis da rangis adamians SeeZlo misi miReba. rogorc cnobilia, qristianoba CagrulTa religiad ganixileboda. Sesabamisad, pirveli qristianuli Temebis Semadgenlobac
sazogadoebis dabali fenebis warmomadgenlebiT ganisazRvreboda. is, pirvel yovlisa,
gavrcelda monebs, gaazatebulebsa da xelosnebs Soris. aristokratia warmarTul
religias ar Ralatobda, Tumca ramdenime weliwadSi is maTi fenis garkveulma nawilmac aRiara.5 aRsaniSnavia isic, rom antikur samyaroSi fizikur srulyofilebas
didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, qristianebi ki TavianT rigebSi iRebdnen yvelas, vinc
qristes da mis mcnebebs aRiarebda. maTTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda adamianis fizikur srulyofas. saWiro iyo mxolod codvebis monanieba da sulis siwminde.6
romis mmarTvel wreebSi am religiam Tavidanve didi winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia.
qristianuli moZRvreba ewinaaRmdegeboda warmarTobas, romelzec agebuli iyo mTeli
imperia. es religia, Tavisi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, upirispirdeboda romis moqalaqeTa cxovrebis wess.7faqtobrivad, moiTxovda maTi cxovrebis radikalurad gardaqmnas zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT.8am dros sakmaod xSiri iyo imperatoris gaRmerTeba,
gansakuTrebiT misi sikvdilis Semdeg, xolo qristianoba, eyrdnoboda ra saxarebiseul princips9 („keisarsa keisrisa da RvTisa RmerTso“), am or cnebas erTmaneTSi ar
1
mSvildaZe m., adreuli qristianobis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 18.
qristianuli eklesiis istoria: I-XV ss. Sua wlebi (dasabamidan konstantnopolis dacemamde), Seadgina g. koplataZem, Tbilisi, 2009, 28.
3 momzeni T., romis istoria: aRmosavleTis provinciebi, Tbilisi, 2011, 263.
4 Scullard H.H., From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68, 1982, Taylor & Francis
e-Library, 2010, 305.
5 maSkini, n.a., romis imperiis istoria, Tbilisi, 1951, 68; mSvildaZe m., romi da aRmosavluri religiebi ax.w. I-III ss., Tbilisi, 2005, 176.
6 mSvildaZe m., romi da aRmosavluri religiebi ax.w. I-III ss., Tbilisi, 2005, 178.
7 maTeiSvili l., adreuli qristianuli eklesiis istoria, Tbilisi, 2011, 16.
8 qristianuli eklesiis istoria: I-XV ss. Sua wlebi (dasabamidan konstantnopolis dacemamde), Seadgina g. koplataZem, Tbilisi, 2009, 28.
9 miugo iesu da hrqua maT: „mieciT keisrisa keisarsa da RmrTisa RmerTsa.“, saxareba markozisi,12,17.
2
4
urevda.10SesaZlebelia, rom mmarTvelma wreebma, qristianobis saxiT TavianTi xelisuflebisTvis saSiSroeba dainaxes, Tanac qristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, „RvTaebriv sakiTxebSi uzenasia eklesia, saeroSi ki - saxelmwifo“.11 aseTi gamijvna imperatorebisTvis, miT umetes, dominatis xanaSi, miuRebeli iyo. amitomac uwevdnen ase aqtiurad mis damkvidrebas winaaRmdegobas. qristianobis devna SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rogorc misi dasawyisis CanasaxSive CaxSobis saSualeba.12
miuxedavad imisa, rom romi manamde rjulSemwynareblobiT gamoirCeoda, qristianoba imperiaSi am mxriv did winaaRmdegobas waawyda. erT-erTi mizezi saxelmwifoebriv SexedulebebSi gansxvaveba iyo. warmarTuli saxelmwifo gulisxmobda adamianze
srul batonobas nebismier sferoSi saqmianobisas, maT Soris, religiur sakiTxebSic.
amas amtkicebs Semdegi gamonaTqvamic: „Tayvani eci RmerTebs saxelmwifo kanonebis mixedviT...“. qristianebis azriT ki adamianis religiuri cxovreba ar eqvemdebareba saxelmwifos. isini moiTxovdnen „sindisis Tavisuflebas da religiur Semwynareblobas“, rac religiur sakiTxebSi saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisadmi daumorCileblobas
gulisxmobda, es ki mmarTveli wris ukmayofilebas iwvevda.13 axali religia gulisxmobda dakarguli WeSmariti Tavisuflebis dabrunebas, riTac imperiis interesebs
ewinaaRmdegeboda da mis saukunovan ideologiur sistemas anadgurebda.14 faqtobrivad, qristianoba romis xelisuflebis ideur opozicias warmoadgenda.
qristianuli cxovrebis wesiT dawyebuli, religiiT damTavrebuli romaelebisTvis yvelaferi ucxo iyo.15 SeiZleba esec imperiasa da axali moZRvrebis mimdevrebs
Soris warmoqmnili dapirispirebis erT-erTi mizezi iyos. qristianoba uaryofda yvela im tradiciasa Tu kults, rasac romSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi icavdnen da
eTayvanebodnen.16 samagierod, romaelebi qristianebs sxvadasxva uxamsobas abralebdnen
(Cvili bavSvis mkvleloba, sisxliT ziareba, garyvnileba da a.S.).17 isini qristianebs
sastikad sjidnen - zogs Tavs kveTdnen, an maxviliT klavdnen, zogs mxecebs aglejinebdnen, an qvebiT qolavdnen, zogs nel cecxlze wvavdnen, zogsac jvarze acvamdnen.
miuxedavad amdeni dabrkolebisa, qristianoba episkoposebis meSveobiT mainc axerxebda
ganmtkicebasa da ganviTarebas.18
religiuri da saxelmwifoebrivi mizezebis garda, qristianobis devnis mizezad SeiZleba dasaxeldes sazogadoebrivi damokidebulebac. miuxedavad imisa, rom qristianuli sarwmunoeba e.w. „Rarib-RatakTa sarwmunoebaa“, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebis es nawilic aqtiurad moiTxovda maT dasjas. sakmaod swrafad gaavrceles araswori informacia qristianul „ucnaur“ ritualebze da aman winaaRmdegoba ara mxolod
maRal, aramed dabal fenebSic gamoiwvia.19 uaryofiTad iyvnen ganwyobili yvela - dawyebuli imperatoridan, damTavrebuli yvelaze dabali moxeliT. xalxis masa qristianebs Tvlida damnaSaved sazogadoebis nebismier ubedurebaSi.20
10
uznaZe d., Zveli istoria, naw. 2, Tbilisi, 1920, 165.
d., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis samarTlebrivi
forma da misi aRsruleba saqarTveloSi (xelnawerze uflebiT), Tbilisi, 2016.
12 maTeiSvili l., adreuli qristianuli eklesiis istoria, Tbilisi, 2011, 90.
13gegenava d., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis samarTlebrivi
forma da misi aRsruleba saqarTveloSi(xelnawerze uflebiT), Tbilisi, 2016, 20.
14 iqve, 29; javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 3.
15 maTeiSvili l., adreuli qristianuli eklesiis istoria, Tbilisi, 2011, 59.
16gegenava d., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis samarTlebrivi
forma da misi aRsruleba saqarTveloSi(xelnawerze uflebiT), Tbilisi, 2016, 29.
17 mSvildaZe m., adreuli qristianobis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 52.
18 iqve.
19 Tellegen-Couperus O., A Short History of Roman Law, New York, 1993, 123.
20 maTeiSvili l., adreuli qristianuli eklesiis istoria, Tbilisi, 2011, 30.
11gegenava
5
I-II saukuneebSi qristianTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba gaurkveveli iyo. qristianobis amkrZalavi specialuri kanoni ar arsebobda. maTi bedi ZiriTadad provinciis
mmarTvelebze iyo damokidebuli. Tavdapirvelad isini idevnebodnen ara rwmenis, aramed qmedebebis gamo. am qmedebebSi ki, ZiriTadad, ori ram moiazreboda: 1. saxelmwifo
religiisadmi winaaRmdegoba - Secri legium; 2. keisris kultis upativcemuloba da daumorCilebloba - Crimen leasat majestiatis. mogvianebiT ki aSkara xdeba, rom maT swored rwmenis gamo sdevnidnen.21
qristianobis pirveli didi devna iwyeba neronis dros (ax.w. 64 wlidan),22 Tumca
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom neronis dros qristianebis dasja Tavs damtydari ubedurebidan ubralod martivi gamosavali iyo. Tavad neroni qristianebs realurad did
konkurentebad ar Tvlida. qristianebSi konkurentebs mxolod Zlieri da gonebamaxvili imperatorebi xedavdnen da axal religias swored isini ebrZodnen sxvadasxva
ediqtis gamocemiT Tu fizikuri zianis miyenebiT. neronis Semdeg, qristianTa devna
gaagrZeles momdevno imperatorebmac (domicianem, traianem, deciusma, valerianem).23
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela princepsi aqtiurad ar devnida qristianobas.
met-naklebad tolerantuli midgomiT gamoirCeodnen is imperatorebi, romlebsac ar
hqondaT fanatikuri damokidebuleba warmarTuli religiisadmi. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia
imperatori adriane, romelmac SedarebiT Searbila traianes mier wamowyebuli devna
da SezRuda misi winamorbedi imperatorebis mier gamocemuli qristianTa mdgomareobis damamZimebeli brZanebebis moqmedeba.24 aseve, aRsaniSnavia antoninus piusic, romelmac batonebs monebis mokvla aukrZala, iudevelebs misca windacveTis ufleba da
Sewyvita qristianTa devna.25
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom principatis xanaSi qristianobis devna sruliad SemTxveviT,
uwyvet da lokalur xasiaTs atarebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev deciusis
droidan qristianebTan SewinaaRmdegebam azri dakarga, Tundac maTi mravalricxovnobis gamo, imperatorebi ediqtebs mainc gamoscemdnen, romlebic, ZiriTadad, sikvdiliT
dasjas iTvaliswinebda da mTeli imperiis masStabiT vrceldeboda. am meqanizmebs uamravi qristiani emsxverpla kidec, Tumca amas warmarTebisTvis aranairi dadebiTi Sedegi moutania.26
2. qristianobis devna da romis imperiis
politika dominatis xanaSi
dominats safuZveli diokletianem Cauyara. man daiwyo yvelaze mwvave antiqristianuli RonisZiebebis gatareba. mas amaSi xeli Seuwyo misma keisarma - galeriusma.27
diokletianes arCeuli politika iTvaliswinebda warmarTuli religiis safuZvelze
21
mSvildaZe m., adreuli qristianobis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 53.
evsebi kesarieli, saeklesio istoria, Zveli berZnulidan Targmna, Sesavali da komentarebi daurTo
z. jaSma, Tbilisi, 2007, 81; qristianuli eklesiis istoria: I-XV ss. Sua wlebi (dasabamidan konstantnopolis dacemamde), Seadgina gvanca koplataZem, Tbilisi, 2009, 26.
23qristianuli eklesiis istoriis mokle kursi, Seadgina T. koWlamazaSvilma, s. vardosaniZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2005, 60.
24 maTeiSvili l., adreuli qristianuli eklesiis istoria, Tbilisi, 2011, 30.
25 momzeni T., romis istoria: aRmosavleTis provinciebi, Tbilisi, 2011, 271; mSvildaZe m., romi da
aRmosavluri religiebi ax.w. I-III ss., Tbilisi, 2005, 212.
26 Tellegen-Couperus O., A Short History of Roman Law, New York, 1993, 122.
27
Mayer E.A., Legitimacy of Roman Law, New York, 2004, 238.
22
6
imperiis erTiani ideologiuri sistemis Seqmnas.28 diokletianes arCevani unda gaekeTebina dromoWmul kultebsa da axal religias Soris. konservatorma imperatorma
arCevani ara sayovelTaod misaReb axal monoTeistur moZRvrebaze, aramed uZveles
RvTaebebze SeaCera. aman imperiis erTobas ki ar Seuwyo xeli, aramed uaresad daqsaqsa. qveyanaSi Sina areuloba daiwyo, ris mizezsac ukve Tavad imperatori warmoadgenda.29 misi politika moZvelebuli iyo da im periodSi veRar gamodgeboda, Tumca is
mainc gamoscemda ediqtebs qristianTa winaaRmdeg. diokletianes oTx ediqts Soris
gansakuTrebiT sastiki iyo meoTxe ediqti, romelic gamoica 304 wels da mimarTuli
iyo palestinis gubernatorisadmi: “Nomen Christianorum de leto” („dae ganadgurdes
sityva „qristiani“).30
qristianobis miRebamde romi, marTalia, politikurad uZlieresi saxelmwifo iyo,
magram misi religia ugunuri kerpTayvanismcemlobisa da uxeSi crumorwmuneobis narevi iyo. xalxs ukve aRarc swamda Zveli RmerTebis. SeiZleba iTqvas, ubralod tradiciis gamo emsaxurebodnen maT da WeSmariti RmerTis Ziebis survilic CaxSobili
hqondaT.31 imperatorTa amao mcdelobebi qristianobis winaaRmdeg grZeldeboda manam,
sanam 311 wels galesiusma ar gaauqma qristianobis amkrZalavi yvela aqti, ris Semdegac mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala.32faqtobrivad, imperatorma „CaTrevas Cayola amjobina“, radgan, devnis miuxedavad, qristianoba mainc swrafad vrceldeboda da
saxelmwifo iZulebuli iyo, axal tendencias Sewyoboda.33 am periodidan, SeiZleba
iTqvas, imperatorebi ukve acnobiereben qristianobis arss da mis mniSvnelobas romis
imperiasTan mimarTebiT, xvdebodnen, rom qristianobis devnas imperiisTvis zianis meti araferi mohqonda. saWiro iyo social-ekonomikuri Tu religiuri cvlilebebi.
qristianuli religia devnilobidan gabatonebul mdgomareobaze konstantine I-is
dros gadavida misi didi xelSewyobiT. SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom konstantinem daasrula didi xnis win dawyebuli procesi, vinaidan, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, yvela
princepsi axali religiis aqtiuri mowinaaRmdege ar yofila da zogierTma metad humanuri kanonebic ki SemoiRo.34 konstantinem ki, sabolood, 313 wels liciniusTan
erTad xeli moawera milanis ediqts, romliTac qristianoba Tanasworuflebian religiad gamocxadda.35 konstantine maqsimalurad exmareboda qristianobas ganviTarebaSi. is da misi memkvidreebi ki mudmivad cdilobdnen saxelmwifosa da eklesiis erT,
organul mTlianobad Serwymas. amis Semdgom qristianobis ganviTareba da ganmtkiceba
uSualod saxelmwifos surviliT xdeba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, qristianebSi imperiuli
Zalauflebis legitimacia ganapiroba.36
mSvildaZe m., adreuli qristianobis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 104.
maTeiSvili l., adreuli qristianuli eklesiis istoria, Tbilisi, 2011, 85.
30 iqve.
31 qristianuli eklesiis istoria: I-XV ss. Sua wlebi (dasabamidan konstantnopolis dacemamde), Seadgina g. koplataZem, Tbilisi, 2009, 3.
32 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 3.
33gegenava d., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis samarTlebrivi
forma da misi aRsruleba saqarTveloSi(xelnawerze uflebiT), Tbilisi, 2016, 29.
34 maTeiSvili l., adreuli qristianuli eklesiis istoria, Tbilisi, 2011, 91.
35 „Cven davadgineT, mivceT qristianebsa da sxva religiuri mrwamsis matarebelT, Tavisuflad aRiaron is religia, romelsac isini aniWeben upiratesobas. amieridan Cven qristianebs uflebas vaZlevT,
daicvan TavianTi mrwamsi.“ ix., mSvildaZe m., adreuli qristianobis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 118
36 evsebi kesarieli, saeklesio istoria, Zveli berZnulidan Targmna, Sesavali da komentarebi daurTo
z. jaSma, Tbilisi, 2007, 403; qristianuli eklesiis istoriis mokle kursi, Seadgina T. koWlamazaSvilma, s. vardosaniZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2005, 66; qristianuli eklesiis istoria: I-XV ss.
Sua wlebi (dasabamidan konstantnopolis dacemamde), Seadgina g. koplataZem, Tbilisi, 2009, 123.
28
29
7
3. qristianoba, rogorc romis saxelmwifos
ideologiuri safuZveli
qristianuli romis saxelmwifo koncefciis safuZveli antikur Teokratiul absolutizms daefuZna, sadac imperatori Zveleburad RmerTsa da xalxs Soris Suamavali iyo.37 romis imperiisa da qristianuli eklesiis urTierTobas safuZvlad daedo
erTianobis idea: erTi RmerTi, erTi imperia, erTi eklesia, erTi episkoposi.38 am yvelafris winsvlasa da dabrkolebas ki warmarTuli religia warmoadgenda. SeiZleba
iTqvas, istoria sapirispirod Semotrialda da jer kidev konstantines STamomavlebma daiwyes misi devna.39 Semdeg ki Teodosius I-ma qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad
aRiara da yvela sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevroba akrZala.40sabolood, warmarTuli mimdevrobebis faqtobrivad ganadgurebas imperatori iustiniane Seudga, romelmac jer
aTenis warmarTuli filosofiis skola gaacamtvera da Semdeg neoplatonizmis skolebsac daupirispirda.41 qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad da ideologiad aRiarebam eklesia-saxelmwifos mizanmimarTuli qmedebebiT antiqristianuli mimarTulebebi
Seaviwrova da, faqtobrivad, aRmofxvra kidec. warmarToba ukve qristianobasTan dapirispirebis da saxelmwifosgan damoukideblobis simbolod iqca, 42 radganac qristianoba romauli imperiis ideologiuri safuZveli iyo, romelic pirnaTlad Cadga
erTiani romauli saxelmwifos interesebis samsaxurSi.
III. qristianobis gavlena romis samarTalze
1. qristianobis ZiriTadi principebis SeWra romis
samarTlis safuZvlebSi
romis samarTalze, gansakuTrebiT ki mis ramdenime institutze, qristianobam didi
gavlena moaxdina da mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs Cauyara safuZveli. qristianobis gavrcelebasTan erTad, samarTali zogierT sakiTxSi ufro humanuri xdeboda. TandaTan
romauli samarTali Tavis gamokveTil simkacres kargavs da SeiniSneba berZnuli samarTlis gavlenac.43
mas Semdeg, rac 325 wels romSi qristianobam, faqtobrivad, saxelmwifo religiis
statusi miiRo, mkvidrdeba erTRmerTianobis anu monoTeizmis idea. qristianoba krZalavda yvela sxva RmerTis Tayvaniscemas.44misTvis dauSvebeli iyo romelime religi37
Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва, 2011, 60.
gegenava d., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis samarTlebrivi
forma da misi aRsruleba saqarTveloSi(xelnawerze uflebiT), Tbilisi, 2016, 30, ix. citireba: Van
Der Ven J.A., From Divine Law to Positive Law, A Perspective from the Science of Religion, in: Secular and
Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by R. Van Der
Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 283.
39qristianuli eklesiis istoriis mokle kursi, Seadgina T. koWlamazaSvilma, s. vardosaniZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2005, 67.
40 De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Anyclopedia of Roman Emperors, Theodosius I,
იხ., <http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm>[02.02.2016]
41 qristianuli eklesiis istoria: I-XV ss. Sua wlebi (dasabamidan konstantnopolis dacemamde), Seadgina g. koplataZem, Tbilisi, 2009, 271.
42 gegenava d., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis samarTlebrivi
forma da misi aRsruleba saqarTveloSi(xelnawerze uflebiT), Tbilisi, 2016, 31; Смирнов Е.И.,
История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра, 2007, 216.
43 Tellegen-Couperus O., A Short History of Roman Law, New York, 1993, 124.
44
„me var ufali RmerTi Seni, da ara iyvnen Senda RmerTni ucxoni Cemsa gareSe“, aTi mcneba, muxli 1..
38
8
asTan Serwyma da misi maxasiaTeblebis gadmoReba. qristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,
adamianis religiuri cxovreba saxelmwifosgan damoukidebeli unda yofiliyo.45 amas
ki Semdeg, Teodosius II-is dros, mohyva kanonikuri samarTlis Sedgena, romelic
iustiniane I-ma daxvewa da Tanamedroveobas moargo.46
aRsaniSnavia, rom nel-nela mkvidrdeba qristianuli Semwynarebluri principebi samarTlis sxvadasxva dargSi. magaliTad, individualuri pasuxismgeblobis pirncipi,
rac imas gulisxmobda, rom danaSaulis Sedegebi memkvidreebze ar gavrceldeboda.
amis Sesabamisad damkvidrda norma-principi: “Nemo punitur pro alieno delicto”.47 amasTan,
aRmoifxvra sisxlis aRebis Cveulebebi, cxovelebis dasja (obieqturi Seracxvis
principi),48 sisxlis samarTlis Temur-koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobebi.49romis samarTalSi ukve Cndeba sasjelidan ganTavisuflebis wesi da Sewyalebis cneba, Tumca romaeli iuristebi am sakiTxs sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen. sasjelisgan ganTavisufleba
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeboda, Tu postkriminaluri movlenebi Cadenil danaSauls
STanTqavda. magaliTad, gaupatiurebis SemTxvevaSi Tu damnaSave dazaralebuls colad
moiyvanda, pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavisufldeboda.50 rac Seexeba Sewyalebas, marTalia,
is romaul zogadsavaldebulo wesebs arRvevda, magram gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi
gamoiyeneboda, uzenaesi xelisuflebis mTavari atributi iyo da rac mTavaria, dRemde mniSvnelovan institutad rCeba.51 qristianobis miRebis Semdeg gamocxadda kanonis
winaSe Tanasworobis principic, rac gulisxmobda yvela piris Tanasworobas kanonis
winaSe, miuxedavad yovelgvari faqtobrivi garemoebebisa (garda asakisa da Seracxadobisa).52 es yovelive mniSvnelovania, radgan samarTali ganviTarebis maRal safexurze gadadis da adamianis fsiqikur mdgomareobas iTvaliswinebs, SeRavaTs uwevs
„uhasakoTa“ gardamaval bunebas. rac mTavaria, swored am periodSi ganisazRvreba sasjelis simkacrisa da pasuxismgeblobis asakis farglebi.
2. romis samarTlis Zireuli cvlilebebi
qristianobam safuZveli Cauyara mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs romis samarTalSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am religiam xeli Seuwyo romis samarTlis gakeTilSobilebas. am
mxriv, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia saojaxo da sisxlis samarTali. qristianobis zemoqmedebiT Seicvala danaSaulisa da sasjelis sistema, gaizarda qalTa uflebebi,
daculi iqna Persona Alieni Juris-sa da qalebis interesebi, reformirda valdebulebis
cneba da sxva.
45
maTeiSvili l., adreuli qristianuli eklesiis istoria, Tbilisi, 2011, 28; uznaZe d., Zveli istoria naw. 2, Tbilisi, 1920, 165.
46 gegenava d., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis samarTlebrivi
forma da misi aRsruleba saqarTveloSi (xelnawerze uflebiT), Tbilisi, 2016, 32.
47 „aravin daisjeba sxvisi danaSaulisaTvis.“, Латинские юридические изречения, сост. Темнов Е.И.,
Москва, 1996, 275.
48 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2013, 235.
49 gariSvili m., xoferia m., romis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2013, 485; Войко А.И., Римское и современное
уголовное право, Москва, 2003, 135.
50
gariSvili m., xoferia m., romis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2013, 504; Matrimonium subsequens tollit
peccatum praecedens – damdgari qorwineba STanTqavs manamde Cadenil danaSauls, Латинские
юридические изречения, сост. Темнов Е.И., москва, юрист, 1996, 257.
51 gariSvili m., xoferia m., romis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2013, 504.
52 iqve, 487.
9
2.1. cvlilebebi romis saojaxo samarTalSi
qristianuli religiisTvis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan warmonaqmns, swored,
ojaxi warmoadgens. misTvis erT-erTi mTavari moTxovna ojaxis siwmindis dacvaa, romis saojaxo samarTali ki qristianTa interesebsa da principebs bevr sakiTxSi ewinaaRmdegeboda.
yvelaze mniSvnelovania naTesaobis gansazRvris cvlileba. manamde romSi damkvidrebuli iyo agnaturi naTesaoba, rac gulisxmobda, rom naTesavebad mxolod erTi pater
familias-is daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebi ganixilebodnen. qristianobis damkvidrebasTan erTad ki agnaturi kognaturma (sisxliT) naTesaobam Secvala. SemdgomSi ki, kerZod, iustinianes dros, memkvidreobiTi samarTali swored kognatur naTesaobas daefuZna.53
Seicvala qorwinebis wesic. SesaZlebeli iyo qalis gaTxoveba qmarze daqvemdebarebis gareSe, anu “Sine Manu Mariti”. amis Semdeg, qals ufleba mieniWa Tavad ganekarga
Tavisi mziTvisa da Parapherna-ს bedi. mis meuRles ki misi nebarTvis gareSe mis qonebaze xeli ar miuwvdeboda. garda amisa, qals mieca memkvidreobis miRebis uflebac.54
ganisazRvra saqorwino asakic (qalisTvis - 12, kacisTvis - 14 weli). asakis dadgena mniSvnelovani iyo, vinaidan qristianoba krZalavs mcirewlovanTa qorwinebas. am
gziT saxelmwifom xeli Seuwyo axalgazrdebs, raTa mieRoT ganaTleba, gamxdariyvnen
ekonomikurad damoukidebelni da sqesobrivi momwifebis Semdeg SeeqmnaT ojaxi, rac
kidev ufro gaamyarebda mis safuZvlebs.55 qorwinebis erT-erT moTxovnad damkvidrda,
rom meqorwineebi ar unda yofiliyvnen sxvasTan qorwinebaSi da maT Soris ar unda
yofiliyo naTesauri kavSiri, radgan qristianuli moZRvreba sisxlis aRrevasa da
mravalcolianobas sastikad ewinaaRmdegeba.56
Zvel romSi ,,Pater Fafamilias“ ganusazRvreli uflebebiT sargeblobda. igi adamianis sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxsac ki ganagebda. mis uflebebSi Sedioda arasasurveli
da avadmyofi Cvilis (Monstrum) gadagdebac. am faqtma qristianebSi didi protesti
gamoiwvia. maTi wyalobiT „pater familias-s“ es ufleba jer SeizRuda, mogvianebiT ki
saerTod gauqmda.
2.2. danaSaulebi da sasjelebi
rac Seexeba sisxlis samarTals, man meti humanuroba SeiZina. qristianobis gavrcelebis periodSi, imperiaSi sakmaod sastiki sasjelebi moqmedebda. sasjeli miznad samagieros mizRvas da fizikur tanjvas isaxavda. qristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad ki
damkvidrda mosazreba, rom sasjeli ara SurisZiebis, aramed momavali danaSulebis
Tavidan acilebis saSualeba iyo. romaeli iuristebi sasjelis prevenciul daniSnulebas calsaxad aRiarebdnen.57
Frier B.W., McGinn T.A.J, A Casebook on Roman Family Law, New York, 2004, 16; gariSvili m., xoferia
m., romis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2013, 238; 2013, 238; Buckland W.W., McNair A.D., Roman Law and
Common Law, New York, 1952, 182.
54 Grubbs J.E., Women and the Law in Roman Empire, London and New York, 2002, 22; Buckland W.W., McNair
A.D., Roman Law and Common Law, New York, 1952, 31.
55 Frier B.W., McGinn T.A.J, A Casebook on Roman Family Law, New York, 2004, 28.
56 metreveli v., romis samarTali (safuZvlebi), Tbilisi, 2005, 101; pereterski i., saxelmwifosa da
samarTlis zogadi istoria, 1947, 144.
57 gariSvili m., xoferia m., romis samarTali, 2013, 501. aqedan damkvidrda Semdegi „recepti“: dausjeli ar darCes aravin - sazogadoebis interesebSia, raTa aravin ganizraxos danaSaulis Cadena.“–
53
10
cvlileba ganicada e.w. religiurma danaSaulmac. aikrZala eklesiisa da sarwmunoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi, aseve, eklesiis gaqurdva da sxva. Tumca,
isic unda iTqvas, rom „RvTis gmoba“ da „RvTis Seuracxyofa“, rogorc danaSauli,
iustinianes epoqamde ar iyo Setanili romis samarTalSi. garda amisa, samarTali ebrZvis qristianobisTvis miuRebel im mZime danaSaulebs, romlebic ojaxisa da adamianis Rirsebas xelyofs, magaliTad, Ralats, gauTxovar qalTan dauqorwineblad cxovrebas, sisxlis aRrevas, mravalqmrianobas, sodomuri codvebs, mkvlelobas, qurdobas,
ciliswamebas, crumowmeobas.58
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is, rom nel-nela izRudeba mkacri sasjelebis gamoyeneba. marTalia, isini mainc gamoiyeneboda, magram im gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, romlebsac Tavad qristianuli moZRvreba gmobda.59 aseve, qristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,
aravis aqvs sxvisi sicocxlis xelyofis uflebac. am azris damkvidreba ki nel-nela
xdeboda, radgan aseTi masStaburi cvlilebebis gatareba erTi xelis mosmiT SeuZlebeli iyo. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom swored qristianobis gavleniT, samarTali mcireoden detalebsac ki yuradRebas aqcevda, ramac mniSvnelovani gardatexa gamoiwvia masSi. bevri ram dResac ki TiTqmis ucvlelad moqmedebs sxvadasxva qveynis samarTlis
dargebsa Tu institutebSi.
2.3. valdebulebiTi samarTlis arsi
valdebulebiT samarTalTan dakavSirebiT, aRsaniSnavia erTi SemTxveva. valdebulebiTi samarTali, rogorc iustinianes instituciebSia ganmartebuli, „samarTlebrivi
borkilebia, romlebic Cven gvaiZulebs SevasruloT raime, Cveni saxelmwifos kanonebis mixedviT“.60 iustinianesTan „borkilebi“ usafuZvlod ar aris naxsenebi. XII dafis kanonis Tanaxmad, valis gadauxdelobisTvis debitori unda SeekraT TokiT an
borkilebiT. masSi borkilebis simZimec ki iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. zogierT SemTxvevaSi kreditors SeeZlo valis gadauxdelobisTvis debitoris damoneba an monad gayidva. es yvelaferi mogvianebiT, imperiis xanaSi Seicvala. debitors valis gastumreba
Tavisuflebis fasad ki ar ujdeboda, aramed ganisazRvra qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, fizikuri borkilebi samarTlebrivma borkilebma Secvales.61
3. imperatori iustiniane da qristianoba Corpus
Juris Civlis-Si
imperator iustinianes dros romis imperiasa da samarTalSi mniSvnelovani reformebi gatarda. rac yvelaze mTavaria, is zedmiwevniT iTvaliswinebda qristianuli
moZRvrebis debulebebs. mis gansakuTrebul interess iwvevda samarTali da sasamarTlo saqmianoba. keisari fiqrobda, rom „saxelmwifos usafrTxoeba eyrdnoba da
mtkicdeba iaraRiTa da kanoniT... maTi wyalobiT amaRldnen romaelebi. ase iyo war“Cum non remitti poenam Facile publice interest, ne ad maleficia temere quisquam prositiat”.
Войко А.И., Римское и современное уголовное право, Москва, 2003, 166.
58 aTi mcnebis VI, VII, VIII da IX mcnebebi swored aRniSnulze miuTiTebs.
VI - ara kac-hkla; VII - ara imruSo; VIII - ara cili swamo moyuassa Sensa zeda wamebiTa cruiTa;
IX - ara iqurdo.
59 zogierT danaSaulze sikvdiliT dasjac moqmedebda. magaliTad, qalis motaceba, sisxlis aRreva,
mruSoba, Ralati da sxv. ix., metreveli v., romis samarTali (safuZvlebi), Tbilisi, 2005, 117.
60 iqve, 70.
61 nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 88; metreveli v., romis samarTali
(safuZvlebi), Tbilisi, 2005, 70.
11
sulSi, ase iqneba momavalSic“.62 iustinianes iniciativiT da qristianul debulebebze dayrdnobiT Seiqmna Corpus Juris Civilis, romelic dRemde romis samarTlisTvis umniSvnelovanes wyaros warmoadgens.63 igi or ZiriTad mizans isaxavda: memkvidreobiT
miRebuli Zveli romis samarTlis sistematizirebasa da imperatoris xelisuflebis
ganmtkicebas.64 iustinianes samarTlis mniSvneloba misi praqtikulobiT aixsneba: „aq
samarTali gvevlineba ara marto carieli ganmartebebis da ganyenebul cnebaTa saxiT,
aramed Cven vxedavT mis moZraobis da ganviTarebis process: is TiTqos TiToeuli
praqtikuli SemTxvevis Tanaxmad isaxeba da iuristTa mudmivi davisa da mosazrebis
sferoSi yalibdeba“.65 yvelaze metad qristianobis gavlena igrZnoba novelebSi. maTi
meSveobiT, aSkara xdeba, rom samarTlis Teoriul safuZvlad swored qristianobaa
qceuli.66
IV. qristianobis gavlena romis memkvidreobiT samarTalze
1. memkvidreobiTi samarTlis arsi
memkvidreobiTi samarTali romis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleboda da ixveweboda. masze yvelaze mniSvnelovani gavlena, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, iqonia kulturam da misma umniSvnelovanesma nawilma - religiam.67 romaeli iuristebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen memkvidreobiT samarTals da sanivTo samarTlis nawilad ganixilavdnen. memkvidreoba sakuTrebis gareSe ar arsebobs, Tumca memkvidreobiT mxolod qoneba ki ara, mamkvidreblis sxvadasxva ufleba-movaleobac gadadioda. garda sakuTrebisa, memkvidreobis samarTali mWidrod ukavSirdeba ojaxis
instituts. misi didi mniSvneloba ki religiasTan mWidro kavSiriTacaa gamowveuli.
kerZod, miiCneoda, rom aucilebeli iyo piris gardacvalebis Semdeg ojaxze pasuxismgebloba sxvas aeRo, gaZRoloda mas da Seesrulebina mamkvidreblis mier datovebuli valdebulebebi, faqtobrivad, Caenacvlebina gardacvlili.68
memkvidreobiTi samarTali aris im normaTa erToblioba, romelic mesakuTris (mamkvidreblis) gardacvalebis Semdeg qonebis (samkvidros) gadacemis sakiTxs awesrigebs.69 jer kidev XII dafis kanonebi icnobda anderZiT da uanderZo, anu kanoniT memkvidreobas. romauli samarTlis mixedviT, anderZis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro
anderZSi dasaxelebul pirs rCeboda.70 Tu mamkvidrebels anderZis saSualebiT Tavisi
survili ar gamouTqvams, maSin saqme kanoniT memkvidreobasTan gvaqvs, Sesabamisad, qoneba memkvidres gadaecema kanonis safuZvelze, rigiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT. romaeli
xalxi upiratesobas anderZiT memkvidreobas aniWebda da miiCnevda, rom nebismier
frTxil da Wkuadmyofel adamians Tavisi qonebis memkvidreobiT gadacema unda gane62
Cernilovski z.m., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis msoflio istoria, tomi I, Tbilisi, 2003, 224.
Capogrossi-Colognes L., Law And Power In The Making of The Roman Commonwealth, London, 2014, 527.
64
Cernilovski z.m., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis msoflio istoria, tomi I, Tbilisi, 2003, 224.
65 dernburgi h., pandeqtebi: zogadi nawili, tomi I, Tbilisi, 1928, 14.
66 nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 21.
67 iofe o.s., nadareiSvili g.n., romis samoqalaqo samarTlis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1994, 202.
68 Mousourakis G., Fundamentals of Roman Private Law, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2012, 279; Sengelia e., memkvidreobis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2007, 42; zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, Tbilisi,
2000, 16.
69 Mousourakis G., Roman Law and the Origins of the Civil Law Tradition, Switzerland, 2015, 149; Sengelia r.,
Sengelia e., memkvidreobis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2007, 9.
63
70
Frier B.W., McGinn T.A.J., A Casebook On Roman Law, New York, 2004, 322; Mousourakis G., Fundamentals
of Roman Private Law, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2012, 279.
12
sazRvra da daedasturebina anderZiT.71
2. kanoniT memkvidreobis reforma
kanoniT memkvidreobis sakiTxi dgeba maSin, roca anderZi ar arsebobs, is kanonsawinaaRmdegoa,72 an masSi dasaxelebul memkvidres ar SeuZlia samkvidros miReba an Tavad acxadebs uars.73 aseT SemTxvevaSi memkvidreobis sakiTxi kanonis safuZvelze wydeba. amisTvis dadgenilia memkvidreTa rigiToba, romelic jer kidev XII dafis kanonebiT ganisazRvra, Semdeg pretorebis xelSewyobiT kidev gadamuSavda da gafarTovda, saboloo
saxe ki iustinianem misca Tavisi reformebis dros.74
qristianobis gavleniT cvlilebebi ganxorcielda romis memkvidreobiT samarTalSi
iustinianes periodamdec.75 amaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT, ra Tqma unda, pretorebs.
pretorebma gadaamuSaves XII dafis kanonebiT dadgenili rigiToba. amis Sedegad, garkveuli xarvezebi aRmoifxvra. kerZod, XII dafis kanonebi memkvidred ar ganixilavda
emancipirebul Svilebs, gverdiTi xazis naTesav qalebs, anu debs da sisxliT naTesavebs (Cognati). garda amisa, maT sarCeliT uzrunvelyves is pirebi, romlebsac memkvidreobis miReba ar SeeZloT, Tumca SeeZloT SeeZinaT qonebaze sakuTrebis ufleba,
anu SeeZloT pretoruli“ an „bonitaruli“ mesakuTreebi gamxdariyvnen. sarCels,
romliTac maTi ufleba iyo uzrunvelyofili, ewodeboda Interdictum Quorum
Bonorum.76
memkvidreebs samkvidros moTxovna SeeZloT garkveuli drois manZilze. magaliTad,
mSoblebisTvis gamoyofili iyo mTeli weli, xolo sxva memkvidreebisTvis - 100 dRe.
pirveli rigis memkvidred miiCneoda Svili. magram, aqve unda aRiniSnos Semdegi faqti: Tu pirveli rigis memkvidres, anu daRmavali xazis naTesavs amoewureboda samkvidros gamoTxovnaze miniWebuli vada, mas Semdeg wilis moTxovnis ufleba hqonda
rogorc agnat, ise kognat naTesavsac. (D.38.9.1.11.) magram emancipirebul Svilebs wilis moTxovna SeeZloT mxolod rogorc pirveli da mesame rigis memkvidreebs, radgan, romauli samarTlis Tanaxmad, emancipaciis dros agnaturi kavSiri wydeboda, Sesabamisad, piri veRar isargeblebda agnati naTesavis uflebebiT.77
pretorulma memkvidreobiTma samarTalma imoqmeda iustinianes periodamde, Tumca,
garkveuli SesworebebiT. ax.w. II saukuneSi Seicvala memkvidreobis sakiTxi dedasa da
Svilebs Soris. amas gansakuTrebiT xeli Seuwyo imperator adrianes dros gamocemulma Senatus Consultum Tertullianum78 da Senatus Consultum Orfitianum79. aRniSnuli
dadgenilebebis Tanaxmad, Tavisufal dedas SeeZlo mieRo masze adre gardacvlili
Svilis memkvidreoba, Tumca mas unda hqonoda Ius Liberorum80.81 Svilis gardacvalebi71
Mousourakis G., Roman Law and the Origins of the Civil Law Tradition, Switzerland, 2015, 149.
metreveli v., romis samarTali (safuZvlebi), Tbilisi, 2005, 106.
73 Mousourakis G., Fundamentals of Roman Private Law, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2012, 280.
74 iqve.
75 nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 134; gariSvili m., xoferia m., romis
samarTali, Tbilisi, 2013, 344.
76 Buckland W.W., McNair A.D., Roman Law and Common Law, New York, 1952, 181; Mousourakis G.,
Fundamentals of Roman Private Law, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2012, 281.
77 Frier B.W., McGinn T.A.J., A Casebook On Roman Law, New York, 2004, 329.
78 gamoica 117-138 wlebSi.
79 gamoica 178 wels.
80 Ius Liberorum - Tavisufali qalis es ufleba eqneboda, Tu gaaCenda minimum 3 Svils,
xolo ganTavisuflebul (gaazatebul) qals es ufleb mieniWeboda, Tu gaaCenda minimum 4
Svils.
81 Frier B.W., McGinn T.A.J., A Casebook On Roman Law, New York, 2004, 339.
72
13
sas debTan da ZmebTan SedarebiT upiratesobiT sargeblobda deda. dedis gardacvalebisas ki pirveli rigis memkvidreebad ganixilebodnen Svilebi da ara qmari.82
IV saukunis pirveli naxevridan romis memkvidreobiTi samarTali radikalurad Seicvala. qristianuli ideebi gadaiqca samarTlis Teoriul safuZvlad. gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa iustinianes mier gatarebuli reformebi samarTlis am sferoSi novelebis saSualebiT, romelzec didi gavlena qristianulma eklesiam da religiam iqonia.83
2.1. memkvidreobis subieqtebis novacia iustinianes
samarTlis mixedviT
marTalia, pretoruli memkvidreobiTi samarTali iustinianes droSic SemorCenili
iyo, Tumca imperatorma Seqmna sruliad axali da Tanamedroveobas morgebuli, sisxliT naTesaobaze dafuZnebuli kanoniT memkvidreobis samarTali. misi wesebi radikalurad gansxvavebuli iyo tradiciuli romauli normebisgan.84 man SeZlo antikurobisa da qristianobis erTmaneTTan Serwyma.85 keisarma gamosca ori mniSvnelovani novela: CXVIII da CXXVII.86
iustinianem Secvala memkvidreobis samarTlis ZiriTadi niSnebi. misi gankargulebiT
Sedgenili kanonebis mixedviT, uaryofilia pirvelSobilobis ufleba, mamrobiT sqess ar
eniWeba upiratesoba mdedrobiTTan SedarebiT memkvidreobis sakiTxebSi, sisxliT axlo
naTesavi upiratesobiT sargeblobs Soreul naTesavTan SedarebiT, uZrav-moZravi qonebis
memkvidreobis sakiTxi ar gansxvavdeboda da gverdiTi Stos naTesavebi sargebloben memkvidreobis uflebiT, vinaidan gardacvlilisa da maTi mSoblebi sisxliT axlo naTesavebad iTvlebian. 87
iustinianes dros qalis uflebebi sagrZnoblad iyo gazrdili. is genderul uTanasworobas ara mxolod bizantiaSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac ebrZoda, ris naTel magaliTsac warmoadgens somxeTi. somxeTSi memkvidreobas qalebi aranair SemTxvevaSi ar iRebdnen, mziTvis saxiTac ki. gaTxovebisas moqmedebda sacolis gamosyidvis wesi, romelic imperiaSi ukve didi xnis gauqmebuli iyo. es qalis mniSvnelobas
sagrZnoblad amcirebda da, faqtobrivad, is isev nivTad ganixileboda. swored am
faqts mohyva 543 wels iustinianes mier msgavsi SemTxvevebis aRmosafxvrelad novelis gamocema, romelic kanonismieri memkvidreebis rigiTobas adgenda.88
axali wesebis Tanaxmad, pirveli rigis memkvidred warmodgenili iyvnen daRmavali
xazis naTesavebi (Svilebi), Tanac sqesis ganurCevlad. memkvidreobis uflebiT sargeblobdnen naSvilebi da kanonierad aRiarebuli Svilebi. meore rigis memkvidreebad
warmodgenili arian aRmavali da gverdiTi xazis naTesavebi. meore rigis memkvidreebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi samkvidro gadaecemoda naxevar debs, naxevar Zmebs da maT
82
Mousourakis G., Fundamentals of Roman Private Law, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2012, 283.
nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 137.
84
Buckland W.W., McNair A.D., Roman Law and Common Law, New York, 1952, 180.
85 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 2000, 67, ix., Кареев Н., Введение в
курс истории средних веков (романо-германский мир в VI-XV вв.), СПБб, 1895, 12.
86 Kriegel A., Osenbrüggen E., Corpus Juris Civilis, Leipzig, 1872, Translated by Samuel P. Scott, The Novels of
Justinian, Cincinnati, 1932, Novella 118, 127.
იხ., <http://droitromain.upmf-grenoble.fr/Anglica/Novellae_Scott.htm> [02.02.2016]
87 nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 137; zoiZe b., feodaluri saqarTvelos memkvidreobiTi samarTali, baTumi, 1992, 29; iofe o.s., nadareiSvili g.n., romis samoqalaqo samarTlis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1994, 210.
88 nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 139; iofe o.s., nadareiSvili g.n.,
romis samoqalaqo samarTlis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1994, 211.
83
14
Svilebs. meoTxe rigis memkvidreebs warmoadgendnen sisxliT naTesavebi, anu kognati
naTesavebi (naTesavuri siaxlovis ganusazRvrelad). yvela zemoT CamoTvlili memkvidris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, memkvidreobis uflebiT sargeblobda gardacvlilis meuRle. is iRebda qonebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Raribi iyo. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arc erTi
rigis memkvidre ar arsebobda, qoneba upatrono (bona vacantia) xdeboda. 89 garkveuli
cvlilebebi Sevida umziTvo qvrivTa memkvidreobiT samarTlebriv mdgomareobaSic.
iustinianem es 53-e da 117-e novelebiT moaxerxa. cols, romelsac ar gaaCnda arc
mziTevi da arc Parapherna, keisarma mianiWa memkvidreobis miRebis ufleba bavSvebTan
erTad, Tanac, imave wilisa, rac Svilebs, oRond gankargvis uflebis gareSe, mxolod
nayofiT sargeblobis uflebiT.90
iustinianes mier dadgenili memkvidreobis rigiTobis nakls warmoadgens usasrulod gafarToebuli naTesavTa wre. amas SeiZleba gamoewvia iseTi piris memkvidred
gamocxadeba, romelTanac memkvidres araviTari urTierToba hqonia.91
2.2. anderZiT memkvidreobis reforma
anderZi aris pirovnebis nebis gamovlineba. anderZi garigebad miiCneva, vinaidan anderZSi gamoxatulia mxolod erTi mxaris neba. igi calmxrivi garigebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da klasikuri magaliTia.92
anderZiT memkvidreobis samarTalma Seqmna wesebi, romelTa dacvac aucilebeli iyo
anderZis Sedgenisas. es wesebi93 dadginda Ius Civile-sa da Ius Praetorum-is mixedviT
da moqmedebda iustinianes periodamde. iustinianes dros ki ZiriTadad Testamentum
Tripertitum gamoiyeneboda. imperatoris TqmiT, mas “Tripertitum” imitom ewodeboda, rom
sami saxis samarTlis moTxovnebi unda daekmayofilebina: 1. Ius Civile-s Tanaxmad, anderZis wera unda dawyebuliyo da dasrulebuliyo erTsa da imave dros, mowmeebis
TandaswrebiT; 2. Ius Praetorium-is mixedviT, anderZi unda daemowmebina 7 pirs; 3. saimperatoro kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, anderZze unda yofiliyo TiToeuli mowmis
xelmowera.94
Tavdapirvelad anderZis daweris ufleba hqonda mxolod kacs. mogvianebiT, principatis dasawyisSi, es ufleba miiRes qalebma da Ius Comercii-s mqone pirebmac.95 qalebsa da yru-munjebs ar SeeZloT anderZis damowmeba da es SemdgomSic ar
Secvlila.96 anderZi, romelic Wkuasusti, gamflangveli, meurveobis qveS myofi, sumetreveli v., romis samarTali (safuZvlebi), Tbilisi, 2005, 110; Buckland W.W., McNair A.D., Roman
Law and Common Law, New York, 1952, 183; nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tbilisi,
2009, 139; Mousourakis G., Fundamentals of Roman Private Law, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2012, 284; gariSvili m.,
xoferia m., romis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2013, 348; mixailova n.v., ivanova a.a., asaniZe s.r., romis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 189; Kriegel A., Osenbrüggen E., Corpus Juris Civilis, Leipzig, 1872, Translated by
Samuel P. Scott, The Novels of Justinian, Cincinnati, 1932, Novella 118, 127.
იხ., <http://droitromain.upmf-grenoble.fr/Anglica/Novellae_Scott.htm> [02.02.2016]
90 mowoneliZe g., romis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 26.
91 zoiZe b., feodaluri saqarTvelos memkvidreobiTi samarTali, baTumi, 1992, 30.
92 Sengelia r., Sengelia e., memkvidreobis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2007, 53; dernburgi h., pandeqtebi:
zogadi nawili, tomi 1, Tbilisi, 1928, 54.
93 anderZis dadeba xdeboda zepirad, Comitia Curiata-s TandaswrebiT, specialuri ceremoniis SesrulebiT. aseve, qonebis gadacema xdeboda formaluri mancipaciis gziTac.
94 Mousourakis G., Fundamentals of Roman Private Law, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2012, 286; Mousourakis G., Roman
Law and the Origins of the Civil Law Tradition, Switzerland, 2015, 151.
95
Mousourakis G., Roman Law and the Origins of the Civil Law Tradition, Switzerland, 2015, 151.
96 iustinianes instituciebis Tanaxmad, mowmis saxiT mowveuli ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo qali, arasrulwlovani, mona, yru-munji, Seuracxadi. aseve, arc is pirebi, romlebsac ar hqondaT qonebis gan89
15
liT avadmyofi an mZime danaSaulisTvis nasamarTlevi piris mier iyo Sedgenili, namdvilad ar iTvleboda.97 postklasikur periodSi garkveuli cvlilebebi moxda. imisTvis, rom yru-munjebis anderZi kanonierad CaTvliliyo, saWiro iyo, misive xeliT
yofiliyo dawerili. xolo brmebis anderZisTvis xeli unda moeweraT kanoniT gansazRvruli raodenobis mowmeebs.98 saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qalebs ar hqondaT memkvidreobis ufleba. Tumca, principatis xanaSi es problema mogvarda. aseve, Tavdapirvelad, saxelmwifo, eklesia, religiuri Tu saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi ar ganixileboda memkvidred, Tumca es wesi imperator iustinianes dros Seicvala. zogjer
memkvidred monac ki cxaddeboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi mamkvidrebeli Tavad asaxelebda
monas memkvidred. es ZiriTadad maSin xdeboda, roca monis ganTavisufleba surdaT.99
romis samarTlis mixedviT, SeiZleboda memkvidris Canacvleba. es ZiriTadad maSin
gamoiyeneboda, roca anderZSi dasaxelebuli memkvidre samkvidros miRebamde gardaicvleboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi uflebebi maT STamomavlebze gadadioda.100 iustinianem am
sakiTxSic mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi gaatara, vinaidan manamde suliT avadmyofebs an
sxva mentaluri problemebis mqone pirebs memkvidreobis miRebis an gacemis ufleba
saerTod ar hqondaT. imperatorma SemoiRo Substitutio Quasi-Pupillaris, romliTac mentaluri problemebis mqone pirebs memkvidreobis miReba SeeZloT. Tumca, am sakiTxis
gadawyveta mxolod Pater Familias-is prerogativa ki ar iyo, aramed dedis mosazrebac aucileblad unda yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli, vinaidan Svilebi dedis samkvidroze sruluflebiani memkvidreebi iyvnen. aRniSnul pirebs qoneba memkvidreobiT ZiriTadad maSin gadaecemodaT, roca sxva memkvidre, anu maTi gverdiTi xazis naTesavebi,
ar arsebobdnen. 101
yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli mniSvnelovani imitomaa, rom TandaTan xdeboda pirTa
uflebebis gaTanabreba, ar xdeba qalisa da mamakacis diskriminacia, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis pirebsac Cveulebrivi, janmrTeli adamianebis msgavsi uflebebi mieniWaT. yovelive amas safuZvlad qristianuli religia udevs, vinaidan, mis Tanaxmad,
yvela adamiani Tanasworia uflis winaSe, ganurCevlad sqesisa da fizikuri Tu gonebrivi SesaZleblobebisa.
romis samarTalSi anderZs miniWebuli hqonda „Tavisufleba“, raSic igulisxmeba,
rom moanderZe sargeblobda sruli TavisuflebiT da SeeZlo nebismieri pirisTvis
daetovebina Tavisi qoneba, vinaidan is iyo Tavisi sakuTrebis sruli ganmkargavi. es
sxvadasxva problemas iwvevda, magaliTad, xSirad kanonieri memkvidreebi usafuZvlod
rCebodnen TavianTi wilis gareSe. TandaTan saWiro gaxda moanderZis uflebebis kanoniT SezRudva. maleve gaCnda savaldebulo wilic, romelic gadaecemoda memkvidreobis gareSe darCenil kanonier memkvidres, romelic anderZSi ar iyo moxseniebuli,
magram hqonda Tavisi wilis moTxovnis ufleba.102 mogvianebiT iustinianem daawesa,
rom piris memkvidreobisgan CamoSorebisTvis saWiro iyo dasabuTebuli, samarTliani
kargvis ufleba, an manamde mowmed yofnisas uRirsad gamoacxades da dakarges es ufleba. ix., mowoneliZe g., romis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 31.
97 metreveli v., romis samarTali (safuZvlebi), Tbilisi, 2005, 107; mixailova n.v., ivanova a.a., asaniZe s.r., romis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 186.
98 mowoneliZe g., romis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 33.
99 Mousourakis G., Roman Law and the Origins of the Civil Law Tradition, Switzerland, 2015, 152.
100
Frier B.W., McGinn T.A.J., A Casebook On Roman Law, New York, 2004, 326.
101 Mousourakis G., Fundamentals of Roman Private Law, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2012, 291; Inst. Iust.
2.16.1; C 6. 26. 9.
102 metreveli v., romis samarTali (safuZvlebi), Tbilisi, 2005,108; mixailova n.v., ivanova a.a., asaniZe
s.r., romis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 193; Sengelia r., Sengelia e., memkvidreobiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 2007, 83.
16
safuZvlebi.103 imperatoris samarTliT, aseve, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo iseTi SemTxvevac, roca moanderZem kanonier memkvidres dautova samkvidros wili, magram mcire
moculobiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi kanonier memkvidres SeeZlo sarCeli Seetana sasamarTloSi savaldebulo wilis moTxovniT.104
anderZi baTildeboda, Tu is iyo kanonsawinaaRmdego da dadgenil wesebs arRvevda.
wesebSi moiazreba is, rom masSi dasaxelebuli unda yofiliyo memkvidre, dadebuli
unda yofiliyo mowmeebis TandaswrebiT da moanderZis neba-surviliT, ara ZaldatanebiTa da daSinebiT. anderZi avtomaturad gauqmdeboda, Tu piris statusi Seicvleboda uaryofiTad (Capitis deminutio), dasaxelebuli memkvidreebi uars ganacxadebdnen
memkvidreobaze an adgilze ar iqnebodnen. aseve, Tavdapirvelad, anderZis dadebis Semdeg dabadebulebs an Casaxul bavSvebsac ar eZleodaT samemkvidreo wili. es wesi
mogvianebiT Seicvala da Tu gardacvlilis Svili jer dabadebuli ar iyo, agnat da
sxva rigis memkvidreebs wilis mosaTxovnad mis dabadebamde unda daecadaT.105 Zveli
anderZi gauqmdeboda mxolod axlis SedgeniT. iustinianem SemoiRo specialuri gancaxadeba, romliTac piris anderZi avtomaturad baTildeboda. misi daweris ufleba
eZleodaT anderZis Sedgenidan 10 wlis Semdeg 3 mowmis TandaswrebiT.106
iustinianes samarTali zedmiwevniT iTvaliswinebs qristianul moZRvrebas. masze
dayrdnobiT imperatorma SeZlo memkvidreTa interesebis dacva, samemkvidreo samarTlis gamartiveba da mowesrigeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iustinianem yvela memkvidres
Tavisi adgili miuCina naTesauri kavSiris gaTvaliswinebiT. gamoricxa iseTi garemoebebi, roca kanonieri memkvidre SeiZleba darCeniliyo samkvidros wilis gareSe da
mTel qonebas gareSe piri dapatroneboda. man anderZs kanonis safuZvelze SezRuduli Tavisufleba mianiWa. sazogadoebaSi gazarda qalisa da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa mniSvneloba.
3. Corpus Juris Civilis recefcia da
misi gavrceleba
Corpus Juris Civilis da zogadad romis samarTali mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens
sxva samarTlis sistemebisTvis. misi recefcia jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi daiwyo da
mravali saxelmwifos samarTlis safuZvlad iqca.107 misi pirvel recefciaa „ekloga“,
romelic VIII saukuneSi SemuSavda. is iyo „samiwaTmoqmedo kanoni“, romelic sasoflo Temis samarTlebriv urTierTobebsa da arsebobas awesrigebda,108 Tumca Temis
mTavari miznidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa misi samemkvidreo samarTlis nawili, romelic iustinianeseuli samarTlisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom SedarebiT Semofarglulia kanoniT memkvidreTa wre da gazrdilia saxelmwifo xazinis uflebebi.109 is Sedgeba 7 rigisgan, romelSic calke, IV rigis memkvidreebad moiazreba
gardacvlilis naxevar da da naxevar Zma. aseve, VI rigis memkvidred ganixileba meuR103
Mousourakis G., Fundamentals of Roman Private Law, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2012, 294.
mowoneliZe g., romis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 41; metreveli v., romis samarTali (safuZvlebi),
Tbilisi, 2005, 108.
105 Frier B.W., McGinn T.A.J., A Casebook On Roman Law, New York, 2004, 264.
106 mowoneliZe g., romis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 25; Buckland W.W., McNair A.D., Roman Law and
Common Law, New York, 1952, 148; Mousourakis G., Fundamentals of Roman Private Law, Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg, 2012, 295.
107 dernburgi h., pandeqtebi: zogadi nawili, tomi 1, Tbilisi, 1928, 54.
108 Cernilovski z.m., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis msoflio istoria, tomi 1, Tbilisi, 2003, 227.
109 zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 2000, 67; ix., Липщиц Е.Э., Право и
суд в Византии в IV-VIII вв Л. наука, 1976, 170.
104
17
le, Tumca mas ergeba mxolod samkvidros ½ da VII rigSi memkvidred ukve saxelmwifoa dasaxelebuli.110
iustinianes mier Seqmnili samarTali sakmaod aqtualuri iyo Semdeg periodSic.
evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi iuristebi Seiswavlidnen bizantiur-romaul samarTals.
isini romauli samarTlis ideebs TavianTi saxelmwifos samarTalSi amkvidrebdnen. am
mxriv aRsaniSnavia germania, sadac romauli samarTali uSualod mmarTvelebis brZanebiT dainerga praqtikaSi. iustinianes samarTali iq gamoiyeneboda rogorc subsidiuri
da zogadi samarTali erTiani saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze. is, aseve, gamoyenebuli aqvs napoleonsac Tavisi kodeqsis Sedgenisas. SemdegSi misi ideebis damkvidreba
gagrZelda holandiaSi, ruseTSi, safrangeTSi, Tanamedrove italiaSi, espaneTsa da evropis sxva saxelmwifoebSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic.111
romauli samarTali zogadad qarTuli samarTlis umTavresi wyaroa. man didi gavlena iqonia qarTuli samarTlis Camoyalibebaze. „am mxriv saqarTveloSi ganmeorda
yvela is movlena, rasac adgili hqonda aRmosavleTis sxva marTlmadideblur qveynebSi“. misi gavlena gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia vaxtang VI samarTlis wignTa krebulze,
romelSic, calke nawilebis saxiTaa Sesuli, berZnuli da siriul-romauli samarTali. is sakmaod aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda praqtikaSic, Tumca, ufro metad analogiis
saxiT.112
qarTul da romaul-bizantiur samarTals Soris bevri msgavseba arsebobs. qalis
uflebebis mxriv qarTuli samarTali ufro axlosaa bizantiurTan, vinaidan, qali
Tavisi mziTvis sruli ganmkargavi iyo da garkveul SemTxvevebSi samkvidros miRebis
uflebac eniWeboda. qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtikidan dgindeba, rom aRniSnuli samarTlis sistemebis msgavsad, naSvileb bavSvs aqvs namdvili Svilebis Tanabari uflebebi. rogorc iustinianes 115-e noveliT „mwvalebelni“ ar sargebloben memkvidreobis
uflebiT, iseve iyo qarTul samarTalSic. aseve, romauli samarTlidanaa Semosuli
saanderZo danakisric.113 rac Seexeba dRes moqmed samarTals, am mxrivac maT Soris
bevri msgavsebaa. dResac ucvlelia memkvidreobis samarTlis cneba da misi saxeebi.114
kvlavindeburad moqmedebs savaldebulo wili. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa memkvidreTa rigiToba. is, marTalia, garkveuli cvlilebebiT, Tumca iustinianeseuli mowesrigebiT moqmedebs.115 pirveli rigis memkvidreebi Svilebi arian, Tumca Semdeg privilegirebulia gverdiTi da ara aRmavali xazis naTsavebi, rogorc es iustinianeseul samarTalSi iyo mocemuli. Zveleburad saxelmwifo xdeba umemkvidreo qonebis mesakuTre.116 aseve, gansazRvrulia meuRlis damemkvidrebis is SemTxvevebic, roca mas memkvidreobis miRebis ufleba ar aqvs.117
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jer kidev vaxtang VI Cauyara safuZveli qarTuli samarTlis harmonizacias, rac gulisxmobs mis mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas da Serwymas samyaroSi arsebul erTian samarTlebriv sistemasTan.118
110
nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, 140. aseve, cnobilia sxva mniSvnelovani recefciebic, mag., bazilikebi, proxironi, konstantine armenopulos eqvswigneuli da a.S.
111 lobJaniZe g., romis saxelmwifo da samarTali, naw.1, quTaisi, 2009, 142.
112 zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recefcia saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2005, 53.
113 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2013, 383; zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recefcia saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2005, 68.
114 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1306-e da 1307-e muxlebi.
115 iqve, 1336-e muxli.
116 iqve, 1343-e muxli.
117 iqve, 1339, 1340, 1341 da 1342-e muxlebi.
118 zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recefcia saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2005, 39.
18
V. daskvna
qristianobam romis samarTalze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia. am religiam xeli
Seuwyo mkacri romauli samarTlis „gakeTilSobilebas“, daxvewasa da ganviTarebas.
naSromSi warmodgenili iyo qristianobis ganviTarebis etapebi, misi da romis imperiis urTierTmimarTeba, misi moZRvrebebis damkvidreba romaul, gansakuTrebiT ki
memkvidreobiT samarTalSi.
romis memkvidreobiTma samarTalma gaiara rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi gza, Tumca
man mainc moaxerxa im periodisTvis SedarebiT srulyofili saxe mieRo. swored memkvidreobiTi samarTlis mowesrigebis mizniT gamocemuli novelebidan iwyeba qalis da
mamakacis genderuli Tanasworebis damkvidrebis mcdeloba, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa sazogadoebaSi integrireba, adamianebis kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis
dadgena da sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, rac uSualod qristianuli moZRvrebebidan
momdinareobda. es sakiTxebi samarTlis ganviTarebisa da daxvewisTvis gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania, radgan yvelafers aqvs warsuli da istoria. warsulis kvlevis gareSe ki SeuZlebelia samarTlis amomwuravi da srulyofili sistemis Seqmna, miT umetes, Tanamedrove samarTalSi danergili principebis umetesoba ise gamoiyeneba iuristebis mier, rom xSirad maT Sesaxeb elementaruli warmodgena ar arsebobs. qristianoba imdenad iqca romis samarTlis nawilad, es ukanaskneli ki Tanamedrove marTlwesrigis sacicocxlo elementad, rom faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia gaimijnos
qristianuli, humanuri da istoriuli normebi erTmaneTisgan. dResdReobiT samarTali ufro daxvewilia da masSi bevri ram pirdapir aris kanonSi gaTvaliswinebuli,
Tumca mis wyaros zemoxsenebuli da ganxiluli samarTlis sistemebi warmoadgens,
romlebmac waruSleli gavlena iqonies massa da mis ganviTarebaze. SeuZlebelia iuristebma gaTvalon yvela is SemTxveva, ramac SeiZleba samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba
moiTxovos. Sesabamisad, Zveli samarTlis recefcia mniSvnelovnad exmareba Tanamedrove samarTlis Seqmnas,romelic minimumamde daiyvans sakanonmdeblo xarvezebs.
19
sakanonmdeblo procesi saqarTveloSi
(SedarebiTi kvleva germaniis, safrangeTis,
aSS-sa da inglisis magaliTze)
nika gogaSvili
merab koWlamazaSvili
samecinero xelmZRvaneli: arCil borjaZe
I.
Sesavali
adamiani, jer kidev uZveles droSi, mravali saukunis win mivida im daskvnamde,
rom ama Tu im urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad saWiro iyo garkveuli wesebis arseboba, Semdeg am wesebs droTa ganmavlobaSi samarTali ewoda. samarTalSemoqmedeba nebismier saxelmwifoSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi saqmianobaa. es procesi moiTxovs
gansakuTrebul codnas, rac saxelmwifoSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi normebis Seqmnisa
da SecvlisTvis aris saWiro. samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sedegebis, kanonebisa
da sxva normatiuli aqtebis xarisxis mixedviT Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli vimsjeloT saxelmwifoze mTlianad, misi demokratiulobis, civilizebulobisa Tu kulturis doneze. kanonmdeblis ZiriTadi amocana samarTlebrivi sistemis drouli da
efeqturi mowesrigebaa, amitomac dauSvebelia naCqarevi da daufiqrebeli gadawyvetilebis miReba, radgan kanonmdeblis nebismier Secdomas SeiZleba gaumarTlebeli materialuri danaxarjebi da moqalaqeTa uflebebis darRveva mohyves. Aam yvelafris Tavidan asacilebladac aucilebelia samarTlis normis Seqmnis procesSi gaTvaliswinebul iqnes im problemebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba, rac am samarTlebrivma normam unda daareguliros. istorias uamravi SemTxveva axsovs, rodesac daufiqrebelma, mecnierulad dausabuTebelma da uxeSma samarTlebrivma gadawyvetilebam
saxelmwifo mZime ekonomikur Tu socialur mdgomareobaSi Caagdo. magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT aSS-Si „didi depresiis“ periodSi spirtiani sasmelebis warmoebisa
da moxmarebis akrZalva, ramac mafiis Seqmna, kontrabandisa, da damnaSaveobis zrda
gamoiwvia, riTac dazaralda sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo. cnobilia rogorc kargi
normatiul-samarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebebi (safrangeTis 1804 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsi), aseve mcdari, naCqarevi gadawyvetilebebi (1927 wels TurqeTma gadaiRo Sveicariis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, romlis mixedviTac aikrZala mravalcolianoba, Tumca
TurqeTis muslimuri mosaxleoba ar iyo amisaTvis mzad). swored imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aviciloT msgavsi SemTxvevebi, samarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros misi Sinaarsisa da formis gansazRvra mecnierul kvlevebze dayrdnobiT unda moxdes.119
Cveni Tema Seexeba saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo process, konkretulad ki mis Semadgenel nawilebs da am nawilebis cal-calke ganxilvas. rogorc viciT, saqarTvelo
romanul-germanuli samarTlis ojaxs miekuTvneba. Cveni umTavresi mizania, gamovik
kavkasiis samarTlis skolis bakalavriatis pirveli kursis studenti

kavkasiis samarTlis skolis bakalavriatis pirveli kursis studenti
119
lobJaniZe g., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 284-287
20
vlioT saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo procesi, davakvirdeT mis sistemas. konferenciis
Temis momzadebisas SeviswavleT 4 qveynis sakanonmdeblo procesi. es qveynebia: inglisi, aSS, safrangeTi da germania. am qveynebisa da Cveni qveynis magaliTze, im kvlevaze
dayrdnobiT, romelic CavatareT, SevecdebiT daskvnis saxiT davafiqsiroT Cveni azri
am TemasTan dakavSirebiT, aRvniSnoT, ra cvlilebebs SevitandiT saqarTvelos dRevandel sakanonmdeblo procesSi.
II.
sakanonmdeblo procesi saqarTveloSi
kanonebis Seqmnis procesi droSia ganviTarebuli. gamoiyofa samarTalSemoqmedebis
(sakanonmdeblo) procesis ori etapi.
1. winasaproeqto etapi
winasaproeqto etapi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sazogadoebaSi vlindeba socialuri
problemis samarTlis normebiT mowesrigebis moTxovna. samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis
moTxovnilebas afasebs rogorc sazogadoeba, ise Tavad samarTalSemoqmedebiTi organo. Tu saxelmwifo rwmundeba imaSi, rom aseTi problemis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebisaTvis saWiroa kanoni, maSin samarTalSemoqmedebis meore etapze, anu saproeqto
etapze gadadis. winasaproeqto etapi TiTqmis yvela qveynisaTvis erTnairia, radganac
yvela axali kanoni iwyeba ideiT, im ideiT, rom arsebobs an SesaZloa arsebobdes sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani urTierTobebi, romlebSic saxelmwifos Careva da Sesabamisi kanonis miRebaa saWiro.120
2. samarTalSemoqmedebis saproeqto etapi
samarTalSemoqmedebis saproeqto etapis, anu samarTalSemoqmedebiTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis etapis, Tavisebureba isaa, rom, erTi mxriv, muSaoba mimdinareobs uSualod sakanonmdeblo organoSi, Cven SemTxvevaSi – parlamentSi, romelic erTpalatiania, meore mxriv ki esaa inteleqtualuri saqmianoba kanonproeqtis teqstze. saproeqto etapi Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba iyofa ramdenime stadiad.121
2.1.
sakanonmdeblo inicireba
pirveli stadia aris samarTalSemoqmedebiT organoSi kanonproeqtis Setana, rasac
sakanonmdeblo iniciativa ewodeba, anu uflebamosili piris mier parlamentisaTvis
kanonproeqtis an sakanonmdeblo winadadebis wardgena. kanonproeqti aris gansaxilvelad wardgenili momavali kanonis teqsti, xolo sakanonmdeblo winadadeba - idea
momavali kanonis Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba aqvT:
•
saqarTvelos mTavrobas,
•
parlamentis wevrs, saparlamento fraqcias, parlamentis komitets,
•
afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis umaRles warmomadgenlobiT organoebs,
•
aranakleb 30 000 amomrCevels122
120
alfaiZe T., Sesavali samarTalmcodneobaSi, Tbilisi, 2009, 222
lobJaniZe g., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 287
122
saqarTvelos konstituciis 67-e muxlis 1-li punqti, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani N31-33,
1995
121
21
axali normatiuli aqtis miRebis aucileblobaSi xSirad mTavrobas arwmuneben zewolis jgufebi. magaliTad, profkavSirebs SeuZliaT zegavlena moaxdinon ministrebsa da parlamentis wevrebze, raTa miaRwion kanonis miRebas, gauqmebas an masSi cvlilebebis Setanas. amgvar saqmianobas lobizmi ewodeba, rasac ukve didi xania icnobs
msoflio samarTlebrivi praqtika. lobisturi saqmianoba saqarTveloSic legalizebuli saqmianobaa, rac niSnavs sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis mizniT lobistis iseT zemoqmedebas, romelic saqarTvelos kanoniT ar ikrZaleba.123
sakanonmdeblo inicirebis stadiaze ukve vlindeba aSkara ganmasxvavebeli detalebi, riTac saqarTvelo gamoirCeva zemoT naxsenebi qveynebisagan. kerZod, warmodgenil
qveyanebSi saqarTvelo erTaderTi qveyanaa, romelSic sakanonmdeblo inicirebis ufleba gaaCnia 30 000 amomrCevels. es qmnis erTgvar iluzias, rom xalxs pirdapir
SeuZlia Caerios kanonproeqtis inicirebaSi, magram Cveni azriT, saxelmwifo winasaproeqto etapzeve unda iTvaliswinebdes sazogadoebis moTxovnebs da saWiro ar unda
iyos amomrCevelTa pirdapiri Careva sakanonmdeblo procesSi.
saqarTveloSi dRemde dafiqsirebulia 10 kanonproeqti, romelic 30 000 amomrCevlis mier iqna inicirebuli.124 maT mier inicirebulia iseTi kanonebis miReba, romlebic exeba narkotikuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolas, SromiT kodeqsebSi cvlilebebs, ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonSi cvlilebebs, umuSevarTaTvis Semweobis daniSvnas da
a.S. miuxedavad maTi inicirebisa, es kanonproeqtebi arasodes ganxilula da miRebula
parlamentis mier, rac imas niSnavs, rom mosaxleobis moTxovnis miuxedavad, saxelmwifom SeiZleba nebismier etapze CaSalos kanonSemoqmedebiTi procesi, Tu misi miReba Tavad ar surs.
2.2.
kanonproeqtisa da sakanonmdeblo
winadadebebis ganxilva
meore stadia, rasac kanonproeqtisa da sakanonmdeblo winadadebis ganxilva ewodeba, ori etapisagan Sedgeba. „saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evropis kavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis Sesaxeb“ parlamentis dadgenilebis Sesabamisad, 1998
wlis 1 seqtembridan parlamentis sxdomaze wardgenili kanonproeqtis ganmartebiT
baraTSi, SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze, asaxuli unda iyos saerTaSoriso normebis moTxovnebi da am moTxovnebTan kanonproeqtis Sesabamisoba, rac unda moemsaxuros evropis saerTaSoriso struqturebTan saqarTvelos integraciis procesebis ganviTarebas, samarTlebrivi sistemebis daaxloebasa da harmonizacias“.125 pirvel etapze, kanonproeqti gansaxilvelad gadaecema parlamentis Sesabamis komitets, raTa
moxdes misi detaluri gaanalizeba. komiteti amzadebs kritikul daskvnebs, raTa maqsimalurad Seuwyos xeli kanonproeqtis daxvewas. kanonproeqtis iniciators ufleba
aqvs komisiasTan uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi, kanonproeqti alternativis saxiT daayenos
parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze. amis Semdeg kanonproeqti mzadaa plenarul sxdomaze gansaxilvelad, sadac parlamenti mas 3 mosmeniT ganixilavs, Tumca SesaZlebelia
kanoniT an reglamentiT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi kanonproeqtis ganxilva da miReba gamartivebuli an daCqarebuli proceduriT. parlamentis plenaruli sxdomebi, garda
sagangebo da saomari mdgomareobebisa, imarTeba, rogorc wesi, plenaruli sxdomebis
kviris oTxSabaTsa da paraskevs, 12 saaTidan 19 saaTamde, 15 saaTidan 16 saaTamde
123
lobJaniZe g., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 288-289
saqarTvelos parlamentis oficialuri veb-gverdi ix. http://37.131.231.12/#law-drafting
125
saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka: http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d01000-00---off-0samartal--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-ka-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0-0-11-10utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=samartal&cl=CL1.11&d=HASH018e083605e388a0f0c0f1d1.9.10.2
124
22
SesvenebiT. parlamentis plenaruli sxdoma SeiZleba gagrZeldes damswreTa xmebis
umravlesobiT, magram aranakleb siiTi Semadgenlobis erTi mexuTedisa. ganxilva SeiZleba gagrZeldes mxolod 21 saaTamde.126 Tu Semovida winadadeba kenWisyris gadadebis Sesaxeb, mas pirvel rigSi eyreba kenWi. gadawyvetileba miiReba sxdomaze damswreTa xmebis umravlesobiT, magram aranakleb siiTi Semadgenlobis erTi mexuTedisa.127 plenaruli sxdomis mizania kanonproeqtis ganxilva, SeniSvnebis gamoTqma da
Sesworebis Setana.
•
pirveli mosmenisas parlamenti ganixilavs kanonproeqtis zogad principebsa
da ZiriTad debulebebs.
•
meore mosmenisas xdeba kanonproeqtis arsebiTi, anu muxlobrivi ganxilva.
•
mesame mosmenisas kanonproeqtSi aRar SeiZleba redaqciuli xasiaTis cvlilebebis garda sxva raime cvlilebis Setana. amis Semdeg xdeba sabolood
redaqtirebuli kanonproeqtisaTvis kenWisyra.128
iqidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTveloSi parlamenti erTpalatiania, kanonproeqtis
ganxilva gacilebiT martivia, vidre orpalatiani umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organos mqone qveynebSi. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa129 da safrangeTis sakanonmdeblo
procesis130 msgavsad, saqarTveloSic kanonproeqtis inicirebis Semdeg masze muSaobas
iwyebs komiteti, romelmac Tavisi SeniSvnebis ganxilvis Semdeg Camoayalibos kanonproeqtis is teqsti, romelic parlamentSi plenarul sxdomaze gava gansaxilvelad.
2.3.
kanonproeqtis miReba
mesame stadia aris kanonproeqtis miReba samarTalSemoqmedebiTi organos mier saboloo mosmeniT. proceduluri TvalsazrisiT, kanonis miReba gulisxmobs imas, rom
proeqti moiwona deputatTa umravlesobam.
 konstituciuri kanonis proeqti miRebulad iTvleba, Tu mas parlamentis or
Tanmimdevrul sesiaze, sul cota sami Tvis intervaliT, mxars dauWers parlamentis sruli Semadgenlobis aranakleb sami meoTxedisa.131
 konstituciuri SeTanxmeba damtkicebulad iTvleba, Tu mas mxars dauWers
parlamentis sruli Semadgenlobis aranakleb sami mexuTedisa.132
 organuli kanoni miiReba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas mxars dauWers parlamentis
siiTi Semadgenlobis naxevarze meti.133
 kanonis, parlamentis reglamentis an dadgenilebis proeqti miRebulad iTvleba, Tu mas mxars dauWers plenarul sxdomaze damswreTa umravlesoba, magram
126
saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamentis 126-e muxlis meore punqti, N6533-Is, saqarTvelos saka-
nonmdeblo macne, 22.06.2012.
127
saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamentis 138-e muxlis mesame punqti, N6533-Is, saqarTvelos saka-
nonmdeblo macne, 22.06.2012.
128
inwkirveli g., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2010, 186
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis oficialuri veb-gverdi ix.
https://www.congress.gov/legislative-process/committee-consideration [27.03.2016]
130
safrangeTis erovnuli ansambleis oficialuri veb-gverdi ix. http://www2.assembleenationale.fr/langues/welcome-to-the-english-website-of-the-french-national-assembly#node_9511 [27.03.2016]
131
saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamentis 167-e muxlis pirveli punqti, N6533-Is, saqarTvelos saka129
nonmdeblo macne, 22.06.2012.
132
133
iqve, 167-e muxlis meore punqti.
iqve, 167-e muxlis mesame punqti.
23
aranakleb parlamentis sruli Semadgenlobis erTi mesamedisa, Tu saqarTvelos
konstituciiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.134
 parlamentis rezolucia, deklaracia, gancxadeba, mimarTva an rekomendacia miRebulad iTvleba, Tu mas mxars dauWes plenarul sxdomaze damswreTa umravlesoba, magram aranakleb parlamentis sruli Semadgenlobis erTi mesamedisa.135
Tu parlamentma daamtkica kanoni, maSin sakanonmdeblo procesis dasrulebisaTvis
ukanaskneli, Tumca yvelaze mniSvnelovani proceduraa saWiro, rac parlamentis mier
miRebuli kanonis prezidentisaTvis xelmosawerad gadacemas gulisxmobs. xelmoweras
ki SemdgomSi misi promulgireba, anu gamoqveyneba mosdevs.
2.4.
promulgacia
miRebul kanons 7 dRis vadaSi saqarTvelos parlamenti gadascems saqarTvelos
prezidents, romelsac 10 dRiani vada eZleva, raTa gaecnos da xeli moaweros kanons,136 an motivirebuli SeniSvnebiT kanonproeqti daubrunos parlaments, anu gamoiyenos „SeyovnebiTi veto“.
Tu parlamentma miiRo prezidentis SeniSvnebi, maSin is xels awers da aqveynebs
kanons misTvis gadacemidan 7 dRis vadaSi.
Tu saqarTvelos prezidentma dadgenil vadaSi ar gamoaqveyna kanoni, maSin am vadis
gasvlidan araugvianes mexuTe dRisa, mas xels awers da aqveynebs parlamentis Tavmjdomare.
saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtis gamoqveynebad iTvleba misi sruli teqstis pirveli gamoqveyneba „saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macneSi“. parlamentis mier miRebuli
normatiuli aqtebis oficialur gamoqveynebamde ar SeiZleba misi gamoqveyneba sxva
romelime beWdviT organoSi.137
kanonSemoqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo organoSi Sesuli kanonproeqtebis ganxilvis vadebis problema: safrangeTSi - 15 dRe Setanidan, germaniaSi - 6
kvira, espaneTSi - 20 dRemde da a.S. saqarTvelos parlaments jer kidev ar aqvs kanonproeqtis ganxilvis vadebis mkafio reglamenti, rac safuZveli xdeba parlamentSi
arsebuli saqmis gaWianurebisa da garkveuli politikuri Zalebis SesaZleblobis,
rom gaarTulon maTi gamocema.138
III.
analizi
Cveni kvlevis mizania saTaurSi naxsenebi qveynebis sakanonmdeblo procesis Seswavlis safuZvelze sazogadoebisTvis garkveuli saxis rekomendaciebis SeTavazeba, romelTa gadmoRebaca da morgebac qarTuli realobisaTvis mizanSewonilad migvaCnia.
rogorc zemoT mocemul informaciaSi davinaxeT, saqarTveloSi kanonproeqtis inicirebis ufleba 30 000 amomrCevelsac aqvs. msgavsi gziT inicirebul iqna daaxloebiT 10 kanonproeqti, Tumca aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rom arc erTi maTgani ar daum134
saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamentis 167-e muxlis meoTxe punqti, N6533-Is, saqarTvelos saka-
nonmdeblo macne, 22.06.2012.
135
136
iqve, 167-e muxlis me-5 nawili
saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamentis 146-e muxli, N6533-Is, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne,
22.06.2012.
137
138
alfaiZe T., Sesavali samarTalmcodneobaSi, Tbilisi, 2009, 224
lobJaniZe g., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 291-292
24
tkicebia parlaments, metic, maTi ganxilva sakomiteto etapzeve SeCerda. Sesabamisad,
SegviZlia davadginoT, rom amomrCevlebisaTvis kanonproeqtis inicirebis uflebis miniWeba araefeqturia. saxelmwifo valdebulia, reagireba moaxdinos sazogadoebaSi gaCenil moTxovnaze, rom gaCndes an Seicvalos romelime urTierTobis maregulirebeli
norma, anu azrs kargavs 30 000 amomrCevlisaTvis kanonproeqtis inicirebis ufleba,
miT umetes, Tu saxelmwifo arc amtkicebs iseT kanons, romelsac Tavad ar emxroba.
Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo procesis daxvewisaTvis SegviZlia SevitanoT cvlileba konstituciis 67-e muxlSi da gavauqmoT 30 000 amomrCevlisaTvis kanonproeqtis inicirebis ufleba, romlis gamousadegrobac bolo aTwleulSi damtkicda. Aucilebelia,
aRvniSnoT is faqti, rom muxlSi am cvlilebis Setana ar niSnavs xalxisaTvis kanonproeqtis inicirebis uflebis warTmevas. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saqarTveloSi legalizebulia lobizmi, romelic daxvewili da aprobirebuli formaa. vinaidan, aqcenti keTdeba kanonproeqtis xarisxze da ara momxre amomrCevelTa raodenobaze.
aRsaniSnavi faqtia, rom saqarTveloSi, gansxvavebiT ganviTarebuli qveynebisa, ar
gvaqvs gamoyofili etapi da organo, romlis mizanicaa kanonproeqtis Sedareba konstituciasTan da imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba mas. magaliTisaTvis: safrangeTSi parlamentis mier miRebuli kanoni egzavneba sakonstitucio komisias manam, sanam is prezidents gaegzavneba xelmosawerad.139 saqarTvelosaTvis misaRebad migvaCnia
germaniis modeli. germaniaSi qveynis federaluri prezidenti ikvlevs, Seesabameba Tu
ara kanonproeqti konstitucias.140 Tu saqarTvelos prezidentis SexedulebiT, parlamentis mier warmodgenili kanonproeqti ar Seesabameba saqarTvelos konstitucias,
maSin konstituciiT miniWebuli vetos uflebis gamoyenebisas141 SeniSvnebSi gaiwereba,
rom es kanonproeqti aucileblad unda Semowmdes saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier. Tu am ukanasknelis mier gamokvlevis Semdeg damtkicda, rom kanonproeqti, marTlac, ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias, maSin parlamenti iZulebuli gaxdeba, rom kanonproeqtSi cvlilebebi Seitanos.
garda amisa, Cven mier moZiebul informaciaze dayrdnobiT, saWirod migvaCnia, rom
saqarTvelos parlaments dauwesdes gonivruli vada kanonproeqtisaTvis kenWis sayrelad. safrangeTsa da germaniaSi arsebuli SezRudvebis darad, kerZod, safrangeTSi
parlamentarebs kanonproeqtis Sesvlidan 15 dRe aqvT mis gansaxilvelad, xolo germaniaSi es vada 6 kviramde grZeldeba.142 Tuki pirdapir „samarTlis implantirebiT“
germaniis magaliTs gadmoviRebT, es ar iqneba cudi, mxolod erTi ram unda gaviTvaliswinoT: is, rom germaniaSi ukve aris orpalatiani parlamenti, Sesabamisad, TiToeul palatas aqvs 6 kviris vada. asevea safrangeTSic - TiToeul palatas aqvs 15
dRis vada, CvenTan ki, sadac erTpalatiani parlamenti gvaqvs, 6 kvira da, miT umetes, 15 dRe aragonivruld migvaCnia. Cveni azriT, misaRebi vada unda iyos daaxloebiT 50 dRe, amiT parlaments, saqmis gaWianurebisa da sakanonmdeblo procesis garTulebis saSualeba aRar eqneba
yvelasaTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli ekonomikuri siduxWiris gamo, uamravi qarTveli sazRvargareTaa wasuli samuSaod. mosaxleobis 2014
wlis sayovelTao aRweriT, 2014 wels qarTveli emigrantebis raodenoba 88 704-a.143
139
safrangeTis erovnuli ansambleis oficialuri veb-gverdi ix. http://www2.assembleenationale.fr/langues/welcome-to-the-english-website-of-the-french-national-assembly#node_9511 [27.03.2016]
140
germaniis bundestagis oficialuri veb-gverdi ix.
http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/function/legislation [27.03.2016]
141
saqarTvelos konstituciis 73-e muxlis me-2 punqti, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani N31-33,
1995
142
lobJaniZe g., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 291-292.
143
mosaxleobis 2014 wlis sayovelTao aRweris Sedegebi ix.
25
araoficialuri wyaroebiT qarTvel emigrantTa saerTo ricxvi erT milions aRwevs.
Kkargi iqneba, Tu saqarTvelo gaiziarebs safrangeTis models sazRvargareT mcxovrebi moqalaqeebisaTvis specialuri gziT xmis micemis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT da maT
miecemaT ufleba, airCion parlamentis mcire nawili.144 2014 wlis aRweriT, safrangeTis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 66 milionia.145 oficialuri wyaroebiT ki qveynis gareT 2,5 milioni frangi cxovrobs.146 misaRebad migvaCnia, rom gadmoviRoT msgavsi
modeli da saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs mieceT saSualeba, daakompleqton saqarTvelos
parlamentis mcire nawili. es yvelaferi SesaZlebelia moxdes eleqtronul reJimSi.
bevr wamyvan qveyanaSi umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organo orpalatiania, rac
xels uwyobs kanonproeqtebis ganxilvaze meti yuradRebisa da drois daTmobas. safrangeTSi es ori palataa senati da nacionaluri asamblea, germaniaSi - bundestagi
da bundesrati, gaerTianebul samefoSi - TemTa da lordTa palata, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi - senati da warmomadgenelTa palata. saWiro rekomendaciad migvaCnia
saqarTvelos parlamentis orpalatianad gardaqmna, radganac es xels Seuwyobs kanonproeqtTa ganxilvas ufro meti saqmeSi Caxeduli piris mier, kanonproeqtis Seswavlas meti dro daeTmoboda da, Sesabamisad, miviRebT bevrad daxvewil sakanonmdeblo
sistemas. samagaliTod, safrangeTis parlamenti. senati aris parlamentis zeda palata, romelsac irCeven arapirdapiri sayovelTao arCevis gziT. es niSnavs imas, rom
senatorebs irCeven departamentTa konsulebi, delegatebi municipalitetebidan, romelTa konsulebic, realurad, irCeven 95%-s senatorebisas. municipalitetebis warmomadgenelTa raodenobas Tavad municifalitetSi Semavali mosaxleobis raodenoba
gansazRvravs, magaliTad, 9000-mde mosaxleze 1-dan 15 delegatia gansazRvruli, senatis arCevnebi e.w. „a first-past-the-post system“ or turad imarTeba. senatorTa
raodenoba 2011 wlidan moyolebuli aris 326.147 rac Seexeba nacionalur asambleas,
parlamentis qveda paltas, romelTa sxdomebic burbonTa sasaxleSi imarTeba, deputatTa ricxvi 577, romlebsac 5 wlis vadiT irCeven. asambleas 2 movaleoba akisria:
pirveli, ra Tqma unda, miiRos axali kanonebi da meore, monitoringi gauwios mTavrobas. asambleis dakompleqteba senatis msgavsad xdeba, aqac imarTeba arCevnebis meore turi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu argamovlinda gamarjvebuli.148 germaniaSi, bundestagi da
bundesrati warmoadgenen parlamentis or palatas. qveda palataSi anu bundestagSi,
masSi Sedis 630 deputati, romelTac irCeven 4 wlis vadiT sayovelTao arCevnebis
gziT, anu xdeba Cveulebrivi, CvenTvis nacnobi xmismicema, romelSi monawileobac SeuZlia nebismier srulwlovan pirs survilis mixedviT.149 bundesratSi, Sedian administraciuli erTeulebis warmomadgenlebi, sul - 69 deputati. yovel administraciul erTeuls gansazRvruli aqvs deputatTa raodenoba sakuTari mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT, magaliTad, bavariaSi 12 milionze meti adamiani cxovrobs da maT
6 „xmis“ ufleba aqvT, ai bremenSi ki 700 aTas adamianze naklebi cxovrobs da maT 3
<http://census.ge/files/pdf/Population%20press_30%2004%20Geo_last.pdf>
144
safrangeTis inglisurenovani gazeTis oficialuri veb-gverdi ix.
http://www.connexionfrance.com/French-MPs-for-French-expats-11858-news-article.html [27.03.2016]
145
safrangeTis erovnuli statistikis institutis oficialuri veb-gverdi ix.
http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATnon02145 [27.03.2016]
146
gazeTi “The Guardian” ix. <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/25/french-expats-get-ownmps>[27.03.2016]
147
safrangeTis senatis oficialuri veb-gverdi ix.
http://www.senat.fr/lng/en/senators/the_senatorial_elections.html [27.03.2016]
148
safrangeTis erovnuli ansambleis oficialuri veb-gverdi ix. http://www2.assembleenationale.fr/static/langues/english/National_Assembly_in_the_French_institutions-2014.pdf [27.03.2016]
149
germaniis bundestagis oficialuri veb-gverdi ix.
http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/elections/electionresults/election [27.03.2016]
26
„xmis“ ufleba aqvT, anu bundesratSi Semaval deputatTa raodenoba gadanawilebulia
administraciul erTeulebze da dagenilia am raodenobis minmumi da maqsimumi (3 &
6).150 es rekomendacia ar aris axali saqarTvelosTvis, radganac msgavsi kanonia Cawerilia saqarTvelos konstituciaSi, kerZod: „saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmnisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis formirebis
Semdeg saqarTvelos parlamentis SemadgenlobaSi iqneba ori palata: respublikis
sabWo da senati.“151 konstituciis imave muxlis Tanaxmad, respublikis sabWo Sedgeba
proporciuli wesiT arCeuli wevrebisagan,152 xolo senati Sedgeba afxazeTis da aWaris avtonomiur respublikebisa da saqarTvelos sxva teritoriul erTeulebSi arCeuli wevrebisa da saqarTvelos prezidentis mier daniSnuli 5 wevrisagan,153 konstituciiTvea gansazRvruli, rom palatebis Semadgenloba, uflebamosileba da arCevis wesi gansazRvruli unda iyos organuli kanoniT.154 gamomdinare iqidan, rom es
rekomendacia gansazRvrulia momavlisaTvis, migvaCnia, rom germaniis modelis gadmoReba kargi iqneboda, miT umetes, rom konstituciaSi ukve gvaqvs gawerili germaniis
msgavsi parlamentis modeli, anu erTi palatis warmomadgenelTa arCeva proporciuli sistemiT, xolo meoris dakompleqteba saxelmwifos administraciuli erTeulebis warmomadgenlebiT.
saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo procesis daxvewas xels Seuwyobs misi gamWvirvaloba
da informaciis xelmisawvdomoba. am mxriv SesaniSnavi modeli aqvs gaerTianebul samefos, sadac gansaxilveli proeqtebis,155 masSi cvlilebebis naxva SesaZlebelia vebgverdze.156 amavdroulad sakomiteto etapi, romelic meore mosmenis Semdeg iniSneba:
moicavs sajaro mosmenebsa da dainteresebuli pirebis CarTulobas. iqidan gamomdinare, rom gaerTianebul samefos bikameruli parlamenti aqvs, es procesi ormagdeba
gamWvirvalobis kuTxiT, radganac nebismierma kanonproeqtma unda gaiaros yvela gza
rogorc TemTa, aseve, lordTa palataSi. kargi iqneba, Tu saqarTveloSi dainteresebul pirebs saSualeba miecemaT sakuTari mosazreba daafiqsiron kanonproeqtTan dakavSirebiT da sasurveli cvlilebebi SesTavazon komitetebs onlain reJimSi.
saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo procedurebi, romlebic gawerilia saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamentSi, sakmaod mowesrigebulia da Seesabameba saerTaSoriso moTxovnebs. calke gansaxilveli sakiTxia, ramdenad xorcieldeba maTi dacva dRevandel realobaSi, Tumca es ukanaskneli scildeba Cvens Temas.
150
germaniis bundesratis oficialuri veb-gverdi ix. http://www.bundesrat.de/EN/organisationen/stimmenverteilung-en/stimmenverteilung-en-node.html [27.03.2016]
151
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-4 muxlis 1-li punqti, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani N31-33,
1995.
152
iqve, me-4 muxlis me-2 punqti.
153
iqve, me-4 muxlis me-3 punqti.
154
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-4 muxlis me-4 nawili, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani N31-33,
1995
155
gaerTianebuli samefos parlamentis oficialuri veb-gverdi ix.
http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/draft/ [27.03.2016]
156
gaerTianebuli samefos parlamentis oficialuri veb-gverdi ix.
http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/bills/ [27.03.2016]
27
samarTlianobis zogierTi problema
besik sxirtlaZe
mari SaraZe
samecniero xelmZRvaneli _ giorgi loria
I.
Sesavali
„es sacodavi samarTlianoba! misi sazRvrebi mTebsa da mdinareebze gadis, rac pirineis aqeT samarTliania, pirineis iqiT usamarTlobad iTvleba’’ - paskalis es sityvebi
xazs usvams samarTlianobis subieqturobas da migvaniSnebs, rom samarTlianobis zogadi, universaluri cneba ar arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, is imdenad sasurveli, saWiro da sakeTildReoa sazogadoebisTvis, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ar Sewyvetila
misi kvleva da Seswavla. naSromSi saubaria samarTlianobias cnebis Sesaxeb, romlis
sxvadasxvagvar interpretacias gvTavazoben gamoCenili moazrovneebi. Aaseve, mimovixilavT samarTlianobis ZiriTad saxeebsa da iseT gavrcelebul Teoriebs, rogorebic
roulzis, dvorkinis da nozikis Teoriebia, romlebic sxvadasxva sakiTxSi ewinaaRmdegebi an, eTanxmebian an avseben erTmaneTs.
samarTlianobis problema jer kidev antikur xanaSi gaCnda da dRemde mougvarebelia,
rac mis sirTuleze metyvelebs. mkvlevarebi far-xmals ar yridnen da samarTlianobis mravali Teoria Camoayalibes, Tumca problemis gadaWra ver SeZles, amitom samarTlianobis sakiTxi dRemde aqtualuria.
II. samarTlianobis cneba
samarTlianobis cnebis qveS sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva ram moiazreboda. Cvenamde
moRweul uZveles kanonTa krebulSi - hamurabis kodeqsSi igi orjeraa naxsenebi, erTxel prologSi da erTxelac epilogSi, romlebic naxevrad poetur stilSia dawerili. aqedan irkveva, rom babilonSi samarTlianoba niSnavda imas, rom Zliers ar unda miscemoda sustis daCagvris saSualeba.157

kavkasiis samarTlis skolis bakalavriatis pirvelikursis studenti

kavkasiis samarTlis skolis bakalavriatis pirveli kursis studenti
157
Johnston D., A Brief History Of Justice, First Edition, ix. <https://goo.gl/TwBfDr> 15-16, [24.03.2016].
28
samarTlianoba aris siqvele, miswrafeba samarTlis ganxorcielebisken (ulpiane).158
samarTlianobis Teoria momdinareobs berZnul–romauli tradiciidan, romelic emyareba princips: „icxovre Rirseulad, aravis avno, yvelas miage damsaxurebisamebr“.159
aristotelesTvis samarTlianoba aris samarTlis RirebulebiTi masStabi.160 individualur doneze samarTlianoba niSnavs TanasworTa Tanasworad da uTanasworoTa
uTanasworod Sefasebas.161
romaelTa wvlili samarTlis koncefciis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovania. romauli
msofmxedveloba samarTlianobas ukavSirebs pirovnebis uflebebis moculobas. samarTlianoba ganixileba rogorc mudmivi moTxovna da pretenzia, xelisuflebis mier
aRiarebuli da daculi iqnes adamianis piradi uflebebi.162 ulpianes ganmartebiT,
„iurisprudencia aris mecniereba samarTlianobisa da usamarTlobis Sesaxeb“163, Tumca aqve unda iTqvas, rom samarTlianoba romaelebisTvis igive iyo, rac samarTali.
Zvel romSi samarTlis kritika SeuZlebeli iyo samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiT164,
Tumca dRes aSkaraa da aRiarebulia, rom pozitiuri samarTlis norma SeiZleba usamarTlo iyos. swored amitom istoriaSi mravladaa „kanonieri usamarTlobis“ SemTxvevebi.165 maTgan jon stiuart mili gamoyofs or magaliTs: pirveli - udidesi
berZeni filosofosis, sokrates, sikvdiliT dasjaa, xolo meore, rogorc Tavad
wers, „samarTlebrivi borotebis is erTaderTi SemTxveva, romlis, sokrates dasjis
Semdeg, simwvavis Semcireba SeuZlebelia, aTas rvaasi wlis win golgoTaze momxdari
ambavia - adamiani, romelmac Tavisi cxovrebisa da saubris momswreTa mexsierebaSi
moraluri sidiadis iseTi kvali datova, rom momdevno Tvrameti saukune mas pirovnulad miagebs pativs, rogorc yovladZliers. igi mokles da mokles rogorc vin?
rogorc RvTismgmobeli. adamianebma ara Tu ver icnes TavianTi keTilismyofeli, SecdomiT is imis zust sapirispirod miiCnies, vinc iyo da rogorc uRmerTobis mwvervals, ise moeqcnen. amis gamo axla isini TviTon iTvlebian aseTebad“.166
avgustines azriT, arsebobs mudmivi da ucvleli samarTali, romelic ganasaxierebs
RvTiur gons da RmerTis nebas. is moiTxovs bunebaSi arsebuli wesrigis dacvasa da
SenarCunebas.RvTiuri goni da RmerTis neba mouwodebs adamians, saTanadod gaigos
samyaros bunebiTi samarTlis RmerTis mier dadgenili kanonebi. avgustinesTvis samarTlianoba win uswrebs saxelmwifos. misi azriT, samarTlianobasTan dakavSirebuli
urTierTobebis monawileebi ara saxelmwifo da adamiani, aramed RmerTi da adamiania.167
158
xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2015, 84.
savaneli b., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 82.
160 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2015, 93.
161 savaneli b., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 82.
162 iqve.
163 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2015, 83.
164 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2015, 84.
165 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2015, 87.
166
mili j.s., Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, 34-35, ix. <http://goo.gl/NzwkTV> [27.03.2016].
167 savaneli b., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 82-83.
159
29
jon lokis moZRvrebaSi samarTlianobas umTavresi adgili ukavia. misTvis bunebiTi
samarTlianoba udgens zRvars da mimarTulebas aZlevs samoqalaqo samarTlianobas
bunebiT uflebebze misi orientirebiT.168
jon roulzisTvis „samarTlianoba aris socialuri institutebis umTavresi Rirebuleba, iseve, rogorc azrovnebis sistemis umTavresi Rirebulebaa WeSmariteba“.169
samarTlianoba socialuri institutebis umTavresi Rirebulebaa. samarTlianobis mixedviT, kanonebi da sxva instituciebi unda gauqmdes an Seicvalos, Tu usamarTloa,
ar aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenad efeqturad an kargad SemuSavebulia isini. samarTlis
norma SeiZleba ar Sesruldes, roca pozitiuri kanoni imdenad usamarTloa, rom man
unda „dauTmos“ gza samarTlianobas.
samarTlis samarTlianobis kriteriumi ar SeiZleba iyos konkretuli qveynis pozitiuri samarTali, radgan misi parametrebi aramdgradia da dakavSirebulia am qveynis
politikuri, socialuri Tu ekonomikuri pirobebis mudmiv cvlilebasTan. samarTlis
samarTlianobis myar kriteriums warmoadgens adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebi, romlebic Camoyalibebulia saerTaSoriso paqtebSi moqalaqeobrivi, politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb.
samarTlianoba winaaRmdegobrivi da mravalaspeqtiani movlenaa, romlis cnebis Camoyalibebac SeuZlebelia, magram is mainc SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc normebi da normaTa
mTeli sistema, aseve, principebi da samarTlebrivi institutebic. samarTliani gadawyvetileba SeiZleba daefuZnos gansxvavebul RirebulebiT masStabebs. ganawileba SeiZleba moxdes samarTlianobis iseTi gansxvavebuli masStabebis safuZvelze, rogorebicaa: 1) TiToeuls Tavisi, 2) TiToeuls Tanabari, 3) TiToeuls Tavisi bunebis mixedviT, 4) TiToeuls Tavisi rangis mixedviT da a.S. samarTliani ganawilebis zemoaRniSnuli variantebi hans kelzens ekuTvnis, romelmac mTlianobaSi samarTlianobis
Teqvsmeti formula Camoayaliba (Tumca kelzenis azriT, es formulebi an uSinaarso
iyo, an gansxvavebul Sedegebs iZleoda). kelzeni saerTod uaryofda samarTlianobis
mecnierulad dasabuTebis SesaZleblobas da miiCnevda, rom misi ramdenime cneba arsebobs, romelTa Soris arCevanic wminda subieqturi Sefasebis sakiTxia.170
III. samarTlianobis saxeebi
1. formaluri samarTlianoba
samarTlianobis formaluri principi moiTxovs, rom erTnairi SemTxvevebi erTnairad
gadawydes, xolo gansxvavebuli - sxvadasxvanairad. zogjer pirovnebas uCndeba usamarTlobis gancda, radgan mas iseve eqcevian, rogorc sxvas, vinc, misi azriT, imav168
169
iqve.
Rawls J., The Theory Of Justice, 1999, 3, ix. <http://goo.gl/YzCIEP> [27.03.2016].
170 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2015, 87-88.
30
gvaradve mopyrobas ar imsaxurebs an piriqiT, roca mas ufro cudad eqcevian, Tumca
imsaxurebs iseve epyrobodnen, rogorc - viRac sxvas. samarTlianobis formaluri
principi ar ayalibebs, Tu romeli SemTxvevebia erTnairi da romeli - ara. Cven Tavad unda SevusabamoT erTi SemTxveva meores, rac ar gamoricxavs Cveni mxridan araeTikurad moqcevas. mag., Tu TanamSromeli mudmivad sxvadasxvagvarad eqceva gansxvavebuli rasis warmomadgenlebs da erTgvarad erTi da imave rasis warmomadgenlebs, is
sulac ar arRvevs samarTlianobis formalur princips, radgan Tavisi rasistuli Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare, erTnair SemTxvevebad ganixilavs erTi da imave rasis
wevrebis momsaxurebas da gansxvavebul SemTxvevebad–sxvadasxva rasis wevrebisas.
Cndeba kiTxva: ra aris kargi samarTlianobis formalur principSi, Tu is SeTavsebadia iseT usamarTlobasTan, rogoricaa rasizmi? saqme isaa, rom erTgvari SemTxvevebis erTnairad ganxilva da gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebis - sxvadasxvagvarad aucilebelia samarTlianobisTvis, magram araa sakmarisi.171
formaluri samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom norma iyos zogadi da abstraqtuli norma
unda aregulirebdes ganmeorebad urTierTobebs da mimarTuli unda iyos subieqtTa
ganusazRvreli wrisken. formaluri samarTlianoba axasiaTebs samarTlis nebismier
sistemas. formaluri Tanasworoba ki miiRweva kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principis
dacviT.172
2. sagnobrivi samarTlianoba
formaluri samarTlianobisgan gansxvavdeba e.w. sagnobrivi (individualuri) samarTlianoba. individualuri samarTlianoba iTvaliswinebs gamonakliss zogadi samarTlebrivi wesidan. samarTlis zogadi norma samarTliani iqneba, Tu igi amavdroulad
iZleva konkretuli SemTxvevis individualuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas, radgan sayovelTao, ugamonakliso normam didi usamarTloba SeiZleba gamoiwvios.173
3. socialuri samarTlianoba
termins – „socialuri samarTlianoba“ sxvadasxva gamoyeneba da interpretacia aqvs,
magram yvelaze ZiriTadi da universaluri mniSvnelobiT es aris filosifiuri cneba
– politikuri Teoria, romelic gansazRvravs, ra valdebulebebi arsebobs individebsa da sazogadoebas Soris. aseTi socialuri samarTlianoba gansxvavdeba individualuri samarTlianobis koncefciisagan. socialuri samarTlianoba ZiriTadad warmodgenilia demokratiul sazogadoebebSi. misi idea aris is, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoe171
<https://goo.gl/u4DkSG> [27.03.2016].
xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2015, 93.
173 iqve.
172
31
ba Seqmnilia socialuri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. es gamoixateba sazogadoebis wevrebis sargebelSi, uflebebsa da valdebulebebSi. mag.: usafrTxoeba, rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevris sargebeli miiRweva individualuri valdebulebebis saSualebiT daafinanson samxedro samsaxuri.
rogorc cnobilia, socialuri politika moicavs saxelmwifos moRvaweobas sazogadoebis socialuri struqturis marTvaSi, aregulirebs ZiriTadi sazogadoebrivi
jgufebis mdgomareobas, urTierTobebsa da urTierTqmedebas, amitom, kargad mofiqrebuli, Semowmebuli da balansirebuli socialuri politika gvevlineba ara marto materialuri, aramed sulieri da pirovnuli dainteresebis gamoRviZebis uZlieres saSualebad. amdenad, socialuri samarTlianoba gamoixateba im socialuri jgufebis
waxalisebasa da yovelmxriv mxardaWeraSic, romelTac SedarebiT naklebi wvlili
SeaqvT sazogadoebis progresSi (pensionerebs, umuSevrebs, socialurad daucvelebsa
da a.S.).
socialuri samarTlianobis principebidan gamomdinare, rac SeiZleba zustad rom Seesabamebodes Semosavlebis ganawileba mSromelis mier daxarjuli Sromis raodenobasa
da xarisxs, ucilobelia SevqmnaT da uzrunvelvyoT Tanabari pirobebi da SesaZleblobani, rom TiToeulma iSromos sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisad, xolo SromiTi procesis aseTi Tanabari pirobebis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi individma unda miiRs
kompensacia damatebiTi SeRavaTebisa da upiratesobebis saxiT ganawilebis sferoSi,
raTa yovelive aman rac SeiZleba naklebad imoqmedos xelfassa da moxmarebaze. amisTvis saxelmwifom Sromis sxvadasxa saxeobaze xelfasis normatiuli donis dadgenis
mizniT unda gaiTvaliswinos Sromis simZime, masTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri da emociuri daZabuloba, sirTule,saSiSroeba da mavnebloba adamianis janmrTelobisTvis,
mniSvneloba ama Tu im dargisTvis, teritoriis aTvisebis xarisxi, kadrebis deficitis simwvave da a.S.
saerTod, socialuri uzrunvelyofis materialur safuZvlebs yvela ganviTarebul
qveyanaSi warmoadgens sagadasaxado politika da igi gamoixateba Semosavlebis gadanawilebaSi mosaxleobis mdidari nawilidan RaribTa sasargeblod.
socialuri samarTlianobis Tanamedrove gageba gadmocemulia jon roulzis fundamentur naSromSi „socialuri samarTlianoba“, romelic neoliberalizmis mniSvnelovan SenaZenad iTvleba. roulzi cdilobda, eCvenebina socialuri samarTlianobis distribuciuli xasiaTi da imavdroulad ganemtkicebina azri, rom sazogadoebaSi samarTliani TanamSromlobis moTxovna liberalizmis ganuyreli niSania.
dominanturi libertarianuli SexedulebiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis keTildReobis
misaRwevad saukeTeso saSualebaa adamianis Tavisufali nebis gamoxatuleba da piradi
pasuxismgeblobis qona Caureveli sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi.174
174
ivaneiSvili g., socialuri samarTlianoba da misi realizaciis gzebi socialur politikaSi, Tbilisi, 1992, 15-19.
32
4. ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba
ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba samarTlianobis saxea, romelic garkveul privilegiebs,
movaleobebs, socialur sikeTeebs damsaxurebisda mixedviT anawilebs. is mWidrod
aris dakavSirebuli filosofiasa Tu socialur mecnierebebTan. socialuri fsiqologia ganawilebiT samarTlianobas sazRvravs imis mixedviT, Tu ra doziTaa ganawilebuli jgufis wevrebze rogorc jildo, ise xarji. ganawilebis procesSi unda
monawileobdes sul mcire 3 subieqti (maT Soris - saxelmwifo). ganawilebis masStabi SeiZleba iyos Tanasworoba, Setanili wvlili an moTxovnileba. Tanasworobis
principis mixedviT, TiToeuls unda miekuTvnos Tanabari wili. Setanili wvlilis
mixedviT ganawilebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos gasanawilebeli sikeTis SeqmnaSi
individis monawileobis xarisxi. moTxovnilebis principis Tanaxmad, TiToeuls ekuTvnis Tavisi moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad. ganawilebis principi unda SeirCes konkretuli SemTxvevis individualuri Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare. forsiSma gamoyo ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis 5 masStabi:
1. miukerZoebloba
jgufis wevrebis Semosavali TavianTi Sromis adekvaturi unda iyos. magaliTad, Tu
romelimem didi investicia gaakeTa (vTqvaT: dro, cota fuli, wevrebi, energia...),
imaze meti ekuTvnis, vinc arsebul kapitals sjerdeba da naklebi iSroma. es principi ukavSirdeba jon roulzs. is amtkicebda, rom didi socialuri ganawileba mxolod maSin moqmedebs, Tu akmayofilebs or pirobas: a) yvela adamians aqvs Tanabari,
sruliad adekvaturi pretenzia ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebze (mag., sityvis,
sindisis, aRmsareblobis da a.S.), b) nebismieri socialuri uTanasworoba, rogoricaa
SemosavlebSi sxvaoba, dakavSirebulia im poziciebsa da ofisebTan (samuSao adgilebTan), romlebic Tanabari SesaZlebobebis pirobebSia miRwevadi da ase Tu ise kargad
Semosavliani.
2. Tanasworoba
yvela mxares mouwodebs Tanabari wilis miRebasa da samuSaos gawevas, anu saSualebis miuxedavad, jgufis wevrebs Tanabari jildoebi/SeRavaTebi Tu xarjebi unda hqondeT. es principi, aseve, niSnavs Tanabar uflebebs, Semosavlebs, socialur momsaxurebebs da a.S. Tanasworoba mxars uWers im azrs, rom is, vinc 20%-iT daexmara jgufis resurss, imdenive unda mieces, ramdenic 60%-iani wvlilis Semtans.
33
3. Zalaufleba
meti Zalauflebis, statusis, kontrolis jgufebs qvemdgomebze meti ekuTvniT.
4. saWiroeba
arsebuli resursi yvela adamians Tanabar pirobebSi ayenebs, TiToeuls ekuTvnis moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad da ierarqia sruliad ugulebelyofilia. maSasadame, wvlilis
Senatanis mouxedavad, meti unda moxmardes mas, visac Wirdeba.
5. pasuxismgebloba
jgufis wevrebi, visac yvelaze bevri aqvs, valdebulni arian gaunawilon resursebi
maT, visac is TiTqmis ar gaaCnia.175
aristoteles azriT, ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis SemTxvevaSi Tanasworobas ayalibebs ganawilebis geometriuli principi. gasakeTebeli sikeTe unda ganawildes subieqtebis moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad. Tanamedrove gagebiT, ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba
gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifo cdilobs arsebuli socialuri gansxvavebis gaTanabrebas.176
175
176
samarTalmcodneobis sakiTxebi, Corpus Juris, d.gegenavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2015, 49-50.
xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2015, 91.
34
5. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba
ganawilebiTi samarTlianobisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic aqcents sazogadoebis Rirebulebebsa da maT individualur damsaxurebebze akeTebs, gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba
ar aris damokidebuli piris individualur Sexedulebebze. TiToeulma unda miiRos
Tavisi kuTvnili sikeTe. ganawilebis procesSi arc erTi mxare ar unda iyos mogebuli an wagebuli. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba Slis individualizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel sxvaobebs da yvelas Tanabar wils aZlevs. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianobis darRvevaa, rodesac erTi adamiani iparavs meoris kuTvnil nivTs. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba aris Zala, romelic awesrigebs erTis individualur urTierTobas meoris individualurTan. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba samarTlianobis
sxva gagebisgan, mag., ganawilebiTi samarTlianobisgan, romelic aqcents akeTebs imaze,
Tu ra ekuTvnis pirovnebas saerTo sazogado Rirebulebebidan. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sabazro ekonomikis pirobebi, roca saxelmwifo ar awesebs garkveul mkacr
sazRvrebs da bazari Tavisufalia. xelisuflebas evaleba mxolod calkeuli samarTlebrivi sferos mowesrigeba da gaTanabrebiTi Tanasworobis dacva, anu usamarTlobis Tavidan acileba, Tanabar pirobebSi Cayeneba, kanonis mimarT Tanasworoba, moqmedebs miwodeba-moTxovnaze Camoyalibebuli meqanizmi da ara saxelmwifos mier dadgenili, rogorc ganawilebiTSi. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianobis aSkara magaliTia kontrahirebis iZulebis principi, roca kanoni avaldebulebs monopolizebul mwarmoebels, Tanabar pirobebSi Caayenos momxmareblebi, ar gamoiyenos Tavisi ukonkurento
mdgomareoba da ar SesTavazos uzomod maRali fasebi momxarebels, usafuZvlod ar
uTxras uari produqciis miyidvaze da a.S. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba. saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis safuZvelia, mag., myidveli valdebulia, nivTis sanacvlos gadaixados safasuri, mosamarTle valdebulia, dazaralebulisTvis, zianis sanacvlod, Sesabamisi anazRaurebis gadacema uzrunvelhyos.
SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom Tanasworobis konkretuli formula ar arsebobs. sruli
cnebis Camoyalibeba mxolod hipoTeturadaa SesaZlebeli, Tumca samarTlianoba samarTlis ZiriTadi da umTavresi principia. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba dasabams RmerTis winaSe Tanasworobis ideidan iRebs, rac Semdgom normebSic aisaxa. normatiuli
gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba ki SedarebiT gvian, aRorZinebisa da ganmanaTleblobis
epoqaSi Camoyalibda. samarTlebrivad, gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba sayovelTao principia. is aseve, konstituciuri normaa, romelic krZalavs adamianTa diskriminacias
garkveuli niSnebis mixedviT. gaTanabrebiTi kanoniT mxolod garkveuli uTanasworoba
ikrZaleba. pirvelad aikrZala uTanasworoba warmoSobisa da kuTvnilebis niSniT,
Tumca kanonmdebeli ar iswrafvis totaluri Tanasworobisken , aq ZiriTadad igulisxmeba Tanasworoba adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sferoSi. saxelmwifo
ebrZvis adamianTa rasis, kanis feris, enis, sqesis, Sexedulebebis, erovnuli, eTnikuri, socialuri kuTvnilebis,warmoSobis, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobis, sacxovrebeli adgilis niSnebis mixedviT uTanasworobas, aseve, xels uwyobs garkveul
35
jgufebs (magaliTad, religiur umciresobebs) da aZlevs SeRavaTebs, rac ar arRvevs
gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianobis princips da es gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianobis erTgvari
parzdoqsia. kanonmdebeli uzrunvelyofs formalur samarTlianobas Tanasworobis
kuTxiT, xolo faqtobrivi Tanasworoba kvlav problemad rCeba. 177
IV. samarTlianobis Teoriebi
utilitarizmis Teoria Camoayalibes ieremia bentamma da jon stiuart milma. ieremia
bentami 1789 wels Tavis naSromSi - „Sesavali moralisa da samarTlis principebSi“
- wers, rom „bunebam adamiani or xelisufals dauqvemdebara: tkivilsa da siamovnebas. isini gansazRvraven, risi gakeTeba SegviZlia da risi-gvevaleba, gvmarTaven yvelaferSi, rasac vakeTebT da nebismieri Zalisxmeva, romelsac Cveni maTdami daqvemdebarebis uarsayofad gaviRebT, mxolod sapirispiros daamtkicebs. adamians SeuZlia uaryos maTi Zliereba, Tumca yovelTvis maTi morCili darCeba. sargeblianobis principi,
romelsac emyareba utilitarizmi, aRiarebs daqvemdebarebas im sistemis safuZvlad,
romlis mizanicaa „bednierebis aSeneba gonebisa da kanonis xeliT.“
sargeblianobis principSi bentami moiazrebs princips, romelic amarTlebs an ar
amarTlebs ama Tu im moqmedebas imis mixedviT, Tu risken iswrafvis is bednierebis
gazrdisken Tu Semcirebisken. sargeblianobaSi igulisxmeba sagnis is Tviseba, romliTac mas moaqvs kmayofileba, sikeTe, bedniereba an romelic Tavidan acilebs tanjvas,
borotebas, ubedurebas im mxares, romlis interesebzec vsaubrobT, iqneba es kerZo
piris Tu sazogadoebis interesebi.
bentami akonkretebs, Tu ra aris sazogadoebis interesi: „raki sazogadoeba aris „xelovnuri sxeuli“, romelic kerZo pirebisgan Sedgeba, sazogadoebis interesi aris
maTi interesebis jami, magram imisTvis rom CavwvdeT am winadadebis Sinaarss unda
gvesmodes, Tu ras niSnavs kerZo piris interesebi. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom raRac, rac
amcirebs misi tanjvis jams an zrdis mis siamovnebaTa jams, kerZo piris interesebia.“ bentamisTvis samarTlianoba aris „maqsimalurad didi keTildReoba maqsimalurad bevri adamianisTvis“. utilitarizmis Tanaxmad, sayovelTao keTildReobis ideas
upiratesoba unda mivaniWoT individualur moTxovnasTan mimarTebiT. qcevas an normas
bentami afasebs swored umravlesobisTvis gaweuli sargeblianobis, moTxovnilebisa
da interesis dakmayofilebis mixedviT.178
utilitaristebis azriT, adamiani eswrafvis bednierebasa da sixaruls. Sesabamisad,
samarTliania yvela is gadawyvetileba, romelic emsaxureba sixarulisa da bednierebis gamravlebas. samarTlianoba gulisxmobs, rom bednieri unda iyos adamianTa maqsimalurad farTo wre. utilitaristebs Soris ar aris erTiani azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu
177
178
samarTalmcodneobis sakiTxebi, Corpus Juris, d.gegenavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2015, 53-54.
samarTalmcodneobis sakiTxebi, Corpus Juris, d.gegenavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2015, 56.
36
ra aris „sazogadoebis umravlesoba“. bentamisTvis sazogadoebis umravlesoba aris
adamianTa ariTmetikuli raodenoba, xolo milis azriT, mniSvnelovania ara raodenoba, aramed Tvisobrivad da xarisxobrivad ufro maRali donis sixarulisa da bednierebis maqsimalizacia.179
roulzma Camoayaliba samarTlianobis Tanamedrove, erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli Teoria. 1971 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi „samarTlianobis Teoria” man ganaviTara bentamisa da milis Sexedulebebi socialuri xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.180
misi naSromis gamoqveynebidan sul raRac sami wlis Semdeg gamoica robert nozikis
„anarqia, saxelmwifo da utopia“, romelSic avtori maRal Sefasebas aZlevs roulzis Teorias da winaswarmetyvelebs, rom amieridan politikuri filosofiis warmomadgenlebi an misi Teoriis CarCoebSi moeqceodnen, an iZulebuli iqnebodnen, daesabuTebinaT, Tu ratom ewinaaRmdegebian mas.181 jon roulzis azriT, samarTlianoba aris
socialuri institutebis mTavari faseuloba, rogorc azrovnebis sistemis mTavar
faseulobaa WeSmariteba. igi miiCnevs, rom kanonebi da institutebi unda gauqmdes
(ar aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenad efeqturia kanoni an kargad mowyobilia socialuri
instituti), Tu isini samarTlianobas ewinaaRmdegeba, iseve, rogorc uaryofil unda
iqnes araswori Teoria (anu Teoria, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba WeSmaritebas).182
jon roulzma ganazogada ukve cnobili sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoria. misi
Teoriis mixedviT, am xelSekrulebis sagania samarTlianobis is principebi, romelsac
fiqciuri sazogadoebis wevrebi miiReben roulzis mier SemoTavazebul pirobebSi da
romlebic safuZvlad daedeba nebismier Semdgom xelSekrulebas, Tumca Znelia am
principebis aRiarebaze daiTanxmo hipoTeturi sazogadoebis wevrebi, romlebsac sakuTari piradi interesebi aqvT.183 jer kidev legisturi moZRvrebis postulats warmoadgenda is azri, rom adamianebi moqmedeben TavianTi egoisturi interesebis mixedviT,
amitom roulziseuli sazogadoebis wevrebi imyofebian e.w. „arcodnis fardis“ miRma,
anu ar ician TavianTi momavali mdgomareoba im sazogadoebaSi, romlis Camoyalibebasac apireben Tavisive miRebuli principebis safuZvelze. misi azriT, aseT pirobebSi
miRebuli principebi iqneboda samarTliani. roulzi ambobs, rom individebi SeTanxmdebodnen or ZiriTad principze, romelTagan pirveli moiTxovda Tanasworobas ZiriTad uflebebsa da TavisuflebebSi, xolo meore principis mixedviT, socialuri an
ekonomikuri uTanasworoba misaRebi iqneboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es yvelasTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki naklebad privilegirebuli jgufebisTvis iqneboda sasargeblo. am or princips Soris upiratesoba eniWeba pirvels. roulzis azriT, nebismieri
179
xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2015, 98.
iqve, 99.
181
<https://goo.gl/6iLESy> 183-184, [27.03.2016].
182
Rawls J., The Theory Of Justice, 1999, 3, ix. <http://goo.gl/YzCIEP> [27.03.2016].
183
Ролз Дж., Теория справедливости, Перевод с английского В. В. Целищева при участии В. Н. Карповича
и А. А. Шевченко, НОВОСИБИРСК, 1995, 26.
180
37
socialuri faseuloba Tanabrad unda gadanawildes, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac
araTanabari gadanawileba yvelasTvis sikeTis momtania.184
jon roulzi miiCnevs, rom samarTlianoba moiTxovs ZiriTad Tavisuflebebs yvelasaTvis, zustad Tanabar SesaZleblobebs da amave dros socialur da ekonomikur
uTanasworobas, romelic mxolod da mxolod sazogadoebis keTildReobas unda emsaxurebodes. am mosazrebas ar eTanxmeba robert noziki, romelic amtkicebs, rom yvela adamians aqvs moraluri ufleba, gamoiyenos legaluri sakuTreba survilisamebr,
ise, rom ar daazianos sxva.
nozikis yvelaze cnobili nawarmoebi, „anarqia, saxelmwifo da utopia’’, garkvulwilad roulzisTvis gacemul pasuxs warmoadgens. igi mxars uWers samarTlianobis istoriul princips da amiT akritikebs roulzsac da utilitarizmsac. nozikis gadmosaxedidan, ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros mxolod da mxolod Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT. umniSvnelovanesia imis garkveva, Tu saidan da rogor gaCnda ganawilebis sagani. utilitarizmi emxroba iseT ganawilebas, romelic sayovelTaod sargebliania da roulzi saukeTesod miiCnevs im relokalizebas, romelsac yvelaze meti sargebeli moaqvs sazogadoebis yvelaze daCagruli fenisTvis, magram nozikis azriT, arcerTi mocemuli SemTxveva ar gvaZlevs sakmarisad samarTlian
Sedegs. igi miiCnevs, rom samarTlianoba miiRweva maSin, roca ori principi sruldeba
samarTliani daufleba da samarTliani gadacema. am ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba im nivTebis dauflebis xerxi, romelsac manamde mesakuTre ar hyavda.
„me vflob imasac, rasac TviTon gamovigoneb misi dapatentepis uflebasTan erTad,
mxolod imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tuki aravis daupatentebia es idea manamde. Cven SegviZlia daveufloT sxvisi sakuTrebis sagnebsac samarTliani gadacemis wyalobiT, rodesac uflebis gadacema xdeba legitimurad da nebayoflobiT, yovelgvari iZulebis
da TaRliTobis gareSe“-wers igi. aqedan gamomdinare, noziki Tvlida, rom ekonomikuri uTanasworoba samarTliania im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi sazogadoebis nebiT warmoiqmneba. mas moyvanili aqvs magaliTi, romelSic sazogadoebis erTi wevri xdeba sxva
wevrebze mdidari maTive nebiT. magaliTad, Tu sazogadoebis wevrebi, romlebsac Tanabari qoneba aqvT, moindomeben sakuTari qonebis nawili gadascen romelime cnobil
sportsmens, raTa man SeZlos moRvaweobis gagrZeleba amiT, isini gaRaribdebian, erTi
SexedviT Tanasworoba dairRveva, Tumca es maTive nebiT xdeba da amitom nozikis azriT, amgvari uTanasworoba misaRebia.
magaliTi aCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba gaCndes ekonomikuri uTanasworoba adamianis
surviliT, romel SemTxvevasac, TiTqos, roulzis samarTlianobis Teoria ar moicavs, Tumca sportsmenis gulSematkivrebis saqcieli miesadageba roulziseul princips: ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi yvelasTvis. amaSi unda moiazrebodes adamianis uflebac, moiqces ise, rogorc surs, ra Tqma unda, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom igi ar avnebs sxvas. garda amisa, mocemuli situacia emsaxureba sazogadoebis sayovelTao ke184
Ролз Дж., Теория справедливости, Перевод с английского В. В. Целищева при участии В. Н. Карповича
и А. А. Шевченко, НОВОСИБИРСК, 1995, 28.
38
TildReobas, radgan, Tuki adamianebi moqmedeben sakuTari interesebis gaTvaliwinebiT,
survilisameb, ar azaraleben sxvas da ufro metic, sargebels iZlevian, amgvari qmedeba maTTvis bednierebis mimniWebeli iqneba. bedniereba ki pirdapir kavSirSia keTildReobasTan. gamodis, rom sayovelTao keTildReobisTvis aucilebelia, rom gaTvaliswinebuli iyos sazogadoebis nebeloba. sxvagvarad rom iTqvas, keTildReoba dakargavs Tavis azrs, Tuki sazogadoebis survili ar iqneba misi ganmkargveli da iarsebebs xalxis nebisgan damoukideblad.
noziki amaxvilebda yuradRebas imaze, rom samarTlianobisTvis aucilebelia adamianTa
uflebebis pativiscema. ra Tqma unda, yvela danarCeni mecnieric (maT Soris - utilitaristebic da roulzic) iziarebs am pozicias, magram sainteresoa, Tu romel
uflebebs moiazreben isini. nozikisTvis umTavresi ufleba aris Tavisufleba. rodesac saxelmwifo cdilobs mdidari fenis saSualebiT Raribi fenis mdgomareoba gaaumjobesos, is uxeSad ereva mesakuTreTa TavisuflebaSi da zRudavs maTi sakuTrebis
uflebas. rodesac saxelmwifo gviwesebs gadasaxads da gvarTmevs fuls daukiTxavad,
nozikis azriT, Tavisufleba gvezRudeba, radgan yvelas aqvs ufleba, gankargos qoneba survilisamebr. misTvis miuRebelia saxelmwifos Careva socialur dacvaSi (adamianma TavisiT unda gadawyvitos, Seinaxos Tu ara fuli), xelfasis minimumis dawesebaSi (am dros irRveva rogorc dasaqmebulis, aseve damsaqmeblis ufleba, SeTanxmdnen
anazRaurebaze), sajaro skolasa da struqturebis umetesobaSi, romelTac dRes saxelmwifo afiansebs. noziki libertarianelia da Sesabamisad, aRiarebs saxelmwifos
minimalur Carevas ekonomikaSi. misi azriT, saxelmwifos movaleoba Semoifargleba
erovnuli TavdacviT, gzebis uzrunvelyofiT, policiis Zalebis gamagrebiT, imisTvis,
rom maT daicvan adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi (zogi libertarianelisTvis,
saxelmwifos Careva ekonomikasa da sazogado cxovrebaSi am doziTac zedmetia).185
roulzisa da nozikis Teoriebi SeiZleba urTierTsawinaaRmdegod gveCvenebodes, magram dvorkini gvTavazobs „hibridul Sexedulebas’’, romelic mxareebs Soris gansxvavebas aRmofxvris. misi azriT, TiToeulma adamianma unda daiwyos cxovreba sxvebTan
Tanabari resursebiT da samarTliani moRvaweobis Semdeg proporciulad gadanawilebuli sargebeli miiRos. piris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, misi qoneba unda daubrundes saxelmwifos. dvorkinis mixedviT, sirTules warmoadgens is, rom adamianis resursebSi mis simdidresTan erTad moiazreba gauTvaliswinebeli ubeduri SemTxvevebic. ase rom, ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba unda moicavdes aseTi SemTxvevebis Sedegad
miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebasac, rasac sadazRveo bazari unda uzrunvelyofdes.186 dvorkini gvTavazobs yvelasaTvis Tanabar sawyiss da saqmianobis Sesaferisad
miRebuli samarTlianobis garantias: adamianebma unda miiRon individualuri gadawyvetilebebi. ise, rom ar avnon danarCenebs da aitanon yvelaferi, rasac Sedegad miiRe-
185
Colin R.F. John Rawls, Robert Nozick, and the Difference Principle: Finding Common Ground, ix.
<http://goo.gl/MhqQVr> [27.03.2016].
186
Arneson D., Distributive Justice: Basic Issues ix. <https://goo.gl/wRgac9> , [27.03.2016].
39
ben, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac Sedegi maTi arCevnisagan damoukideblad, uiRblobis gamo dgeba (ubeduri SemTxvevebi).187
V. daskvna
samarTlianobis cnebis Camoyalibebas mravali moazrovne ecada, maT mier SemoTavazebuli variantebi arasrulia da yvela SemTxvevas ar iTvaliswinebs, Sesabamisad, yvelze sworia hans kelzenis azri, romelic Tavad mivida am daskvnamde. samarTliani qceva unda akmayofilebdes qristianuli moZRvrebis oqros wess: „moeqeci sxvas ise, rogorc Sen isurvebdi moggceodnen“, Tumca es principi ufro metad individualuri
samarTlianobisTvisaa gamosadegi. samarTlianobis universaluri cneba ar arsebobs da
arc iarsebebs, radgan samarTlianoba wmindad subieqturi Sexedulebis sakiTxia.
samarTlianobis Teoriis Camoyalibeba, romelic zustad gansazRvravs, Tu ra aris samarTlianoba, SeuZlebelia an SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tavad davuSvebT raime SeuZlebels Cvenive Teoriis mixedviT. swored amas akeTebdnen roulzi da
dvorkini, roca iswrafodnen, SeeqmnaT samarTlianobis iseTi Teoria, romelSic individis azri saTanadod iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli, xolo, rac Seexeba utilitarizms,
igi ara mxolod imitomaa problemuri, rom individis interesebi araa daculi, aramed imitomac, rom zustad ver ayalibebs cnebas, Tu ra aris sazogadoebis umravlesoba.
erTi mxriv, sisuleled SeiZleba gveCvenos swrafva iseTi SeuZlebeli movlenisken,
rogoric samarTlianobis damyarebaa, magram gana aseve ar veswrafiT samoTxes, romlis arsebobis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebic ar gvaqvs? swored es swrafva
gvxdis Cven ukeTess. Tu igi gaqreba, SeiZleba sazogadoebis mTeli rigi Rirebulebebic mas mihyves. amitom saWiroa, vemsaxuroT mizans, romelsac viciT, rom SeiZleba
ver mivaRwioT, magram viciT isic, rom Cveni mcdeloba fuWi ar iqneba da mravali
ram Seicvleba ukeTesobisken. Tu obieqturi samarTlianoba ar arsebobs, ese igi, Tavad RmerTs mousurvebia ase da vin icis, iqneb swored misi ararsebobaa adamianis arsebobis azri, radgan yvela samarTliani rom iyos, maSin Tavad RvTiuri samsjavro
dakargavda mniSvnelobas.
187
<http://goo.gl/4mCgJm> [27.03.2016].
40
zianis anazRaureba ciliswamebisTvis qarTul sasamarTlo
praqtikaSi
giorgi kakuSaZe
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: sergi jorbenaZe
I. Sesavali
qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSiria dava Rirsebis, pativis da saqmiani reputaciis Semlaxveli cnobebis uaryofasa da maTgan gamowveuli aramaterialuri zianis
anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebiT. am saxis urTierTobebis maregulirebeli normebi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi 1997 wels gaCnda, rodesac axladmiRebul samoqalaqo
kodeqsSi piris araqonebrivi uflebebi samoqalaqo brunvis mniSvnelovan elementad
iqca.
2004 wlis 24 ivniss saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, riTac radikalurad Secvala qarTuli kanonmdeblobis
is normebi, romlebic sityvisa da gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs awesrigebda.
sakanonmdeblo cvlileba miznad isaxavda im normebis SemuSavebas, romlebic ufro metad iqneboda miaxloebuli dasavlur standartebTan moxda ciliswamebis dekriminalizacia, mTlianad Seicvala mtkicebis tvirTi, erTamaneTisagan gaimijna sajaro da kerZo piris cneba, dadginda gansxvaveba faqtsa da azrs Soris da a.S.
aRniSnuli cvlilebiT, aseve didi mniSvneloba mieniWa adaminis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebs. garda imisa, rom saqarTvelosTvis, rogorc evrosabWos wevri qveynisaTvis, evrosasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebs precedentuli Zala isedac aqvs, axal kanonSi gakeTda Canaweri, romlis mixedviTac, „am kanonis interpretireba unda moxdes [...] adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciisa da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis Sesabamisad“.
qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, araqonebrivi zianisTvis anazRaurebis moTxovna
xSir SemTxvevaSi kvlavac rCeba problematur sakiTxad. winamdebare naSromis mizania,
gaanalizos piradi araqonebrivi uflebebisa da sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
adgili samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi, warmoaCinos is problemebi da xarvezi, romelic am kuTxiT arsebobs.
II. araqonebrivi zianis cneba
samarTliani saxelmwifos umTavresi prioriteti da movaleobaa, rom daicvas kanonierebisa da marTlwesrigis principi. swored am principebis safuZvelze saxelmwifo valdebulia, rom uzrunvelyos mis iurisdiqciaSi arsebuli fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis uflebaTa realizacia da am uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevaSi moaxdinos myisierad reaqcia da izrunos rogorc darRvevamde arsebuli mdgomareobis aRdgenaze, aseve, Sesabamisi zaralis SemTxvevaSi kompensaciis gadaxdis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.

kavkasiis samarTlis skolis bakalavriatis meore kursis studenti
41
kerZo samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli sxvadasxva urTierTobebis Sedegad SeiZleba
dadges, rogorc materialur, ise aramaterialur zian.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar Seicavs arc qonebrivi da arc araqonebrivi zianis definicias. kanonmdebelma aRniSnuli sakiTxi doqtrinis da sasamarTlos prerogativad
miiCnia.188 samagierod, „obieqti”, ganmartebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, romlis mixedviTac, „obieqti“ SeiZleba iyos „qonebrivi an araqonebrivi Rirebulebis materialuri
da aramaterialuri sikeTe, romelic kanoniT dadgenili wesiT brunvidan ar aris
amoRebuli“.
marTalia, aRniSnul definiciaSi saubaria „araqonebrivi Rirebulebis sikeTezec“,
raSic advilad SegveZlo gvegulisxma araqonebrivi piradi uflebebic, magram „obieqtad“ maT miCnevas xels uSlis brunvauunaroba, romelic obieqtis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia.189 imis gamo, rom piradi araqonebrivi uflebebi brunvidanaa amoRebuli,
maTi obieqtad miCneva saeWvoa.190 qarTul samarTlebriv sistemaSi gavrcelebulia azri, rom, marTalia, samoqalaqo kodeqsi rogorc nivTebs, aseve aramaterialur qonebriv sikeTeebs qonebis saerTo sivrceSi aerTianebs, magram amiT sulac ar aigivebs
erTmaneTTan.191 samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli moralur zians araqonebrivi zianis
sinonimad miiCnevs. etimologiurad araqonebrivi ziani da moraluri ziani identuria.192
III. araqonebrivi uflebebis mowesrigeba saqarTvelo- Si
miuxedavaT imisa, rom piri sakmaod xSirad ganicdis sxvadasxva saxis fizikur
da sulier tanjvas, mas yovelTvis ar warmoeSoba moraluri zianis anazRaurebis
ufleba.
moraluri zianisaTvis anazRaurebis moTxovnis SesaZleblobas saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi mravali normatiuli aqti uSvebs (mag, saqarTvelos kanoni „reklamis
Sesaxeb“, saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi da a.S.), magram am saxis urTierTobebs ZiriTadad sami norma aregulirebs:
 samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli;
 samoqalaqo kodeqsis 413-e muxli;
 saqarTvelos kanoni „sityvis da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb”.
sakanonmdeblo mowesrigebaze saubrisas, pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos 413-e muxli, romlis pirvel nawilSi mocemulia is ZiriTadi bazisi, romelzec SemdgomSi
agebulia yvela sxva norma - araqonebrivi zianisaTvis pirs fuladi kompensaciis
moTxovna SeuZlia mxolod kanoniT zustad gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi. aRniSnuli Canaweris arseboba dRemde didi debatis sagania iuristebs Soris. maTi erTi nawilis
azriT, am saxis Canaweris arseboba iZleva SesaZleblobas, Tavi davizRvioT misi moqmedebis farglebis dausabuTebeli gafarToebisgan,193 Tumca aseve arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom kanonmdebloba srulad da amomwuravad ar iTvaliswinebs im SemTxvevebis CamonaTvals, romelic moraluri zianisTvis anazRaurebis moTxovnis SesaZleblobas
dauSvebda.194 Aam kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria axloblis gardacvalebiT gamow188
Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, Tbilisi, 2001, 469.
CikvaSvili S., pasuxismgebloba moraluri zianisaTvis, Tbilisi, 2003, 29.
190
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tbilisi, 2011, 139.
191
zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2003, 26.
192
barabaZe n., moraluri ziani da misi anazRaurebis problema, Tbilisi, 2012, 17.
193Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, Tbilisi, 2001, 471.
194 barabaZe n., moraluri ziani da misi anazRaurebis problema, Tbilisi, 2012, 83.
189
42
veuli sulieri tanjvis SemTxvevebi, romlisTvisac zianis anazRaurebis SesaZleblobas dRes moqmedi saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs.195
413-e muxlis me-2 nawili warmoadgens kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul erT-erT SemTxvevas, romelzec saubaria pirvel nawilSi - sxeulis dazianebis an janmrTelobisTvis vnebis miyenebis SemTxvevebSi dazaralebuls aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos anazRaureba ara mxolod materialuri zianisTvis (mag, mkurnalobis xarjebi) aramed araqonebrivi zianisTvisac.196
qarTuli kanonmdebloba sxeulis dazianebis dros araqonebrivi uflebebis darRvevis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs ssk-is 413-e muxlidan gamomdinare. kerZod, mosarCelem mosamarTles unda warudginos imis mtkicebuleba, rom mopasuxis mier ganzraxi qmedebiT janmrTelobisTvis miyenebul zians mohyva moraluri zianic.197 mtkicebis tvirTis mTlianad mosarCeleze dakisrebiT mniSvnelovnad uaresdeba dazaralebulis mdgomareoba da misTvis bevrad ufro rTuli xdeba kuTvnili kompensaciis miReba.198
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli icavs pirTa pirad araqonebriv uflebebs:
• saxelis tarebis uflebas;
• pativsa da Rirsebas;
• piradi cxovrebis saidumloebas;
• pirad xelSeuxeblobas;
• saqmian reputacias;
• uflebas gamosaxulebaze;
CamoTvlil uflebaTa darRveva SeiZleba gaxdes moraluri zianisTvis anazRaurebis moTxovnis safuZveli.199 araqonebrivi uflebebis dacva SesaZlebelia rogorc
araqonebriv uflebaTa aRiarebiT, aseve gavrcelebuli cnobebis uaryofiT, qmedebis
SewyvetiT da araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebiT.200
piris Rirseba warmoadgens im Rirebulebas, romlis Sefasebis unari gaaCnia TviT
am pirs da romelic moicavs sakuTari moraluri Tvisebebis, sazogadoebisadmi pasuxismgeblobis, sakuTari sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis Sefasebas.201 samarTalSi arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom adamianis Rirseba yvela ZiriTadi uflebis safuZvelia: „adamianis uflebaTa bunebiTi warmoSobis aRiareba swored adamianis Rirsebis aRiarebas
gulisxmobs. adamians rom Rirseba aqvs, amitom gaaCnia sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis, bednierebis da Rirseuli sicocxlis uflebebi. swored adamianis Rirsebazea dafuZnebuli yvela sxva uflebaTa legitimuroba”.202 aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom sxva, ZiriTadi uflebebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTa SezRudvis SesaZleblobas kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-17 muxlis pirveli punqti pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom adamianis Rirseba xelSeuvalia. saqarTvelos
195
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 20 ianvris gadawyvetileba №as-1156-1176-2011.
196 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2014 wlis 9 ianvris gadawyvetileba №as-1559-1462-2012.
197 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 20 ianvris gadawyvetileba №as-1156-1176-2011.
198 barabaZe n., moraluri ziani da misi anazRaurebis problema, Tbilisi, 2012, 34.
199 Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, Tbilisi, 1999, 62.
200 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2003
wlis 24 aprilis gadawyvetileba №3k-1240-02.
201 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2009 wlis 23 ivlisis gadawyvetileba, №as-1174-1319-08.
202 konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da
Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 107.
43
uzenaesi sasamarTlo ki erT-erT saqmeze msjelobisas ganmartavs, rom konstituciis
me-17 da 20-e muxlebi unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqme
exeba saxelmwifosgan individis dacvas, aramed maSinac, rodesac kerZo pirebi erevian
erTmaneTis uflebebSi.203
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxliT dacul erT-erT samarTlebriv sikeTes ganekuTvneba, agreTve, piris saqmiani reputacia. „saqmiani reputaciis qveS igulisxmeba
sazogadoebis mier piris profesiuli Tu sxva saqmiani Tvisebebis Sefaseba. profesia
aris xeloba, saqmianoba, specialoba, romelsac garkveuli momzadeba sWirdeba da
romliTac adamiani Tavs irCens, xolo saqmiani Tvisebebi, romelsac saqmiani reputacia gulisxmobs, gaaCniaT maT, vinc monawileobs komerciul saqmianobaSi“.204 me-18
muxliT daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTe fizikurma pirma SeiZleba xelyos ganzrax an
gaufrTxileblobiT. Cadenili qmedebisTvis piri pasuxs orive SemTxvevaSi agebs, magram pasuxismgeblobis zomebi mkveTrad gansxvavebulia.205 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelmyofi moqmedebda braleulad, uflebamosil pirs SeuZlia moiTxovos zianis anazRaurebac. am dros mosarCeles SeuZlia moiTxovos rogorc qonebrivi, aseve araqonebrivi
saxis zianis anazRaureba (anda orive erTad). nebismier SemTxvevaSi mtkicebis tvirTi
ekisreba dazaralebuls da mosarCelem unda daasabuTos zianis realurad arseboba,
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri xelmyofis qmedebasa da damdgar Sedegs Soris. Tu mosarCele ver daasabuTebs moTxovnas, misi sarCeli ar dakmayofildeba.206
IV. ciliswameba
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasa da sxva pirTa uflebebsa da reputacias Soris RirebulebaTa konfliqti Zalze xSiria da es arc aris gasakviri.207 ZiriTad uflebaTa
Soris Tavisufali da demokratiuli wes-wyobilebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba azris Tavisuflebas ukavia. mis gareSe samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba
SeuZlebeli iqneboda.208 swored am saxis Tavisuflebebi ganapirobebs adamianis pirovnul ganviTarebas da TviTrealizacias. azrTa Sepirispireba, gansxvavebul SexedulebaTa mudmivi Widili aris qveyanaSi mimidinare sasicocxlo procesebis ganuyofeli elementi.209 sityvisa da azris Tavisuflebis farglebi da garantiebi mocemulia
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlis meore punqtSi, romelic saxelmwifos zRudavs ori ZiriTadi pirobis dacvis valdebulebiT:
• dauSvebelia adamianis devna sityvisa da azris gamo;
• dauSvebelia adamianis iZuleba, gamoTqvas Tavisi Sexeduleba maT (sityvisa da
azris) mimarT;
saqarTvelos konstituciis 24-e muxlis pirvel punqtSi mocemulia, rom yovel
adamians aqvs ufleba, Tavisuflad miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia, gamoTqvas da
203
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2004
wlis 14 aprilis gadawyvetileba №as-593-1241-03.
204 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2001
wlis 18 ivlisis gadawyvetileba №3k/376-01.
205 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 24 seqtembris gadawyvetileba №as-677-638-2011.
206 barabaZe n., moraluri ziani da misi anazRaurebis problema, Tbilisi, 2012, 42.
207 gociriZe e., gamoxatvis Tavisufleba RirebulebaTa konfliqtSi, Tbilisi, 2008, 310.
208 kublaSvili k., ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tbilisi, 2010, 207.
209 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2010 wlis 18 oqtombris gadawyvetileba №as-431-403-2010.
44
gaavrcelos Tavisi azri zepirad, werilobiT an sxagvari saSualebiT. konstituciis
amave muxliT dauSveblad aris cnobili nebismieri saxis cenzura, Tumca sityvisa da
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba ar ganekuTvneba absolutur, SeuzRudav TavisuflebaTa kategorias, razec, pirvel rigSi, miuTiTebs Tavad konstitucia. 24-e muxlis me-4 punqtSi miTiTebulia, rom am uflebaTa SezRudva SesaZlebelia kanonis safuZvelze iseTi pirobebiT, romelic aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo uSiSroebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis an sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad, danaSaulis Tavidan asacileblad, sxvaTa uflebebis da Rirsebis dasacavad, konfidencialurad aRiarebuli informaciis gamJRavnebis Tavidan asacileblad an sasamarTlos damoukideblobisa da moukerZoeblobis uzrunvelsayofad.
ciliswamebis sakiTxi qarTul samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi calke normatiuli aqtiT regulirdeba. 2004 wlis 24 ivniss saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, riTac radikalurad Seicvala is sakanonmdeblo baza, romelic qveyanaSi sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas awesrigebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1995 wels qveynis konstituciis miRebam da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebis ratificirebam safuZveli Cauyara saqarTveloSi Tanamedrove liberalur faseulobebze dafuZnebul kanonmdeblobas, qveyanaSi damkvidrebulma arajansaRma
sasamarTlo praqtikam dRis wesrigSi daayena kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis daxvewisa da samarTlebrivi normebis detalizebis sakiTxi.210 axalma kanonma radikalurad Secvala aramarto ciliswamebasTan dakavSirebuli normebi, aramed zogadad
araqonebrivi uflebebis maregulirebeli normatiuli aqtebi. yvelaze TvalSisacemi
cvlileba samarTlis dargma ganicada. ciliswameba amoRebul iqna sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsidan (muxli 148-e) da aRniSnuli sakiTxi mTlianad samoqalaqo kodeqsis regulirebis sfero gaxda.
1. mtkicebis tvirTi
axalma kanonma SemoiRo mtkicebis tvirTis axleburi regulacia. Tuki adre moqmedi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis mixedviT, mopasuxe iyo valdebuli, emtkicebina gavrcelebuli cnobebis sinamdvile, axali kanonis Tanaxmad, es wesi Sebrunebulia da axla mosarCelea valdebuli, amtkicos, rom mis mimarT gavrcelebuli cnobebis Seicavs arsebiTad mcdar faqtebs da Sedegad mas ziani miadga.211
„sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni mosarCele
mxares, agreTve akisrebs valdebulebas, daamtkicos cnobebis gavrcelebiT miyenebuli
zianis arsebobis faqti. am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT sasamarTloebs ar gaaCniaT erTgvarovani midgoma. xSir SemTxvevebSi sasamarTlo zianis arsebobisTvis sakmarisad miiCnevs pirTa araqonebrivi uflebebis xelyofis faqtsac,212 Tumca qarTul sasamarTlo
praqtikaSi aseve moiZebneba iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTlo zianad mxolod
materialur zianis asaxelebs da pirs akisrebs valdebulebas, daamtkicos qonebrivi
zianis arseboba.213 kanonis es norma, romlis Tanaxmadac, mtkicebis tvirTi mTlia210
kinwuraSvili T., gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, t.2 gamoxatvis Tavisufleba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi,
2005, 19.
211 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 6 aprilis gadawyvetileba №22-22-2014.
212 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2015 wlis 6 aprilis gadawyvetileba №as-1332-1258-2012.
213
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2001
wlis 26 dekembris gadawyvetileba №3k/924-01.
45
nad Seicvala da mosarCele mxare gaxada valdebuli, daamtkicos gavrcelebuli cnobebis sinamdvilesTan Seusabamisoba, erTi mxriv, qveyanaSi qmnis sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovan garantias, magram, meores mxriv, arTulebs pirTa piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis dacvas.214 saqme imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kanonSi arsebuli pirdapiri da araorazrovani Canaweris mixedviT, mosarCele mxarem unda daamtkicos gavrcelebuli cnobebis sinamdvilesTan Seusabamoba. gansakuTrebiT saqmiani reputaciis Semlaxveli cnobebis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi bundovan sakiTxad rCeba, Tu
rogor unda daamtkicos pirma sakuTari profesionalizmi da, Sesabamisad, gavrcelebuli cnobebis mcdaroba. Sedegad qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac pirs sarCelis dakmayofilebaze uars im motiviT eubnebian, rom
man ver SeZlo gavrcelebuli cnobebis sinamdvilesTan Seusabamobis damtkiceba.215
2. gansxvaveba sajaro da kerZo pirebs Soris
axalma kanonma Semoitana sajaro piris cnebac. sajaro pirad miiCneva „sajaro samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-2
muxliT gansazRvruli Tanamdebobis piri, piri, romlis gadawyvetileba an azri mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze, piri, romliskenac misi garkveuli
qmedebis Sedegad calkeul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT mimarTulia sazogadoebrivi yuradReba, xolo „z“ qvepunqtiT sazogadoebriv yuradRebad ganimarteba sazogadoebis interesi (da ara calkeul pirTa ubralo cnobismoyvareoba) im movlenisadmi, romelic dakavSirebulia demokratiul saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebasTan.216 saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, sajaro pirebs gaaCniaT Tmenis meti
valdebuleba. axali kanoniT pirs, sajaro pirisTvis ciliswamebis gamo, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba, Tu:
• mosarCelis gancxadeba Seicavs arsebiTad mcdar faqts uSualod mosarCelis
Sesaxeb;
• am gancxadebiT mosarCeles ziani miadga;
• gancxadebuli faqtis mcdaroba mopasuxisaTvis winaswar iyo cnobili;
aRniSnuli samive piroba kumulaciuri xasiaTisaa da erTi maTganis daudastureblobis SemTxvevaSi piris samoqalaqosamarTlebiv pasuxisgebaSi micema dauSvebelia.
mtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba mosarCeles. mosarCelea valdebuli amtkicos rom mopasuxis gancxadeba Seicavs arsebiTad mcdar faqts mis Sesaxeb, am gancxadebiT mas miadga
ziani da mopasuxe braleulad moqmedebda.217
uzenaesma sasamarTlom erT-erT saqmeze ganmarta da gamijna erTmaneTisagan sajaro
pirebi da is kerZo pirebi, romelTa mimarTac arsebobs sazogadoebrivi interesi. „modave pirebis pirad urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis interesi da cnobismoyvareoba marTlac arsebobs (rasac adasturebs saqmeSi warmodgenili
mtkicebulebebic), Tumca aseT interess kanoni sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis statuss ar
aniWebs. mocemul SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis interesi ukavSirdeba ara sazogadoebrivi
214
simoniSvili n., mtkicebis tvirTi piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis dacvisa da sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis konkurenciisas, mtkicebiTi samarTlis aqtualuri sakiTxebi, nunu kvantalianis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 102.
215 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2011 wlis 14 ivlisis gadawyvetileba №as-207-194-2011.
216 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 3 aprilis gadawyvetileba №as-1477-1489-2011.
217 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2008 wlis 16 maisis gadawyvetileba №as-810-1129-07.
46
TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebul movlenas, aramed modave mxareTa pirad cxovrebas da am pirTa mosazrebebi da Sexedulebebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze
mniSvnelovan gavlenas ver moaxdenen“.218
kanoni sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb awesrigebs uxamsobis sazRvrebsac. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogadad moralis (da, Sesabamisad, uxamsobis) definiciis universaluri cneba ar arsebobs. Tavad uxamsobis kanonismieri definiciis mixedviT, ama Tu im
gamoxatvis uxamsobad miCnevis sakiTxs gansazRvravs sazogadoebaSi sayovelTaod damkvidrebuli eTikuri normebi. uxamsobad moiazreba iseTi gancxadeba, romelic moklebulia
politikur, kulturul, samecniero an saganmanaTleblo mizans da uxeSad arRvevs sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul normebs. uxamsobas SeiZleba statiis an gancxadebis calkeuli sityva Seicavdes, magram aucilebelia erTian konteqstSi ganxilva.219 Tumca aseTi
gavrcelebuli informacia, rogorc wesi, media saSualebis meSveobiT vrceldeba. am
dros warmoiSoba erTgvari konfliqti gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasa da pirad araqonebriv
uflebebs Soris. uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT ki sxva pirTa uflebebisa Tu reputaciis dasacavad uxamsobis SezRudva da, Sesabamisad, gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi Careva
dasaSvebia ara yovelTvis, aramed mxolod maSin, rodesac es aucilebelia demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi.220
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia internetis saSualebiT gavrcelebuli cnobebi. am dros
mtkicebis tvirTi kidev ufro damZimebulia, radgan mosarCelem unda daasabuTos,
rom mopasuxea swored is piri, vinc internetSi Sesabamisi informacia gaavrcela.221
„sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanoniT amomwuravad
aris gansazRvruli is SemTxvevebi, rodesac samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ar dadgeba ciliswamebisTvis, Tundac gavrcelebuli infromacia sinamdvilesTan
Seusabamo iyos.
Tmenis valdebulebis samarTlebrivi instituti vrceldeba politikur debatebze, parlamentSi kanonproeqtis ganxilvisas da msgavsi saxelmwifoebrivi valdebulebebis Sesrulebisas, vinaidan politikuri debatebi demokratiuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis mniSvnelovani safuZvelia. msgavs SemTxvevas warmoadgens, agreTve, sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebisas gakeTebuli nebismieri gancxadeba. igi gavrcelebuli SeiZleba iyos mosamzadebel etapze, procesis mimdinareobisas anda miTiTebuli iyos sasarCelo moTxovnaSi. am kategorias ganekuTvneba, agreTve, sasamarTlo da/an sagamoZiebo dokumentebi, romelic konkretuli saqmis masalebs da Sesabamisad konkretul
faqtebs Seicavs,222 agreTve, Tuki mopasuxe mxare daamtkicebs Semdegi xuTi garemoebidan erT-erTs mainc, igi pasuxs aRar agebs ciliswamebis gavrcelebisaTvis:
 man miiRo gonivruli zomebi faqtis sizustis gadasamowmeblad, magram
ver SeZlo Secdmis Tavidan acileba da gaatara Sesabamisi zomebi piris reputaciis aRsadgenad;
 igi miznad isaxavda sazogadoebis kanonieri interesebis dacvas da daculi sikeTe aRemateba xelyofil sikeTes;
 man gancxadeba gaakeTe mosarCelis TanxmobiT;
218
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 3 aprilis gadawyvetileba №as-1477-1489-2011.
219 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 20 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba №as-1278-1298-2011.
220 iqve.
221 ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 10 oqtombris gadawyvetileba №as-1378-1300-2012.
222
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2002
wlis 29 maisis ganCineba №3k-621-02.
47
 mopasuxis gancxadeba warmoadgenda mosarCelis mier gakeTebul gancxadebaze pasuxs;
 gavrcelebuli gancxadeba warmoadgens zust da obieqtur reportaJs im
movlenisadmi, romliskenac mimarTulia didi sazogadoebrivi yuradReba.223
„sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni imperatiulad
krZalavs sasarCelo moTxovnaSi bodiSis moxdis miTiTebas.
3. gansxvaveba faqtsa da azrs Soris
2004 wlamde moqmedi saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi da saqarTvelos kanoni „presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb“) faqtebisa da SefasebiTi msjelobis gamijvnas ar iTvaliswinebda. dReis mdgomareobiT saqarTvelos aqvs pretenzia, iyos demokratiuli saxelmwifo, sadac pativs
scemen gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlis mixedviT, yvelas aqvs ufleba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebisa. es ufleba moicavs piris Tavisuflebas, hqondes Sexedulebebi, miiRos an gaavrcelos informacia Tu mosazrebebi sajaro xelisuflebis Caurevlad da saxelmwifo sazRvrebis miuxedavad. amave
muxlis me-2 punqti iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos mxridan am uflebebSi Carevis SesaZleblobebs, riTac aseve gansazRvrulia am uflebebSi Carevis is pirobebi, romelTa
arsebobisas aRniSnuli Careva SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnes dadebiTad. aRniSnuli muxlis
orive punqti warmoadgens im erTobas, romlebic ar arsebobs erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad da qmnis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis erTian dacvis meqanizms.224
ciliswamebasTan dakavSirebuli davebis dros, agreTve, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
imis garkvevas, mopasuxe mxaris mier gakeTebuli gancxadebebi ganekuTvneboda faqtebs
Tu SefasebiT msjelobas (azrs). „sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoniT, azri daculia absoluturi privilegiiT, rac gamoricxavs samoqalaqosamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. aRniSnuli kanonis pirveli muxlis „f“ qvepunqtis mixedviT, absoluturi privilegia niSnavs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobisagan piris sruli da upirobo gaTavisuflebas.
am kuTxis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebebi da maTi midgoma aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi. saqmeze „Handyside V.
United Kingdom“225 (7 dekemberi, 1976 weli) sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom konvenciis
me-10 muxli icavs aramarto iseT mosazrebebs, romlebsac keTilganwyobiT an indiferentulobiT xvdeba sazogadoeba, aramed iseTebsac, romelic aris Seuracxmyofeli,
gamaognebeli an SemaSfoTebeli (offend, shock or disturb), Tumca Tuki miviCnevT, rom
evropulma sasamarTlom am ganmartebiT gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas umaRlesi standarti daumkvidra, Sedegebi aragonivruli da absurdulic ki iqneba.226 aRniSnuli ganmartebis gacnobisas SeiZleba Seiqmnas iseTi STabeWdileba, TiTqos „informacia“ da
„ideebi“ arasdros unda SeizRudos sxva pirTa reputaciisa da uflebebis dasacavad,
rac, ra Tqma unda, ar aris simarTle. evropuli sasamarTlos araerT sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebaSia SesaZlebeli iseTi magaliTis moyvana, rodesac sasamarTlom gamamarTleblad miiCnia sxvebisTvis Seuracxmyofeli, gamaognebeli da SemaSfoTebeli
223
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 3 aprilis gadawyvetileba №as-1477-1489-2011.
224 gociriZe e., gamoxatvis Tavisufleba RirebulebaTa konfliqtSi, Tbilisi, 2008, 338.
225 <http://goo.gl/7mfjYV> [27.03.2016].
226 gociriZe e., gamoxatvis Tavisufleba RirebulebaTa konfliqtSi, Tbilisi, 2008, 311.
48
ideebisa da gancxadebebis SezRudva.227 sakuTvriv „Handyside V. United Kingdom“ saqmeSic sasamarTlom gamarTlebulad miiCnia sazogadoebrivi moralisa da arasrulwlovanTa interesebis dasacavad gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi Careva.
qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi azrisa da faqtis gansamijnad unda mivmarToT „sityvisa
da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxls, romelic awesebs minimalur standarts azrisa da faqtis gamijvnisTvis. kerZod, miTiTebuli muxlis me-5 punqtis mixedviT, azris an faqtis statusis miniWebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas yovelgvari gonivruli eWvi, romelic ver dasturdeba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT,
unda gadawydes gancxadebaSi moyvanili cnobebisTvis „azris“ statusis miniWebis sasargeblod. Tavad „azris“ definicia mocemulia amave kanonis pirveli muxlis „b“
qvepunqtSi, romlis mixedviTac, azri aris SefasebiTi msjeloba, Tvalsazrisi, komentari, agreTve, nebismieri saxiT iseTi Sexedulebis gamoxatva, romelic asaxavs romelime pirovnebis, movlenis an sagnis mimarT damokidebulebas, ar Seicavs damadasturebel an uarmyof faqts.228
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT sityva „azri“ farTod
ganmartebisas gulisxmobs gansjas, damokidebulebasa Tu Sefasebas, romlis siswore
Tu mcdaroba damokidebulia mTlianad individze, mis subieqtur damokidebulebaze.229
faqtebi ki Cveulebriv moklebulia subieqtur damokidebulebas, igi obieqturi garemoebebidan gamomdinareobs. Cven gvaqvs imis SesaZlebloba, rom faqti SevamowmoT da
vnaxoT, is realurad arsebobda Tu ara. swored amitom, faqtebis gadamowmeba da misi realobasTan Sesabamisobis dadgena SesaZlebelia.230 xSir SemTxvevaSi, azrebi da
faqtebi erTmaneTs mWidrod ukavSirdeba da maTi gamijvna didi problema xdeba. es
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom gamoTqmis orive forma gamokveTili saxiT iSviaTad
gvxvdeba. umTavresad, sWarbobs swored iseTi gamonaTqvamebi, romlebSic Tavs iyris
rogorc SefasebiTi, aseve faqtobrivi elementebi.231 evrosasamarTlos precedentuli
samarTlis mimoxilvac cxadyofs, rom faqtisa da mosazrebis gamijvna aucilebeli
pirobaa ciliswamebis gansazRvrisTvis. aRniSul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa
evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze
„Lingens v. Austria“232 (8 ivlisi,
1986 weli), sadac sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom „ar SeiZleba vinmes sakuTari
mosazrebis sisworis damtkiceba daevalos“. dRes-dReisobiT SefasebiTi msjelobis
simarTlis damtkiceba gadauWreli amocanaa.233 SefasebiTi msjelobis simarTlis damtkicebis moTxovna warmoadgens ieriSis mitanas azri Tavisuflebaze.
iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac azri da faqti erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
da maT gamijvna rTulia, azris dayofa Sexedulebad da faqtis gadmocemad dauSvebelia, radganac mTlianad gamonaTqvami azris Tavisuflebis sferoSi eqceva, ris Sedegadac msgavsi gancxadebis avtori srulad Tavisufldeba samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
227
gociriZe e., gamoxatvis Tavisufleba RirebulebaTa konfliqtSi, Tbilisi, 2008, 311.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2009 wlis 3 dekembris gadawyvetileba № as-440-754-09.
229 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 8 agvistos gadawyvetileba №208-201-2012.
230 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 20 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba №as-1278-1298-2011.
231 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 3 aprilis gadawyvetileba №as-1477-1489-2011.
232 <http://goo.gl/wOhig6> [27.03.16].
233 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 20 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba №as-1278-1298-2011.
228
49
pasuxismgeblobisagan.234
V. zianis odenobis gansazRvris kriteriumebi
da problemebi
araqonebrivi davebis dros, zianis odenobis gansazRvra aris erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani da problematuri sakiTxi aramxolod qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi.
„iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba dgeba samarTaldarRvevis SemTxvevaSi. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis erT-erTi saxea, amitom
mas axasiaTebs rogorc specifikuri, ise iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi“.235
samoqalaqo samarTaldarRveva niSnavs moqmedebas an umoqmedobas, romelic iwvevs
cvlilebebs obieqtur samyaroSi, pirovnebis keTildReobis Semcirebas an ganadgurebas, qonebrivi Tu araqonebrivi xasiaTis uaryofiTi Sedegis dadgomas, rasac unda
mohyves maTi aRdgena, erTgvari restitucia.
qonebrivi zianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia zustad gansazRvruli an gansazRvradi
fuladi gamoxatuleba. samarTaldarRvevis uaryofiTi Sedegi, romelic RirebulebiT
xasiaTs atarebs da romlis fuliT Sefasebac SesaZlebelia, warmoadgens qonebriv
zians.236 cneba „moraluri ziani“ gulisxmobs im fizikur da zneobriv-fsiqologiur
tanjvas, romelsac samarTlis subieqti ganicdis aramaterialur sikeTeTa xelyofis
Sedegad. marTalia, orive SemTxvevaSi ekvivalents fuli warmoadgens, magram erT
SemTxvevaSi xdeba materialuri interesebis gamosworeba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi es
emsaxureba aramaterialuri interesebis dacvas.237
rodesac samarTaldarRvevis uaryofiTi Sedegebi dazaralebulis sulier tanjvasa da gancdebSi gamoixata, maSin samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis arsi
ver iqneba dazaralebulis qonebrivi sferos aRdgena. igi SeiZleba saerTod ar iyo
darRveuli. araqonebrivi zianisas Tavad zianis obieqturi Sefaseba aris SeuZlebeli
- mas ar gaaCnia fuladi eqvivalenti.238
moraluri zianis anazRaurebas akisria sami funqcia:
 daakmayofilos dazaralebulili;
 zemoqmedeba moaxdinos zianis mimyenebelze;
 Tavidan aicilos pirovnuli xelyofa sxva pirebis mier.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi araqonebrivi zianisTvis kompensaciis odenobis gansazRvris kriteriumi mxolod samoqalaqo kodeqsis 413-e muxlSia mocemuli. aRniSnuli mocemulobac Zalze zogadia da aseTia „gonivruli da samarTliani anazRaurebis saxiT“. Sesabamisad anazRaurebas daqvemdebarebuli aramaterialuri zianis odenobis gansazRvra mTlianad sasamarTlos kompetenciaa. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, norma
mosamarTles aZlevs uflebas, samosamarTlo samarTlis principebze dayrdnobiT ara
marto kanonSemfardeblis, aramed garkveulwilad kanonSemoqmedis rolSi mogvevli-
234
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2009 wlis 23 ivlisis gadawyvetileba №as-1174-1319-08.
235 dundua m., deliqturi pasuxismgeblobisa da saxelSekruleo pasuxismgeblobis Tanafardoba, samarTlis Jurnali, Tsu, N1, Tbilisi, 2009, 52.
236 barabaZe n., moraluri ziani da misi anazRaurebis problema, Tbilisi, 2012, 23.
237 iqve, ix. citireba: WuWulaSvili q.,
moraluri zianis anazRaurebis Taviseburebani, Tbilisi,
2012, 8.
238 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis2010 wlis 22 noembris gadawyvetileba №as-868-817-2010.
50
nos.239 „vfiqrobT, rom sasamarTloebma Tavad unda [...] Seqmnan moraluri zianis anazRaurebis precedentebi“.240
araqonebrivi zianis fuladi kompensaciis gansazaRvrisas mosarCele mxarem gancxadebaSi unda miuTiTos, Tu rogor afasebs gadatanil sulier tanjvas. man Sesabamisi TanxiT unda gansazRvros misTvis miyenebuli moraluri ziani. imis gamo, rom
araqonebrivi uflebebis darRveviT miyenebuli ziani yvela pirisaTvis individualuria, sasamarTlosTvis mniSvnelovania, winaswarve icodes Tavad dazaralebulis pozicia. xSir SemTxvevebSi Sefaseba aris subieqturi da sasamarTlosTvis misi gaziareba,
ra Tqma unda, ar aris savaldebulo. saqmis individualuri Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo, agreTve, iTvaliswinebs sulieri tanjvis xangrZlivobas, cnobebis gavrcelebis areals, dazaralebulisa da zianis mimyeneblis materialur mdgomareobas da sxva garemoebebs. am yvelafris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebiT da SerwymiT sasamarTlom unda miiRos samarTliani gadawyvetileba.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, gancaxdebas, romelic Seicavs pativisa da
Rirsebis Semlaxveli cnobebs sajarod uaryofa amcirebs fuladi kompensaciis odenobas, radganac fuladi anazRaureba mimarTulia tanjvisa da sulieri gancdebis Semsubuqebisaken.241
qarTuli sasamarTloebi, rogorc wesi, eridebian gadawyvetilebebSi im mizezis
miTiTebas, Tu ratom daniSnes ama Tu im odenobis kompensacia. mwiri praqtikis gamo,
mosamarTleebi eridebian sakuTar Tavze am pasuximgeblobis aRebas da mxolod miTiTebiT Semoifarglebian xolme.242
aramaterialuri da araqonebrivi zianis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis gamoTvla sakmaod rTul procesTan aris dakavSirebuli, radgan ar arsebobs kriteriumebi, romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebelia pirisaTvis miyenebuli aramaterialuri zianis odenobis
gamoTvla.243
239
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, Tbilisi, 2001, 474.
iqve, 471.
241saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2009 wlis 3 dekembris gadawyvetileba № as-440-754-09.
242 barabaZe n., moraluri ziani da misi anazRaurebis problema, Tbilisi, 2012, 73.
243 kikilaSvili g., iuridiul pirebs Soris urTierTobidan warmoSobili araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebis dros asanazRaurebeli zianis odenobis da pasuxismgebeli subieqtis gansazRvris problema,
marTlmsajuleba da kanoni, №4(43)'14, Tbilisi, 2014, 77.
240
51
VI. daskvna
piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis sakanonmdeblo doneze mowesrigeba mxolod me-20
saukuneSi daiwyo, rac ganapirobebs am kuTxiT jer kidev arsebul xarvezebs mravali
qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi. ra Tqma unda, gamonakliss arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens.
marTalia, 1997 wels miRebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsiT pirTa araqonebrivi uflebebi
samoqalaqo brunvis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes elementad iqca, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi gaCnda saWiroeba sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebisa.
2004 wels jer 24 ivniss miRebul iqna kanoni „sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb“, xolo 25 noembers samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli Seicvala. aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis Sedegad moxda ciliswamebis dekriminalizacia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsidan amoRebul iqna ciliswamebis muxli (148-e) da aRniSnuli sakiTxi mTlianad samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT mowesrigda.
meore umniSvnelovanesi cvlileba mtkicebis tvirTma ganicada. Tuki adrindeli
redaqciiT mopasuxe mxare iyo valdebuli, emtkicebina gavrcelebuli cnobebis sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisoba, axlandeli redaqciiT ukve mosarCelea valdebuli amtkicos,
rom gavrcelebuli cnobebi Seicavs arsebiTad mcdar faqtebs, ris gamoc mas ziani
miadga. marTalia, aRniSnuli cvlilebis Semdgom qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtika ucxour da saerTaSoriso standartebs ufro miuaxlovda, magram amave cvlilebebiT
mosarCelis mtkicebis tvirTi imdenad damZimda, rom xSir SemTxvevebSi ubralod SeuZlebelic ki gaxda piris araqonebrivi uflebebis dacva.
agreTve gansxvavebuli wesi dawesda kerZo piris da sajaro piris uflebebis
darRvevis SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, sajaro pirebisTvis kidev ufro garTulebulia ciliswamebisTvis anazRaurebis moTxovna. aRniSnuli Tavad sajaro pirebis saqmianobis
specifikidan gamomdinareobs. maT, rogorc wesi, ukaviaT saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba,
dganan xalxis samsaxurSi da, Sesabamisad, maTi saqmianosadmi gansakuTrebuli sazogadoebrivi yuradRebaa mimarTuli. mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is faqti, rom jansaRi
politikuri konkurencia da ideaTa Widili srulyofili demokratiuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis sawindaria da swored amitom sajaro moxeleebis da pirebis mimarT gamoTqmuli Tundac simarTlesTan Seusabamo cnobebis gavrceleba dasaSvebia
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom pirs sruli ufleba aqvs, sapasuxo cnobebi gaavrcelos
imave saSualebebiT.
erTmaneTisagan gaimijna faqti da azri. axali redaqciiT, pirs samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba daekisros mxolod arsebiTad mcdari faqtebis
gavrcelebisaTvis, azri ki aboluturi privilegiiTaa daculi. im SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac SeuZlebelia erTmaneTisagan faqtisa da SefasebiTi msjelobis gamijvna (sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi ki cxadyofs, rom ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi swored asea) arCevani yovelTvis gavrcelebuli cnobis azrad dakvalificirebis sasargeblod unda
gakeTdes. aRniSnuli debuleba unda miviCnioT erT-erT yvelaze problematur sakiTxad ciliswamebisTvis zianis anazRaurebis dros. Tavad sakasacio sasamarTlomac ramdenime saqmeSi ganmarta, rom azri da faqti praqtikaSi gancalkevebulad TiTqmis ar
gvxvdeba da gavrcelebuli cnobebis umravles SemTxvevaSi pirs pasuxi ar moeTxoveba,
radgan sasamarTlos SefasebiT man azri gaavrcela da ara faqti.
2004 wels ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi miznad isaxavda saqarTveloSi demokratiis ganviTarebisTvis xelSewyobas da sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis maqsimalur liberalizacias, magram sasamarTlo praqtikis Seswavlis Sedegad SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom kanonmdeblobis dRes moqmedi redaqciiT piris piradi araqonebrivi
uflebebi dacvis efeqturi saSualebebis gareSe darCa.
52
saqarTveloSi Svilad asayvani bavSvis uflebaTa dacvis gzebi
mariam bolqvaZe
gvanca jiSiaSvili
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: ekaterine ciskariZe
I. Sesavali
mocemuli naSromi Seexeba saqarTveloSi Svilad asayvani bavSvis uflebebis dacvas. naSromSi saubaria Svilad ayvanis institutsa da mis normatiul regulirebaze,
Svilad ayvanis procesSi monawile subieqtebze, ganxilulia mSvilebelTa mosamzadebeli programa da gamosacdeli periodi. garda amisa, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia mindobis institutze, rac siaxles warmoadgens qarTuli saojaxosamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobisTvis da, agreTve, saerTaSoriso gaSvilebaze. naSromis bolos ganxilulia
problemebi, rac dakavSirebulia mocemul institutTan da moyvanilia am problemebis
gadaWris gzebi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi Svilad ayvanis sakiTxi sakmaod problematuria. problemis arss ki warmoadgens am institutis samarTlebriv regulaciaSi arsebuli xarvezebi. saWiroa, rom Svilad ayvanas meti yuradReba mieqces, radgan am samarTlebrivi urTierTobis mizani bavSebisTvis ojaxuri garemos Seqmnaa.
problema aqtualuria gamomdinare iqidan, rom Svilad ayvanis samarTlebrivi regulireba, rogorc bavSvis ojaxSi cxovrebisa da aRzrdis uflebis realizaciis
erT-erTi forma, warmoadgens bavSvTa uflebebisa da interesebis dacvisa da uzrunvelyofis umniSvnelovanes saSualebas. problemis aqtualurobas aseve ganapirobebs
bavSvTa saxlebsa da sxva aRmzrdelobiT dawesebulebebSi moTavsebuli bavSvebis raodenoba.
II.
Svilad ayvanis instituti da misi
normatiuli regulireba
Svilad ayvanis instituti aregulirebs Svilad ayvanis wessa da pirobebs, Svilad amyvanisa da naSvilebis ufleba-movaleobebs, Svilad ayvanis Sewyvetis safuZvlebs244. nebismieri saxelmwifosTvis prioritetulia, rom bavSvi ojaxur garemoSi
izrdebodes. swored amitom, Svilad ayvanis institutis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens
im arasrulwlovani pirebisTvis aRzrdisa da rCenis nominaluri pirobebis Seqmna,

kavkasiis samarTlis skolis bakalavriatis mesame kursis studenti

kavkasiis samarTlis skolis bakalavriatis mesame kursis studenti
244
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni me-5, Tbilisi 2010, 244
53
romlebic daobldnen an romelTa mSoblebsac ar gaaCniaT Svilebis aRzrdisa da rCenis normaluri pirobebi. amgvarad, mocemuli institutis mizania bavSvis mudmivi
ojaxiT uzrunvelyofa, rodesac masze ver zrunven mSoblebi. amis mizezi SeiZleba
sxvadasxva iyos - mSoblis uflebis CamorTmeva, ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad gamocxadeba, gardacvlilad gamocxadeba, mZime materialuri da ojaxuri mdgomareoba da sxv.
Svilad ayvana ara marto bavSvebis interesebs Seesabameba, aramed Svilad amyvanTa
mSobliuri grZnobis gamovlenisa da ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobacaa.245 saqarTveloSi mocemul sakiTxs sakanonmdeblo doneze awesrigebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi da „Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb" saqarTvelos kanoni.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1239-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Svileba SesaZlebelia
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi arasrulwlovani bavSvis keTildReobisa da interesebis dacvas uzrunvelyofs da mSvilebelsa da naSvilebs Soris myari da mudmivi
saojaxo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis safuZveli gaxdeba. mocemuli kanonis Tanaxmad,
SesaZlebelia, aseve, srulwlovani piris Svileba, Tu massa da mSvilebels Soris ukve arsebobda mSoblisa da Svilis faqtobrivi urTierToba, Tu es urTierToba ar
ewinaaRmdegeba mSvileblis an Svilad asayvanis interesebs da Tu Svileba zneobrivad
aris gamarTlebuli.
kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, aseve dasaSvebia daqorwinebuli piris Svilad ayvana, ra
drosac aucilebelia daqorwinebuli piris meuRlis Tanxmoba (ssk-is 1249-e muxli).
rac Seexeba,,Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb" saqarTvelos kanons
igi miznad isaxavs, saqarTvelos konstituciiT, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT, SeTanxmebebiTa da saqarTvelos sxva normatiuli aqtebiT aRiarebuli
principebis safuZvelze xeli Seuwyos bavSvis ojaxur garemoSi aRzrdis upiratesi
uflebis ganxorcielebas, uzrunvelyos rogorc Svilad ayvanis, aseve, mindobiT aRzrdis procedurebSi monawile yvela piris uflebis dacva, xeli Seuwyos uflebamosili organoebis mier saqarTvelos teritoriaze bavSvis Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis procedurebis efeqtianad ganxorcielebas. mocemuli kanoni adgens Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis wess, pirobebsa da procedurebs, agreTve, awesrigebs urTierTobebs, romlebic maTi ganxorcielebisas warmoiqmneba saxelmwifosa da
mSvilebels/mimReb ojaxs Soris.
III.
Svilad ayvanis procesSi monawile subieqtebi
Svilad ayvanis process zedamxedvelobas uwevs saxelmwifo meurveobisa da
mzrunvelobis organoebis meSveobiT. swored es organo monawileobs gasaSvilebelsa
da Svilad amyvanTan erTad mocemul samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi. Sesabamisad, am urTierTobaSi sami subieqti monawileobs. Svilad ayvanis samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi
monawile pirebi, am urTierTobis samarTlebrivi bunebidan gamomdinare, unda akmayofilebdnen kanonmdeblis mier mkacrad gaweril moTxovnebs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
Svilad ayvanis ZiriTadi mizania mzrunvelobamoklebuli bavSvis jansaR garemoSi aRzrda, maTTvis imgvari pirobebis Seqmna, rogoricaa ojaxuri siTbo da simyudrove,
ekonomikuri da emociuri mdgradoba. yovelive aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogorc
saqarTvelos, aseve, yvela sxva saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenilia konkretuli
ekonomikuri, socialuri Tu piradi xasiaTis moTxovnebi, romlebsac unda akmayofilebdes piri, romelsac surs bavSvis Svileba.
„Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb" saqarTvelos kanonSi zustad
aris gansazRvruli, Tu vin ar SeiZleba iyos mSvilebeli da ra kriteriumebs unda
245iqve,
245
54
akmayofilebdes Svilad ayvanas daqvemdebarebuli piri. kanonmdeblis mier dadgenilia
ori ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, romelic unda gaaCndes pirs, raTa man SeZlos Svilad
ayvanis samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtad gamosvla. minimaluri asakobrivi zRvari, romlis miRwevis gareSe piri ver SeZlebs bavSvis Svilad ayvanas aris 18 weli.
kanonmdeblis mier Svilad amyvanis msurvelebisaTvis dadgenilia moTxovna iyos
srulwlovani da qmedunariani. aRniSnuli ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom igi unda acnobierebdes Tavis mier nakisri valdebulebebis mniSvnelobas. Svilad ayvanis
safuZvelze piri pasuxismgeblobas iRebs ara mxolod sakuTar Semdgom cxovrebaze,
aramed arasrulwlovani bavSvis ganviTarebaze, mis aRzrdaze, materialur uzrunvelyofaze, moralur aRzrdasa da sazogadoebis sruluflebian wevrad Camoyalibebaze.
kidev erTi moTxovna, rac dawesebulia mSvileblis asakTan dakavSirebiT, aris is,
rom mSvilebeli ufrosi unda iyos Svilad asayvanze Teqvsmeti wliT mainc, Tumca
pativsadebi mizezis arsebobisas sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamciros asakobrivi sxvaoba.246
kanonmdeblis mier gasaSvileblisTvis aris dawesebuli moTxovna -gasaSvileblis
asaki. kerZod, Svilad ayvanas eqvemdebareba reestrSi aRricxuli 18 wlamde piri,
romelsac miniWebuli aqvs gasaSvilebeli bavSvis statusi. aRniSnuli statusis misaniWeblad saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs garkveul pirobebs. aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvis gaSvilebisas mis survils 10 wlis asakamde araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs. kanoni kategoriulad krZalavs Svilad ayvanas, Tu 10 wlis asaks miRweuli bavSvi amis winaaRmdegia.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi Svilad ayvanis maregulirebeli samarTlebrivi aqtebisagan
SedarebiT sazRvargareTis qveynebis kanonmdebloba rig sakiTxebs gansxvavebulad aregulirebs da adgens im standartebs, romelsac mSvilebeli piri( pirebi) unda akmayofilebdnen. imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes Cveni mosazreba, gamovyofT Svilad ayvanasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi arsebul ramdenime aspeqtes,
romelTa gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovnad win gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba saqarTveloSi
moqmedi Svilad ayvanis maregulirebeli aqtebis saerTaSoriso standartebTan miaxloebisken. Tuki gadavxedavT evropis qveynebis kanonmdeblobas, davinaxavT, rom ZiriTadi gansxvaveba mSvilebelsa da Svilad asayvan pirs Soris asakobriv sxvaobasa da
mSvileblis dadgenil asakobriv minimumsa da maqsimums Soris. amasTan, rig qveynebSi
kanonmdebloba wyvilebis qorwinebaSi yofnis minimalur periodsac adgens. " bavSvTa
dacvisa da saerTaSoriso gaSvilebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb" 1993 wlis
konvenciiT da „bavSvebis Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb" 2008 wlis ganaxlebuli evropuli
konvenciiT dadgenilia, rom asakobrivi sxvaoba minimum 16 weli mainc unda iyos
mSvilebelsa da Svilad asayvans Soris.
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1743–e muxli adgens mSvileblis minimalur asaks.
kerZod, mSvilebeli unda iyos 25 wlis asaks miRweuli, erToblivad Svilad ayvanis
SemTxvevaSi meuRle unda iyos miRweuli 25 wlis asaks, xolo meore meuRle - 21
wlis asaks.247
latviis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 163-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mSvilebeli unda iyos miRweuli 25 wlis asaks da ufrosi Svilad asayvanze 18 wliT mainc. 248
litvis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 3.210 da 3.211 muxlebis Tanaxmad mSvilebelebi ar
unda iyvnen 50 wels gadacilebuli. asakobrivi sxvaoba mSvilebelsa da Svilad asayvans Soris ar unda iyos 18 welze naklebi. bavSvis ayvanis msurvelebi unda imyofe246
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni me-5, Tbilisi 2010, 257.
German civil code, Section 1743.
248
The civil law of Latvia, translation and terminology centre 2001, Sub-Chapter 3, article 163.
247
55
bodnen kanonier qorwinebaSi. SesaZlebelia martoxela pirzec gaSvildes bavSvi gamonaklisis saxiT. sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi 50 wels gadacilebul
mSvileblebsac darTos Svilad ayvanis neba, es im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Svilad ayvana bavSvis interesebidan iqneba gamomdinare da yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevac gaTvaliswinebuli. SesaZlebelia, martoxela pirzec gaSvildes bavSvi gamonaklisis saxiT, Tu
bavSvs aqvs janmrTelobis Zalian seriozuli problema da daqorwinebuli wyvili ar
moiZebna am bavSvis asayvanad; bavSvi aris 8 wlis da metis da ar moiZebna sxva ojaxi;
piri, romelsac surs bavSvis Svilad ayvana iyo am bavSvis dedobili (an mamobili).
zogadad asakobrivi sxvaoba mSvilebelsa da Svilad asayvan pirs Soris, litvis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, unda iyos minimum 18 weli mainc, magram im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu erT-erT meuRles ahyavs Tavisi meuRlis Svili, asakobrivi zRvari maT Soris
mcirdeba 15 wlamde.249
TurqeTis kanonmdeblobiT, martoxela mSvileblis SemTxvevaSi mSvileblis minimaluri asaki 30 wels Seadgens, xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Svilad ayvana surs
wyvils, erToblivad isini qorwinebaSi minimum 5 weli mainc unda imyofebodnen, an
orive 30 wels gadacilebuli iyos. mSvilebeli 18 wliT ufrosi mainc unda iyos
Svilad asayvanze. mSvilebelsa da Svilad asayvans Soris maqsimaluri asakobrivi
sxvaoba 40 wels ar unda aRematebodes.250
sainteresoa am mxriv espaneTis kanonmdeblobac. espaneTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar
gansazRvravs mSvileblis maqsimalur asaks. mSvilebeli unda iyos minimum 25 wlis;
rodesac daqorwinebul wyvils ayavs bavSvi erT-erTi mSvilebeli mainc unda iyos 25
wlis; mSvilebeli 14 wliT ufrosi mainc unda iyos Svilad asayvanze.251
safrangeTSi bavSvis ayvanis msurveli wyvili unda iyos daqorwinebuli minimum 2
weli mainc, an Tu daqorwinebidan gasulia 2 welze naklebi dro, maSin orive meuRle unda iyos 28 welze meti asakis . martoxela mSobels SeuZlia bavSvis ayvana, Tu
is aris 28 wlis mainc (Tumca, realurad aseTi pirovneba Znelad miiRebs bavSvis ayvanis uflebas). asakis zeda zRvari ar aris dadgenili. Asakobrivi SezRudva ar exeba mSvilebels, Tu mas surs meuRlis bavSvis ayvana (gansxvaveba mSvilebelsa da
bavSvs Soris unda iyos 10 weli mainc). zogadad, sxvaoba mSvilebelsa da bavSvs Soris unda iyos minimum 15 weli.252
samwuxarod, arc saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi da arc „Svilad ayvanisa da
mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb" saqarTvelos kanonSi ar aris gansazRvruli, Tu ra asakis
unda iyos mSvilebeli Svilad ayvanis momentisaTvis da minimum ramdeni wlis manZilze unda imyofebodnen qorwinebaSi wyvilebi, Svilad ayvanis ufleba rom mieceT.
vTvliT, rom aucileblad unda iqnes SemoRebuli msgavsi normebi, raTa kidev erTxel xazi gaesvas bavSvis WeSmarit interesebs, rac mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgens Svilad ayvanis procesis warmoebis nebismier stadiaze .
IV. mSvileblebis mosamzadebeli programa
da gamosacdeli periodi
aucilebel aspeqts warmoadgens momavali mSvileblebis gadamzadeba da Svilad
ayvanamde garkveuli saswavlo kursis gavla. evropis rig qveynebSi mas Semdeg, rac
249
THE CIVIL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, 2000, Third Book Family Law, Part 5, Chapter XIII,
Article 3.210-3.211.
250
.< http://www.loc.gov/law/help/adoption-law/turkey.php >[21.10.2015]
251
SPANISH CIVIL CODE, 2009. Chapter 5, Section 2ª.
252
The Civil Code of France, TITLE VIII, Chapter 1, Section 1.
56
momavali mSvileblebi gancxadebas daaregistrireben Sesabamis organoSi, valdebuli
xdebian gaiaron garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi mosamzadebeli kursi (treningebi),
raTa kargad gaiTavison mSvileblis amplua. mSvilebelTa mosamzadebeli programis
mizania, Svilad ayvanis arsis, bavSvis uflebebis da saWiroebebis Sesaxeb informaciis miReba da im unar–Cvevebis SeZena, rac daexmareba maT bavSvis Rirseul aRzrdaSi.
iseTi saxelmwifoebi, rogoricaa litva, dania, belgia Svilad ayvanis maregulirebel
aqtebSi uTiTeben, rom momavali mSvileblebisTvis aucilebeli moTxovna aris mosamzadebeli kursis gavla. samwuxarod arc saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi da arc
„Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb" saqarTvelos kanoni ar Seicavs msgavs
maregulirebel normebs da ar warmoebs potenciuri mSvileblebis momzadeba Svilad
ayvanisTvis.
vfiqrobT, rom aucilebelia, kanonmdeblobaSi Sevides cvlileba da SemuSavdes
mosamzadebeli programa, romelic Semdeg komponentebs unda moicavdes: 1) Svilad ayvanis arsis gagebas ( samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi); 2) ojaxsa da ojaxur Zaladobas ; 3)
bavSvis zrda-ganviTarebis etapebs; 4) bavSvis usafrTxoebasa da movlas; me-5 sakiTxad unda gamovyoT punqti-skola da bavSvi, rac SesaZloa, Tavis mxvriv moicavdes: a)
skolamdeli asakis kriziss; b) umcrosi saskolo asakis kriziss; g) ufrosi saskolo asakis krizisis sakiTxebs;amasTan treningis farglebSi sasurvelia, moewyos Sexvedrebi piradad mSvileblebTan da Svilad ayvanil pirebTan, romlebmac ukve warmatebiT gaiares yvela etapi da surT TavianTi gamocdilebis gaziareba momaval mSvileblebTan.
Semdegi sakiTxi, romelic aucileblad unda daregulirdes, Seexeba gamosacdeli
periodis SemoRebas, romelic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba momavali mSvileblebisTvis,
raTa gaarkvion, ramdenad SeZleben isini Svilad asayvan pirTan erTad cxovrebas da
dabrkolebebis gadalaxvas. gamosacdeli periodi xels uwyobs momaval mSvileblebs,
darwmundnen TavianTi gadawyvetilebis utyuarobasa da WeSmaritebaSi. rogorc viciT,
Svilad ayvanisas xdeba im dokumentaciis da monacemebis Semowmeba, romliTac dadgindeba Svilad ayvanis msurveli pirebis socialuri, janmrTelobis, asakobrivi, ojaxuri, ekonomikuri Tu fsiqo-emociuri mdgomareoba. mSvileblebisa da naSvilebis mentaluri Tavsebadobis sakiTxi kanonmdeblobiT mowesrigebuli ar aris. vfiqrobT, mizanSewonilia bavSvis mSvileblis ojaxSi winaswari ganTavsebis institutis Camoyalibeba saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi, rac aprobirebuli meTodia msoflios sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi. am SemTxvevaSi meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organo daakvirdeba uSualod Tanacxovrebis process da SeZlebs ufro zusti, adekvaturi daskvnebis gakeTebas, gamarTlebulia am SemTxvevaSi Svilad ayvanis legitimacia Tu ara. meurveobisa
da mzrunvelobis organo metad informaciuli, argumentirebuli da motivirebuli
daskvniT warsdgeba sasamarTlos winaSe Svilad ayvanis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas.
gamosacdeli periodis dawesebis aucilebloba gamomdinareobs "bavSvTa dacvisa
da saerTaSoriso gaSvilebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb" konvenciis me–20 muxlis da "bavSvebis Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb ganaxlebuli" evropuli konvenciis me–19
muxlidan253, romelTa mixedviTac, xelSemkvrelma mxareebma TavianT Sida samarTlebriv aqtSi unda asaxon iseTi normebi, romlebic daicavs im bavSvis uflebebs, romelic icxovrebs gamosacdeli vadiT mSvileblis ojaxSi, manam, sanam moxdebodes sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebiT mSvileblisgan misi Svilad ayvana.
vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli problebis naTelsayofad upriania, paraleli gavavloT
sxvadasxva qveynebSi moqmed kanonmdeblobasTan. evropis qveynebSi gamosacdeli vadis
253
European Convention on the Adoption of Children, 2008, Part 2, Article 19.
57
gansxvavebuli periodi aris dawesebuli. mag. safrangeTSi dawesebulia 6 Tve, erTi
weli italiaSi , xolo germania saerTod ar adgens msgavs regulaciebs.
TurqeTSic, msgavsad italiisa, gansazRvrulia erT wliani gamosacdeli periodi
(romelic ganmtkicebuli TurqeTis ssk-s 305–e muxlSi), romlis ganmavlobaSic gamoikveTeba, ramdenad zrunavda da ganaTlebas aZlevda mSvilebeli bavSvs. ganmcxadebelsa da socialur samsaxurs Soris formdeba" droebiTi zrunvis xelSekruleba",
romlis moqmedebis periodSi xorcieldeba mkacri Semowmeba da yovel 3 TveSi erTxel iwereba angariSi maTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.254 rac Seexeba avstriis kanonmdeblobas, manam, sanam moxdeba sabolood Svilad ayvana, Svilad asayvani piri gadadis
sacxovreblad momaval mSvileblebTan sadac, daaxloebiT 6- 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi
cxovrobs. am periodis manZilze Svilad asayvani bavSvi potenciuri mSvileblebis meurveobis qveS imyofeba da gadis adaptacis periods.255
da bolos, rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi moqmedi Svilad ayvanis maregulirebeli samarTlebriv aqtebs,isini ar aregulirebs sasamarTlos mier Svilad ayvanis saboloo
gadawyvetilebis miRebamde mSvilebelsa da Svilad asayvans Soris gamosacdel vadis
dawesebas, imis gasarkvevad,Tu ramdenad Seewyoba mSvilebeli Svilad asayvan bavSvs
da ramdenad uzrunvelyofs is Svilad ayvanis Semdgom mSvileblis movaleobis ganxorcielebas.
swored aRniSnuli qveynebis kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli daTqmebis magaliTze da
Cvens kanonmdeblobaSi msgavsi regulaciis ararsebobis safuZvelze, migvaCnia, rom
„Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb" saqarTvelos kanonSi, agreTve, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi unda ganxorcieldes cvlileba, sadac SemoRebuli iqneba momavali mSvileblebisTvis gamosacdeli vada - 12 Tve.
V. mindoba
mindobiT aRzrdis definiciuri mniSvneloba gulisxmobs saxelmwifosa da mimReb
ojaxs Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze mimRebi ojaxis mier bavSvis
droebiT movlasa da aRzrdas, romlis sanacvlodac mimRebi ojaxebi saxelmwifosgan
iReben fulad socialur daxmarebas, romelic gankuTvnili aris Svilobilis mosavlelad da aRsazrdelad. upirveles yovlisa, arsebuli instituti mzrunvelobamoklebuli bavSvis ojaxur garemoSi aRzrdas uzrunvelyofs, rac avtomaturad xels
uwyobs bavSvis pirovnul Camoyalibebas, mis socializaciasa da adaptacias sociumSi.
gansaxilveli institutis TvalsaCinoebisaTvisa da ukeT gagebisTvis aucilebelia, is SevadaroT Svilad ayvanis instituts, maT Soris sxvaoba samarTlebriv SedegebSia: pirvel SemTxvevaSi Svilad ayvanis dros mSvileblebi bavSvis mSoblebi xdebian da maTi urTierToba Svilad ayvanilTan iseTivea, rogori urTierTobac arsebobs
RviZl mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris. mindobiT aRzrdis dros ki beneficiari ar kargavs Tavis biologiur ojaxs da igi ojaxidan gamodis garkveuli vadiT, romelsac
xelSekruleba gansazRvravs. xelSekruleba gansazRvravs, aseve, im Tanxis odenobasac,
romelsac saxelmwifo uxdis mimReb ojaxs gaweuli samuSaosTvis.
mocemuli institutis samarTlebrivma analizma cxadyo misi dadebiTi aspeqtebi,
kerZod, is, rom mindobiT aRzrdis instituti bavSvis ojaxur garemoSi aRzrdis
upiratesi uflebis ganxorcielebas uzrunvelyofs, Tumca aqve upriania xazi gavusvaT mis uaryofiT mxareebsac, kerZod, imas, rom mindobiT aRzrdis dros bavSvi mim254
255
Zeldin W., Adoption Law:Turkey. < http://www.loc.gov/law/help/adoption-law/turkey.php > [23.01.2015]
Brulard Y., Dumont L., Final Report Legal Analysis, 2007, 8.
58
Reb mSoblebTan rCeba garkveuli droiT, am vadas ki saxelmwifosa da mimReb ojaxs
Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba gansazRvravs, romlis gasvlis Semdegac beneficiari
tovebs ojaxs da elodeba axal mSoblebs, romlebic izruneben masze. bunebrivia, yovelive es gamoricxavs srulyofili ojaxuri garemos SegrZnebas,rac migviTiTebs bavSvis uflebis darRvevaze.
mocemuli lafsusis aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa saxelmwifom ganaxorcielos rigi
RonosZiebebi, kerZod, SeimuSaos grZelvadiani politika deinstitucionalizaciis
procesis sworad warmarTvisaTvis an miiRos yvela zoma imisTvis, rom nacvlad mindobiT aRzrdisa, moxdes bavSvis gaSvileba da misi uzrunvelyofa mudmivi mzrunveli
ojaxiT, an moxdes bavSvis biologiur ojaxSi dabruneba.
VI. saerTaSoriso gaSvileba
saerTaSoriso gaSvileba ,,bavSvTa dacvisa da saerTaSoriso gaSvilebis sferoSi
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb" haagis konvenciisa da gaeros konvenciis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad daiSveba. aRniSnuli institutis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia, Tu bavSvi aRsazrdelad ver gadaecema an ver miebareba ojaxs, romelic uzrunvelyofs mis aRzrdas an
Svilad ayvanas. haagis konvenciis pirvel muxlSi vkiTxulobT, rom bavSvis gaSvileba
saerTaSoriso doneze unda moxdes saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli misi ZiriTadi uflebebis dacviT da mxolod bavSvis saukeTeso interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
aqve upriania aRvniSnoT isic, rom saxelmwifom, rogorc bavSvTa uflebaTa konvenciis monawile subieqtma, dauSva gaSvilebis institutis arseboba rogorc erovnul,
aseve saerTaSoriso doneze, Tumca saxelmwifom unda aiRos valdebuleba da gaataros yvela SesaZlo RonisZieba, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli am institutis xSiri
gamoyeneba, radgan bavSvis interesebidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia masze zrunavdnen
misi RviZli mSoblebi. mSoblebisa da naTesavebis mxridan zrunvis ganuxorcieleblobis, an arasaTanadod ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvze zrunvis valdebuleba SeiZleba aiRos sxvadasxva dawesebulebam an bavSvi iqnes gaSvilebuli kanonis yvela moTxovnaTa dacviT.
rogorc viciT, haagis konvencia bavSvis interesebis dacvis saukeTeso konvenciadaa aRiarebuli. aRniSnul instituts saqarTveloSi awesrigebs ,,Svilad ayvanisa da
mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb" saqarTvelos kanoni. kanonis imperatiuli moTxovnaa, rom
saerTaSoriso gaSvileba moxdes maSin, rodesac bavSvis dabruneba biologiur ojaxSi
aris SeuZlebeli an SeuZlebelia bavSvi gaSvildes saqarTvelos moqalaqeze an/da saqarTeloSi statusis mqone moqalaqeobis armqone pirze. am SemTxvevaSic saerTaSoriso gaSvilebis ganmaxorcielebeli organoa saagento, romelic ukavSirdeba konvenciis
xelisSemkvrel mxareebs da cvlis maTTan informacias gasaSvilebeli bavSvebis Sesaxeb. es ar niSnavs imas, rom mxolod konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebSi SeiZleba
bavSvebis gaSvileba. saerTaSoriso gaSvileba xdeba konvenciis arawevr saxelmwifoebSic.
,,saerTaSoriso da erovnul doneze gaSvilebul da aRsazrdelad gadacemul bavSvTa dacvisa da keTildReobis socialursamarTlebrivi principebis deklaraciaSi"
,romelic gaeros mier 1986 wels iqna miRebuli, mkafiod aris gansazRvruli saxelmwifos roli gaSvilebul da aRsazrdelad gadacemul bavSvTa uflebebis dacvis saqmeSi. deklaraciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo valdebulia, gansazRvros sazRvargareT gaSvilebul bavSvTa uflebebis dacvis politika, daawesos mkacri kontroli da SeimuSaos am sferos maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba, Tumca miuxedavad aRniSnuli daTqmisa, saqarTelos kanonmdeblobaSi gaSvilebis Semdgomi kontrolis sakmaod mwiri re59
gulaciebi arsebobs. amis dasamtkiceblad sakmarisia moviyvanoT ,,Svilad ayvanisa da
mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb“'' saqarTvelos kanonSi arsebuli mxolod erTi muxli,
romlis Tanaxmadac, saerTaSoriso gaSvilebis Semdgom centraluri organo valdebulia, mimRebi qveynis centralur organos mosTxovos specialuri xelSekrulebis safuZvelze saqarTvelodan gaSvilebuli bavSvis janmrTelobisa da socialuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb informacia. informaciis mowodeba mimRebi saxelmwifos mier unda
moxdes weliwadSi erTxel, manam, sanam gaSvilebul bavSvs ar Seusruldeba 18 weli(saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT sanam ar gaxdeba srulwlovani).
da bolos, es muxli aregulirebs mxolod saerTaSoriso gaSvilebis Semdgom
kontrols. rac Seexeba erovnul doneze ganxorcielebul gaSvilebis kontrols,
amis Sesaxeb aranairi daTqma ar arsebobs.
VII. daskvna
mocemul naSromSi SevecadeT gvesaubra Svilad ayvanis institutsa da mis normatiul mowesrigebaze, agreTve, yuradReba gagvemaxvilebina Svilad ayvanis procesze,
masSi monawile subieqtebsa da im kriteriumebze, rac dadgenilia mSvileblisaTvis
rogorc saqarTvelos, aseve, sazRvargareTis qveynebis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT.
aRniSnuli referatis analizma da sakiTxebis fundamenturma ganxilvam dagvanaxa
is problemebi, romlebic, miuxedavad gatarebuli reformebisa da gamartivebuli
procesebisa, jer kidev arsebobs. mravali gatarebuli dadebiTi cvlilebebis miuxedavad, vawydebiT lafsusebs mocemul institutTan mimarTebiT.
agreTve, SevecadeT gvesaubra mindobaze, rogorc institutze da misi ukeT gagebisaTvis is SevadareT Svilad ayvanis instituts, sadac aRmovaCineT sxvaoba samarTlebriv SedegebSi.
visaubreT saerTaSoriso gaSvilebazec, sadac aRmoCnda, rom miuxedavad gaeros
mier miRebul deklaraciebSi arsebuli daTqmebisa, saqarTelos kanonmdeblobaSi gaSvilebis Semdgomi kontrolis sakmaod mwiri regulaciebi arsebobs, rac, bunebrivia,
eWvqveS ayenebs saxelmwifos mxridan bavSvis interesebis dacvasa da maT uzrunvelyofas.
da bolos, winamdebare naSromSi moyvanili sakiTxebis analizis Sedegad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom bevri dadebiTi reformebis gatarebis miuxedavad, bavSvis uflebis srulyofilad dasacavad saWiroa arsebuli sakanonmdeblo bazis srulyofili
mowesrigeba.
60
ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia
ana nadiraZe
samecinero xelmZRvaneli: giorgi asaTiani
I. Sesavali
ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia transnacionalur gansakuTrebiT saSiS danaSaulTa rigs miekuTvneba, Sesabamisad, am danaSaulis regulireba xdeba rogorc nacionaluri, ise saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobiT. msoflio masStabiT fulis gaTeTrebis
aRkveTis problema aqtualuri gaxda gasuli saukunis 80-90-iani wlebidan da ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis saxelwodeba miiRo.
kvlevis mizania ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis mecnieruli Seswavla, problemebis gamovlena, romelic mravlad aris saqarTvelos samarTlebriv sistemeSi da
garkveuli rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba, rac ufro efeqturs gaxdis aRniSnul danaSaulTan brZolas.
samarTlebrivi kuTxiT organizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufebi da maTi saqmianoba
yvelaze naklebad Seswavlili sferoa. ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia safuZvels
qmnis kriminaluri organizaciebis danaSaulebrivi saqmianobisTvis da xels uwyobs
korufciis farTod gavrcelebas, gansakuTrebiT tranzituli ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic.
Temaze muSaobisas gamoyenebul iqneba rogorc qarTuli, aseve, ucxouri iuridiuli literatura. problemebis swori xedvisTvis gamoyenebulia, sasamarTlo praqtika,
aSS-s gamoZiebis federaluri biuros mier Seswavlili saqmeebi, romelTa analizi saSualebas mogvcems, SevadaroT isini qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikas. Temis ufro mkafiod gasagebad aucilebelia istoriis mokle mimoxilva, raTa gavarkvioT, Tu rodidan iRebs saTaves aRniSnuli danaSauli da rogor cdilobdnen saxelwifoebi erTiani ZalebiT mis winaaRmdeg brZolas.
Cemi kvlevis safuZvelze gamoikveTa iseTi debulebebi, romelsac aqvs rogorc
praqtikuli, aseve, Teoriuli mniSvneloba. magaliTad, saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobaSi,
kerZod, ,,ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis Sesaxeb” gaeros konvenciaSi ar aris mkafiod Camoyalibebuli definicia, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis praqtikaSi problemaa dakvalificirebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac ufro arTulebs am danaSaulTan brZolas.

kavkasiis samarTlis skolis magistraturis pirveli kursis studenti
61
II. mokle istoriuli eqskursi
Semosavlis ukanono legalizaciasTan sabrZolveli samarTlebrivi normebis SeuSaveba evrogaerTianebiam daiwyo da 1991 wlis 10 ivliss miRebul iqna fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg direqtiva,256 magram sabWom ver daiwyo da miaRwia SeTanxmebas konkretul RoniZiebebTan dakavSirebiT, amitomac wevr saxelmwifoebs miando, Tavad ganesazRvraT ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis dasadgeni aucilebeli zomebi. 1990 wlis 8 noembers
evrosabWom miiRo konvencia „fulis gaTeTrebis, danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sedegad
mopovebuli Semosavlebis moZiebis, amoRebis da konfiskaciis Sesaxeb“. swored am konvenciis gamoyenebaze SeTanxmdnen erTxmad wevri saxlemwifoebi.
rac Seexeba qarTul kanonmdeblobas, unda aRvniSnoT, rom 2003 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo „ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis
Sesaxeb“ specialuri kanoni. aRniSnulis momwesrigebel normas Seicavs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsic,257 xolo 2004 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma moaxdina 1990
wlis „fulis gaTeTrebis, danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sedegad mopovebuli Semosavlebis moZiebis, amoRebis da konfiskaciis Sesaxeb“ konvenciis ratifikacia.
„ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ kanonis 1-li
muxlis Tanaxmad, kanonis mizania saqarTveloSi ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa
da terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis samarTlebrivi meqanizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis
samarTlebrivi meqanizmis Seqmna, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos kanonieri uflebebisa
da interesebis dacva. monitorings eqvemdebareba piris mier dadebuli an Sesrulebuli garigeba anda misi danawevrebis mizniT ganxorcielebul garigebaTa erToblioba,
Tu am garigebis an garigebaTa fasi aremateba 30 000 lars an mis ekvivalents, Tu
es garigeba amavdroulad eWvs iwvevs.258
rac Seexeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss, 194-e muxlis dispoziciaSi mocemulia
danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi, romlebic exeba fulis gaTeTrebis Sinaarss: ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia - ese igi ukanono an/da dausabuTebeli qonebisaTvis kanonieri
saxis micema (qonebiT sargebloba, SeZena, floba, konversia, gadacema an sxva moqmedeba), misi ukanono warmoSobis dafarvis mizniT, agreTve misi namdvili bunebis, warmoSobis wyaros, adgilmdebareobis, ganTavsebis, moZraobis, masze sakuTrebis an/da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva uflebebis damalva an SeniRbva“.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi 2008 wels ganxorcielda cvlileba,
rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom daemata 194-e muxli.259 es damateba ganpirobebula finansuri qmedebis specialuri jgufis da evrosabWos fulis gaTeTrebis sawinaaRmdego
rCeul eqspertTa komitetis mier SeTavazebuli rekomentaciiT, raTa ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis da terorizmTan brZolis sferoSi sakanonmdeblo baza gaumjobesdes.
qmedebis obieqturi mxare gulisxmobs winaswari SecnobiT ukanono Semosavlis
legalizaciis gziT mopovebuli nivTiT sargeblobas, SeZenas, flobas da gasaRebas,
gansxvavebiT 194-e muxlisgan, romelic exeba mxolod ukanono Semosavlis legalizacias. am SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdeblis mizania, daicvas marTlzomieri fulad-sasaqonlo
urTierTobebi ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis Semdgom epatzec, anu uzrunvelyos
ukanonod legalizebuli qonebis ekonominur brunvaSi faqtobrivi Cabmis dauSvebloba. imisaTvis, rom es mizani iqnes miRweuli, kriminalizebulia ara mxolod ukanonod
256
Europian Banking Federation - Money Laundering Legislation - Fraud Working Group - Brussels - October 2002.
257 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxli.
258
259
„ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-5 muxli.
sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I, g. tyeSelaZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 426.
62
legalizebuli nivTis SeZena, aramed am nivTiT droebiTi sargebloba da flobac, agreTve, misi gasaReba.
rac Seexeba qmedebis subieqtur Semadgenlobas, es aris pirdapiri ganzraxva. motivi, rogorc wesi, angarebiTia, Tumca es ar gamoricxavs sxva pirad motivebs. kvalifikaciisTvis motivs mniSvneloba am SemTxvevaSi ar aqvs.
III. sasamarTlo praqtikis da statistikuri
monacemebis analizi
ukanono Semosavlis legalizicia rogorc calke danaSauli ar arsebobs. mas kavSiri aqvs iseT antisazogadoebriv qmedebebTan, rogorebicaa prostitucia, narkotikuli danaSauli, iaraRis ukanono gavrceleba, korufcia.
unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo praqtika am kuTxiT arc ise mdidaria. es, Tavis mxriv, ar gulisxmobs imas, rom saqarTveloSi ukanono Semosavlebis
legalizacia ar xdeba. es faqti imas mowmobs, rom saqarTveloSi garkveul problemebTan aris dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri danaSaulis zusti kvalifikacia. imisaTvis,
rom problemebi davinaxoT, saqarTvelos sasamarTlos praqtika unda SevadaroT aSS-s
gamoZiebis federaluri biuros erT-erT saqmes da movaxdinoT maTi analizi.
46 wlis aldo vilareli da misi meuRle gamoZiebis federalurma biurom 2015
wlis 21 dekembers daakava. maT bralad daedoT marixuanis da kokainis distribuciaSi
da, aseve, ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciaSi. SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTlom maT
20 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusaja.260
msgavsi saqmeebi sakmaod mravladaa gamoZiebis federaluri biuros istoriaSi,
romelsac mkafiod Camoyalibebuli kvalifikacia aqvs. aseve, rogorc ukve aRvniSne,
ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia calke danaSauli ar arsebobs da Sesabamisad, esaa
danaSaulTa erToblioba.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikas, uzenaesi sasamarTlos vebgverdze saqmeebi ar iZebneba, rac imis gaanalizebis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom saqmeebi
an gamoZiebis epatze gauxsneli rCeba da gamoZieba Sedis CixSi, an saqme pirveli instanciidan aRar gadadis apelaciis etapze. magaliTad, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos ganaCeniT, pirovnebas brali daedo imisaTvis, rom man Caidina ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia, ese igi fulisTvis da sxva qonebisTvis kanonieri saxis micema, agreTve, ukanono Semosavlis wyaros, adgilmdebareobis, ganTavsebis, moZraobis, qonebis
namdvili mesakuTris, mflobelis da qonebrivi uflebis damalva jgufurad, araerTgzis, samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT. aseve, mas brali daedo TaRliTobaSi.
2008 wels pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi Sevida 3 saqme 4 gansasjelze, ganaCenis gamotaniT damTavrda 4 saqme 5 pirze, romliTgan 2 msjavrdebuls Seefarda
Tavisuflebis aRkveTa (1 wlis, 8 Tvis da 19 dRiT, amasTan, CamoerTva 3 milioni aSS
dolaris odenobis qoneba), xolo 3-s - pirobiTi msjavri (aqedan, 2-s - 5 wlis vadiT da jarima, 10 000 laris odenobiT, erTs - erTi wlis vadiT da jarima - 1
000 000 laris odenobiT).
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2009 wels pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi Sevida 1 saqme 1 pirze, ganaCenis
gamotaniT damTavrda 1 saqme 2 pirze. erT msjavrdebuls Seefarda Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 14 wlis vadiT, xolo meores - pirobiTi msjavri 5 wlis vadiT da jarima
900 000 laris odenobiT.
2010 wlis 6 Tvis monacemebiT pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi Sevida 5 saqme
9 gansasjelze. ganaCenis gamotaniT damTavrda mxolod 2 saqme 2 msjavrdebulze.
orive maTgans Seefarda Tavisuflebis aRkveTa (erTs - 1 wlamde vadiT, xolo meores
- 9 wliT).
sasamarTlo statistikaze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom 2009 - 2010
wlebSi sasamarTlo ganaCeniT dakisrebuli sasjelebi ufro mkacri iyo rogorc Tavisuflebis aRkveTis vadis xangrZlivobiT, aseve, jarimis odenobis TvalsazrisiTac,
rac mowmobs saxelmwifos politikas, rom sasjeli Seesabamebodes danaSaulebrivi
qmedebis simZimes da am gziT sxva zomebTan erTad efeqturad moxdes danaSaulis, maT
Soris, ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis prevencia.
rac Seexeba Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sainformacio-analitikuri departamentis informaciuli uzrunvelyofisa da analizis sammarTvelos statistikuri masalas, ssk-is 194-e muxliT 2006 wels daregistrirda 5 danaSauli, saidanac gaxsnilia 1, 2007 wels daregistrirda 13 danaSuli, gaxsnilia 1, 2008 wels daregistrirda 7 danaSauli gaxsnilia 1, 2009 wels daregistrirda 5 danaSauli, saidanac
arc erTi ar aris gaxsnili, 2010 wlis 6 Tvis monacemebiT, sul daregistrirda 14
danaSuli, gaxsnilia 5 danaSauli, xolo 1941 muxliT danaSauli registrirebuli
ar aris.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ver vityviT, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi
umjobesdeboda gamoZieba da ufro da ufro meti saqmeebi ixsneboda. imdenad msgavsi
raodenobebia, rom SegviZlia davaskvnaT: samarTaldamcav organoebs ar aqvT sakmarisi
gamocdileba da codna, rac aucilebelia ekonomikuri danaSaulis gasaxsnelad da
fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad; maT ar hyavT Sesabamisi eqpertebi, romlebic uSualod ekonomikur danaSaulze moaxdenen koncentracias. arc imis Tqma SegviZlia, rom ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia calsaxad ekonomikuri danaSaulia. es
aris rTuli konstruqciis danaSauli, vinaidan uamrav operacias moicavs da sakmaod
Znelia aseTi danaSaulis gaxsna, damnaSaveebis gamovlena da maTi dasja.
IV. ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis meTodebi
da ofSoruli zonebi
ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia, rogorc wesi, ramdenime operaciisgan Semdgari
procesia. arsebobs fulis gaTeTrebis orsafexuriani, samsafexuriani, oTxsafexuriani modelebi. orsafexuriani modeli moicavs fulis ,,garecxvas” da brunvaSi dabrunebas. samsafexuriani modeli gulisxmobs: 1) ganTavsebas e.i. aralegaluri wyarodan
fulis gadatanas legalurSi (magaliTad, sabanko gadaricxva sxva romelime qveyanaSi), 2) ,,kvalis waSlas” _ mravaljeradi finansuri operaciebi erTi qveynidan meoreSi, 3) integracias, mravaljeradi finansuri operaciebis Semdeg legalizebuli saSualebebis dabruneba oficialur ekonomikur ciklSi (magaliTad, fulis ekonomikaSi
ganTavseba an uZrav qonebaSi dabandeba). gaeros eqspertebi gamoyofen fulis gaTeTrebis 4 stadias: 1) naRdi fulisagan gaTavisufleba da gadaricxva crumagieri pirebis
64
angariSebze (magaliTad, naTesavebze an sxva Suamavlebze, romelTac sakuTari angariSebi aqvT bankebSi), 2) naRdi fuladi saSualebebis ganawileba (magaliTad, fasiani
qaRaldebis Sesyidva), 3) Cadenili danaSaulis kvalis waSla, am stadiaze mTavari
amocanaa yvela zomis miReba, raTa veravin Seityos fulis warmoSobis wyaro da ganawilebis adgilebi, 4) fuladi masis integracia. garecxili fulis investireba biznesis momgebian sferoSi.261
amgvarad, ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia warmoadgens rTul process, is moicavs mravalferovan operaciebs, romlebic xorcieldeba sxvadasxva meTodebiT da
xerxebiT. maT kvalifikaciisTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs, gamomdinare iqidan, rom aRniSnul danaSauls rTuli agebuleba aqvs, rac kidev ufro urTulebs saqmes samarTaldamcav organoebs. es meTodebi informaciisaTvis mniSvnelovania, raTa moxdes ukanono
Semosavlis legalizaciis prevencia ara mxolod Sida samarTlebriv, aramed saerTaSoriso doneze.
rac Seexeba ofSorul zonas, odSorul zonad iTvleba qveyana, an teritoria,
romlis kanonmdeblobaSi nebadarTulia registraciis qveynis an teritoriis gareT
moqmedi wyaroebidan mogebis mimRebi kompaniis (ofSoruli kompaniis) registracia.
saerTaSoris organizacia „finansuri stabilurobis forumi“ ofSorul zonas gansazRvravs rogorc „iurisdiqcias, romelic ararezidentebis aqtivobis maRaldones
ganapirobebs“. es aqtivoba ganpirobebulia gadasaxadebis Tavidan acilebis an maTi
Semcirebis SesaZleblobiT. Sesabamisad, ofSoruli biznesi gadasaxadebis Tavidan acilebis, an maTi Semcirebis da mogebis gadidebis mizniT ganxorcielebuli nebismieri
ofSoruli operaciaa, anu esaa biznesi, romelic xorcieldeba mocemuli iurisdiqciis sazRvrebs gareT, aqvs Semosavlebis ucxouri wyaro da SeRavaTiani dabegvra.
aqve minda aRvniSno, rom rom ar iyos maRali sagadasaxado tarifebi ar iqneboda
imis saWiroeba, rom ofSoruli zonebi Seqmniliyo. ofSoruli zonebi Tavis mxriv
xels uwyobs ukanono Semosavlis legalizacias, rac uaryofiT gavlenas moaxdens
msoflios masStabiT.
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organizebuli danaSaulis Tanamedrove gamovlinebebis kriminalizaciisa da samarTalSefardebis
problemebi qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi, guram naWyebias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 715.
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V. daskvna da rekomendaciebi
rogorc vxedavT, fulis gaTeTreba aris fulis miRebis ukanono wyaroebis dafarvis procesi. meTodebi, romelTa gamoyenebiTac fuli SeiZleba gaTeTrdes „gairecxos“, sxvadasxvagvaria. mravali maregulirebeli da samTavrobo organos warmomadgeneli yovelwliurad saubrobs am problemis Sesaxeb. SeuZlebelia zusti raodenobis
Tanxis gansazRvra, magram yovel wels miliardobiT fuli TeTrdeba. danaSaulTan
sabrZolvelad mravalma qveyanam miiRo mkacri zomebi, Tumca misi bolomde aRmofxvra
SeuZlebelia. danaSaulTan brZolaSi CarTuli arian finansuri institutebic, romlebsac ekisrebaT valdebuleba, moaxdinon myisieri reagireba mciredi eWvzec ki, rom
fuli ukanono warmoSobisaa. ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciasTan brZola saerTaSoriso donezea ayvanili.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis ganxilvam gviCvena, rom kanonmdeblobas jer kidev
sWirdeba ganviTareba da daxvewa, vinaidan aRmoifxvras es problema. am etapze sakmaod susti statistika arsebobs da saWiroa bevri muSaoba. mimaCnia, rom saqarTvelo
ar miekuTvneba ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufs amitom aq fulis gaTeTreba martivia,
vinaidan rac ufro maRalia qveynis ekonomikaSi momsaxurebis sferos xvedriTi wili,
miT ufro rTulia am saxelmwifoSi fulis gaTeTreba.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos roli fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis
saqmeSi. xelisuflebam unda ganagrZos liberaluri ekonomikuri kursi, da, amavdroulad, aucilebelia sxvadasxva sferoSi gaZlierdes kontrolis meqanizmebi kanonmdeblobis dacvaze.
amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom fulis gaTeTrebis aRkveTis saqmeSi gadamwyvetia saxelmwifos politikuri neba. fulis gaTeTreba danaSaulis is saxeobaa, romelsac
umetesad swored xelisuflebis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi sCadian, Sesabamisad,
mxolod mizanmimarTuli da mkafio saxelmwifo politikis gatarebiT aris SesaZlebeli am danaSulis aRmofxvra saxelisuflebo wreebSi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
biznesseqtorisa da, zogadad, mosaxleobis ndobis amaRleba xelisuflebis mimarT.
xSirad pirs, romelsac savsebiT kanonierad aqvs saxsrebi mopovebuli, ar surs, sabanko operaciebisa Tu sxva saxis garigebebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb saxelmwifo
struqturebisTvis informaciis miwodeba. am ideologiis Sesacvlelad aucilebelia
Sesabamisi zomebis miReba. sazogadoebisTvis naTeli unda iyos, rom fulis gaTeTrebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis erTaderTi mizani danaSaulobis aRkveTaa.
ekonomikuri danaSaulis gamoZiebas gansakuTrebuli codna da specifika Wirdeba,
romelic, Tu praqtikas gaviTvaliswinebT, samarTaldamcav organoebs ar gaaCniaT, amitom saqarTveloSi unda momzadnen am saqmis specialistebi.
vTvli, rom ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia saerTaSoriso xasiaTis problemaa
da ganviTarebulma qveynebma saerTo ZalebiT unda moaxerxon am problemis aRmofxvra.
Cems naSromSi gavakeTe istoriuli mimoxilva, gamoviyene amerikis kanonmdebloba,
visaubre im xerxebze, rac aucilebelia ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisTvis da
vTvli, rom es aris Zalian saintereso da aqtualuri sakiTxi dRevandel msoflioSi.
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pornografiuli nawarmoebis an sxva
sagnis ukanono damzadeba an gavrceleba
Tamar koraxaSvili
samecinero xelmZRvaneli: giorgi asaTiani
I. Sesavali
referatSi ganxiluli iqneba pornografiis samarTlebrivi regulireba saqarTveloSi, misi problematuri sakiTxebi da am e.w. „mkvdari muxlis“ praqtikaSi gamoyenebisas daSvebuli Secdomebi. mogexsenebaT, ssk-is 255-e muxli, romelic iTvaliswinebs
pasuxismgeblobas pornografiuli nawarmoebis ukanonod damzadebis an gavrcelebisTvis, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Seqmnis droidan arsebobs. didi Ziebis Sedegad
ver wavawydiT 2014 wlamde raime praqtikas aRniSnulze, rac, Cemi azriT, gamarTlebulia imiT, rom muxli xarveziania. 2014 wlis Semdeg Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom
daiwyo kompania „kavkasus onlainis“ serverebSi pornografiuli Sinaarsis mqone nawarmoebTa Zieba. amis Sedegad brali wauyenes 40 pirs „kavkasusis“ serverebis kvleva
dResac mimdinareobs.
am mxriv bevrad ufro mravalferovania, aSS-is da didi britaneTis praqtika. naSromSi magaliTad moviyvanT swored am qveynebis kanonmdeblobas da SemogTavazebT
problemis praqtikuli gadaWris gzebs. gadavwyviteT, mogveyvana erTi cenzurisgan metad Tavisufali qveynis – amerikis, xolo meore, SedarebiT konservatiuli, didi
britaneTis sakanonmdeblo regulacia. amasTan, ganvixilavT ramdenime SemTxvevas, maTze miRebul sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebs da ganmartebebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom am qveynebs aqvT mravalferovani praqtika, maT Soris, adamianis uflebebis evropul sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebuli (didi britaneTs) da vecade amerCia ufro mniSnvelovani da saintereso gadawyvetilebebi.
TemaSi wamoWrilia ramdenime iseTi sakiTxi, rogoricaa arasruli kanonis arseboba, kanonis arsebobis gareSe adamianTa pasuxismgeblobaSi micema da a.S. aseve, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis „Landmark Case“-ebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac SemuSavda
arsebuli kanoni. did britaneTSi ki tragikuli SemTxveva gaxda saWiro imisTvis,
rom mieRoT msgavsi kanoni.
II. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 255-e muxlis adgens pasuxismgeblobas pornografiuli nawarmoebis an sxva sagnis ukanonod damzadebis an gasaRebisTvis. muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, pornografiuli nawarmoebis, nabeWdi gamocemis, gamosaxulebis
an pornografiuli xasiaTis sxva sagnis ukanonod damzadeba, gavrceleba an reklamireba, agreTve, aseTi sagniT vaWroba anda misi Senaxva gayidvis an gavrcelebis mizniT
isjeba jarimiT an gamasworebeli samuSaoTi vadiT or wlamde anda Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT imave vadiT. meore nawilis mixedviT, winaswari SecnobiT arasrulwlovnis
gamosaxulebis Semcveli pornografiuli nawarmoebis SeZena, Senaxva, Cvenebaze daswreba, SeTavazeba, gavrceleba, gadacema, reklamireba, xelmisawvdomobis sxvagvari uz
kavkasiis samarTlis skolis magistraturis I kursis studenti
67
runvelyofa an aseTi nawarmoebiT sargebloba isjeba jarimiT an gamasworebeli samuSaoiTi vadiT or wlamde an/da Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT sam wlamde. mesame nawilis mixedviT ki winaswari SecnobiT arasrulwlovnis gamosaxulebis Semcveli
pornografiuli nawarmoebis damzadeba an gasaReba isjeba jarimiT an Tavisuflebis
aRkveTiT vadiT samidan xuT wlamde.
aRniSnul muxls axlavs SeniSvna, romelic ganmartavs, rom arasrulwlovnis gamosaxulebis Semcveli pornografiuli nawarmoebi aris nebismieri meTodiT Seqmnili
vizualuri an audiovizualuri masala, agreTve, dadgmuli warmodgena, romelSic
sxvadasxva saSualebiT warmodgenilia arasrulwlovnis an arasrulwlovnis gamosaxulebis mqone piris monawileoba namdvil, simulirebul an kompiuteruli teqnologiis meSveobiT generirebul seqsualur scenebSi an naCvenebia arasrulwlovnis genitaluri organoebis momxmareblis seqsualuri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis mizniT.
pornografiulad ar CaiTvleba nawarmoebi, romelsac aqvs samedicino, samecniero, saganmanaTleblo an saxelovnebo Rirebuleba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba krZalavs pornografiuli nawarmoebis ukanonod damzadebas an gavrcelebas, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom SesaZlebelia misi kanonieri damzadeba an gavrcelebac. magaliTisTvis SegviZlia moviSvelioT
cecxlsasroli iaraRis marTlsawinaaRdmego SeZena, Senaxva, tareba da. a.S. aRniSnuliT ikrZaleba cecxlsasroli iaraRis marTlsawinaaRmdego gamoyeneba, amasTan, arsebobs mTeli rigi kanonebisa, romliTac ganisazRvreba marTlzomieri gamoyenebis wesebi. msgavseba or sakiTxs Soris aris is, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi krZalavs
cecxlsasroli iaraRis ukanono tarebas, Senaxvas da a.S. (rogorc es mocemuli pornografiuli nawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi). Sesabamisad, sityva „ukanonos“- ganmartebisas
SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom unda arsebobdes kanonieri gzac. pornografiul nawarmoebTan dakavSirebiT aseTi kanoni ar arsebobs. es aris didi xarvezi, romlic gamosasworebelia, radgan SeuZlebelia kanonis gareSe mosamarTlem (an nebismierma sxva pirma) gansazRvros, ra CaiTvleba ukanono damzadebad an gavrcelebad da ra kanonierad.
situacias amZafrebs 2015 wlis 4 maiss momxdari faqti, roca saqarTvelos 4
qalaqis – Tbilisis, quTaisis, baTumisa da zugdidis maStabiT samarTaldamcvelebma
pornografiuli nawarmoebis gavrceleba-reklamirebis faqtze sisxlissamarTlebriv
pasuxisgebaSi 40 piri misces262. Sss msgavsi tipis sxva faqtebze sagamoZiebo muSaobas kvlav ganagrZobs. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros oficialuri gancxadebis Tanaxmad,
kriminaluri policiis departamentisa da mTavari prokuraturis TanamSromlebma sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis Sedegad pornografiuli masalebis ukanonod gavrcelebisa da
reklamis fatebi 19 sxvadasxva veb-gverdze aRmoaCines. gamoZiebam daadgina, rom
braldebulebma sxvadasxva drosa da viTarebaSi, Semosavlis miRebisa da veb-saitebis
popularizaciis mizniT, moipoves pornografiuli, maT Soris, arasrulwlovanTa gamosaxulebis Semcveli videofailebi, romlebic veb-saitebze atvirTes, riTic sajarod xelmisawvdomi gaxades internetis momxmareblebisaTvis. maT mier internetSi
atvirTuli pornografiuli xasiaTis videofaliebi SeuzRudavad vrceldeboda bolo
periodamde. amjamad aRniSnuli saitebis hosting gaTiSulia, xolo momxmareblebi –
dablokili. braldebulebma aRiares Cadenili danaSauli da yvela maTganTan gaformda saproceso garigeba. erT-erT maTgans icavda saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa
asociacia, romelic iziarebda azrs, rom kanons xarvezis gamo braldebuls ar Caudenia marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba, radgan konkretuli akrZalva ar arsebobs. Sss-s
mier gavrcelebuli informacia zogadi xasiaTisaa da ar aris dakonkreebuli, 40
262
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{29.3.2016}.
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braldebuli piridan ramdens hqonda Sexeba bavSvTa pornografiis amsaxveli nawarmoebis gavrcelebasTan. organizacia „saqarTvelos demokratiuli iniciativis“ warmomadgeneli iuristi, giorgi mSvenieraZe acxadebs, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
255-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT pirTa dakaveba sadavoa „rodesac sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis muxli qmedebis dasjadobas awesebs, is aRwers qcevas, romelic aris dasjadi am SemTxvevaSi, anu aris ukanono xasiaTis. ukanonoba niSnavs, rom konkretuli
qmedeba romelime sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtiT unda iyos gansazRvruli. aviRoT, Tundac
saTamaSo biznesis sakiTxi – saTamaSo biznesis nebarTvis gareSe warmoeba dasjadia,
xolo Tu nebarTvas aiReb da kanonis Sesabamisad moawyob, daSvebulia, anu aucilebelia arsebobdes sxva mareglamentirebeli aqti, romelic mis ukanonobas gansazRvravs.
radgan saqarTveloSi pornografiasTan mimarTebiT ar aris aseTi regulaciebi, pirebisTvis am tipis braldebis wayeneba ewinaaRmdegeba sisxlis samarTlis kanons da
sisxlis samarTlis princips. saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, aravin agebs pasuxs qmedebisTvis, romelic misi Cadenis dros samarTaldarRvevas ar warmoadgens.
radganac saqarTveloSi pornografiis gavrceleba ar aris ukanono, aqedan gamomdinare, ukanono pornografiis gavrcelebisTvis aravin unda mieces pasuxisgebaSi. calke
sakiTxia uSualod bavSvTa pornografiis Tema, romelic sisxlis samarTlis 255-e
muxlis meore nawilSia asaxuli da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebiTac regulirdeba”.263
2016 wlis 12 marts sapatrulo policiam saxelmwifo kancelariasTan saptrotesto aqciis monawile e. deisaZe daakava. deisaZem gaspar noes filmi „siyvaruli“
mTavrobis kancelariis Senobis kedelze aCvena, ris Semdegac is daakaves. igi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 255-e muxliTaa dakavebuli.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 nawilis mixedviT, aravin agebs pasuxs im qmedebisTvis, romelic misi Cadenis dros samarTaldarRvevad ar iTvleboda.
radgan pornografiuli nawarmoebis damzadeba, gavrceleba, reklamireba mxolod im
SemTxvevaSia akrZaluli, roca es ukanonod xdeba da ar viciT, ra aris ukanono da
ra kanonieri, SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom konkretuli akrZalva ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, 2015 wels 40 pirs brali wauyenes im qmedebisTvis, romelic danaSauls ar
warmodgens, riTac dairRva maTi konstituciiT garantirebuli ufleba. msgavsi
grZeldeba dResac, risi damadasturebelicaa e. deisaZis dakaveba, gaspar noes filmis
pornografiul nawarmoebad aRiareba da misi gavrcelebisaTvis pirTa braldeba. mniSnvelovani garemoebaa, rom gaspar noes am films Cautarda eqspertiza, romelmac daadgina, rom aRniSnuli namdvilad pornografiuli nawarmoebia. es kidev erTi mizezia
imisa, rom saWiroa kanonSemoqmedebiTi organos swrafi reagireba, raTa gamocxaddes
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 255-e muxli Zaladakargulad an miRebul iqnes kanoni,
romelic gansazRvravs, rogor SeiZleba moxdes pornografiuli nawarmoebis kanonierad damzadeba da gavrceleba.
263
< http://liberali.ge/news/view/16259/mshvenieradze-saqartveloshi-ar-aris-kanoni-romelits-pornografiisgavrtselebas-krdzalavs > {29.3.2016}
69
III.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis regulaciebi
1. federaluri kanonmdebloba
amJamad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriaze moqmedi 2257 regulacia
awesrigebs pornografiasTan dakavSirebul sferos, romelic produserebs, aseve, meorad produserebs avaldebulebs, rom moipovon imis damadasturebeli sabuTi, rom
monawileni srulwlovnebi (18 wlis asaks miRwerulebi) arian. meorad produserebad
iTvlebian is pirebi, romlebic aqveyneben, cvlian an axlidan uSveben original masalas (magaliTad, Wrian videos, videodan iReben suraTebs da a.S.). am kanonis mixedviT, gamoZiebis federalur biuros aqvs ufleba, nebismier dros Seamowmos pornografiis damamzadebeli fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi. aRniSnuli kanonis miRebas win
uZRvoda mravali saqme da, Cemi azriT, dReisTvisac araa srulyofili da aRsrulebadi264.
federaluri kanoni, rogorc xedavT, farToa ganmartebisTvis. Sesabamisad, TiToeul Stats SeuZlia survilisamebr daareguliros aRniSnuli sakiTxi.
2. precedentebi
1957 wlis saqme – ruTi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg - iyo erT-erTi pirveli, romelmac aiZula amerikis konstituciuri sasamarTlo, ganemarta, ras
moicavda „uxamsi masala“ (Obscene material) da ras icavda sityvis da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba265. „ruTis saqmemde“ saerTo samarTalSi moqmedebda wesi, rom nebismieri masala, romelsac SeeZlo amoraluri gavlena moexdina „Camouyalibebel“ pirebze (to those
whose minds are open to such influences). Sesabamisad, balzakis, floberi, jeims joisis
nawarmoebebis nawili akrZaluli iyo, bavSvebze maTi SesaZlo gavlenis gamo. samuel
roTs, romelsac niu iorkSi hqonda stamba da eweoda literaturul saqmianobas, brali daedo „uxamsi masalis“ gagzavna, gavrcelebasa da popularizaciaSi fostis saSualebiT. man gagzavna publikacia saxeliT „amerikeli afrodite“, romelic Seicavda literaturul erotikas da SiSvel suraTebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom erotika manamde ar iyo akrZaluli, mosamarTle uiliam
brenanma roTis saqmis gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna, rom uxamsoba pirveli SesworebiT
ar iyo daculi da roTis, gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamotanis SemTxvevaSi ar dairRveoda sityvisa da gamoxatvis konstituciiT daculi ufleba. aseve, ganmarta, rom
„uxamsobad CaiTvleba masala, romlis mTavari motivia, aRZras xorcieli interesi
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mcxovreb saSualo ganviTarebis adamianSi“. amis sapasuxod
mosamarTle erl uanerma aRniSna, rom am ganmartebam SesaZloa momavalSi xelovnebis
da mecnierebis SezRudva gamoiwvios da ar daeTanxma sxva mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebas. Sabolood, samuel ruTis winaaRmdeg mainc gamoitanes gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni
da 3 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusajes. ruTis saqme gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT
da sasjelis moxdiT ar damTavrebula, radgan me-20 saukunis 60-ian wlebSi daiwyo
seqsualuri revolucia da xalxisgan wamosulma zewolam SedarebiT Seamcira sasamarTlos mkacri damokidebuleba, romelsac zogi miesalma, xolo zogi aRSfoTebiT
Sexvda. morwmune sazogadoebis gulebis mosagebad riCard niqsonma isargebla Seqmnili situaciiT da saarCevno kampaniaSi mkacri regulaciebis SemoRebas dahpirda
maT.266
264
< http://www.xxxlaw.com/articles/primer5.html > [29.3.2016]
< https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/354/476/case.html > [29.3.2016].
266
< http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=2759 > [26.3.2016]
265
70
Semdegi mniSvnelovani saqme iyo „mileri kaliforniis winaaRmdeg“, romlis Sedegadac ganisazRvra pornografiis uxamsobad dasakvalificirebeli axali testi, romelic dResac moqmedebs kaliforniasa da ramdenime sxva StatSi.
1971 wels marvin mileri flobda erotikuli filmebis da wignebis damamzadebel firmas. man daamzada broSurebi biznesis popularizaciisTvis da fostiT gagzavna kaliforniaSi. erT-erTi broSura miuvida kaliforniaSi restornis mflobels,
romelmac dedasTan erTad gaxsna igi. broSuraze gamosaxuli SiSveli qalis gamosaxulebis danaxviT SeSfoTebulebma darekes policiaSi da moiTxoves mileris saTanadadod dasja. mileri daapatimres kaliforniis samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 322-e
muxlis safuZvelze da naficma msajulebma gamoutanes verdiqti - damnaSave. milerma
gaasaCivra gadawyvetileba da saapelacio sasamarTloSic ver SeZlo udanaSaulobis
damtkiceba. saapelacio gadawyvetileba gasaCivrda da uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina
axali testi imis Sesamowmeblad, iyo Tu ara masala uxamsi.
masala CaiTvleba uxamsad Tu igi Semdeg kriteriumebs akmayofilebs kumulaciurad:
1. Tu Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi saSualo ganviTarebis mqone piri
CaTvlis, rom mTliani masala aRZravs xorciel interesebs;
2. Tu masala aRwers an asaxavs seqsualur aqts (gadawyvetilebis 25-e gverdze
miTiTebulia, rom seqsualuri aqti unda ganimartos farTo gagebiT);
3. Tu mTlian masalas ar gaaCnia seriozuli literaturuli, saxelovnebo, politikuri an mecnieruli Rirebuleba.267
aRsaniSnavia, rom federaluri kanonmdeblobis moTxovnis miuxedavad, meoradi
produserebi bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod erTxel Seamowmes. gamoZiebis federalurma biuros mier Semowmebis Catareba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom konservatiuli religiuri jgufebi aprotestebdnen „gayinul normas“. Semowmebis Sedegad
brali aravisTvis wauyenebiaT.
267
< https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/413/15/case.html > [26.3.2016]
71
IV. didi britaneTis regulaciebi
1.Criminal Justice and Immigration Act
did britaneTSi aRniSnuli sakiTxi mowesrigebulia 2008 wlis „sisxlis samarTlis da imigraciis aqtiT“, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 2009 wlis 26 ianvars. es kanoni krZalavs iseTi gamosaxulebis (videos, fotos da a.S.) flobas, romelic Tavisi
xasiaTiT mxolod imitomaa Seqmnili, rom gamoiwvios piris seqsualuri aRgzneba da
romelic aris saSinlad Seuracxmyofeli, amazrzeni an uxamsi da Seicavs Semdeg qmedebebs:
1. aqts, romlis drosac adamianis sicocxles emuqreba safrTxe;
2. aqti, romelic savaraudod dasruldeba adamianis mkerdis an sasqeso organoebis mZime dazianebiT;
3. aqti adamianis gvamTan (akrZalulia gvamTan seqsualuri aqtis imitirebac);
4. aqti cxovelTan (mkvdarTan an cocxalTan), an aRniSnulis imitireba.268
kanonis mixedviT, ar aqvs mniSnveloba akrZalul qmedebaSi monawileTa nebayoflobiT Tanxmobas, rac niSnavs, rom monawileTa Tanxmoba, daizianon sxeuli da a.S. ar gamoricxavs maT sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. akrZalva exeba ara marto monawileebs, aramed maTac, vinc eswreba aqtis gadaRebas (operators, produsers da a.S.).
sasjelis saxiT pirveli ori kategoriisTvis gaTvaliswinebulia maqsimum 3 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, xolo bolo ori kategoriisTvis - maqsimum 2 wliT. srulwlovani, romelsac aseTi danaSaulisTvis miusjian (sul mcire 2 wels), registrirdeba
seqsualur moZaladeTa reestrSi (Sex Offender Register).
2. precedenti
inkluziuri swavlebis skolis maswavlebeli jein longarsti 2003 wlis 14
marts mokla graham qouTsma. qouTsi iyo gitaristi da naxevar ganakveTze muSaobda
gamyidvelad, braitonSi. igi amtkicebda, rom jeini SemTxveviT Semoakvda, rodesac
ormxrivi TanxmobiT gadawyvites erotikuli asfiqsiis gancda, Tumca ver daadastura, rom maT manamdec hqondaT sasiyvarulo an sqesobrivi kontaqti. 2004 wlis 3
Tebervals qouTsi damnaSaved scnes mkvlelobaSi da miusajes uvado patimroba minimum 30 wliT, romelic SemdgomSi saapelacio sasamarTlom Seumcira 26 wliT. samive
instanciis sasamarTlom gaiziara braldebis pozicia da qouTsi damnaSaved iqna cnobili mkvlelobisTvis. sasamarTloebi dasrulda 2007 wlis 4 ivliss.
maswavlebeli jein longarsti daibada 1971 wlis 6 noembers, amave dros igi musikosi iyo da cxovrobda braitonSi. 19 aprils misi gvami ipoves dasavleT saseqsSi
naxevrad damwvari. qouTsi iyo jeinis saukeTeso megobris Seyvarebuli. man dakavebisTanave aRiara, rom Tavisi braliT dadga jeinis sikvdili. Tavdapirvelad gvami fardulSi hqonda damaluli, Semdeg gadaitana cariel binaSi da Semdeg qalaqis centrSi
arsebul sawyobSi, sadac samkviriani Sualedis ganmavlobaSi cxrajer mivida. sasamarTloze grahamma aRiara, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi hqonda yelis fetiSi da Sepyrobili iyo daxrCobis surviliT seqsualuri aqtis dros. misi Cveneba daadastures
mowmeebma, romlebic ambobdnen, rom TavianTi TanxmobiT ramdenjerme hqondaT erotikuli asfiqsia. mkvlelobamde 3 wliT adre grahamma mimarTa fsiqologsac aRniSnuli
problemiT da cdilobda mis gamosworebas. braldebis mtkicebiT, grahamis saSiSi
268
< http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/contents > [26.03.16]
72
seqsualuri qceva da mkvlelobis ganzraxva ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom wina dRes
man gadmowera (aseve, onlainSi naxa) didi raodenobiT Zaladobrivi pornografia
(gansakuTrebiT daxrCobis bevri inscenireba seqsualuri aqtis dros, gaupatiureba
da nekrofilia). dacvis mxarem dakiTxa mowme, jeinis TanamSromeli, romelic adasturebda, rom samsaxurSi jeinma uambo, rogor gamoscada erotikuli asfiqsia pirvelad da rogori aRfrTovanebiT laparakobda aRniSnulze. es faqti ar daadastura
jeinis Seyvarebulma. amis Semdeg didi britaneTSi daiwyes muSaoba msgavsi saxis pornografiis akrZalvaze da 2008 wels miiRes „sisxlis samarTlis da imigraciis aqti“.
V. internet pornografiis samarTlebrivi statusi
samwuxarod, ar arsebobs erTiani kanoni, romelic daaregulirebs internet pornografiis gavrcelebas, gayidvas, yidvas an flobas. qveynebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba akrZalvebi aRniSnul sakiTxze. zogi krZalavs zogierTi an yvela saxis porgnografias
qveynis mTel teritoriaze, zogi cdilobs arasrulwlovnebs SeuzRudos internet
pornografiaze wvdoma, zogi ki mxolod arasrulwlovnebis monawileobas krZalavs
pornografiaSi. zogierTma qveyanam (magaliTad, CineTma, saudis arabeTma, indoeTma) Tavis teritoriaze akrZala porno saitebze wvdoma, dablokes yvela porno saiti. mosaxleobam advilad auara gverdi bloks da iyeneben iseTi qveynis Hhosting serverebs,
romlebSic wvdoma ar aris akrZaluli. bevrma porno saitma, sakuTari iniciativiT,
daayena gamafrTxilebeli Setyobineba, romelic amcnobs saitze Sesul stumars, rom
arasrulwlovnebisTvis saitis naxva ar aris rekomendebuli, aseve, afrTxilebs maT,
vinc SecdomiT moxvda saitze, rom ar naxon arasasurveli Sinaarsis gamosaxulebebi.
VI. daskvna
Temis aqtualobaSi ramdenime dRis win sabolood davrwmundiT, radgan Sinagan
saqmeTa saministrom gaavrcela informacia, rom daiwyo gamoZieba konkretul saitebze
pornografiis gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am SemTxvevaSi pornografiad miiCnies gaspar noes filmi „Love“269. problematuria ori sakiTxi: 1. ra aris
pornografia? kanoniT ar aris daregulirebuli, Tu ra CaiTvleba pornografiad, xolo aRniSnuli filmis Janri, IMDB.com-is mixedviT, aris romantikuli drama.270 2.
aRniSnuli ukanonod gavrcelda Tu ara? es mniSnvelovani sakiTxia, radgan mxolod
ukanono gavrcelebaa kanoniT akrZaluli da aravin icis, ra aris pornografiis ukanono an kanonieri gavrceleba.
mimaCnia, rom jer aucileblad unda SemuSavdes Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo aqti,
riTic ganisazRvreba pornografiasTan dakavSirebuli politika, xolo Semdeg moxdes
e.w. „mkvdari muxliT“ pirebis braldeba da gasamarTleba. problema aSkarad arsebobs
da ganxiluli magaliTebis mixedviT, naTlad Cans ramdenad mniSvnelovani da saCqaroa
kanonis miReba, romelic ganmartavs interpretaciisTvis Riad darCenil sakiTxebs.
269
<http://www.interpressnews.ge/ge/samartali/369251-shss-m-konkretuli-saitebis-meshveobith-pornografiulimasalebis-gavrcelebis-faqtze-gamodzieba-daitsyo.html > [26.3.2016]
270
< http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3774694/?ref_=nm_knf_i3 > [26.3.2016]
73
saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris
funqcionirebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis analizi da
Sedareba evropul praqtikasTan
nodar WiabriSvili
samecinero xelmZRvaneli: aleqsandre tvildiani
I. Sesavali
winamdebare naSromi saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris sakiTxs Seexeba, romelic ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis miznebisaTvis Seqmnili administraciuli organoa. naSromSi ganxilulia samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo cvilebebi, romlis mixedviTac, saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida. kerZod, naSromSi warmodgenilia kompetenturi saerTaSoriso organizaciis finansuri qmedebis specialuri jgufis FATF-is 29 rekomendaciasTan cvlilebebis Seusabamobis sakiTxi.
sakiTxis aqtualobas, ganapirobebs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafsinansebis damangreveli Sedegebis aRkveTis aucilebloba.271 terorizmi
arsebiT zegavlenas axdens qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze magaliTisTvis, 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebuli teraqtis Sedegad msoflios ekonomikuri zrdis maCvenebeli 2.7%-iT daeca.272 fulis gaTeTreba ki gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi xels
uSlis momxmarebelsa da finansur instituciebs Soris ndobaze damyarebuli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas, rac pirdapirproporciulad aisaxeba ekonomikuri zrdis
maCvenebelze.273 meores mxriv, sakiTxis aqtualoba gamomdinareobs saqarTvelosa da
evrokavSirs Soris dadebuli asocirebis SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebidan, rac
saqarTveloSi moqmedi regulaciebis evrokavSiris standartebTan harmonizaciis valdebulebaSi gamoixateba.
kvlevis mizania, evropuli praqtikis analizis meSveobiT SemuSavebul iqnes saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli normebis FATF – is
rekomendaciebsa da evrostandartebTan Sesabamisobis gzebi.
naSromSi gamyoenebulia SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvlevis meTodebi, aseve, gavlebulia paralelebi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikis analizis Sedegad erovnuli bankis safinanso zedamxedvelobis konstituciur funqciasa da finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris rolze am funqciis ganxorcielebaSi, rac am ori organos erT
sivrceSi moqcevis aucileblobas ganapirobebs.

kavkasiis samarTlis skolis bakalavriatis meoTxe kursis studenti
271
Chatain P.L., McDowell J., Mousset C., Schott P.A., Willebois E. V D D. D., Preventing money laundering and
terrorism financing: a practical guide for bank supervisors, 2009, 13.
272
Rodriguez R. V., Economic Terror: Market Manifestations of Terror Attacks, Volume 1 | Issue 1 Article 7,
American University National Security Law Brief, 2011, 2.
273
Bartlett B. L., The negative effects of money laundering on economic development, International Economics
Group, Dewey Ballantine LLP, Platypus Magazine, No.77, 2002,19.
<http://www.afp.gov.au/~/media/afp/pdf/m/money-laundering-02. ashx >.
74
II. Ffinansuri monitoringi
ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da teroristuli organizaciebis dafinansebis prevenciisaTvis saWiro samarTlebirvi da organizaciurli meqanizmebis amoqmedebis aucileblobis mizniT gaerom 1999 wels miiRo „terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb“ saerTaSoriso konvencia. konvemciam, danaSaulTan brZolis mizniT daadgina wevri saxelmwifoebis konvenciiT gansazRvruli valdebulebani: aamoqmedon sakanonmdeblo normebi, romlebic gansazRvravs finansur garigebebTan dakavSirebuli pirebis valdebulebas, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmon saeWvo garigebebs da ganacxadon Sesabamis organoSi danaSaulebriv saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli tranzaqciebis
Sesaxeb.274 amave miznebs emsaxureba transnacionalur organizaciul danaSaulTan
brZolis Sesaxeb 2000 wels miRebuli gaeros konvencia, romelic adgens wevri saxelmwifoebis valdebulebas, mxedvelobaSi iqonion finansuri monitoringis samsaxurebis Seqmnis aucilebloba.275 korufciis winaaRmdeg gaerTianebuli erebis konvenciis debulebebi, Tavis mxirv, gansazRvravs wevr saxelmwifoebSi finansuri monitoringis samsaxurebis Seqmnis mizanSewonilobas, ramac danaSaulTan brZolis winaaRmdeg
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gamartiveba unda uzrunvelyos.276
III. asocirebis SeTanxmeba, rogorc finansuri
monitoringis samsaxuris samarTlebrivi safuZveli
saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli normebis srulyofis aucileblobas ganapirobebs saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris arsebuli asocirebis SeTanxmeba,277 romlis Semadgenel nawilsac warmoadgens xelSekrulebis mxareebs
Soris fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi urTierTanamSromlobis valdebuleba.278 SeTanxmeba gasazRvravs xelmomweri saxelmwifos valdebulebas, gaiziaros, fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier aprobirebuli praqtika da pirdapir uTiTebs finansuri qmedebebis jgufis (FATF-is) mier gansazRvruli standartebis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze danergis aucileblobaze.279 evrokavSiris masStabiT FATF-is standartebis implementireba ganapiroba ministrTa sabWos mier miRebulma direqtivebma,280 romlebic Seexeba finansuri sistemebis terorizmis dafinansebis mizniT gamoyenebis akrZalvas.
direqtiva emsaxureba evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi FATF-is rekomendaciebiT gansazRvruli midgomebis danergviT terorizmis dafinansebis da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg
brZolis efeqturobis gazrdas, radgan saerTaSoriso praqtikis Sida doneze integrire-
274
United Nation’s International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 1999. Article
18.1(b).
275
United Nation’s Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto. 2000. Article 7.
276
United Nations Convention Against Corruption, 2003, Article 58.
277
2014 wlis 27 ivniss saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris dadebul iqna asocirebis xelSekruleba,
romelic moicavs SeTanxmebas Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmeba miznad isaxavs evrokavSirTan saqarTvelos politikur da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaRrmavebas
,,aRmosavleT partniorobis’’ iniciativis farglebSi. European Neighborhood Policy and Enlargement
Negotiations, EU relations with Georgia < http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-484_en.htm >.
278
Association Agreement, EU – Georgia. 2014. Article 19(1).
279
Association Agreement, EU – Georgia. 2014. Article 19(2).
280
Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose
of money laundering, OJ L 166, 28.6.1991, p. 77; and Directive 2001/97/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 4 December 2001 amending Council Directive 91/308/EEC on prevention of the use of the financial
system for the purpose of money laundering, OJ L 344, 28.12.2001,
75
bis gareSe am danaSaulebTan brZola arsebiTad SeuZlebelia.281 dReisaTvis FATF-is mier miRebulia 40 rekomendacia, romlebic saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier miCneulia
terorizmis dafinansebisa da fulis gaTeTrebis danaSaulTan brZolis saxelmZRvanelo
principebad.282 aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia miRebul iqnes yvela saWiro zoma, romelic saqarTveloSi moqmedi sakanonmdeblo normebis zemoTxsenebul standartebTan Sesabamisobas uzrunvelyofs. Zalzed mniSvnelovania, is garemoeba rom FATF-is rekomendaciebTan Sesabamisobis aucileblobas aRiarebs evropis sabWos fulis gaTeTrebisa da
terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul RonisZiebaTa Semfasebel eqspertTa komiteti (Moneyval).283 igive sakiTxze aqcents akeTebs „egmontis jgufi“,284 rogorc finansuri monitoringis samsaxurebis saerTaSoriso gaerTianebaa, romlis wveric aris saqarTvelo.285 jgufis sadamfuZneblo dokumenti adgens, rom wevri qveynebis valdebulebaa,286 finansuri monitoringis samsaxurebi FATF-is rekomendaciebsa da amave rekomendaciebis ganmartebiTi baraTiT dadgenil moTxovnebTan iynen SesabamisobaSi.287 rekomendaciis mixedviT, finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri aris administraciuli organo, romelic monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebisgan288 iRebs saeWvo garigebebTan dakavSirebul informacias, axdens am informaciis analizs da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi awvdis
Sesabamis organoebs.289 Sesabamisi saxelmwifo Tu samarTaldamcavi struqturebisaTvis
saeWvo tranzaqciebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis miwodeba xorcieldeba rogorc erovnul, ise saerTaSoriso doneze.290 dResdReisobiT saqarTveloSi moqmedi samarTlebrivi
normebi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, SeusabamobaSia FATF - is # 29 rekomendaciasa da
misi ganmartebiTi baraTiT dawesebul standartebTan, romelTa mixedviTac samsaurebi ar
unda moeqces mTavrobis araproporciuli zegavlenis qveS da aucilebelia saxelmwifoebma isini materialur-teqnikuri da finansuri resursebiT ise uzrunvelyon, rom samsaxuris funqcionaluri damoukidebloba ar gaxdes saeWvo da Tavisufali iyos saxelmwifos mxridan saqmianobaSi gaumarTlebeli Carevisagan.291
281
Salas M., The third anti – money laundering directive and the legal profession, 2005, 2.
Chadha V., Lifeblood of the Terrorism: Countering Terrorism finance, Bloomsbury Publishing India, 2015,123.
283
Moneyval - evropis sabWos fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul RonisZiebaTa Semfasebel rCeul eqspertTa komiteti. es aris evropis sabWos mier Seqmnili mudmivmoqmedi monitoringis organo, romelic wevr saxelmwifoTa mier fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmed brZolis mizniT gatarebuli RonisZiebebis saerTaSoriso standartebTan Sesabamisobas adgens. aseve
komiteti wevr saxelmwifoebs aZlevs rekomendaciebs Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sistemebis gaumjobesebis mizniT. ix. <
http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/About/About_MONEYVAL_en.asp >: [15.03.2016].
aRsaniSnavia, rom komiteti Seqmnilia fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg
brZolisaTvis aucilebeli RonisZiebebis im saxelmwifoebSi gatarebis mizniT, romlebic ar warmoadgenen FATF – is wevr saxelmwifoebs, TumcaRa komiteti mxedvelobaSi iRebs FATF – is praqtikas da
wver saxelmwifoebs mis Sesabamisobisaken ubiZgebs.
ix. < http://www.fatf-gafi.org/pages/moneyval.html > [15.03.2016].
284
EGMONT GROUP – (egmontis jgufi) finansuri monitoringis samsaxurebis saerTaSoriso gaerTianeba, romlis mizania, xeli Seuwyos finansuri monitoringis samsaxurebis TanamSromlobas saerTaSoriso doneze. ix. < http://www.egmontgroup.org/ > [15.03.2016].
285
saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri egmontis jgufis wevria wveria 2004 wlis 23 ivnisidan. ix. <https://www.fms.gov.ge/geo/page/egmont-group > [15.03.2016].
286
Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units Support and Compliance Process, 2015, 7.
287
Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units Charter, 2013, 5.
288
monitoringis ganmaxorcielebel pirTa wre ganisazRvreba saxelmwifoTa Sida kanonmdeblobebiT.
289
FATF (2012), International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism &
Proliferation, FATF, Paris, 2015, 94 – 95.
290
Schott P. A., Reference Guide to Anti Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism, The World
Bank, 129.
291
FATF (2012), International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and
282
76
IV. finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris funqciebi
finansuri monitoringis samsaxurebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes funcias finansuri tranzaqciebis analizi warmoadgens. samsaxuris efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis
sakmarisi ar aris mxolod informaciis mogroveba, aucilebelia moxdes diferencireba im garigebebis, romlebic danaSaulebriv niSnebs Seicavs, gansxvavebiT Cveulebrivi,
yofiTi garigegebisgan.292 samsaxurebi aseve axdenen taqtikur analizs, rac gulisxmobs monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebisgan miRebuli monacemebis, samsaxuris
sistemaSi arsebul monacemebTan Sedarebas, raTa moxdes tranzaqciis imgvari analizi,
romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis danaSaulebrivi xiasiaTis qmedebebis gamoaSkaravebas.293
operatiuli analizisas samsaxuri axdens ganxorcielebli tranzaqciebis saerTo niSanTvisebebis gamovlenas; Sedegad dgindeba konkretuli organizaciis, piris/pirTa
jgufis damaluli Semosavlis arseboba. am meTodis mizania dadgindes SesaZlebelia
Tu ara piris Semosavalsa da mis xelT arsebul Tanxebs Soris sxvaobis gamarTleba.294 strategiuli analizi emsaxureba ara konkretuli qeisis, aramed mosalodneli
danaSaulebrivi sqemebis warmoSobis gaSifrvas,295 romelic xorcieldeba mas Semdeg,
rac moxdeba yvela SesaZlo informaciis samsaxuris sistemaSi akumulireba. aseTi
tipis analizisaTvis saWiroa imaze meti monacemis moZieba, vidre es xdeba operatiuli analizis SemTxvevaSi. amisaTvis samsaxurs gadaecema Sesabamisi monacemebi monitoringis ganmaxoercielebeli struqturebis mier.296
V.
finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris modelebi
samsaxuris organizaciuli mowyobis mravali tipi arsebobs, romelTagan oTxi
modelis gamoyofaa SesaZlebeli. esenia: administraciuli, policiuri, sasamarTlo
da hibriduli mowyobis modelebi, TumcaRa unda aRiniSnos, rom samsaxurTa es klasifikacia ar aris amomwuravi,297 da ama Tu im qveynis samarTlebrivi realoba da
faqtobrivi mocemuloba ganapirobebis imas, Tu romeli tipis samsaxurs irCevs konkretuli saxelmwifo.298
VI. administraciuli modeli
administraciuli modelis finansuri monitoringis samsaxurebi, damoukidebeli
administraciuli organos saxiT arseboben, an isini integrirebulni arian maregulirebeli organoebis, centraluri bankebis SemadgenlobaSi. aseve zogierT saxelmwifoSi finansuri monitoringis samsaxurebi finansTa saministroebSi funqcionireben.299administraciuli tipis samsaxurebis ZiriTadi funqciaa, Seqmnas damakavSirebeli xidi samarTaldamcav organoebsa da safinanso seqtoris subeiqtebs Soris. am tiProliferation, 2015, 94 – 95.
292
Scott. P. A. Reference Guide to Anti – Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism, 2006, 5.
293
iqve, 6.
294
iqve 7.
295
iqve
296
iqve 8.
297
iqve 47.
298
Financial Intelligence Units: an Overview: International Monetary Fund, Legal Dept., Monetary and Financial
Systems Dept., World Bank, Financial Market Integrity Div., 2004, 46.
299
Gwintsa N., Challenges of Establishing Financial Intelligence Units, 42.
77
pis samsaxurebis Seqmna aprobirebulia iseT saxelmwifoebSi, sadac Zalovani struqturebisadmi ndobis xarisxi xSirad dgas kiTxvis niSnis qveS.300 msgavsi samsaxurebis
dadebiT maxasiaTebelia is, rom finansuri institutebi martivad TanamSromloben informaciis miwodebis kuTxiT.301 amasTanave, samsaxurebi gamoirCeva neitralurobis maRali xarisxiT tranzaqciaTa analizis procesSi.302 administraciuli organizaciuli
mowyobisaa mag., belgiis finansuri monitroingis samsaxuri.303 FATF - is angariSebis
mixedviT es samsaxuri gamoirCeva avtonomiis maRali xarisxiT, radgan administrirebis kuTxiT Tavisufalia sxva organoebisagan da ar finansdeba centraluri saxelmwifo biujetiTan.304 samefo dekretiT ganisazRvreba monitoringis ganmaxorcilebel
im pirTa wre, romelnic valdebulni arian yovelwliuri, kanoniT gansazRvruli Tanxobrivi Semowiruloba gadascen samsaxurs.305
VII. policiuri modeli
policiuri tipis samsaxurebi, romlebic sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis organoebSi arian integrirebulni, xSirad xdebian kritikis sagani operatiuli damoukideblobis gamo.306 es samsaxurebi aRWurvilni arian iseTi saproceso RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis uflebamosilebiT, rogoricaa aqtivebis dayadaReba, mimdinare tranzaqciebis SeCereba da sxva.307 samsaxurs, aseve, aqvs wvdoma samarTaldamcav struqturebSi arsebul informaciebze, rac aadvilebs myisieri da kordinirebuli qmedebebis
SesaZleblobas.308 am modelis negatiur mxared miiCneva is, rom xSirad miRebuli informacia aramiznobrivad gamoiyeneba iseTi danaSaulebis gamosaZieblad, romlebic ar
warmoadgens fulis gaTeTrebasa da terorizms.309 avstriis finansuri monitoringis
samsaxuri federaluri policiis Semadgeneli erTeulia da finansuri monitoringis
samsaxuris damoukidebel biujetTan dakavSirebuli konkretuli daTqma ar gvxvdeba
kanonmdeblobaSi,310 xolo samsaxuris TanamSromlebze, romlebic finansur monitoringTan dakavSirebul saqmianobas axorcieleben vrceldeba igive kanonmdebloba, romelic policiis muSakTa saqmianobas aregulirebs.311
300
The World Bank Group, Role of the Financial Intelligence Units, 6.
iqve, 7.
302
iqve.
303
FATF, Anti – Money Laundering and Counter – Terrorist Financing Measures – Belgium, Fourth Round Mutual
Evaluation Report, 2015, 153.
304
iqve, 154.
305
Royal Decree on the Composition, Organization, and Independence of the Financial Intelligence Processing Unit,
1993, 12.
306
European Commission, Study on “Best practices in vertical relations between the Financial Intelligence Unit and
(1) law enforcement services and (2) Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Reporting entities with a view to
indicating effective models for feedback on follow-up to and effectiveness of suspicious transaction reports.”, 2008,
46.
307
Financial intelligence units : an Overview -- Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund, Legal Dept.,
Monetary and Financial Systems Dept. : World Bank, Financial Market Integrity Div., 2004, 14.
308
Gwintsa N., Challenges of Establishing Financial Intelligence Units, Monograph No 124, 2006, 42 – 43.
309
iqve, 43.
310
International Monetary Fund, Austria: Detailed Assessment Report on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating
the Financing of Terrorism, IMF Country Report No. 09/298. 2009, 82.
311
iqve.
301
78
VIII. sasamarTlo modeli
sasamarTlo modelis samsaxurebi sasamarTlo StoSi arian integrirebuli da
uflebamosilebebs prokuroris iurisdiqciis meSveobiT axorcieleben, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis SemadgenlobaSi funqcionirebs.312 saeWvo tranzaqciebTan dakavSriebuli informacia gadaecema prokurors da Tu damtkicdeba garigebasTan dakavSirebuli eWvebi, igi uflebamosilia, imoqmedos Sesabamisad.313 msgavsi
mowyobis samsaxurebis upiratesoba organizaciuli damoukideblobis maRali xarisxsa
da politikuri Zalebis gavlenisgan damoukideblobaSi mdgomareobs.314 safinanso organizaciebi aqtiurad ar TanamSromloben informaciis miwodebis kuTxiT, amitom saWiro monacemebis mopovebis mizniT samsaxuri metwilad oficialur sagamoZiebo procedurebs mimarTavs.315 luqsemburgi, kviprosi da daniis saxelmwifoebis samsaxurebi
sasamarTlo tipis samsaxurebs ganekuTvnebian316 da aRWurvilni arian angariSis dayadaRebis, piris dakavebis Sesaxeb ganCinebis gacemisa da sxva msgavsi uflebamosilebebiT.317 aseTi tipis samsaxurebi efeqturia im qveynebSi, sadac sabanko saidumloebasTan dakavSirebuli Zlieri maregulirebeli normebi moqmedeben, rac aucilebels
xdis arsebobdes sasamarTlo xelisfulebasTan pirdapiri kavSiris SesaZlobloba,
raTa saWiro informaciaze wvdoma daubrkoleblad moxerxdes.318
IX. hibriduli modeli
hibriduli tipis samsaxuri sxvavdasxva modelebis dadebiTi maxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis sinTezia. hibriduli modelis samsaxurebi warmoadgenen damakavSirebel rgols
finansur institutebsa da samarTaldamcav struqturebs Soris.319 norvegiis finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri hibriduli mowyobis tipis samsaxuria,320 igi warmoadgens policiuri da sasamarTlo modelebis sinTezs. samsaxuris saqmianoba warimarTeba sxvadasxva disciplinebis warmoamdgenlebisgan Semdgari jgufis mier, romlebic
axdenen saeWvo tranzaqciebis analizs.321 FATF – is angariSebSi xazgasmulia, rom
norvegiis finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri operatiulad damoukidebelia da axdens
erovnul da saerTaSoriso doneze sxva administraciul organoebTan informaciis
gacvlas araproporciuli gavlenebisagan damoukideblad.322 miuxedavad amisa, damou312
Financial intelligence units : an Overview -- Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund, Legal Dept.,
Monetary and Financial Systems Dept. : World Bank, Financial Market Integrity Div., 2004, 16.
313
iqve.
314
iqve.
315
iqve.
316
European Commission, Study on “Best practices in vertical relations between the Financial Intelligence Unit
and (1) law enforcement services and (2) Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Reporting entities with a
view to indicating effective models for feedback on follow-up to and effectiveness of suspicious transaction
reports.”, 2008, 46.
317
< http://www.egmontgroup.org/about/financial-intelligence-units-fius > [16.03.2016].
318
Gwintsa N., Challenges of Establishing Financial Intelligence Units, Monograph No 124, 2006, 43.
319
Information Paper on Financial Intelligence Units and Egmont Group, 3. ხელმისაწვდომია ბმულზე:
< http://216.55.97.163/wp-content/themes/bcb/bdf/int_regulations/egmont/info_paper_final_092003.pdf >.
320
Financial intelligence units : an Overview -- Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund, Legal Dept.,
Monetary and Financial Systems Dept. : World Bank, Financial Market Integrity Div., 2004, 17.
321
FATF , Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures - Norway, Fourth Round Mutual
Evaluation Report, FATF, 2014, 141. იხ: < www.fatf-gafi.org/topics/mutualevaluations/documents/mernorway-2014.html > [16.03.2016].
322
iqve, 142.
79
kidebeli biujetis arqona FATF - is angariSebSi ganxilulia rogorc damabrkolebeli garemoeba operatiuli avtonomiurobis kuTxiT.323
X.
saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris struqtura da
ZiriTadi funqciebi
saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri aris sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri,324 romelic kandonmdeblobis Sesabamisad emsaxureba ukanono Semosavlebis
legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis xelSewyobas.325 samsaxuri „ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ kanonis Sesabamisad
Seqmnili sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piria.326 saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris Seqmna ganapiroba evropis sabWos fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis
dafinansebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul RonisZiebaTa Semfasebel eqsepertTa komitetSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebidan warmoSobilma valdebulebebma.327 saqarTvelos finansuri
monitoringis samsaxuri komitetSi warmodgenilia saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrosa da saqarTvelos prokuraturasTan erTad. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri komitetSi amavdroulad warmodgenil qarTul delegacias xelmZRvanelobs.328 samsaxuri 2004 wlidan aris egmontis jgufis wevric.329 ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis prevenciis
mizniT, samsaxuri kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebisagan330 iRebs saeWvo garigebebTan331 dakavSirebul informaciebs, zemoTxsenebuli danaSaulebis gamoaSkaravebis mizniT axorcielebs kanoniT misTvis miniWebul
uflebamosilebebs,332 rogorebicaa saqarTvelos mTavari prokuraturisa da saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Sesbamisi samsaxurebisaTvis informaciis gadacemas
(maT Soris - konfidencialuris), Tuki analizis Sedegad gaCndeba dasabuTebuli varaudi, rom garigeba saeWvoa da xorcieldeba ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis, terorizmis dafinansebis an sxva danaSaulis Cadenis mizniT.333 ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis prevenciis mizniT samsaxuri uflebamolsilia, monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebisgan moiTxovos damatebiTi (maT Soris konfidencialuri) informaciis da maT xelT arsebuli dokumentebis (originalis/aslis) miwodeba, nebismieri garigebis da misi monawile pirebis Sesaxeb.334 samsaxuris
323
iqve.
„sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris, saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis“
muxli 1.
325
iqve., muxli 2.
326
„ukanono Semosavlis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxlis ,,m’’ punqti.
327
<http://www.transparency.ge/node/3998>. [17.03.2016]
328
dReisaTvis komiteti 30 wevrisagan Sedgeba.
329
< https://www.fms.gov.ge/geo/page/egmont-group >. [18.03.2016]
330
monitoringis ganmaxorcilebeli pirebis CamonaTvals Seicavs „ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis
aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxli.
331
saeWvo garigebis definicias adgens „ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis“ me-2 muxli.
332
samsaxuris funqciebis sruli CamonaTvali mocemulia, „sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebaSi“ da „ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi.
333
„sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis“
me-3 muxlis ,,k’’ punqti.
334
„sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis”
me-3 muxlis ,,g’’ punqti.
324
80
kanondmeblobiT miniWebuli aqvs uflebamosileba, sasamarTlos mimarTos sabanko angariSebis dayadaRebis an garidgebis SeCerebis Taobaze Tu arsebobs dasabuTebuli varaudi, rom Tanxa SesaZloa terorizmis dafinansebis miznebisaTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli.335 aseve, samsaxuri uflebamosilia SeimuSaos Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo winadadebebi „ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ kanonis miznebisaTvis.336 saqarTvTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri organizaciuli mowyobis mixedviT administraciul models ganekuTvneba. samsaxurs xelmZRvanelobs samsaxuris ufrosi, romelsac saqarTvelos premier-ministri 4 wlis vadiT Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan aTavisuflebs.337 samsaxuris ufrosi Tanamdebobaze
niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan aTavisuflebs moadgileebs.338 samsaxuris ufrosis aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, ufrosis brZanebis safuZvelze mis funqciebs axorcielebs erT-erTi
moadgile.339 moadgileebis funqciebi ganisazRvreba samsaxuris ufrosis mier.340 saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris SemadgenlobaSi xuTi gansxvavebuli
struqturuli erTeuli Sedis,341 romlebic samsaxuris efeqtur funqcionirebas da
kanoniT gansazRvruli miznebis miRwevas uwyobs xels.342 samsaxuri angariSvaldebulia saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaSe,343 romelsac samsaxuris ufrosis wardginebis safuZvelze dadgenilebiT Seaqvs cvlilebebi da damatebebi.344
XI.
finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris reforma
2014 wels ganxorcielebuli cvilebebis Sedegad saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri, romelic saqarTvelos erovnul bankTan Seqmnil sajaro samarTlis iuridiul piri iyo, gadaeca saqarTvelos finansTan saministros.345 reformis
Sedegad samsaxuri aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas daeqvemdebara, vinaidan moqmedi regulaciiT samsaxuris xelmZRvanelis daniSvnis uflebamosileba gaxda saqarTvelos-premier ministris erTpirovnuli uflebamosileba,346 gansaxvebebiT cvlilebamde moqmedi
normebisa, romelTa mixedviTac, xelmZRvanels erovnuli bankis sabWos wardginebiT
Tanamdebobaze niSnavda 4 wlis vadiT da Tanamdebobidan aTavisuflebda saqarTvelos
prezidenti.347 cvlilebebi samsaxuris dafinansebis sakiTxebsac Seexo - moqmedi nor335
iqve, me-3 muxlis ,,T’’ punqti.
iqve, me-3 muxlis ,,l’’ punqti.
337
„sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis“
me-4 muxlis nawili 1; saqarTvelos kanonis „ukanono Semosavlis ligalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis
Sesaxeb” me-101 muxli.
338
„sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis“
me-4 muxlis me-3 nawili.
339
iqve, me-4 muxlis me-4 nawili.
340
iqve, me-4 muxlis me-5 nawili.
341
iqve, me-11 muxli.
342
samsaxuris struqtura ixileT bmulze: < https://www.fms.gov.ge/geo/page/structure > [20.03.2016].
343
„ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 15 muxli;
„sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris deblebiს“ me-7
muxli.
344
„sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis“
me-9 muxli.
345
„ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi cvlilebis
Setanis Taobaze“ kanonis me-2 muxli.
346
„sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis“
me-4 muxlis me-3 nawili.
347
„sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris - saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis
336
81
mebiT samsaxuris dafinansebis wyaros warmoadgens saqarTvelos finansTa saministro,
romelic Sesabamis dafinansebas saxelmwifo biujetidan gascems,348 maSin, rodesac
cvlilebebamde moqmedi kanonmdeblobis mixedvT, dafinansebis wyaros erovnuli banki
warmoadgenda.349
XII. reformis Sesabamisoba finansuri qmedebis
specialuri jgufis 29-e rekomendaciasTan
finansuri monitoringis samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebi samsaxuris avtonomiurobis damcirebas iwvevs.350 saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis351 angariSebSi
xazgasmulia, rom sakanonmdeblo baza, romelic gansazRvravs samsaxuris xelmZRvanelis daniSvnis procedurebs, ganapirobebs samsaxuris struqturuli damoukideblobis
xarisxs.352 arsebuli normebi, ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes rogorc avtonomiurobis
uzrunvelyofis saSualeba, radgan finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris xelmZRvanelis
daniSvnis uflebamosileba zedmetad centralizebulia da moqceulia mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis uflebamosilebebSi.353 es, Tavis mxriv, finansuri qmedebebis
jgufis FATF354 – is N 29 rekomendaciasTan Seusabamo mdgomareobas qmnis, radgan
rekomendacia gansazRvravs saxelmwifoTa valdebulebas, uzrunvelyon mTavrobisa da
politiukuri Zalebis gavlenisagan samsaxuris damoukidebloba.355 gamomdinare iqidan,
rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da kerZod mTavroba arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli politikuri ZalebiT kompleqtdeba,356 xolo mTavrobis meTauri - premier-ministri,357
Tavis mxriv, erTpirovnulad iRebs samsaxuris xelmZRvanelis daniSvnis Taobaze gadawyvetilebas, es samsaxurze politikuri Zalebis gavlenis safrTxes zrdis. cvlilebebamde moqmedi regulacia #29 rekomendaciasTan Sesabamisobis kuTxiT ufro
srulyofili iyo, radgan iTvaliswinebda erovnuli bankis sabWos Tanamonawileobas.358 kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebulia erovnuli bankis sabWos wevris damoukidebdamtkicebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos prezidentis N 859 brZanebulebis me-4 muxlis nawili 1.
348
„ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 2003. me102 muxlis me-4 nawili.
349
„sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris - saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis
damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos prezidentis #859 brZanebulebis me-5 muxli.
350
< http://www.transparency.ge/node/3998 > [21.03.2016].
351
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) - saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi - saerTaSoriso organizacia,
romelic Sedgeba 188 wevri qveynisagan. organizaciis mizania, xeli Seuwyos saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas savaluto sakiTxebSi, uzrunvelyos saerTaSoriso finansuri stabiluroba da saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis gamartiveba, xeli Seuwyos dasaqmebasa da mdgrad ekonomikur ganviTarebas, Seamciros siRaribis zRvari msoflios masStabiT. ix: < http://www.imf.org/external/about.htm > [21.03.2016].
352
Financial Intelligence Units : an overview -- Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund, Legal Dept.,
Monetary and Financial Systems Dept. : World Bank, Financial Market Integrity Div., 2004, 24.
353
„sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris - saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis“ me-4 muxlis nawili 1.
354
Financial Action Task Force (FATF) - saerTaSoriso mTavrobaTaSorisi organizacia daarsebuli 1989
wels, romelic miznad isaxavs fulis gaTeTrebisa da terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi, saerTaSoriso standartebis SemuSavebasa da maTi implementirebis xelSewyobas. ix: <http://www.fatfgafi.org/about/ >. [22.03.2016].
355
<http://www.fatf-gafi.org/about/ > [22.03.2016].
356
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-80 muxli, saqarTvelos saparlamento uwyebani #31-33, 1995.
357
saqarTvelos premier-ministri aris saqarTvelos mTavrobis meTauri. ix. saqarTevlos konstituciis 79-e muxli.
358
„sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris - saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis
damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba N 859, brZanebulebis me-4 muxlis nawili
82
lobis myari garantiebi,359 sabWos wevris gadayeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod saqarTvelos konstituciiT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi, impiCmentisaTvis dadgenili wesiT da
proceduriT.360 amsaTanave, erovnuli banki, saqarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT,
warmoadgens samive saxelisuflebo Stosgan damoukidebel organos.361 Sesabamisad,
erTi mxriv, bankis, xolo, meore mxriv, sabWos wevrTa damoukidebloba politikuri
Tu samTavrobo gavlenebisagan finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris xelmZRvanelis daniSvnis procedurebs da samsaxuris funqcionirebas politikuri wnexisagan aTavisuflebs. aRsaniSnavia FATF - is N#29 rekomendaciis ganmartebiTi baraTi, romelic
calsaxad gansazRvravs saxelmwifoTa valdebulebas, samsaxurebi materialur-teqnikuri resursebiT imgvarad uzrunvelyon, rom maTi funqcionaluri damoukideblobis
xarisxi ar daqveiTdes da mTavrobis mxridan saqmianobaSi araproporciuli Carevisagan Tavisufali iyos.362 rekomendaciaSi miTiTebulia, rom aucilebelia samsaxurs gaaCndes saWiro resursebis mopovebis SesaZlobloba ise, rom gamoiricxos saxelmwifo
organoebis, politikuri Zalebis an mewarme subieqtebis mxridan raime zegavlena,
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, operatiuli damoukideblobisaTvis aucilebelia samsaxuri finansuri kuTxiT iyos damoukidebeli.363 moqmedi regulaciebiT samsaxuris funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro xarjebi saxelmwifo biujetidan gaicema finansTa saministros mier,364 rac zrdis samsaxuris mTavrobaze damokidebulebas da aZlierebs politikuri subieqtebis zegavlenas samsaxuris saqmianobaze. am argumentis dasturia
finansuri qmedebebis jgufis mier norvegiis Sefasebisas gamoTqmuli mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris operatiul damoukideblobas
kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda is faqti, rom dafinanseba gaicemoda saxelmwifo biujetidan da samsaxuris ar hqonda damoukdedebeli finansuri resursi.365 cvlilebebamde
moqmedi normebiT samsaxurs ufleba-movaleobis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro yvela
resursiT uzrunvelyofda erovnuli banki, erovnuli bankis sabWo samsaxuris ufrosis wardginebiT amtkicebda samsaxuris biujets.366 saqarTveloSi moqmedi normebiT
biujets amtkicebs saqarTvelos mTavroba.367 pirvel SemTxvevaSi dafinansebis wyaro
samive saxelisuflebo Stosa da, Sesabamisad, politikuri gavlenebisagan konstituciurad damoukidebeli organoa maSin, rodesac arsebuli kanonmdeblobiT samsaxuris
finansirebas axdens mTavroba, romelic arCevnebSi saukeTeso Sedegis mqone saarCevno
subieqtis,368politikuri partiis rigebidan formirdeba.369 aqedan gamomdinare, erov1.
359
saqarTvelos kanonis „erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb“ me-7 muxlis me-5 nawili.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 64-e muxli, saqarTvelos saparlamento uwyebani #31-33, 1995
361
saqarTvelos konstituciis 94-e muxlis me-4 punqti, saqarTvelos saparlamento uwyebani #31-33,
1995
362
FATF (2012), International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism &
Proliferation, updated October 2015, FATF, Paris, France, 91. ix < www.fatf-gafi.org/recommendations.html >.
363
iqve, 93.
364
„ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis me-102 muxlis me-4 punqti.
365
FATF (2014), Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures - Norway, Fourth Round Mutual
Evaluation Report, FATF, 2014, 141. ix. < www.fatf-gafi.org/topics/mutualevaluations/documents/mer-norway2014.html >.
366
saqarTvelos prezidentis N 859, „sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ brZanebulebis me-6 muxlis nawili 1.
367
„sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris debulebis“
me-5 muxlis nawili 1.
368
„saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsis” me-2 muxlis ,,r’’ punqti gansazRvravs saarCevno subieqtebis CamonaTvals, eseni arian: ,,Sesabamisi saarCevno komisiis mier registrirebuli partia, saarCevno bloke
an amomrCevelTa sainiciativo jgufi, sajaro xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiTi organos wevrobis an
360
83
nul bankTan samsaxuris funqcionireba mis damoukideblobas uzrunvelyofda da amave
dros SesabamisobaSi modioda FATF-is N 29 rekomendaciasTan.
XIII. erovnuli bankis, safinanso zedamxedvelobis
saagentosa da finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris
urTierTkavSiri
saqarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT, erovnuli bankis konstituciuri uflebamosileba da funqciaa, uzrunvelyos safinanso seqtoris zedamxedveloba da xeli Seuwyos qveynis mdgrad ekonomikur zrdas.370 aRniSnuli funqciebi, aseve, gansazRvrulia
„erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoniT.371 miuxedavad imisa, rom konstitucia
safinanso zedamxedvelobis funqciis ganmaxorcielebel organod erovnul banks gansazRvravda, sakanonmdeblo organom miiRo cvlilebaTa paketi, romelic iTvaliswinebs,
safinanso seqtoris zedamxedvelobis uflebamosilebis sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli
piris - safinanso zedamxedvelobis saagentosaTvis gadacemas.372 cvlilebebis mizanSewoniloba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gansjis sagani gaxda, romelmac saqarTvelos
parlamentis wevrTa jgufis sarCeli safinanso zedamxedvelobis funqciis, saagentosaTvis gadacemis, konstituciasTan Seusabamobis Taobaze arsebiTad gansaxilvelad miiRo da SeaCera sadavo muxlebis moqmedeba sasamarTlos mier saboloo gadawyvetliebis
gamotanamde.373 safinanso seqtoris stabilurobis miznebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia fulis gaTeTrebis prevencia, gansakuTrebiT ki ganviTarebad qveynebSi, radgan ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia safinanso sistemis mdgradobas uqmnis safrTxes, Sedegad ki
ekonomikuri zrdis maCvenebeli arsebiTad mcirdeba.374 Tu konstituciis im debulebebs
daveyrdnobiT, romlis mixedviTac erovnuli banki pasuxismgebelia safinanso seqtoris
sijansaReze da qveynis mdgrad ekonomikur ganviTarebaze da amasTanave, mxedvelobaSi
miviRebT fulis gaTeTrebis zegavlenas saxelmwifos ekonomikaze, cxadi xdeba, rom
erovnul banks aucilebelia hqodes ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis prevenciisaTvis
saWiro yvela berketi, raTa efeqturad ganaxorcielos konstituciiT dakisrebuli
valdebulebebi. erovnuli bankis funqciebSi safinanso sistemis kontrolTan dakavSirebuli meqanizmebis koncentraciis saWiroebas adasturebs evrokavSiris qveynebSi bolo dros ganxorcielebuli praqtika, romlis mixedviTac, safinanso seqtoris zedamxedvelobis kuTxiT centraluri bankebis uflebamosilebebi sagrZnoblad gaizarda.375
2008 – 2009 wlis finansurma krizisma naTeli gaxada, rom safinanso zedamxedvelobis SezRuduli meqanizmebi amcirebs riskebis drouli identificirebis da efeqturi
kontrolis SesaZleblobas, meores mxriv ki safinanso zedamxedvelobasa da centralur banks Soris mWidro koordinacia aRniSnuli problemis myisieri identificirebisa da efeqturi gadaWris SesaZleblobas zrdis.376 Sedegad, evropis mTel rig qveynebsajaro xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis kandidati.
369
saqarTvelos konstitucis me-80 muxli, saqarTvelos saparlamento uwyebani #31-33, 1995
370
saqarTvelos konstituciis 95-e muxli, saqarTvelos saparlamento uwyebani #31-33, 1995
371
„erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxli.
372
„erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organul kanonSi cvlilebebis Setanis Taobaze“ saqarTvelos organuli kanonis 471-e muxli.
373
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos plenumis ganmwesrigebeli sxdomis 2015 wlis 12 oqtombris saoqmo Canaweri N 3/6/668 – 23/10.2015 წ.
374
Bartlett B. L., The negative effects of money laundering on economic development, International Economics
Group, Dewey Ballantine LLP, Platypus Magazine, No. 77. 2002, 19.
375
saqarTvelos prezidentis motivirebuli SeniSvnebi erovnuli bankis kanonze I. 31.07.2015, 6.
376
iqve.
84
Si finansuri zedamxedvelobis funqciebi centralur bankebs daubrunda.377 magaliTad,
irlandiaSi ganxorcielebuli reformis Sedegad safinanso zedamxedvelobis funqcia
dabrunda centraluri bankis funqciebSi; luqsemburgSi centraluri bankis sazedamxedvelo funqciebi gaizarda da moicva gadaxdis arsebul saSualebebze monitoringis
uflebamosilebebi; litvaSi, mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, safinanso zedamxedvelobis
seqtoruli midgoma Seicvala, ris Sedegadac zedamxedvelobis sami organo gaerTianda
da moeqca centraluri bankis SemadgenlobaSi; CexeTis respublikaSi safinaso seqtorze zedamxedvelobas srulad axorcielebs centraluri banki. evropis masStabiT sabanko seqtorSi ganxorcielebuli cvilebebi naTlad metyvelebs, rom finansuri krizisis
analizma centraluri bankebis sazedamxedvelo aqtovobebSi monawiloebis xarisixis
zrdis aucilebloba warmoSva.378 efeqturi zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis mizniT
mniSvnelovania bankebis mier ganxorcielebuli operaciebis monitrongi, rac mTeli rigi konfidencialuri informaciebis miReba-damuSavebaSi gamoixateba. tranzaqciebze monitoringis Sedegad erovnul banki flobs bazarze srul informacias da krizisul
periodSi axdens myisier reagirebas. Eevropuli praqtikis analizi cxadyofs, rom
erovnuli bankisagan damoukidebeli organoebis mier zedamxedvelobis finqciebis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia uzrunvelyofil iqnes saWiro informaciis miwodebis kuTxiT kordinirebuli TanamSromloba, TumcaRa saqarTvelos prezidentis
motivirebul SeniSvnebSi aRiniSna, rom am SemTxvevaSi informaciis gansxvavebuli interpretaciis safrTxe maRalia, rac erovnuli bankis mxridan adeqvaturi qmedebis albaTobas amcirebs.379 safinanso seqtoris subieqtebTan dakavSirebul informaciaze
wvdomasTan mWidro kavSirSia finansuri monitorignis samsaxuris saqmianobis specifika. samsaxuri, rogorc aRiniSna, axdens safinanso seqtorSi, ganxorcielebuli tranzaqciebis analizs. Sesabamisad igi flobs im konfidenciaur informacias, romelic
erovnul banks zedamxedvelobis miznebisaTvis esaWiroeba, magaliTad, bankebis licenzirebis, rogorc zedamxedvelobis erT-erTi meqanizmis ganxorcielebis procesSi380 ra
drosac xdeba mewarme subieqtis Semowmeba ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciisa da terorizmis dafinansebis sakiTxebSi.381 aseve, erovnuli banki ukidures, kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTvevebSi uflebamosilia, sanqciiT gaauqmos komerciuli bankis licenzia,
rac SesaZloa moxds ukanono Semosavlis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb kanoniT dadgenili moTxovnebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi komerciuli bankebisaTvis sanqciis dakisrebis
mizniT.382 aseve, erovnuli banki komerciul bankebTan erTad saagentos meSveobiT axorcielebs zedamxedvelobas mikrosafinanso organizaciebis licenzirebis/licenziis gauqmebis da kanoniT miniWebuli sxva uflebamosilebebis safuZvelze.383 mikrosafinanso
organizaciebis registraciis wesi Seicavs terorizmis dafinansebasa da ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciasTan dakavSirebul SezRudvebs da amave safuZvlebiT registraciis
gauqmebis SesaZleblobas.384 erovnuli banki aseve amowmebs ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis aRkveTis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb kanonis moTxovnebTan sakredito kavSirebis
377
iqve. 2.
European Central Bank, Recent Developments in Supervisory Structures in the EU member states. Report 2010,
2 – 4.
379
saqarTvelos prezidentis motivirebuli SeniSvnebi erovnuli bankis kanonze I. 31.07.2015, 7-8.
380
„komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxli.
381
„komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-41 muxli.
382
„komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 30-e muxli.
383
gabisonia z., sabanko samarTali, Tbilisi 2012, 118.
384
„mikrosafinanso organizaciis saqarTvelos erovnul bankSi registraciis wesisa da pirobebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis prezidentis brZaneba № 3 3/04. me-2 muxlis me-4 nawili.
378
85
Sesabamisobas da darRvevebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi iRebs kanoniT gansazRvrul zomebs.385 erovnuli bankis mier am funqciebis ganxorcieleba ufro efeqturi da drouli iqneba, Tuki finansuri monitoringis samsaxurisgan saWiro konfidencialuri informacia koordinirebulad miewodeba, saagentos, erovnul bankisa da gamoiricxeba informaciebis sxvadasxvagvarad interpretirebis SesaZlebloba, rac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba
mxolod samsaxurisa da saagentos erovnuli bankSi integrirebis meSveobiT.
XIV. daskvna
naSromSi ganxilul iqna saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris erovnuli bankis SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebis mizanSewonilobis sakiTxi, radgan erovnuli
bankis SemadgenlobaSi samsaxuris funqcionireba uzrunvelyofs samsaxuris operatiul damoukideblobas im martivi mizeziT, rom erovnuli banki saxelisuflebo Stoebisagan konstituciurad damoukidebeli organoa da am SemTxvevaSi samsaxuri daculi
iqneba politkuri da saxelisuflebo Zalebis zegavlenisagan.
samsaxuris institucionalur damukideblobasTan dakavSirebuli problemis gadaWris aucilebloba, rogorc aRiniSna, ganapiroba asocirebis SeTanxmebam, romelmac
garkveviT gansazRvra saqarTvelos valdebuleba FATF – is standartebis erovnul
doneze implementaciasTan dakavSirebT.
kvlevaSi ganxilul iqna erovnuli bankis konstituciuri funqciebi, kerZod, safinanso seqtoris zedamxedveloba. rogorc aRiniSna, evropulma praqtikam cxadyo,
rom centraluri bankebSi safinanso zedamxedvelobis funqciebis koncentrireba finansuri krizisebis efeqturi kontrolis saSualebaa. Sesabamisad, gamovlinda, rom
saqarTveloSi aucilebelia, erovnuli banki koordinirebulad funqcionirebdes safinanso zedamxedvelobis saagentosTan, rac SeuZlebelia miRweul iqnes am ukanasknelis misgan gamoyofiT.
iseve, rogorc saagentos gamoyofa, finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris erovnuli
bankisagan damoukideblad funqcionireba safinanso zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis
kuTxiT am ukanasknels problemebs Seuqmnis, vinaidan informacia, romlis gadamuSavebasac samsaxuri axdens, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa bankis mier sazedamxedvelo funqciebis efeqturi ganxorcielebisaTvis.
Sesabamisad, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom finansuri monitrongis samsaxuris operatiuli damoukideblobisa da erovnuli bankis mier safinanso zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia, saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri dabrundes erovnuli bankis SemadgenlobaSi, rac finansuri qmedebis specialuri jgufis rekomendaciebsa da evropul praqtikasTan saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciis kuTxiT win gadadgmul nabijad iqneba miCneuli.
385
saqarTvelos kanoni „arasabanko sadepozito dawesebulebebis – sakredito kavSirebis Sesaxeb“ 23-e
muxlis ,,e’’ punqti; 30-e muxlis nawili 1.
86
aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis perspeqtiva saqarTveloSi
giorgi kvirikaSvili
samecinero xelmZRvaneli: uSangi baxtaZe
I. Sesavali
aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba nebismieri saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi etapia, radgan igi swored imas eyrdnoba, Tu ramdenad Tavisufalia sazogadoeba, ramdenad aqvs gaTavisebuli is, rom misi TiToeuli wevris travma yvelas travmaa. kriminolog lod volgreivis azriT: ,,danaSaulis gamovlineba
imas niSnavs, rom sazogadoebam ver moaxerxa msxverplis dacva da swored amitom
isini valdebulni arian, SeZlebisdagvarad moaxerxon am tkivilis kompensireba“.386
Tu volgreivis sityvebs movargebT saqarTvelos realobas, rTuli ar iqneba im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom am mxriv arsebuli mdgomareoba Zalian mZimea. erTi mxriv, aRniSnulis mizezi SiZleba is iyos, rom aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba CvenTvis siaxles
warmoadgens, xolo, meore mxriv, aRniSnulis mizezi SeiZleba iyos is totalitaruli cnobiereba, rac sabWoTa imperiam daamkvidra CvenSi, radgan aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba sxva araferia, Tu ara Tavisufali sazogadoebis pirobebSi Camoyalibebuli
Rirebulebebis xorcSesxma srulfasovani pirovnebebis mier. winamdebare naSromSi
Tavdapirvelad mimoxiluli iqneba aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis institutis arsi da
misi Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis mokle istoria. Semdeg saubari Seexeba tradiciul da
aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis sistemebs Soris saerTo da ganmasxvavebel niSnebs. aRniSnulis analizi aucilebelia, radgan uamisod warmoudgenelia am institutis sruli potencialis danaxva. momdevno paragrafSi saubari Seexeba praqtikaSi aRdgeniT
marTlmsajulebas, qarTul praqtikasTan erTad warmodgenili iqneba axali zelandiis, kanadis, inglisisa da uelsis praqtikis analizi. da bolos, saubari Seexeba zogad ganaTlebis sistemas, radgan swored aRniSnuli warmoadgens danaSaulis keras
saqarTveloSi naSromSi SemoTavazebuli iqneba calkeuli rekomendaciebi, romelTa
implementaciac xels Seuwyobs aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis institutis daxvewas.
II. aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis institutis arsi
aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba axal instituts warmoadgens. iyo periodi, roca igi
mxolod ideis saxiT arsebobda praqtikos iuristTa wreebSi.387 misi pirveli praqtikuli gamoyeneba 70-ian wlebSi daiwyes. 1977 wlidan aSS-Si eqsperimentis saxiT gamoyenebul iqna mediacia388 (msxverplisa da dazaralebulis pirdapiri Sexvedrebi mediatorisa da sxva pirebis monawileobiT), Tumca aSS-mde, 1968 wels, inglissa da
uelsSi “Social Work Act-ma” gaauqma arsebuli arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis
sistema da warmoadgina axali instituciuri CarCo axalgazrduli marTlmsajulebisaTvis, romlis Tanaxmadac, ,,arasrulwlovnebi saWiroebdnen zrunvasa da dacvas
Rrma socialur, fsiqologiur da aRzrdis procesSi arsebuli Cavardnebisgan“.389 am

386
kavkasiis samarTlis skolis bakalavriatis mesame kursis studenti
Walgrave L. The International Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice, London, 2008, 625.
iqve.
388
Marshal T. Restorative Justice An Overview, London ,1999, 7.
389
McAra L. and McVie S. Youth Justice ? The Impact of System Contact on Patterns of Desistance from
387
87
instituciuri CarCos paralelurad 1972 wels inglisSi waradgines mediaciis programa390 („damnaSave-msxverplis modeli“). zemoaRniSnul qveynebze adre, 1908 wels,
kanadaSi miRebul ,,Juvenile Deliquents Act-Si” naTqvamia: „arasrulwlovnebi, romlebmac
kanoni daarRvies,arian gzas acdenili adamianebi, romelTac daxmareba sWirdebaT.“391
rogorc Cans, meoce saukunis dasawyisSi arsebobda aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis ideis praqtikaSi ganxorcielebis samarTlebrivi meqanizmis modeli, romelic kanadam da,
zogadad, msofliom Semdgom wlebSi ufro metad daxvewa da TiTqmis srulyofilebamde aiyvana. sabolood ki swored „es gaxda centraluri sakiTxi Teoriuli, iuridiuli, socialuri, eTikuri debatisa, swored igi gaxda safuZvleli arasrulwlovanTa da, saerTod, sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis reformisa“.392 realurad
aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba araa praqtikis detaluri nakrebi (an „calke aRebuli
Teoria danaSaulze da marTlmsajulebaze“393) aramed filosofiaa..“.394 am sityvebSi
igulisxmeba is, rom marTlmsajulebis es forma Tavisi miznebiT religiis msgavsia.
mas surs, procesSi monawile orive mxare SeZlebisdagvarad kmayofili darCes da aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom praqtikis analizis mixedviT, umetes SemTxvevaSi aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis procesSi monawileobis Semdeg danaSaulis ganmeorebis maCvneblebi mcirdeba.395 amas adasturebs Tundac axal zelandiuri praqtika.396 metic,
zog SemTxvevaSi, „msxverplic ki kmayofilebas grZnobs axalgazrdis kriminaluri
gzidan acilebis gamo“397 aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba rogorc procesi Seqmnilia im
tkivilis dasaZlevad, romelic danaSauls mohyva, gansxvavebiT tradiciuli sisxlis
samarTlis marTlmsajulebisgan. am SemTxvevaSi „danaSauli ganisazRvreba ara darRveuli normis, aramed gamowveuli tkivilis mixedviT“.398 rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ,,danaSaulis gamovlineba niSnavs, rom sazogadoebam ver daicva msxverpli da swored
amitom isini valdebulni arian, SeZlebisdagvarad moaxerxon am tkivilis kompensireba“.399 ukve aRvniSneT „aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba urTierTdakavSirebulobis xedvaa,
Cven yvelani, urTierTobebis erTi didi qseliT varT dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da
rodesac es qseli iSleba, yvela zaraldeba“.400 Sesabamisad, aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi umTavresi roli sazogadoebas ekisreba, swored man unda aiRos iniciativa da sabolood uzrunvelyos rogorc damnaSavis, ise msxverplis sruli reintegracia sazogadoebaSi. amasve aRniSnavs hovard zeri: „aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis process ori mTavari kiTxva aqvs: sazogadoebis ra nawils awuxebs es xalxi (damnaSave,msxverpli) da rogor vuzrunvelyoT maTi CarTva procesSi“,401 Tumca,
aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis procesSi sazogadoebis aqtiuri Careva Sesabamis ganaTlebas da unarebs moiTxovs.402 am mxriv ki saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc bevr sxva
Offending, European journal of Criminology, N 4, 2009, 320.
390
GavrielidesT. Restorative Justice Theory and Practice: Addressing the Discrepancy, Helsinki, 2007, 64.
391
Bala N. and Roberts J.V., Canada’s Juvenile Justice System: Promoting Community based Responses to Youth
Crime London, 2009, 38.
392
Walgrave L., The International Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice, London, 2008., 615.
393
Marshal T., Restorative Justice An Overview, London ,1999., 7.
394
Walgrave L., The International Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice, London, 2008631.
395
Morgan R., Children and Young People: Criminalization and Punishment, London, 2009, 70.
396
GavrielidesT., Restorative Justice Theory and Practice: Addressing the Discrepancy, Helsinki, 2007 58.
397
Marshal T., Restorative Justice An Overview, London ,1999 11.
398
Walgrave L., Advancing Restorative Justice as the Ground for Youth, 2010, 4. ix.
<http://www.unicef.org/tdad/index_56513.html> [28.08.2015].
399
Walgrave L., The International Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice, London, 2008, 625.
400
Zehr H., Little Book of A Restorative Justice, Pensilvania, 2002, 17.
401
Zehr H., Little Book of A Restorative Justice, Pensilvania, 2002, 26.
402
Marshal T., Restorative Justice An Overview, London ,1999 8.
88
qveyanaSi Zalian seriozuli problemebia. Sazogadoebas, farTo gagebiT, namdvilad ar
gaaCnia saWiro ganaTleba da unarebi imisaTvis, rom aseTi tipis procesebSi srulyofilad CaerTos da gaigos, Caswvdes am institutis arss. Sedegad, nacvlad imisa,
rom sazogadoeba ganicdides Tavisi Tanamoqalaqis beds, is sapirisipirod - mis stigmatizacias axdens sxvadasxva, myarad damkvidrebuli Rirebulebebis meSveobiT, riTac
xels uwyobs mis xelaxal viqtimizacias an damnaSavis mier ganmeorebiT danaSaulis
Cadenas, vinaidan aRiarebulia, rom „danaSaulis warmoSobis mizezebi imaleba socialur mdgomareobasa da sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi“.403 zemoaRniSnuli mentaluri
Cavardna SesaZloa Tavisuflebis deficitiT iyos ganpirobebuli, vinaidan aRdgeniTi
marTlmsajuleba rogorc idea da rogorc dagegmili procesi namdvilad Tavisufali
xalxis Tavisufali azrovnebis Sedegia, maT ar aSinebT misgan (Tavisuflebisgan) momavali pasuxismgebloba da swored amitomaa, rom aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba umetesad swored ganviTarebul QqveynebSia damkvidrebuli. aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis
RonisZiebebis (mediaciis, saojaxo konferenciis, mSvidobismyofeli wreebisa Tu sxva
programebis)404 ZiriTadi miznebia: msxverplis yvelanairi saWiroebis dakmayofileba,
danaSaulis ganmeorebis Tavidan acileba, damnaSaveTaTvis SesaZleblobis micema, aqtiurad aiRon pasuxismgebloba sakuTar qmedebebze da im tipis samuSao jgufebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic uzrunvelyofen damnaSavisa da msxverplis grZelvadian reabilitaciasa da mxardaWeras.405 sakuTriv aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis cnebasa da RirebulebiT safuZvlebze araerTi mosazreba arsebobs, Tumca am sferoSi moRvawe mecnierTa didi nawili erT mniSvnelovan Taviseburebaze Tanxmdeba: „sabolood, yvelaferi
erT ZiriTad Rirebulebamde dadis, esaa pativiscema. aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis
cnebis erT sityvaSi moqceva Tu gaxdeboda saWiro es sityva aucileblad iqneboda
pativiscema, pativiscema yvelasadmi, Tundac Cvengan gansxvavebulTa mimarT. es umTavresi Rirebuleba gvaxsenebs urTierTkavSirsa da erTmaneTs Soris gansxvavebebs“.406
rodesac aRniSnul sakiTxze vsaubrobT, gvaxsendeba, aseve, saxarebiseuli principic –
„giyvardes mteri Seni”.407 am sityvebSi upirvelesad ara pirdapiri gagebiT mtris,
aramed gansxvavebulis mosmena igulisxmeba. swored am Rirebulebis xorcSesxma xdeba
aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis RonisZiebebis meSveobiT, Tumca isic aRsaniSnavia, rom,
magaliTad, mediacias an sxva nebismier msgavs RonisZiebas gaaCnia erTi mniSvnelovani
Tavisebureba - moxaliseobis principi. Tuki romelime mxares ar surs procesSi monawileoba, igi ar Catardeba. Sesabamisad, ismis kiTxva: ra aiZulebs mZime danaSaulis,
magaliTad, Zarcvis msxverpls imas, rom igi mZarcvelTan mosalaparakeblad dajdes
erT magidasTan? realurad amis erT-erTi mizezi aris danaSaulis motivaciisadmi interesi, magram arsebobs imis SesaZleblobac, rom am SemTxvevaSi msxverplis kidev
erTxel travmireba moxdes,408 Tumca volgreivis mixedviT, „imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rac dRes viciT, amis riski araaRdgeniT (tradiciul) marTlmsajulebaSi ufro metia“.409 sabolood, SesaZlebelia daskvnis gakeTeba, rom aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis, rogorc procesis, mizania, gansazRvros danaSaulis Sedegad warmoSobili tkivili, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, im pirTa meSveobiT, visac masSi wvlili miuZRvis,
daadginos saWiroebebi da valdebulebebi imisaTvis, rom yvelaferi Tavis adgilas
403
iqve 5.
iqve.
405
iqve 6.
406
Zehr H., Little Book of A Restorative Justice, Pensilvania, 2002 22.
407
maT. 5,4.3
408
Walgrave L., Advancing Restorative Justice as the Ground
<http://www.unicef.org/tdad/index_56513.html> [28.08.2015].
409
iqve.
404
for
Youth,
2010,
13.
ix.
89
daabrunos.410 yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, naTelia erTi ram: aRdgeniTi
marTlmsajulebis procesi maqsimalurad cdilobs saxelmwifos intervenciis Semcirebas, sazogadoebisaTvis yvela SesaZlebeli uflebamosilebis gadacemas, radgan
arasrulwovanTa danaSaulis Semcirebis gasaRebi swored saxelmwifos mxridan minimalur intervenciaSia.411 es aucilebeli procesia individualuri avtonomiis principis realurad gansaxorcieleblad. amis magaliTs aramxolod samarTalSi vxedavT,
aramed ekonomikaSic, rodesac naklebad cudi regulaciisa da dabali gadasaxadebis,
anu saxelmwifos naklebi Carevis pirobebSi (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi) saxelmwifos
ekonomika sakmaod swrafad izrdeba.
III.
tradiciuli da aRdgeniTi
marTlmsajulebis analizi
bibliis erT-erT TavSi winaswarmetyveli kiTxvas svams: „ras iTxovs RmerTi?“ pasuxi iwyeba fraziT: „qmnas samarTlisa!“ magram, ras iTxovs samarTali?.412 dRidan gaCenisa, kacobrioba cdilobs gasces am kiTxvas pasuxi. swored amaze fiqris Sedegia
tradiciuli marTlmsajulebis is modeli, romelic dRes gvaqvs, Tumca, misi praqtikiuli ganxorcieleba adasturebs, rom realurad samarTlis WeSmarit miznebs igi naklebad Seesabameba, radgan uamravi sistemuri xarvezi gaaCnia. winamdebare TavSi, gaanalizebul iqneba kacobriobis orive monapovari da SevecdebiT, SeZlebisdagvarad ganvsazRvroT, gascems Tu ara calke aRebuli aRdgeniTi an tradiciuli marTlmsajuleba
zemoT moyvanil kiTxvas pasuxs. aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba sazogadoebis farTo CarTulobis gziT aqtiurad cdilobs msxverplisa da damnaSavis sazogdaoebaSi dabrunebas, tradiciul marTlmsajulebis pirobebSi ki msxverpli ugulvebelyofili da Seuracxyofilic kia.413 saxelmwifos, marTlmsajulebis am formas pirobebSi, msxverpli
mxolod saproceso moTamaSed (mowmed) sWirdeba, raTa damnaSave arasrulwlovans (zogadadac asea, Tumca amJamad arasrulwlovnebze vsaubrobT) brali daumtkicos. am
formis procesis Sedegad „danaSaulis msxverpls SeiZleba ganuviTardes postravmuli
stresi da Seeqmnas janmrelobis problemebi“414(miuxedavad imisa, rom, magaliTad, qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi arsebobs dazaralebulis distanciurad an magistrat mosamarTlesTan dakiTxvis SesaZlebloba415). amis Semdgom ki msxverplisa da damnaSavis resocializaciaze saxelmwifo naklebad zrunavs,416 radgan „tradiciuli sisxlis samarTlis sistema, procesi, swored imaze koncentrirdeba, rom damnaSavem miiRos damsaxurebuli sasjeli“.417 am citatidan naTlad Cans,rom msxverplis adgili am sistemaSi
ar aris igi faqtobrivad Tavadaa „iZulebuli“ mimarTos fsiqologebs, raTa travma
daZlios. sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, sistema aseTi midgomiT, danaSaulis msxverpls
momaval damnaSaved ayalibebs. analogiurad msjelobs harvardis profesori da cixis
yofili fsiqiatri jeims giligani: ,,yvela Zaladoba aris saSualeba,rom miaRwio sa-
410
Zehr H., Little Book of A Restorative Justice, Pensilvania, 2002 22.
McAra L. and McVie S., Youth Justice ? The Impact of System Contact on Patterns of Desistance from
Offending, European journal of Criminology, N 4, 2009, 322.
412
Zehr H., Little Book of A Restorative Justice, Pensilvania, 2002, 20.
413
Zehr H., Little Book of A Restorative Justice, Pensilvania, 2002, 12.
414
TumaniSvili g., sisxlis samarTlis procesi zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, Tbilisi, 2014, 180
415
TumaniSvili g., sisxlis samarTlis procesi zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, Tbilisi, 2014, 180.
416
SalikaSvili m., arasrulwlovanTa ganridebis da mediaciis sisxlis samarTlebrivi,
kriminologiuri da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 29.
417
Zehr H., Little Book of A Restorative Justice, Pensilvania, 2002, 20.
411
90
marTlianobas an aRadgino igi“.418 miuxedavad imisa, rom profesorma es damnaSeveebTan
mimarTebiT igulisxma, unda vivaraudoT, rom amgvari midgoma msxverplis SemTxvevaSic
simarTles Seesabameba, vinaidan gadauWreli travma adamianSi upirvelesad boRmas iwvevs, ramac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZloa SurisZieba gamoiwvios. aRniSnulis garda, arsebobs
situaciis sxvagvarad ganviTarebis SesaZleblobac. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Terapevti
sandra blumi aRniSnavs: ,,travma-Tu is adekvaturad ar mogvarda, mudmivad xelaxla
aqtiurdeba da azianebs aramxolod mas, vinc igi uSualod gadaitana, aramed mis ojaxsa da momaval Taobasac ki.“419 Sesabamisad, gamodis, rom Tavad saxelmwifo arRvevs
Tavismierve dadgenil sasjelis miznebs, rac metyvelebs sistemur naklovanebebze. tradiciuli marTlmsajuleba xSirad kontrproduqtiulia msxverplTan mimarTebiT. rogorc zemoT araerTxel aRiniSna, aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis efeqturoba izomeba danaSaulis ganmeorebis sixSiriT. es ki Zalian mniSvnelovani komponentia, romliTac
naTlad SegviZilia davinaxoT arsebuli midgomebis xarvezebi.420 ratom sjis saxelmwifo damnaSaves? cxadia, imitom, rom daicvas sazogadoeba misgan, rogorc antisocialuri pirovnebisagan, magram imis gamo, rom sistema suraTis mxolod naxevars xedavs, Tavad damnaSaves tovebs daucvels sasjelis moxdis Semdgom, radgan „miuxedavad resocializaciis Sesaxeb Zalze popularuli ideebisa, is realurad jerjerobiT mxolod
utopiuria, ararealisturia (tradiciuli marTlmsajulebis pirobebSi)“.421 es citata
rom simarTlisgan arc ise Sorsaa, adasturebs Semdegi statistikuri monacemebic:
„sasjelze dafuZnebuli programebis (anu tradiciuli marTlmsajulebis) Sedegad, saSualod 25%-iT izrdeba danaSaulis ganmeorebis maCvenebeli,gansxvavebiT aRdgeniTi
marTlmsajulebis programebisgan, romlis farglebSic danaSauli gamowveuli tkiviliT ganisazRvreba da ara darRveuli samarTlebrivi wesrigiT“.422 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am sferoSi kvlevis did gamocdilebas naTlad davinaxavT, rom sasjeli, dasja
araa socialurad efeqturi arcerTi miznisaTvis.423(samwuxarod, qarTvel mecnierTa
nawili damnaSavis realuri gamosworebis saSualebebs tradiciuli marTlmsajulebis
CarCoebSi moiazrebs).424 faqtobrivad SesaZlebelia daskvnis gakeTeba, rom zogadad samarTlis namdvili arsis umniSvnelovanesi nawili-resocializacia anu damnaSave arasrulwlovnis aRzrda/gamosworeba, faqtobrivad sruliad SeuZlebelia, radgan tradiciuli marTlmsajulebis pirobebSi dakisrebuli sasjeli moralur gakveTils ar aZlevs damnaSaves. Sedegad ki empiriuladaa dadasturebuli is faqti,rom tradiciuli
marTlmsajulebis pirobebSi arsebuli sasjelebi damnaSavis reabilitacias praqtikulad ver uzrunvelyofs.425 aRniSnuli faqtoris gareSe ki sitema uunaro xdeba, radgan, rogorc ukve iTqva, umetes SemTxvevaSi gamosworebuli damnaSavis nacvlad, ufro
kargad momzadebuli damnaSaveebi ubrundebian sazogadoebas.426 sxvadasxva kvlevebis mixedviT, cixidan gamosuli yoveli meoTxe adamiani ganmeorebiT sCadis danaSauls.427 me418
iqve 29.
iqve 30.
420
Walgrave L.., The International Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice, London, 2008, 617.
421
axalaia b., “soxumi Cemi ierusalimi“, Tbilisi, 2014, 237.
422
Walgrave L., Advancing Restorative Justice as the Ground for Youth, 2010, 4. ix.
<http://www.unicef.org/tdad/index_56513.html> [28.08.2015].
423
iqve, 3.
424
am sakiTxze ix. naWyebia g., zogierTi sakanonmdeblo winadadebis meTodologiuri dasabuTebis
problemebi, Tbilisi, 2015, 21
425
iqve, 4.
426
swored es daskvna gaakeTes kriminologebma kvlevis Sedegad, “tradiciul marTlmsajulebas sazogadoebaSi mSvidobis uzrunvelsayofad arasakmarisi unari aqvs“ ix. Walgrave L. The International
Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice, London, 2008, 618.
427
Walgrave L. Advancing Restorative Justice as the Ground for Youth, 2010,4. ix.
419
91
tic, garda imisa, rom resocializaciis komponenti msgavsi sistemidan mTlianad amovardnilia, igi verc msxverplTa moTxovnebs akmayofilebs. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT
saintereso azrs avrcelebs lod volgreivi: „msxverpls sWirdeba informacia, pasuxebi kiTxvebze,romlebic maT danaSaulTan mimarTebiT aqvT: ratom moxda danaSauli da
ra moxda mas Semdeg? maT sWirdebaT „realuri“ informacia, spekulaciisa da kanonis
enaze awyobilis nacvlad,romelic sasamarTlodan an braldebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebidan
modis“.428 realurad, tradiciuli marTlmsajulebis sistemis arsi, buneba, gamoricxavs braldebulisa da msxverplis pirispir, mediaciis formatSi Sexvedris SesaZleblobas, rac kidev erTxel warmoaCens im faqts, rom danaSaulis msxverpli saxelmwifos mxolod Cvenebis misacemad sWirdeba, maSin, rodesac mas aqvs sruli ufleba, pirvelwyarosgan miiRos informacia danaSaulis Semdgom ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad ganxiluli naklovanebebisa msxverplTan mimarTebiT, unda aRvniSnoT,
rom tradiciul marTlmsajulebas, arsebiTad, alternativa ar aqvs qarTul sazogadoebaSi, radgan misi instinqtebi jer kidev totalitarulia sabWoTa imperiis zegavleniT. umetes SemTxvevaSi igi, saboloo jamSi, namdvilad ar ganicdis arcerTi sakuTari
Tanamoqalaqis beds. aRniSnulis sapirispirod sxvadasxva qveynebSi karga xania arsebobs
msxverplis daxmarebis moxalise organizaciebi, romlebic mas praqtikul daxmarebas
sTavazoben.429 am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba saubari. tradiciuli sisxlis
samarTlis marTlmsajuleba, ara mxolod msxverpls ayenebs tkivils da eqceva ise,rogorc „saproceso saTamaSos“, aramed - damnaSavesac, radgan am sistemis mimdevrebs
sjeraT, rom damnaSave mxolod tkiviliT gamoisyidis danaSauls. praqtikaSi es Sexeduleba kontrproduqtiulia, rogorc msxverplis,ise damnaSavis SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac vsaubrobT arasrulwlovanze.430 es situacia kidev ufro
mZimdeba, Tu qveyanaSi aRdgeniT marTlmsajulebaze metad tradiciulia marTlmsajulebaa. realurad aRdgeniT marTlmsajulebas sruliad sxvagvari midgoma aqvs damnaSavisa da msxverplis mimarT. misTvis mTavaria is, Tu vin dazaralda da ra tipis valdebulebebs warmoSobs es damnaSavisa da sazogadoebisaTvis. igi danaSauls aRiqvams
ara rogorc kanonis darRvevas, aramed-sazogadoebriv Wrilobas,romelic unda ganikurnos. igi damnaSavisaTvis sasjelad amkvidrebs reparacias, rac „...aris mTavari elementi
dasjis RonisZiebaSi. igi ufro brZnuli principia, ufro reformatoruli, gavlenis
TvalsazrisiT,ufro Semakavebeli da aris ufro ekonomiuri“.431 rodesac damnaSaveebze
da sistemis maTTan damokidebulebaze vsaubrobT, aucileblad unda vTqvaT, Tu ra
sWirdebaT Tavad damnaSaveebs sistemisgan. erT-erTi mTavari, rac damnaSaves esaWiroeba,
aris stimulis micema pirovnuli transformaciisaTvis, rac moicavs im travmebisa da
tkivilis gankurnebas, ramac saboloo jamSi, gamoiwvia kriminaluri qmedeba. amas garda, damnaSaves esaWiroeba SesaZleblobebi reabilitaciisaTvis da personaluri kompetenciebis gazrda,gamxneveba da mxardaWera sazogadoebaSi Semdgomi integraciisaTvis.432
yvela am saWiroebas aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis RonisZiebebi, Tavisi specifikis mixedviT, uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis aqtiuri CarTulobis Sedegad, Tumca aqve isic
unda aRiniSnos, rom aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis pirobebSi damnaSavisaTvis dakisrebuli sasjeli aranakleb mZimea, radgan is pirovnul cvlilebebs gulisxmobs, rac damnaSavis fsiqikis mqone adamianisTvis imaze Zneli SeiZleba aRmoCndes, vidre xangrZlivi
<http://www.unicef.org/tdad/index_56513.html> [28.08.2015].
428
Zehr H., Little Book of A Restorative Justice, Pensilvania, 2002, 13-14.
429
Marshal T., Restorative Justice An Overview, London ,1999, 11-12.
430
Zehr H., Little Book of A Restorative Justice, Pensilvania, 2002, 60.
431
Zehr H., Little Book of A Restorative Justice, Pensilvania, 2002, 60.
432
iqve, 15.
92
patimrobis moxdaa. swored amiT axerxebs marTlmsajulebis es yvelaze daxvewili
forma: damnaSaveSi „...pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis, angariSvaldebulebis gaRvivebas mis
mier gamowveul tkivilTan mimarTebiT, rac, sabolood, sircxvilad gardaiqmneba...“.433
cxadia, rom arasrulwlovan damnaSaveebTan mimarTebiT aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis
maqsimaluri ganxorcielebaa aucilebeli, raTa srulad iqnes uzrunvelyofili arasrulwlovanTa aqtiuri pasuxismgebloba. saboloo jamSi, aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis
mizani martivia, igi iZleva yvelafris gamosworebis SesaZleblobas.434
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba bevrad ufro srulyofilia,vidre tradiciuli sistema, masac gaaCnia naklovanebebi da unda iTqvas, rom maTi
aRmofxvra gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre tradiciul marTlmsajulebaSi arsebulisa. am problemebis mogvareba kanonebis an kanonqvemdebare aqtebis gauqmebiT, SecvliT an mTlianad axlis miRebiT SeiZleba, aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis ganviTareba
ki TiTqmis srulyofil sazogadoebas saWiroebs. sazogadoebis RirebulebebSi arsebul problemas ki saxelmwifo mxolod kanonis gauqmebiT ver moagvarebs. amas Tavisuflebis tradicia ayalibebs. swored amas gulisxmobs volgreivi, roca wers: „faqti, rom zogierTi sareabilitacio programa specifiur jgufebSi efeqturia, ar niSnavs, rom reabilitaciaze dafuZnebuli arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis sistema
mTlianad efeqturi iqneba, sakiTxi ase dgas: SeZlebs ki aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba
Camoayalibos sakuTari efeqturobis kriteriumebi?...“.435 rogorc ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, Cvens sazogadoebas swored am RirebulebebTan mimarTebiT, totalitaruli
cnobierebis gamo aqvs Zalian seriozuli Cavardna da amitom aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis srulfasovani ganxorcieleba am etapze SeuZlebelia. garda imisa, rom es ukanaskneli TiTqmis idealur sazogadoebazea gaTvlili, masac gaaCnia garkveuli sistemuri xarvezebi, Tumca bevrad mcire, vidre es tradiciuli marTlmsajulebas aqvs.
kerZod is, rom igi moqmedebas ZiriTadad iwyebs danaSaulis Cadenis Semdeg (miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva qveynis skolebSi arsebobs danaSaulisaken midrekili arasrulwlovnebis reabilitaciis programebi) da cdilobs, msxverpls tkivili Seumsubuqos damnaSavis qmedebebis meSveobiT da es ukanaskneli am gziT daabrunos sazogadoebaSi. amiT saxelmwifo SesaZlo safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas,rac
nebismieri qveynisTvis seriozuli problemaa. marTalia, „mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs,
rom aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba mTlianad Caanacvlebs tradiciuls, magram meore nawili SeuZleblad miiCnevs mis gamoyenebas „seriozul“ danaSaulebTan mimarTebiT“.436
swored esaa marTlmsajulebis am formis umTavresi problema. sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi rom gamoswordes, savaraudod, igi (aRd. marTlmsajuleba) mainc uunaro
aRmoCndeba mkvlelobis da sxva „seriozuli“ danaSaulebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. saboloo jamSi ki unda iTqvas, rom miuxedavad moyvanili Cveneuli xedvisa aRdgeniTi
marTlmsajulebis naklovanebebis Sesaxeb, unda vaRiaroT misi upiratesoba tradiciul marTlmsajulebaze. amas momdevno paragrafSi, aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis RonisZiebebis qarTuli da ucxouri praqtikis analizi ukeT dagvanaxebs.
433
iqve, 19.
iqve.
435
Walgrave L., Advancing Restorative Justice as the Ground for Youth 2. ix.
<http://www.unicef.org/tdad/index_56513.html> [28.08.2015].
436
Walgrave L., The International Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice, London, 2008, 615.
434
93
IV. aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba praqtikaSi.
sxvadasxva qveynebis modelis analizi.
aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis praqtikis mimoxilvas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba
imis realurad Sesafaseblad, namdvilad funqcionirebadia Tu ara Tavisi arsiT religiur moZRvrebas gaTanabrebuli sistema. amisaTvis gavaanalizebT, rogorc qarTul,
ise sxvadasxva qveynebis umdidres gamocdilebas. mediacia (msxverplsa da damnaSves
Soris Sexvedra), SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bazisia, romelsac yvela saxelmwifo iyenebs
marTlmsajulebis am formis damkvidrebis sawyis etapze. mediaciis arsi martivia damnaSave, mediatoris SuamavlobiT xvdeba dazaralebuls. sxvadasxva qveynis midgoma
damswreebTan mimarTebiT sxvadasxvaa, magram mediaciis konferencias damatebiT aucileblad eswrebian advokati, mxaris kanonieri warmomadgeneli da SesaZloa sazogadoebis is warmomadgenlebic, romlebic daeswron „vinc am sakiTxze zrunaven
(Communities of care..)”.437 unda aRiniSnos, rom mediaciis konferenciaSi advokatis monawileobaze iuridiul literaturaSi azrebi araerTgvarovania. nawili fiqrobs, rom
msxverplisa da damnaSavis advokatebi arian yvelaze mniSvnelovani garantorebi TavianTi klientebis kanonieri uflebebis dacvisa (mediaciis procesSi).438 Tumca meore
mosazrebiT, advokatis roli am procesSi mkacradaa gakritikebuli, radgan navaraudevia, rom damcvels ar gaaCnia mediaciis Sesaxeb sakmarisi codna da ar sjera, ver
warmoudgenia arasamarTlebrivi meqanizmebiT konfliqtis mogvarebis.439 migvaCnia, rom
meore mosazreba gasaTvaliswinebelia, vinaidan mediatoris funqciaa orive mxaris
dacva. mediacia, Tavisi arsiT, araa tradiciuli Cveulebrivi sisxlis samarTlis
procesi, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs im tipis proeqtebic, romlebic tradiciul sasamarTlo process mogvagonebs, magaliTad, ,,Peacemaking Courts and
Circles,”440 sadac mosamarTlec monawileobs da bevrad ufro gafarTovebulia sazogadoebis funqciebi,441 Tumca advokats, rogorc savaldebulo monawiles, procesis
am formaSi ar vxvdebiT. mediaciis gansakuTrebuloba imaSia, rom „mas SesaZloa
msxverplisTvis samkurnalo efeqti hqondes“,442 radgan zog SemTxvevaSi, msxverplic
ki kmayofilebas grZnobs axalgazrdis kriminaluri gzidan acilebis gamo.443 garda
uSualod msxverplTan dakavSirebuli efeqtebisa, mediaciis am formas, anu zogadad
aRdgeniT marTlmsajulebas, zogadsocialuri sargebelic gaaCnia, kerZod, „..msxverplis saWiroebani ufro mravalmxrivad kmayofildeba konsultirebiT, xolo damnaSaveebi am gziT metad zaraldebian, vidre tradiciuli,formaluri procesiTa da sasjeliT“.444 rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis RonisZiebis
Sedegad damnaSaveze dakisrebuli moTxovnebi Sesasruleblad sakmaod Znelia da es
praqtikamac daadastura,445 radgan igi pirovnul cvlilebebs moiTxovs. mediacia SeiZleba gaimarTos, rogor dazaralebulsa da msxverpls Soris pirispir Sexvedris
gziT, ise iribad, rodesac mediatori msxverplsa da dazaralebuls Soris pirispir
437
Walgrave L., The International Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice, London, 2008, 629.
Walgrave L., Advancing Restorative Justice as the Ground for Youth 11. ix.
<http://www.unicef.org/tdad/index_56513.html> [28.08.2015].
439
SalikaSvili m., arasrulwlovanTa ganridebis da mediaciis sisxlis samarTlebrivi,
kriminologiuri da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 58.
440
mSvidobismyofeli sasamarTloebi da wreebi.
441
Walgrave L. The International Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice, London, 2008., 631-632.
442
Marshal T., Restorative Justice An Overview, London ,1999 ., 11.
443
iqve.
444
iqve.
445
iqve, 20.
438
94
Sexvedris gareSe awarmoebs molaparakebas da ase adgens damnaSavisaTvis dasakisrebel
pasuxismgeblobis saxesa da zomas. rac Seexeba imas, Tu vin SeiZleba iyos mediatori,
faqtobrivad arcerTi is qveyana, romlis praqtikis gaanalizebac moxda winamdebare
naSromisaTvis, ar iTxovs konkretuli profesiis mediators. garda amisa, mediatorebi SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc saxelmwifos mier momzadebuli, ise moxaliseebi, romlebic zustad iseTive trenings gadian, rogorc saxelmwifo mediatorebi.446 aRniSnuli
sakiTxi qarTul praqtikaSi problemuria da amaze qvemoT iqneba ufro detalurad
saubari. garda mediaciis am tradiciuli formisa, arsebobs ,,Family Group
Conference”, romelic Sedgeba mediatoris, msxverplis, damnaSavisa da adgilobrivi
sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebisgan, raTa moiZebnos socialurad konstruqciuli gza
gamowveuli tkivilisa da problemebis mosagvareblad.447 „sazogadoebas ufro gansazRvruli roli aqvs am tipis procesSi igi erTgvarad gafarToebuli mediaciaa,romelsac eswreba dazaralebulisa da damnaSavis ojaxi (aseve, SeiZleba daeswros maswavlebeli, mezobeli da sxva). aseTi procesis meSveobiT damnaSavis ojaxi sruliad
swvdeba da iziarebs pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari Svilis qmedebaze“,448 Tumca literaturaSi konferenciis am modelis efeqturobasTan mimarTebaSi erTgvarovani azri ar
arsebobs. erTi mxriv, toni marSalis mixedviT: „damnaSaveTa socialuri reintegraciis TvalsazrisiT, konferencia bevrad Zlieri iaraRia, vidre pirdapir, erTi-erTze
mediacia, radgan socialuri resursebis (anu sazogadoebis aqtiuri CarTulobisa da
Sexvedraze gamowveuli emociebis) intensiuri mimarTva uzrunvelyofs damnaSavis reformirebas“,449 magram konferenciis am modelis samSobloSi, axal zelandiaSi, Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom saojaxo konferenciebi msxverplTan mimarTebiT naklebad efeqturia. savaraudod amis mizezi zedmetad bevri damswre adamiania, rac emociebis gamovlenas, gulaxdilobas, saboloo jamSi, aferxebs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
emociuri faqtorebi amgvar procesebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovanic SeiZleba iyos, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom konferenciis am modelisTvis es seriozuli xarvezia,450 Tumca,
meore mxriv, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom damnaSavis ltolva gamosworebisaken seriozulad ferxdeba Tanamoqalaqeebis mxardaWeris simciris gamo, swored am mxardaWeris
miRebis imedi arsebobs msgavs konferenciebze ojaxisa da nacnobebisgan, rac arasrulwlovnis swori pirovnuli ganviTarebisaTvis Zalian didi stimulia. lod volgreivis mtkicebiT, „konferenciis axal zelandiuri modeli yvelaze srulyofilia,
radgan igi procedurulad „mdebareobs“ danaSaulze sazogadoebrivi reaqciis gulSi.
procesi sasamarTlos msgavsia, amitom igi araa ubralod ganridebis SeTavazeba. garda amisa, policia warmodgenilia rogorc informatori da advokatebis daswreba samarTlebrivi dacvis garantiaa“.451 konferenciis am modelis efeqturoba axalzelandiur praqtikaSic dadasturda da am meTodiT 577 rekomendirebuli saqmidan ganxilul iqna – 207. Sedegad, sapilote proeqtis monawileTa Soris danaSaulis ganmeorebis maCvenebelma 32% Seadgina, rac Semcirebulia imave danaSaulis Camden aT sxva
jgufTan mimarTebiT.452 aRsaniSnavia isic, rom konferenciis am models axal zelandiaSive mkacrad akritikebdnen „SeTanxmebebis araadekvaturi kontrolis gamo,“453
Tumca rogorc Cans, am qveynis xelisuflebas sjeroda misi efeqturobis, radgan
446
Marshal T., Restorative Justice An Overview, London ,1999 , 12.
Walgrave L., The International Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice, London, 2008, 629-630.
448
Marshal T., Restorative Justice An Overview, London ,1999, 14.
449
Marshal T., Restorative Justice An Overview, London ,1999, 14.
450
iqve 18.
451
Walgrave L., The International Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice, London, 2008., 631.
452
GavrielidesT., Restorative Justice Theory and Practice: Addressing the Discrepancy, Helsinki, 2007, 58.
453
iqve 57.
447
95
2006 wels maT aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis es RonisZiebebi „seriozul“ danaSaulebzec gaafarToves,454 Tumca aRniSnuli modeli sakmaod gansxvavdeba qarTulisagan.
Tuki saqarTveloSi prokurori iRebs gadawyvetilebas ganrideba-mediaciis Sesaxeb,
axal zelandiuri praqtikis mixedviT, aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis RonisZiebebis gamoyenebas sasamarTlo wyvets: braldebuls sasamarTlo aZlevs rekomendacias aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis procesSi monawileobaze (igulisxmeba FGC455 -xSir SemTxvevaSi). Semdeg sasamarTlos koordinatori afasebs damnaSavis survils procesSi monawileobaze, ris Semdegac wyvets, mediatori konferenciaze xvdeba orive mxares. sasamarTlo miRebuli SeTanxmebis Sesrulebamde sxdomis gadadebis gadawyvetilebas
iRebs da SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb moxsenebis gacnobis Semdeg ganusazRvravs sasjels damnaSaves.456 procesis am formis efeqturoba axali zelandiis sasamarTlo praqtikiTac dasturdeba, rodesac erT-erT saqmeSi saapelacio sasamarTlom pirisaTvis sasjelis Semamsubuqebel garemoebad aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis RonisZiebaSi monawileoba moiyvana da aRniSna: „cxadze cxadia, rom maT (msxverplsa da damnaSaves) hqondaT personaluri komunikacia, ramac SeiZleba sxva yvelaferze ukeT gamoiwvia maTSi
damokidebulebebis Secvla, vidre sxva RonisZiebam, aseve, cxadia, rom msxverpls ar
amoZravebs aranairi SurisZiebis gancda braldebulis mimarT“.457
V. kanadis gamocdileba
aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis kanadur models Tan axlavs mTeli rigi Taviseburebani. upirvelesad, kanadaSi mosamarTles SeuZlia aukrZalos medias informaciis gamoqveyneba, romelic arasrulwlovnis procesSi monawile piris an TviT am arasrulwlovnis identificirebas gaxdis SesaZlebels458 (kanadis garda aseTive praqtikaa
damkvidrebuli inglissa da uelsSi459). zogadad, kanadaSi arsebuli praqtikis gacnobis Sedegad SeiZleba daskvnis gakeTeba, rom aRdgeniT marTlmsajulebis RonisZiebaTa Soris mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs pirobiT sasjelebs - mosamarTles SeuZlia daakisros arasrulwlovans iseTi sasjeli,romliTac is rCeba sazogadoebaSi,
magram ufro mkacri kontrolis qveSaa, vidre Cveulebrivi, probacioneri arasrulwlovani460 da realurad, probaciis samsaxurebidan arsebuli mxardaWeris pirobebSi
Zalian efeqturad moxdeba misi reintegracia sazogadoebaSi.461 kanaduri praqtikis
kvlevis mixedviT, konferenciaze gasuli axalgazrdebis 89% SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul yvela pirobas asrulebs462 da amrigad, konferenciis gamoyenebas ufro kargi efeqti aqvs,vidre Tundac pirobiTi sasjelis gamoyenebas msgavsi formiT. aseve,
farTod gamoiyeneba Peacemaking Circles, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, igi waagavs erTggvar sazogadoebriv sasamarTlos, romelSic mosamarTlec monawileobs, prokuror454
GavrielidesT., Restorative Justice Theory and Practice: Addressing the Discrepancy, Helsinki, 2007, 58.
saojaxo jgufuri konferencia.
456
GavrielidesT., Restorative Justice Theory and Practice: Addressing the Discrepancy, Helsinki, 2007, 58..
457
GavrielidesT., Restorative Justice Theory and Practice: Addressing the Discrepancy, Helsinki, 2007, 55.
458
iqve 44.
459
saqme exeba 1993 wels inglisSi 2 wlis jeims bulgeris gatacebas da Semdgom mkvlelobas ori 10
wlis bavSvis jon venbelsisa da robert tompsonis mier.rodesac 18 wlis miRwevis Semdeg isini axali identifikaciiTcixidan gaaTavisufles,sasamarTlom aukrZala medias maTi pirovnebis an adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb nebismieri informaciis gamoqveyneba. ix. jorbenaZe s., baxtaZe u. maWaraZe.z „media samarTali“Tbilisi 2014, 223-224.
460
Bala N. and Roberts J.V., Canada’s Juvenile Justice System: Promoting Community based Responses to Youth
Crime London, 2009, 51.
461
iqve, 50.
462
iqve, 48.
455
96
Tan, advokatTan, policiis oficerTan, msxverplisa da damnaSavis ojaxis wevrebsa da
sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad. saintereso isaa, rom es procesi tardeba
sisxlis samarTlis procesis sistemaSi.463 am procesis meSveobiT sazogadoeba eZebs
gzas danaSaulis SedegebTan gasamklaveblad.464 faqtobrivad, SegviZlia vTqvaT,rom
konferenciis es modeli FGC-is gafarToebuli formaa, sistemurad ki misi adgili
sabaziso mediaciasa da arasrulwlovanTa sasamarTlos Sorisaa. misi efeqturoba eWvgaraSea, vinaidan igi moicavs arasrulwlovanze gansaxorcielebeli socialuri zemoqmedebis TiTqmis yvela SesaZleblobas da rac mTavaria, mosamarTlis monawileoba.
(miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa es procesis Semaferxebel garemoebad aRiqmebodes)
savsebiT gamarTlebulia, radgan, isic socialuri zemoqmedebis kompleqsuri RonisZiebis nawilia. am faqtoris garda mas sakmaod mniSvnelovani funqcia akisria am SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, muSavdeba reparaciis gegma, xolo srulwlovnebTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvreba patimrobis gamoyeneba - ar gamoyenebis sakiTxi. Cven mier ukve naxsenebi
axalzelandiuri modelis mixedviT, „mosamarTle (konferenciaze miRebul gegmas)
sakmaod seriozulad ganixilavs,magram es ar niSnavs mis aucilebel gaziarebas sasamarTlos mxridan,mas SeuZlia pirs daakisros damatebiTi sasjelic“.465 rac Seexeba
saxelmwifos CarTulobas aseTi tipis konferenciebSi,isini sazogadoebrivi jgufebis
an saagentoebis mieraa organizebuli ise,rom SesaZloa arc arsebobdes mTavrobis
mxardaWera.466 magaliTad, arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi,
romlebic rekomendaciebs konferenciis Catarebaze policiis prokuraturisa Tu sasamarTlosgan iReben da sakmaod kargi Sedegebic aqvT. amasTan erTad, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom rekomendaciebs isini TviT ojaxebisganac ki iRben.467 saqarTvelosTvis ki
msgavsi tipis damokidebuleba ucxoa. „ganridebis an/da ganridebisa da mediaciis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebebis momzadeba-Sesrulebis procesSi socialuri muSakis rolisa
da saqmianobis wesis damtkicebis Taobaze“ saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris 2011 wlis 2 Tebervlis 29-e brZanebaSi mxolod naxsenebia socialuri muSakis „saWiroebis Sesabamisad TanamSromloba
arasamTavrobo seqtorTan“. da bolos, aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis intitutis efeqturobis warmosaCenad gamodgeba Semdegi magaliTic, romelic cxadyofs, rom aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis RonisZiebebi saTanado saxelmwifo sistemisa da sazogadoebis
pirobebSi SesaZloa efeqturi iyos srulwlovnis mimarTac. kanadis saapelacio sasamarTlom saqmeSi Regina v. David Guy Collin, 26 wlis braldebulisaTvis, romelsac
adamianisaTvis janmrTelobis dazianebasa da ZarcvaSi edeboda brali, monawileoba miiRo mediaciis programaSi da msxverpls werili miswera, aiRo valdebuleba cixeSive
CarTuliyo antinarkotikul programaSi,ris Sedegadac, procesis Sesaxeb moxsenebis
Sefasebis Semdeg saapelacio sasamarTlom braldebuls sasjeli Seumcira.468 rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, migvaCnia, rom saqarTveloSic aucileblad unda gafarTovdes aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis RonisZiebebis gamoyeneba srulwlovnebTan mimarTebaSi da
arsebul viTarebaSi, statistikis mixedviT, zrdis tempi imedis momcemia.469
463
UNODC, Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes, New York, 2006, 2.
Walgrave L. dasax. naSr., 631.
465
UNODC, Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes, New York, 2006, 23.
466
iqve 21.
467
iqve 23.
468
GavrielidesT., Restorative Justice Theory and Practice: Addressing the Discrepancy, Helsinki, 2007., 69-70.
469
ix.: <http://pog.gov.ge/geo/projects/current?info_id=86> [28.08.2015].
464
97
VI. inglisi da uelsi
aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba inglissa da uelsSi sazogadoebis moTxovniT viTardeba, yovelgvari samTavrobo mxardaWeris gareSe.470 amis pirveli gamoxatuleba aris
arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa sabWoebi, romlebic inglissa da uelsSi aqtiurad muSaoben nasamarTleobis armqone arasrulwlovan (10-17 wlis) damnaSavebTan (Tu danaSauli seriozuli araa da patimrobas ar moiTxovs). sabWo Sedgeba sazogadoebis ori
gawvrTnili wevrisagan, romelTagan erTi Tavmjdomaris movaleobas asrulebs. sabWos
sxdomas eswrebian damnaSavis mSobeli an damcveli, msxverpli da misive surviliT adamiani, romelsac masze kargi zegavlena eqneba. konferenciaze muSavdeba reparaciis
gegma da igegmeba Sexvedrebi progresis Sesafaseblad.471 saintereso isaa, rom inglisisa da uelsis praqtika arasrulwlovans saSualebas aZlevs ganmeorebiT danaSaulis SemTxvevaSic mieces reparaciis orderi konferenciis Sedegad,472 rac magaliTad,
saqaarTveloSi axlaxans miRebuli arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis kodeqsis mixedviT akrZalulia.473 zogadad cnobilia, rom arasrulwlovnebi umetesad sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSauls sCadian, Sesabamisad, maT sTavazoben programaSi
nebayoflobiT monawileobas. inglisSi Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom gazrdilia
msxverplTa dakmayofilebis maCveneblebi da 38% aris Semcirebuli danaSaulis ganmeorebis maCveneblebi.474ganxiluli garemoebebis GgaTvaliswinebiT, mainc unda iTqvas,
rom aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis RonisZiebebi araTu utopiaa, aramed piriqiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi garkveul aspeqtSi, momavlis marTlmsajulebis sistemas ganekuTvneba.
VII.
qarTuli praqtikis analizi
ganrideba-mediaciis instituti saqarTveloSi 2010 wlis 15 noembers gaCnda. es
faqti aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis iseTac SezRudul farglebs kidev ufro aviwrovebs da gvaiZulebs am viwro xazs ar gavcdeT, radgan sakmaod rTulia sazogadoebis
yvela fenaSi daleqili sabWoTa, totalitaruli azrovnebis aRmofxvra. damoukideblobis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi, sul raRac xuTiode wlis win, iqna Semotanili
qveyanaSi iseTi instituti, romelsac sxva, zemoT ganxiluli saxelmwifoebi gasuli
saukunis 70-iani wlebidan icnobdnen. „arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis kodeqsi“,
albaT, yvelaze daxvewili kanonia qarTul kanonSemoqemdebaSi, romelic arasrulwlovanTaTvis sruliad sxva politikas adgens qveyanaSi da faqtobrivad maT mimarT sisxlis samarTlebrivi midgomis sruli liberalizaciis Sedegia, sul axlaxans Sevida
ZalaSi da misi praqtikaSi gamoyeneba jer ar momxdara,rac aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis institutis srul analizs arTulebs, Tumca mainc SesaZlebelia kanonqvemdebare
aqtebis doneze garkveuli SezRudvebis gamovlena. am TavSi swored saqarTveloSi arsebul SezRudvebsa da maTi gadaWris gzebze iqneba saubari. aRsaniSnavia, rom calke
ganrideba, rac mediaciaze bevrad naklebad efeqturi saSualebaa imisaTvis, rom arasrulwlovanma danaSauli ar gaimeoros, ufro aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, vidre mediacia.
aqedan gamowveuli problema dgas gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac prokuroris uflebamosileba am procesSi gadametebulad didia,rac Tavdayira ayenebs aRdgeniTi marTlmsa470
GavrielidesT., Restorative Justice Theory and Practice: Addressing the Discrepancy, Helsinki, 2007, 64.
UNODC, Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes, New York, 2006, 27.
472
iqve.
473
arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis kodeqsis me-40-e muxli.
474
iqve, 69.
471
98
julebis miznebs. prokuroris faqtori misi uflebamosilebebis donis farglebSi imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom procesis am formis mizani mdgomareobs formaluri saxelmwifo
kontorolis araformalur kontrolze gadamisamarTebaSi475 (anu sazogadoebis rolis
gaaqtiurebaSi), mediaciis konferenciisTvisac damazianebelia.476 „arasrulwlovanTa
marTlmsajulebis kodeqsis“ ZalaSi Sesvlamde arsebobda mdgomareoba, romelic prokurors SesaZleblobas aZlevda,rom arasrulwovnis mimarT gaegrZelebina sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna, Tuki igi ar eTanxmeboda ganridebis xelSekrulebis pirobebs, Tumca
iusticiis ministris 2016 wlis 1 Tebervlis 120-e brZanebiT, arasrulwlovnis mimarT ganridebis/ganridebisa da mediaciis programis gamoyenebis wesia. mxareebs Soris
gasaformebeli xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi pirobebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb situacia
mkveTrad Seicvala da nacvlad xsenebuli midgomisa, xelSekrulebis pirobaTa gansazRvrisas socialuri muSakis angariSSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos arasrulwlovnis
interesebi, hobi, miswrafebebi, da a.S., rogorc arasrulwlovnis gamosworebisa da
axali danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis miznis miRwevisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis
mqone garemoebebi. erTi mniSvnelovani garemoeba, rac mediaciis warmarTvas safrTxes
uqmnis, aris is, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi prokurori moiTxovs, maqsimalurad swrafad
moxdes arasrulwlovnis Sefaseba da konferenciis Catareba, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba
mis xarisxze.477 aRsaniSnavia, rom vadebTan dakavSirebuli problema mogvarda iusticiis ministris aRniSnuli brZanebiT, sadac mTliani Sefasebis vada 10 dRiT ganisazRvra,
Tumca obieqturi mizeziT misi Seferxebis SemTxvevaSi vada mizezis aRmofxvramde
grZeldeba. SalikaSvilis mixedviT, uSualod konferenciis dros gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia prokuroris pasiuri roli, romlebic ar erevian, iniciativas ar iCenen iqamde, sanam ar miecemaT TavianTi mosazrebebis gamoTqmis saSualeba, rasac konferenciiis
dasrulebis Semdeg aRniSnaven arasrulwlovanTa mSoblebic (mainc aqvT prokurorebis
SiSi).478 rogorc Cans, prokuroris am formiT monawileoba procesSi sistemas safrTxes uqmnis miuxedavad imisa, rom prokuroris uflebamosilebasTan dakavSirebuli
problema mogvarda, misi xasiaTis Tvisebebi ucvlelia. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT Zalian saintereso kvleva Catarda germaniaSi gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. volfgang
kupenis mier Catarda 30 mosamarTlis, amdenive prokurorisa da advokatis gamokiTxva,
maTi ganaTlebis, miznebis, religiurobis, moraluri damokidebulebis, sazogadoebriv
politikuri aqtivobebis Sesaxeb. kupeni mivida daskvnamde, rom gamokiTxul iuristebs,
konservatiuli, antiliberaluri da arademokratiuli damokidebuleba hqondaT cxovrebisadmi.479 lange da kuperi mividnen daskvnamde, rom konservatiul avtoritaruli
pirovnuli Tvisebebi ufro metad axasiaTebT im iuristebs, romlebic saxelmwifo samsaxurSi msaxuroben.480 amrigad, rogorc gamoCnda, prokurorebTan mimarTebiT saqme
marto normatiul aqtebSi SeiZleba ar iyos da maTi rTuli fsiqologiur-socialuri
agebuleba mediaciis process xels uSlides, rac zemoT moyvanili praqtikiT dasturdeba kidec miuxedvad imisa, rom arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis kodeqsi procesSi monawile yvela pirs, maT Soris, prokurors arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebaSi
specializacias avaldebulebs,481 mavne praqtikis gamocdileba mainc rCeba, rac Semdgom
475
SalikaSvili m., arasrulwlovanTa ganridebis da mediaciis sisxlis samarTlebrivi,kriminologiuri
da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi, Tbilisi 2013, 55.
476
iqve 123.
477
SalikaSvili m., arasrulwlovanTa ganridebis da mediaciis sisxlis samarTlebrivi,kriminologiuri
da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi, Tbilisi 2013, 123-124.
478
iqve 123.
479
iqve 42.
480
iqve 44.
481
arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis kodeqsis me-18-e muxli.
99
ganviTarebaze cudad aisaxeba. mediaciis procesis srulyofilad warmarTvisTvis sakvanZo funqciebi akisria mediators, Tumca Cvens mier ganxilul arcerT qveyanaSi igi
konkretuli profesiis ar aris. asea saqarTveloSic - saTanado kvalifikaciis mqone
piri, miukerZoebeli da damoukidebeli mesame mxare asrulebs Suamavlis rols arasrulwlovansa da dazaralebuls Soris, warmarTavs da koordinacias uwevs mediaciis
process, Tumca kargi iqneboda, Tu mediatorebi fsiqologebi iqnebodnen, radgan fsiqologiis fakultetis kursdamTavrebulebi, saswavlo programidan gamomdinare, floben komunikaciis da konfliqtis regulirebis im ZiriTad safuZvlebs, rac mediatorisTvis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens.482 aqve udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba imas,
flobs Tu ara mediatori procesTan dakavSirebul samarTlis normebs, radgan, Tu mediatori mxares raimes dahpirdeba da aRmoCndeba, rom dapirebul sakiTxs samarTlis
normebi sxvagvarad aregulirebs, mediatori dakargavs monawilis ndobas rac gaarTulebs mediaciis process.483 mediaciis konferenciaSi, aseve, monawileobs advokatic da
socialuri muSakic, Tumca samwuxaro isaa, rom qarTuli praqtika mxolod mediaciis
sabaziso formas (msxverpli-damnaSave) icnobs, ZiriTadi monawileebi konferenciaSi,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, dazaralebulisa da damnaSavis garda advokati, prokurori,
socialuri muSaki da arasrulwlovnis kanonieri warmomadgeneli arian, xolo aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis kodeqsis mixedviT, aseve, SeiZleba monawileobdes fsiqologi,
aseve, „an/da sxva piri“ am SemTxvevaSi sxva profesiis adamiani SeiZleba iyos, radgan
zogadad konferenciaSi monawile damatebiT pirTa wre Zalian viwroa, rac dasturdeba, „ganridebisa da mediaciis Sesaxeb mediatorebisTvis saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis
damtkicebis Taobaze“ saqarTvelos sportisa da axalgazrdobis saqmeTa ministris
2010 wlis 7 dekembris N94-e brZanebiT. iq naTqvamia, rom, Tu mxareebs surT damatebiTi monawileebis (magram ara umetes erTi pirisa TiTo mxareze) mowveva konferenciaze,
maSin am adamianis monacemebs (saxels da gvars, kavSirs saqmesTan an mxaresTan da sakontaqto informacias) Caiwers mediatori da SeuTanxmebs meore mxares, prokurors
da socialur muSaks. Tu SeTanxmeba ver iqna miRweuli, maSin damatebiTi piri ar daeswreba konferencias. unda iTqvas, rom es regulaciac zedmetia da faqtobrivad gamoricxavs FGC-is tipis konferenciis Catarebas,romlis efeqturobazec axal zelandiuri praqtikis analizisas iyo saubari. FGC-is gamarTvis SesaZlebloba sazogadoebis
wevrebis ufro aqtiur CarTulobas ganapirobebs, radgan isini eswrebian konferencias
da sxva damswreebTan erTad cdiloben danaSauliT gamowveuli problemebis mogvarebas.
rogorc iTqva, zemoxsenebuli regulacia usargebloa konferenciaze damswre pirTa
wris SezRudvis gamo, migvaCnia, rom am brZanebis es punqti unda Seicvalos, kerZod,
gaizardos damswre pirTa raodenoba, maT Soris sasurvelia iyos maswavlebelic da
aucileblad sazogadoebis is wvrebi, romlebic arasrulwlovnis saxlTan axlos
cxovroben, anu misi mezoblebi arian. garda amisa, mosamarTle saerTod ar aris CarTuli ganridebasa da mediaciaSi,484 rac SeuZlebels xdis msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi kargad aprobirebuli ,,Peacemaking Circles and Court”485-is Catarebas. msgavsi wreebi yvelaze axlosaa aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis WeSmarit idealebTan, radgan ganicdis swored misi filosofiis intensiur zegavlenas.486 samwuxarod, saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi normatiuli safuZveli arc am modelis ganxorcielebas aqvs, amitom auci482
SalikaSvili m., arasrulwlovanTa ganridebis da mediaciis sisxlis samarTlebrivi,kriminologiuri
da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 60.
483
iqve.
484
iqve 54.
485
mSvidobismyofeli wreebi
486
. SalikaSvili m., arasrulwlovanTa ganridebis da mediaciis sisxlis
samarTlebrivi,kriminologiuri da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 60.
100
lebelia Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, raTa mosamarTles mieces konferenciaSi
monawileobis SesaZlebloba sazogadoebis farTo, ormxriv, warmoamadgenlobasTan erTad, Tumca manamde unda gaizardos arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebaSi specializebuli mosamarTleebis odenoba, radgan iusticiis umaRlesi skolidan miRebuli informacia cxdyofs,rom 2013 da 2014 wels sul ori treningi Catarda arasrulwlovanTa
marTlmsajulebaze (fsiqologiur-samarlebriv sakiTxebze diskusiis formatSi), romelSic monawileoba miiRo sul 42-ma mosamarTlem. iusticiis umaRlesi skolis 2015
wlis „moqmed mosamarTleTa da sasamarTlos sxva moxeleTa gadamzadebis programiT“
gaTvaliswinebulia mosamarTleebisTvis arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis Temaze
treningebis Catareba, romlis raodenobac dadgindeba mas Semdeg, rac iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos mier moxdeba „arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis kodeqsis“ Sesabamisad
specializebul mosamarTleTa gansazRvra. saqarTveloSi ganrideba-mediaciis programis
menejmenti saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros ssip „danaSaulis prevenciis centris“
mier xorcieldeba. igi aseve axorcielebs danaSaulis pirveli da meore donis prevenciis programebsac. mniSvnelovania maTi statistikuri monacemebis gaanalizeba. 2010
wlis noembridan 2014 wlis oqtombris CaTvliT ganridebul iqna 731 arasrulwlovani; 731 ganridebulidan ganmeorebiTi danaSauli Caidina 61-ma, rac 8%-ze naklebia (saerTaSoriso standartis mixedviT, 20%-ze naklebi recidivi karg maCveneblad iTvleba); 731 ganridebulidan 151 arasrulwlovani CarTul iqna mediaciis procesSi da Sedga 106 mediaciis saerTo Sexvedra (maT Soris iyo rogorc jgufuri mediacia, aseve
individualuri).487 savaraudod, jgufuri mediacia ramdenime arasrulwlovanTan Catarebul programas gulisxmobs, vinaidan sportisa da axalgazrdobis saqmeTa ministris
brZaneba jgufuri konferenciis (FGC-is) Catarebas gamoricxavs, Tumca amave samsaxuris mier gamoqveynebuli statistika seriozul problemasac warmoaCens: 2014 wlis
monacemebiT, 192 ganridebuli arasrulwlovani da 185 dazaralebuli fiqsirdeba. miuxedavad aseTi raodenobisa, sul mocemul periodSi gaimarTa 30 mediaciis konferencia. aseTi dabali maCvenebeli imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom arasrulwlovnebi ZiriTadad
sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSauls sCadian, (Sss-s mocemuli periodis statistikis mixedviT, pirvel adgilze qurdobaa 197 dafiqsirebuli SemTxveviT, Semdeg
qurdobis mcdeloba 36 SemTxveviT, Semdeg ki Zarcva - 21 SemTxveviT)488 da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom dazaralebulis survili sulac ar aris damnaSavis dasja, aramed
misi survilia danaSaulamde arsebuli mdgomareobis dabruneba489, savaraudod saqme
unda gvqondes mediatoris arasakmaris mondomebasTan mxareTa konferenciaSi CarTvis
mimarTulebiT. qarTuli praqtikis mniSvnelovani problema gardamaval etapze arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis kodeqsis me-40 muxlSi gansazRvruli ganridebis gamoyenebis winapirobebia, romlis mixedviTac, ganrideba gamoiyeneba mxolod maSin, roca
arasrulwlovani nasamarTlevi ar aris,amave muxlSi moyvanil sxva moTxovnebTan erTobliobiT.490 imis gaTvaliswinebiT rom saqarTveloSi politikis liberalizacia daiwyo xuTiode wlis win da sul ramdenime Tvis win dasrulda, praqtikaSi jer kidev
„gamoucdeli“ arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis kodeqsiT, vfiqrobT,es moTxovna,
487
ix.: <http://prevention.gov.ge/uploads/files/sajaro/angarishi2014a.pdf> [19.08.2015].
ix.
<http://police.ge/files/pdf/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%
9A%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%202013
-2015%E1%83%AC%E1%83%AC.%20%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%8> [19.08.2015].
489
SalikaSvili m., arasrulwlovanTa ganridebis da mediaciis sisxlis samarTlebrivi,kriminologiuri
da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 62.
490
arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis kodeqsis me-40-e muxlis ,,g” qvepunqti.
488
101
wina wlebSi arsebuli umkacresi sisxlis samarTlebrivi politikis gaTvaliswinebiT,
droebiT unda moixsnas da erTi wlis Semdeg aRdges, raTa yvela arasrulwlovans Tanabari Sansi hqondes sazogadoebaSi reintegraciisa. sinamdvileSi qarTuli praqtikis
ganviTarebis mTavari problema swored sazogadoebaSia, romelic saukuneebis manZilze
saSineli gziT yalibdeboda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabWoTa imperiis namoRvawari zogadi ganaTlebis sistemas daemCna, romlis umTavresi funqciac swored jansaRi sazogadoebis Seqmnaa. Semdeg TavSi swored qarTuli zogadi ganaTlebis garSemo arsebul
problemebis zogadi analizi iqneba SemoTavazebuli, radgan umTavresi mizezi arasrulwlovnis damnaSaved Camoyalibebisa swored skolaSi arsebuli standartebi da garemoa.
VIII. zogadi ganaTlebis sistema, rogorc
arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis kera saqarTveloSi
ganaTlebis sistemis gamarTuloba nebismieri normalur kalapotSi Camdgari qveynis upirvelesi sazrunavia, Tumca misi gansakuTrebuli komponenti-zogadi ganaTlebis
sistema sruliad sxva tipis midgomebs moiTxovs imisaTvis, rom jansaRi momavali
Taoba aRuzardos saxelmwifos. Cveni gansaxilveli Temis es nawili yvelaze mniSvnelovania, radgan arasrulwlovani damnaSaveebi swored skolis araswori damokidebulebis Sedegad yalibdebian. am TavSi SemoTavazebuli iqneba erT-erTi yvelaze kreatiuli amerikuli kerZo skolebis modeli, romelic zustad warmoaCens im uzarmazari
Cavardnis aRmofxvris gzebs, rac qarTul models gaaCnia. aseve, mimoxilul iqneba
sxvadasxva qveynis programebi danaSaulis prevenciasTan mimarTebiT. imisaTvis, rom
ukeT moxdes zogadi ganaTlebis gamarTuli sistemis mniSvnelobis gageba arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT, SemoTavazebulia inglissa da uelsSi axalgazrduli marTlmsajulebis palatis mier Catarebuli kvleva, romlis mixedviTac maTi 15% skolidanaa garicxuli, 42% - skolaSi warumatebelia, 41% ki
gamcdenia. swored amitom aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis principebi warmatebiT dainerga avstraliaSi, braziliaSi, kanadaSi, indoneziaSi, iaponiaSi, axal zelandiaSi, did
britaneTsa da aSS-Si. es principebi danergilia am qveynebis zogadi ganaTlebis yvela
safexurze da yvela tipis, maT Soris, kerZo skolis CaTvliT.491 amerikaSi Catarebulma kvlevebma ki aCvenes (kerZod, minesotaSi): rac ufro nakleb zewolas ganicdian moswavleebi maswavleblebis mxridan, rac ufro naklebia cud yofaqcevaze moxsenebebi maTi mxridan da garicxvebi, miT ukeTesia sayovelTao daswrebis maCvenebeli.492 realurad es daskvna gansakuTrebuls arafers gviCvenebs, ubralod saqarTvelos realobaSi xSiria maswavlebelTa mxridan sakuTari Zalauflebis araproporciulad gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi, rac sistemas safrTxeSi agdebs, is, rom skolis doneze
srulyofilad damkvidrebuli aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis programebi ar arsebobs,
es kidev ufro seriozuli xarvezia. praqtikulad, cudi yofaqcevis SemTxvevaSi bavSvTan mopyrobas skola sakuTari nebiT wyvets, radgan amasTan mimarTebiT sakmaod
mniSvnelovani xarvezia „zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi. faqtobrivad skolas SeuZlia moswavle arc ki miiyvanos, magaliTad, sakuTar fsiqologTan,
raTa garicxvis prevencia moxdes. es im viTarebaSi, rodesac avstraliis as skolaSi
491
Ashley J. and Burke K., Implementing Restorative Justice, A Guide for Schools, Illinois Criminal Justice
Information Authority, 11. ix.
<http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/BARJ/SCHOOL%20BARJ%20GUIDEBOOOK.pdf> [29.08.2015].
492
Ashley J. and Burke K., Implementing Restorative Justice, A Guide for Schools, Illinois Criminal Justice
Information Authority, 14. ix.
<http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/BARJ/SCHOOL%20BARJ%20GUIDEBOOOK.pdf> [29.08.2015].
102
Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom konferenciis modeli Zalian efeqturia saskolo
incindentebis gadaWisas.493 arsebobs konferenciis saskolo modelic, Tumca Zalian
mniSvnelovani TavisebureebiT gansxvavebuli Cven mier ukve ganxiluli modelebisgan.
am SemTxvevaSi, arsebobs „Tanatolebis mediacia“, sadac moswavleebi iwvrTnebian rogorc mediatorebi da sakuTar Tanatolebs konfliqtis mogvarebaSi exmarebian.494 kanadur skolebSi Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena am sistemis efeqturoba. aRsaniSnavia,
rom „TanatolTa JiuriSi“ SeiZleba iyvnen aramxolod gamorCeuli moswavleebi, aramed moswavle, romlis saqmec moismina Jiurim, Semdeg, TviTon SeuerTda programas,
rogorc wevri, moswavleebisaTvis lideris rolis mikuTvnebam programis ganvTarebaSi, dagegvmasa da ganxorcielebaSi ganapiroba is centraluri roli, rac Jiuris aqvs
moswavleTa Soris davis gadawyvetis dros.495 am modelis sruli efeqturoba amerikuli praqtikiTac Cans: „rodesac xosem fexsacmeli esrola meore moswavles direqtorisa da musikis maswavleblis TandaswrebiT, masze gatarda sadisciplino RonisZieba da saqme Jiuris gadaeca, rodesac Tanatolebma sxdomaze mas mizezi gamokiTxes,
gairkva, rom skolis damTavrebis Semdeg mas xelovnebis skolaSi swavla surda, musikis masawvlebeli ki xels uSlida...“.496 am sistemis zedamxedvelobas zrdasruli
koordinatori axorcielebs. policia sazogadoebrivi saagentoebi, probaciis departamentebi da skolebi TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan Tanatolebis Jiuris programaze.497am viTarebaSi, naTelia, rom aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis RonisZiebebis mxriv
qarTuli skola sakmaod CamorCenilia. miuxedavad imisa, rom „zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ kanoniT dadgenilia referalis SesaZlebloba, mas aqvs xarvezebi. kerZod, „zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ kanonis 487 muxliT, „arasrulwlovnis mimarT gadamisamarTebis RonisZiebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosTan arsebuli eqspertTa jgufi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedian socialuri muSakebi, iuristebi, pedagogebi da fsiqologebi.498 aucielebelia, Sevides cvlilebebi am muxlSi da eqspertTa sabWos nacvlad, gadawyvetileba
skolaSive iqnes miRebuli, X-XI-XII klasis saukeTeso moswavleebiT, cxadia, maTive
nebis Sesabamisad, dakompleqtebuli Jiuris meSveobiT, romelic ganixilavs Sida saskolo davebs. sxdomis zedamxedvelobas da SeTanxmebis Sesrulebas ki uzrunvelyofs
arasrulwlovanTa fsiqologiaSi specializebuli mandaturi. programaSi monawileobis Semdeg cudi yofaqcevis ganmeorebis SemTxvevaSi, gamoyenebuli iqneba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli ufro mkacri sanqciebi eqspertTa sabWos mier maTTvis miniWebuli
uflebamosilebis farglebSi. garda amisa, problemas qmnis amave kanonis 487 muxlis
me-6-e punqti: skola, mandaturi, arasrulwlovnis mSobeli/kanonieri warmomadgeneli,
prokurori, ubnis inspeqtori, socialuri muSaki uflebamosilia eqspertTa jgufs
warudginos mimarTva arasrulwlovnis mimarT gadamisamarTebis RonisZiebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.499 mandaturis rolis cvlilebaze ukve avRniSneT, magram gaugebaria
prokurorisa da ubnis inspeqtoris monawileoba iseT moswavlesTan mimarTebiT, visac
danaSauli ar Caudenia. zemoxsenebuli muxlidan prokurori da ubnis inspeqtori
amoRebul unda iqnes, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca Cadenilia danaSauli. garda amisa,
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iqve.
iqve, 15.
495
iqve, 15-16.
496
iqve. xosem amis Semdeg skolaSi jaz bendi Seqmna moswavleebisagan da koncertebSic aqtiurad monawileobda. es aisaxa mis pirad saqmeSi xelovnebis kuTxiT da xelovnebis skolaSic Tavisuflad gaagrZela swavla
497
iqve.
498
saqarTvelos kanoni “zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb” 487 muxli.
499
saqarTvelos kanoni “zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb” 487 muxli.
494
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amave kanoniT saxelmwifo unda iyos valdebuli, Caataros Sesabamisi samediatoro
treningebi moswavleTaTvis da unda gaataros yvela Sesabamisi cvlileba, maT Soris
„saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi, raTa maqsimalurad didi finansuri resursi iqnes mimarTuli am sistemis gamarTvisaken.
IX.
rekomendaciebi
„ganridebisa da mediaciis Sesaxeb mediatorebisTvis saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis
damtkicebis Taobaze“ saqarTvelos sportisa da axalgazrdobis saqmeTa ministris
2010 wlis 7 dekembris №94-e brZanebaSi Sevides Semdegi cvlilebebi:
• pirveli punqtis 3.8 qvepunqti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT: „Tu mxareebs
surT damatebiTi monawileebis (araumetes 5 pirisa TiTo mxareze) mowveva konferenciaze, maSin am adamianis monacemebs (saxels da gvars, kavSirs saqmesTan an mxaresTan
da sakontaqto informacias) Caiwers mediatori da SeuTanxmebs meore mxares da socialur muSaks. Tu SeTanxmeba ver iqna miRweuli, maSin damatebiTi piri ar daeswreba konferencias”;
• „arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis kodeqsis“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-40
muxlidan, romelic ganridebis gamoyenebis winapirobebs adgens, amoRebul iqnes „b“
qvepunqti, amave kanonis gardamaval debulebebSi Sevides cvlileba,rom igi 2017
wlis ianvridan Seva ZalaSi;
• amave kanonis me-3 muxlis me-9 nawili, romelic mediaciis ganmartebas axdens,
Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:
“mediacia – kanonTan konfliqtSi myof arasrulwlovansa da dazaralebuls Soris dialogis procesia, romelsac uZRveba mediatori da romlis mizania arasrulwlovnisa da dazaralebulis Serigeba da maT Soris konfliqtis gadawyveta. mediaciis procesSi monawileobs, agreTve, arasrulwlovnis kanonieri warmomadgeneli, fsiqologi, socialuri muSaki, damnaSavesTan axlos mcxovrebi sazogadoebis wevri an/da
sxva piri. survilis SemTxvevaSi am procesSi monawileobis miReba prokurorsac da
mosamarTlesac SeuZliaT.”
 „zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi Sevides cvlileba da
487muxlis (arasrulwlovnis gadamisamarTebis [referalis] wesi) me-5 punqti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:
arasrulwlovnis mimarT gadamisamarTebis RonisZiebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs imave sajaro skolaSi arsebuli moswavleTa Jiuri romelic Sedgeba 5 wevrisagan. maT SemadgenlobaSi Sedian saukeTeso daxasiaTebisa da akademiuri
moswrebis mqone imave skolis X-XI-XII klasebis moswavleebi.moswavleTa Jiuris wevrebs niSnavs skolis direqtori maswavleblebis mier wardgenili daxasiaTebis, akademiuri moswrebis angariSis da wardgenili moswavlis TanaklaselTa daxasiaTebis safuZvelze
• am muxls daematos 51 punqti da Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT: „moswavleTa
Jiuris waredgineba rekomendacia moswavlis cudi yofaqcevis Semswre an utyuari informaciis mqone mandaturis/maswavleblis mier. rekomendaciaSi srulad aisaxeba wardgenili moswavlis konkretuli cudi yofaqcevis Sesaxeb informacia da maswavleblis an/da mandaturis xelmoweriT egzavneba Jiuris. sarekomendacio formas brZanebiT adgens ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministri.
• amave muxls daematos 52 punqti da Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT: moswavleTa Jiuri gadawyvetilebas iRebs skolaSive gamarTul konferenciaze, romelzec miiReba gadawyvetileba arasrulwlovnis sxvadasxva Sida kulturul-saganmanaTleblo
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programaSi CarTvis Sesaxeb konferenciaze gamovlenili miswrafebebis da misi saukeTeso interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, an rekomendacias uwevs moswavlis eqspertTa sabWoSi wardgenas. gadawyvetilebis monitorings axorcielebs arasrulwlovanTa fsiqologiaSi specializebuli mandaturi.
• am kanonis 38-e muxlis (sameurveo sabWos funqciebi) pirveli punqtis ,,l”
qvepunqti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:
„moswvleTa Jiuris mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gasaCivrdes skolis
wesdebiT dadgenili wesiT saapelacio komitetSi, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs sameurveo sabWo da romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedian Tanabari raodenobiT maswavleblebi,
mSoblebi da saSualo safexuris is moswavleebi, romlebic ar arian moswavleTa Jiuris wevrebi”.
• 487 muxlis me-6 punqti Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:
„moswavleTa Jiuris programaSi monawile moswavlis mier antisocialuri qcevis
ganmeorebis SemTxvevaSi arasrulwlovnis mimarT gadamisamarTebis RonisZiebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosTan arsebuli eqspertTa jgufi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedian socialuri
muSakebi, iuristebi, pedagogebi da fsiqologebi. eqspertTa jgufis Tavmjdomaresa da
wevrebs niSnavs saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministri”.
• amave muxls daematos 61 muxli da Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:
,,eqspertTa jgufi gadawyvetilebas iRebs am kanoniTa da „saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosTan arsebuli eqspertTa jgufis debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 2012 wlis 26 ivnisis №122-e brZanebis safuZvelze;
• amave muxls daematos 62 muxli da Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:
skola, mandaturi, moswavleTa Jiuri, arasrulwlovnis mSobeli/kanonieri warmomadgeneli, socialuri muSaki uflebamosilia, eqspertTa jgufs warudginos mimarTva
arasrulwlovnis mimarT gadamisamarTebis RonisZiebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb;
• amave muxls daematos me-17 punqti da Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT: ganaTlebis saministro, danaSaulis prevenciis centrTan erTad, valdebulia, moswavleebs
Cautaros Sesabamisi treningebi mediaciis strategiaSi 2018 wlis saswavlo wlis
dawyebamde.
• amave kanonis me-19 muxls (disciplinis Sesaxeb) daematos me-14 punqti da Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:
dauSvebelia, moswavlis mimarT disciplinaruli sanqicis saxiT skolidan droebiT daTxovnis an garicxvis gamoyeneba, vidre gamoyenebuli ar iqneba am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SesaZleblobebi moswavlis cudi yofaqcevis aRmosafxvrelad.
• amave kanonis gardamaval debulebebSi Caiweros:
yvela zemoaRniSnuli cvlileba amoqmeddes 2018-2019 saswavlo wlidan, rodesac
ganaTlebis saministro da danaSaulis prevenciis centri daasruleben moswavleTaTvis am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli treningebis Catarebas
• ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministrma 2017 wlis 1 agvistomde uzrunvelyos
am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli brZanebis gamocema.
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X. daskvna
aRdgeniTi marTlmsajuleba nebismieri qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovani, mravalmxrivi
procesis formaa, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme arasrulwlovanTan gvaqvs,
romlis fsiqikuri Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare savaldebuloa procesis am formis
prioritetuloba. winamdebare naSromSi gaanalizebul iqna aRdgeniTi da tradiciuli
marTlmsajulebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi da gakeTda daskvna, rom tradiciuli midgomebi moZvelda. Temis specifikidan gamomdinare, aseve, SevexeT aRdgeniTi
marTlmsajulebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs srulwlovan braldebulebTan mimarTebiT da
xazi gavusvaT, rom maTi efeqturoba am SemTxvevaSic eWvgareSea, Tumca, upirvelesad
procesis efeqturoba sazogadoebis aqtiur CarTulobas efuZneba. swored am kuTxiT
arsebobs Cvens realobaSi seriozuli Cavardna. rogorc naSromSi aRvniSneT, normaluri sazogadoeba zrunavs Tavis TiToeul wevrze da swored am zrunvis produqtia
procesis es originaluri forma. saqarTveloSi, 2014 wels qalTa masobrivi mkvlelobebis magaliTze kargad gamoCnda, rom moxaliseTa arc erTi moZraoba Seqmnila
danaSaulis msxverplTa ojaxis wevrebis dasaxmareblad da maT sazogadoebaSi dasabruneblad. amas garda, mimoxilul iqna inglisisa da uelsis, axali zelandiisa da
kanadis praqtika aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis kuTxiT da gavaanalizeT konferenciis
sxvadasxva modelei sabaziso mediaciidan dawyebuli, „mSvidobismyofeli sasamarTloebiT“ dasrulebuli. sruli sicxadiT warmoCinda qarTul realobaSi arsebuli normatiuli xarvezebi, romelTa gamosasworebladac naSromSi konkretuli winadadebebia
warmodgenili. mTvari problema qarTuli saxelmwifos zogadi ganviTarebisa aris is,
rom sakmaod sustia zogadi ganaTlebis sistema, romelic namdvilad ver zrdis dinamiur Taobas. naSromis es nawili yvelaze mniSvnelovania, radgan, rogorc aRiniSna,
aseTi ganaTlebis sistema warumatebel kadrebs zrdis da Sedegad maT danaSaulisaken
ubiZgebs. dResdReobiT arsebuli sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebi ki arcTu ise daxvewilia. kerZod, cudi yofaqcevis aRmosafxvrelad, sxvadasxva qveynis gamocdilebis Seswavlis Sedegad, amave naSromSi warmodgenilia konkretuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis paketi, rac moklevadian perspeqtivaSi situaciis gamosworebis uzrunvelsayofad
asocialuri qcevis adreul asakSi prevencias miiCnevs. saboloo jamSi, am naSromiT
moxda mcdeloba, rom warmoCeniliyo qarTul realobaSi arsebuli xarvezebis efeqturi gamosworebis gzebi, mediaciisa da ganridebis procesSi prokuroris rolis
Semcirebis, mosamarTleTa arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebaSi specializacia. cxadia, zogad ganaTlebasTan mimarTebiT ukve aRniSnuli cvlilebebis gaTvaliswineba saqarTveloSi aRdgeniTi marTlmsajulebis ganviTarebas mcirediT mainc daexmareba.
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