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Contents
preface
v
introduction
1
Part One
CLASSIC TEXTS IN LITERARY CRITICISM
23
Plato 25
Republic, Book X 30
Ion 38
From Phaedrus 46
❖
dialogue with plato 50
Leo Tolstoy:
From What Is Art?
52
Aristotle 55
Poetics 59
Horace
82
The Art of Poetry
84
Longinus
95
From On the Sublime
97
Plotinus
109
On the Intellectual Beauty 111
Dante Alighieri 120
From the Letter to Can Grande della Scala
121
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Christine de Pisan 124
From the Querelle de la Rose
126
Sir Philip Sidney 132
An Apology for Poetry
135
John Dryden 160
An Essay of Dramatic Poesy
163
Aphra Behn
189
An Epistle to the Reader from The Dutch Lover
Preface to The Lucky Chance 195
192
Alexander Pope 198
An Essay on Criticism
199
Samuel Johnson 210
The Rambler, No. 4 212
Rasselas, Chapter 10 215
From Preface to Shakespeare
216
David Hume 231
Of the Standard of Taste
❖
234
dialogue with david hume 245
Barbara Herrnstein Smith: From Contingencies of Value
Immanuel Kant 247
From Critique of Judgment
251
Mary Wollstonecraft 275
From A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Germaine de Staël 285
Essay on Fictions 287
On Women Writers 293
Friedrich von Schiller 298
From On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry
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277
245
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William Wordsworth 304
Preface to Lyrical Ballads
306
Samuel Taylor Coleridge 319
Shakespeare’s Judgment Equal to His Genius
From Biographia Literaria 325
323
John Keats 330
From a Letter to Benjamin Bailey 331
From a Letter to George and Thomas Keats
333
Thomas Love Peacock 334
The Four Ages of Poetry
336
Percy Bysshe Shelley 344
A Defence of Poetry 346
❖
dialogue with percy bysshe shelley 364
Raymond Williams: The Romantic Artist from Culture and Society
364
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 369
Introduction to the Philosophy of Art
Ralph Waldo Emerson
The Poet
373
384
385
Karl Marx 397
The Alienation of Labor from Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of
1844 400
Consciousness Derived from Material Conditions from The German
Ideology 406
On Greek Art in Its Time from A Contribution to the Critique of Political
Economy 410
Matthew Arnold 412
The Function of Criticism at the Present Time
From The Study of Poetry 429
415
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Friedrich Nietzsche 435
From The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music
On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense 452
From Twilight of the Idols 459
439
Henry James 462
The Art of Fiction
464
Oscar Wilde 476
The Decay of Lying
478
Sigmund Freud 497
From The Interpretation of Dreams 500
Creative Writers and Daydreaming 509
The “Uncanny” 514
Medusa’s Head 533
T. S. Eliot
534
Tradition and the Individual Talent
537
Carl Gustav Jung 542
On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry
The Principal Archetypes 554
544
W. E. B. Du Bois
565
On Double Consciousness from The Souls of Black Folk
Criteria of Negro Art 569
567
Mikhail Bakhtin 575
From Discourse in the Novel Heteroglossia in the Novel
From Problems in Dostoevsky’s Poetics 594
578
Virginia Woolf 596
Shakespeare’s Sister from A Room of One’s Own 599
Austen — Brontë — Eliot from A Room of One’s Own 602
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Zora Neale Hurston 611
What White Publishers Won’t Print
613
Martin Heidegger 617
Hölderlin and the Essence of Poetry
620
Edmund Wilson 628
From Dickens: The Two Scrooges from The Wound and the Bow 630
Kenneth Burke 639
Symbolic Action in a Poem by Keats 642
Literature as Equipment for Living 651
F. R. Leavis
656
From The Great Tradition
658
Jean-Paul Sartre 665
Why Write? 668
Simone de Beauvoir 679
Myths: Of Women in Five Authors
682
J. L. Austin
685
Constatives and Performatives and Speech Acts: Locutionary, Illocutionary, Perlocutionary
from How to Do Things with Words 687
Northrop Frye 697
The Archetypes of Literature
699
Erich Auerbach 708
Odysseus’s Scar
710
Hans-Georg Gadamer 724
The Elevation of the Historicality of Understanding to the Status of Hermeneutical
Principle from Truth and Method 727
Susan Sontag 744
Against Interpretation
746
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Part Two
CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN LITERARY
CRITICISM
753
1. Formalisms: Russian Formalism, New Criticism,
Neo-Aristotelianism _________________________________________________ 755
I. A. Richards
769
The Two Uses of Language and Poetry and Beliefs from Principles of Literary
Criticism 770
Victor Shklovsky 780
Art as Technique
781
Vladimir Propp 791
Transformations of the Wondertale from The Morphology of the Folktale
791
Cleanth Brooks 803
From My Credo: Formalist Criticism 804
Irony as a Principle of Structure 805
❖
dialogue with cleanth brooks 813
R. S. Crane: From The Critical Monism of Cleanth Brooks
W. K. Wimsatt and Monroe C. Beardsley
The Intentional Fallacy
813
816
817
2. Structuralism and Deconstruction ________________________________ 825
Ferdinand de Saussure 847
Nature of the Linguistic Sign
Binary Oppositions 851
848
Roman Jacobson 858
From Linguistics and Poetics
858
Claude Lévi-Strauss 865
The Structural Study of Myth
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Roland Barthes 874
From Work to Text 875
Striptease from Mythologies 879
The Structuralist Activity 881
The Death of the Author 885
Paul de Man 888
Semiology and Rhetoric
❖
888
dialogue with paul de man 899
Lawrence Lipking: The Practice of Theory
899
Michel Foucault 910
What Is an Author?
910
Jacques Derrida 920
Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences
The Father of Logos from Plato’s Pharmacy 932
Différance 938
921
Umberto Eco 956
The Myth of Superman
956
3. Reader-Response Theory __________________________________________ 968
Hans Robert Jauss 987
Horizons for Reading
988
Wayne C. Booth
995
Control of Distance in Jane Austen’s Emma
995
Wolfgang Iser 1007
The Reading Process: A Phenomenological Approach
1008
Norman N. Holland
1020
The Question: Who Reads What How?
1021
Stanley Fish 1028
How to Recognize a Poem When You See One
1029
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❖
dialogue with stanley fish 1037
James Phelan: From Data, Danda, and Disagreement
1037
Judith Fetterley 1041
Introduction to The Resisting Reader
1041
Peter Rabinowitz 1048
From Before Reading
1049
Elaine Scarry 1063
On Vivacity: The Difference Between Daydreaming and Imagining-Under-AuthorialInstruction from Representations 1064
Mark Turner 1082
Poetry: Metaphor and the Conceptual Context of Invention
1083
Lisa Zunshine 1094
Theory of Mind and Experimental Representations of Fictional
Consciousness 1094
4. Psychoanalytic Theory And Criticism _____________________________ 1112
Jacques Lacan
1128
The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic
Experience 1129
The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason since Freud 1135
The Meaning of the Phallus 1155
Harold Bloom 1161
A Meditation upon Priority
1162
Peter Brooks 1167
Freud’s Masterplot 1167
Laura Mulvey 1178
Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema
1178
Slavoj Žižek 1186
Courtly Love, or, Woman as Thing
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5. Marxist Criticism ________________________________________________ 1204
Georg Lukács 1223
The Ideology of Modernism
1224
Walter Benjamin
1238
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
1239
Bertolt Brecht 1255
The Popular and the Realistic
1256
Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer 1260
From The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception from Dialectic of
Enlightenment 1261
Louis Althusser 1269
From Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
1270
Raymond Williams 1278
From Marxism and Literature
1278
Fredric Jameson 1296
From The Political Unconscious
1297
Terry Eagleton 1313
Categories for a Materialist Criticism
1314
6. New Historicism and Cultural Studies ____________________________ 1326
Michel de Certeau 1348
Walking in the City from The Practice of Everyday Life 1349
Michel Foucault 1363
Las Meninas from The Order of Things
1363
Clifford Geertz 1372
Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture
1373
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Hayden White 1389
The Historical Text as Literary Artifact 1390
Pierre Bourdieu 1404
The Market in Symbolic Goods
1404
Stuart Hall 1410
Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms
1410
Nancy Armstrong 1424
Some Call It Fiction: On the Politics of Domesticity
1425
Lawrence Buell
1438
The Ecocritical Insurgency 1439
Stephen Greenblatt
1448
Introduction to The Power of Forms in the English Renaissance
King Lear and Harsnett’s “Devil-Fiction” 1451
❖ dialogue with stephen greenblatt 1454
Frank Lentricchia: From Ariel and the Police 1454
1449
Meaghau Morris 1458
Things to Do with Shopping Centres
1458
John Guillory 1477
From Cultural Capital: The Problem of Literary Canon Formation
1478
Laura Kipnis 1490
(Male) Desire and (Female) Disgust: Reading Hustler 1491
7. Feminist Criticism ________________________________________________ 1508
Nina Baym
1525
Melodramas of Beset Manhood
1526
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar 1537
From Infection in the Sentence: The Woman Writer and the Anxiety of Authorship
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❖
dialogue with sandra m. gilbert and susan gubar 1551
Toril Moi: From Sexual/Textual Politics
1551
Annette Kolodny 1556
Dancing Through the Minefield: Some Observations on the Theory, Practice, and Politics
of a Feminist Literary Criticism 1556
Julia Kristeva 1569
Woman’s Time 1569
Jonathan Culler 1585
Reading as a Woman
❖
1585
dialogue between elaine showalter and terry eagleton 1597
Elaine Showalter: From Critical Crossdressing; Male Feminists and the Woman of the
Year 1598
Terry Eagleton: A Response to Elaine Showalter 1604
Elaine Showalter: In Reply 1605
Barbara Smith 1606
Toward a Black Feminist Criticism
1606
8. Gender Studies and Queer Theory ________________________________ 1617
Michel Foucault 1633
From The History of Sexuality
1633
Monique Wittig 1643
One Is Not Born a Woman
1643
Hélène Cixous 1649
Laugh of the Medusa
1649
Guy Hocquenghem 1662
From Homosexual Desire
1662
Gayle Rubin 1669
The Traffic in Women: Etc 1670
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Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick 1689
From Between Men 1690
From Epistemology of the Closet
1693
Steven Kruger 1697
Claiming the Pardoner: Toward a Gay Reading of Chaucer’s Pardoner’s Tale
1698
Judith Butler 1713
Imitation and Gender Insubordination
1713
❖ dialogue with judith butler 1713
Martha Nussbaum: From The Professor of Parody
1725
Lauren Berlant and Michael Warner
1727
Sex in Public
1728
Judith Halberstam 1740
An Introduction to Female Masculinity
1741
9. Postcolonialism and Ethnic Studies _______________________________ 1759
Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari 1783
What is a Minor Literature?
1783
Chinua Achebe 1789
An Image of Africa
1789
Toni Morrison 1797
Black Matter(s) 1797
Edward W. Said 1807
From the Introduction to Orientalism 1807
Benedict Anderson 1820
The Origins of National Consciousness
1821
Ngugi wa Thiong’o 1826
Europhonism, Universities, and the Magic Fountain: The Future of African Literature and
Scholarship 1827
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❖
dialogue between fredric jameson and aijaz ahmad 1835
Fredric Jameson: From Third World Literature in the Era of Multi-National
Capitalism 1836
Aijaz Ahmad: From Jameson’s Rhetoric of Otherness and the “National Allegory”
Fredric Jameson: A Brief Response 1840
1837
Gayatri Spivak 1842
Three Women’s Texts and a Critique of Imperialism
1843
Gloria Anzaldua 1856
La conciencia de la mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness
1856
Barbara Christian 1864
The Race for Theory
❖
1865
dialogue with barbara christian 1872
Michael Awkward: From Appropriative Gestures: Theory and Afro-American Literary
Criticism 1873
Deborah McDowell: From Recycling: Race, Gender, and the Practice of
Theory 1876
Homi K. Bhabha 1881
Signs Taken for Wonders: Questions of Ambivalence and Authority under a Tree Outside
Delhi, May 1817 1881
Henry Louis Gates Jr. 1896
Writing, “Race,” and the Difference It Makes
❖
1897
dialogue with henry louis gates jr. and houston a baker jr. 1909
Henry Louis Gates Jr.: From Preface to Blackness: Test and Pretext 1910
Houston A. Baker Jr.: From Blues, Ideology, and Afro-American Literature 1912
Rey Chow 1915
The Interruption of Referentiality: Poststructuralism and the Conundrum of Critical
Multiculturalism 1916
10. Theorizing Postmodernism _______________________________________ 1927
Jean-Francois Lyotard 1940
Defining the Postmodern
1940
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Jean Baudrillard 1942
From The Precession of Simulacra
1943
Jürgen Habermas 1953
Modernity versus Postmodernity
1954
Fredric Jameson 1962
Postmodernism and Consumer Society
1963
Donna Haraway 1973
A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth
Century 1974
Linda Hutcheon 1998
Theorizing the Postmodern: Toward a Poetics
Bell Hooks 2015
Postmodern Blackness
2016
Cornel West 2021
Postmodernism and Black America
alternative contents
index
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contents
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2021
1999