Lesson 3
Saints and Strangers
tually became an autocrat. His treatment of the
Native Americans and his restrictions on those who
could vote became his trademarks. By 1676, backcountry unrest and political rivalries erupted into
Bacon’s Rebellion, which directly challenged the
Virginia colonial government and Berkeley himself. Bacon’s sudden death ended the immediate
threat, but the event remains symbolic.
In September 1620, “thirty-four saints and
sixty-seven strangers” set sail from England to
establish another colony in North America. These
migrating Puritans set out for the Hudson River,
but actually landed in Cape Cod. Because Plymouth lay outside the London Company’s territory, the Pilgrims signed the “Mayflower
Compact,” which outlined their local government.
Unlike earlier colonists, the Pilgrims initially cooperated with the Indians such as Squanto and Samoset, even celebrating a Thanksgiving feast with
them. Led by William Bradford, Plymouth Plantation was a poor community, but dedicated to the
building and sustaining of a Christian colony in
North America.
As political problems with James I and
Charles I intensified in England, another group of
English migrants set sail for the New World under
the Massachusetts Bay Company. In 1630, under
the leadership of John Winthrop, 1,000 people set
sail in seventeen ships. Once they arrived, these settlers moved quickly in establishing colonies. In
each new town, the community church became the
focal point of town life, leading to what today is
called the Congregational Church. Serious-minded
and very pietistic, these colonists worked hard to
Assignment
This lesson is based on information in the following text selections and video. Read the text carefully, watch the video, and study all the material.
Text: The chapter number and section titles of
reading assignments are the same in both books:
A. Brinkley, American History: A Survey, Volume 1, 12th edition, and
A. Brinkley, The Unfinished Nation, Volume 1,
5th edition
The following sections from Chapter 2 of the text
are covered in this lesson: “Bacon’s Rebellion,”
“The Growth of New England,” “The Restoration
Colonies,” and “Borderlands and Middle
Grounds”
Video: Episode 3, “Saints and Strangers”
Overview
The development of the colony of Virginia was difficult, to say the least. In addition to the intrinsic
problems of settlement in the new world, the colonists confronted issues of backcountry colonists
and political conflicts. Although initially a good
governor, Sir William Berkeley, for example, even-
13
14
T HE UNFINISHED N ATION ( TO 1877)
establish a theocracy, and in so doing they provided
social stability for their colony.
Yet, as the population of Massachusetts Bay
grew, religious dissent appeared, leading to the
establishment of other colonies such as Connecticut and Rhode Island. Perhaps the most serious
threat to the religious domination within the
Massachusetts colony was Anne Hutchinson, who
challenged the Massachusetts clergy in her “Antinomianism” heresy and her insistence on women’s
rights, which was something governor John Winthrop would not abide. Convicted of sedition, she
was banished from Puritan Massachusetts. Her followers migrated to places such as New Hampshire
and Maine.
The most significant aspect of New England
colonial development was the relationship the colonists had with the Native Americans. Initially
friendly, the Indians helped the settlers in agricultural techniques, land use, and hunting. However,
as the fur trade developed and colonial greed for
land grew, colonial attitudes changed, resulting in
such bloody conflicts as the Pequot War and King
Philip’s War. As time went on, the colonists and
Native Americans eventually reached a middle
ground.
By the end of the 1630s, colonial ventures
began to slow as England incurred problems of its
own. The English Civil War erupted, Charles I was
executed, and Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell
installed as the new governmental authority in
England. With the ascension of Charles II, however, North American colonial settlement proceeded apace and became a more permanent
enterprise as the Carolinas, New York, and New
Jersey were settled. Pennsylvania, established by
William Penn and his religious denomination, the
Quakers, also followed.
With England’s North American colonies
developing, English possessions in the Caribbean at
Antigua, St. Kitts, Jamaica, and Barbados prospered as well. Caribbean economies were based on
sugar and relied more and more on slavery. On the
islands, slaves were treated brutally and revolts
often occurred. For North America, these islands
would serve as suppliers of African slaves in the
years to come.
England was not alone in her colonization
efforts. Spain was still a presence in Mexico and different territories of North America like Florida,
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Hostilities between England and Spain frequently
erupted into violence. In fact, the colony of Georgia developed to serve as a buffer against the Spanish lands on the southern borders of English
America.
Focus Points
Learning Objectives
After reading the assigned pages in the text and
watching the video, you should be able to:
✓ Discuss when and how the colony of Virginia
developed and explain the importance of
Bacon’s Rebellion.
✓ Explain who the Puritans (Pilgrims) were, where
they settled, and their accomplishments, especially the Mayflower Compact.
✓ Understand the significance of the Massachusetts Bay Company and its impact on English
colonization in North America.
✓ Trace the changing relationship among the New
England colonists and the Native Americans.
✓ Explain how the Carolinas, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Georgia developed.
✓ Evaluate the importance of the Caribbean islands
as models for North America, especially in terms
of slavery and the rivalry among the Great Powers of Europe.
Key Terms and Concepts
After reading the assigned pages in your text and
watching the video, you should be able to identify
and explain the significance of the following:
Antinomian heresy
Bacon’s Rebellion
Sir William Berkeley
William Bradford
Caribbean islands
Sir George Carteret
Charles I
Charles II
Charles Town
Congregational Church
Anthony Ashley Cooper
Oliver Cromwell
L ESSON 3: S AINTS AND S TRANGERS
Dutch patroons
English Civil War
flintlock musket
Fundamental Articles of New Haven
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
hivings
Thomas Hooker
Anne Hutchinson
John Locke
Massachusetts Bay Company
matchlock rifle
Mayflower Compact
middle grounds
New Amsterdam
James Oglethorpe
William Penn
Pequot War, 1637
King Philip’s War
Plymouth Plantation
puritanism
Quakers
Scrooby Group
theocracy
John Wheelwright
Roger Williams
John Winthrop
Text Focus Points
These text focus points are the main ideas presented in this section of the textbook. Read these
points carefully before reading the text. You may
want to take notes for future reference and study.
✓ The development of Virginia was difficult in
many ways, but especially in the tension between
those who settled in the backcountry and those
who settled elsewhere in the colony. Tensions
also existed politically between the governor, Sir
William Berkeley, and others, particularly
Nathaniel Bacon.
✓ The Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth Rock
were dedicated to building and living in a Christian community. With the Mayflower Compact
as a basis, the colony, led by William Bradford,
saw itself as a model for Puritans in the New
World.
✓ The Massachusetts Bay Company led the way in
establishing colonies in New England. It emphasized a theocratic society, community decisionmaking, and conformity. Those who refused to
conform, such as Anne Hutchinson, paid the
15
price for their behavior and beliefs. Other colonies, like Rhode Island and Connecticut, were
founded when people such as Anne Hutchinson
and her followers were forced to migrate to
other areas because of their beliefs.
✓ English colonists and Native Americans maintained peaceful and mutually beneficial relations
with each other until colonial greed for land
increased, crippling the fur trade that the Native
Americans depended on. Often the result of
these growing tensions were wars such as the
Pequot War and King Philip’s War.
✓ With the end of England’s Civil War, North
America again expanded into new colonies such
as the Carolinas, New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania.
✓ The Caribbean islands, controlled by Spain and
England, became models for English colonies in
North America, particularly in their treatment of
Native Americans and the introduction of slavery. Fortunately, over time both sides did seek
accommodation.
Video Focus Points
These video focus points are designed to help you
understand and get the most out of the video for
this section. Read these points carefully before
watching the video. You may want to take notes
for future reference and study.
✓ The Puritans left England for a variety of reasons
including the desire to pursue a God-centered
life. Once in North America, they worked hard
to establish their vision of a community.
✓ The Irish example influenced the colonists to
view Native Americans as uncivilized savages.
✓ The Massachusetts Bay Company set the stage
for New England colonization. Emphasizing
local autonomy, they used the town meeting and
community building as bulwarks of their colonial
efforts.
✓ New England colonies were “covenanted” congregational communities in which ministers held
no civil offices, yet all colonists paid to support
the clergy. Problems erupted in that everyone
felt they had the right to watch everyone else.
✓ Anne Hutchinson refused to accept her role as a
woman and rebelled against the rigidity of Puri-
16
T HE UNFINISHED N ATION ( TO 1877)
tanism. Her rebellion led to her being banished
from the colony.
✓ The colonies of New England differed from
those of the Chesapeake in their desire to stay in
their colonies, although “hivings” off into other
colonies did occur.
✓ The relationship between New Englanders and
the Native Americans gradually went from
friendliness to open hostility, resulting in violent
wars such as the Pequot War and King Philip’s
War.
Critical Analysis
These activities are designed to help you examine
the material in this lesson in greater depth. It may
be necessary for you to conduct some additional
research (the Internet is an excellent resource).
Armed with what you have learned in this lesson
and your own research, carefully respond to each
of the following activities.
1. Read the Mayflower Compact. What does it
say about the following:
a. The people who signed it
b. What they wanted in their new settlement
c. The type of government they would set up
d. The importance of individuals in the new
colony
Having determined the answers to the above,
how does the Mayflower Compact compare to
the governing principles in the United States
today? Are the principles of the Mayflower
Compact still adhered to? Specifically where?
2. Focus on the Massachusetts Bay Company and
its colony from the perspective of a member of
the colony. What do you like about living in
the colony and what do you dislike about
being a member of the colony? What would
you specifically change and how would you do
it? As a member of the colony, how would you
feel about Anne Hutchinson? What would you
do with her?
3. Consider the position of the colonists and the
Native Americans in seventeenth century
America. As a colonist, what would you want
from the Native Americans? How would you
think of them? As a Native American, what
would you want from the colonists? How
would you think of them? Are the two perspectives very different from each other? How
are they different? How are they similar? Is
there a middle ground anywhere in the relationship between these two groups?
Practice Quiz
This quiz is designed to give you an idea of how
well you understand the material. Choose the correct answers for each question and review any
question that you missed.
Matching – Match options a through e with items
1 through 5 below.
_____ 1. Bacon’s Rebellion
_____ 2. Mayflower Compact
_____ 3. John Winthrop
_____ 4. Roger Williams
_____ 5. Flintlocks
a. Massachusetts Bay Company
b. Rhode Island
c. Pilgrims
d. King Philip’s War
e. Sir William Berkeley
True/False – Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false:
_____ 6. John Locke helped in writing the
Fundamental Constitution for Carolina.
_____ 7. The Dutch patroons originally
dominated the colony of New Jersey.
_____ 8. England controlled St. Kitts, Antiqua,
and Jamaica in the Caribbean.
_____ 9. Spain had North American outposts in
Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona,
and California.
L ESSON 3: S AINTS AND S TRANGERS
Fill in the Blank – Complete the following sentences with the missing word, concept, or person.
10. The _______ influenced New England’s attitudes towards the Native Americans.
11. The _______ did not contain a residency
clause for its colonists.
12. The _______ was an essential part of New
England town functioning.
13. _______ challenged the prevailing beliefs of
Puritanism and was banished for doing so.
Multiple Choice – Select the correct answer.
14. The New England colonists differed from the
colonists in the Chesapeake in
a. that they brought their entire families who
owned property and paid their passage.
b. attacking the Native Americans from the
very beginning of colonization.
c. challenging the religious beliefs of the
founders of Plymouth Plantation.
d. choosing to adhere to Anglicanism in North
America.
17
15. In English North America, “middle grounds”
referred to
a. the colonists and the Native Americans
reaching an accommodation on living in the
same environment.
b. the passage between Africa and North
America in the slave trade.
c. the compromise colonists in the colony of
Massachusetts reached regarding their
religious beliefs.
d. the settlement of the dispute between the
Pilgrims and the Native Americans in their
first winter in North America.
Essay – These questions are designed to help you
think about all you have learned. Consider them
carefully and then write your responses.
16. Discuss and evaluate how the English New
England colonies developed, concentrating on
the Massachusetts Bay Company and its colonies as well as the proprietary colonies of New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Georgia.
What distinguished these colonies from those
that developed in the Chesapeake? Be very
specific.
17. Analyze how political developments in
England affected colonization in North America. In your answer, specifically address such
historical events as the English Civil War and
the Restoration.
18. Trace the development of Spanish and English
possessions in the Caribbean. What happened
in the Caribbean islands and how did these
developments impact English settlement in
North America?
Answer Key
for the Practice Test
Lesson 1 From Days Before Time
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
c used numerical system and calendar
e used human sacrifice in religion
a Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, Seminoles
b Bubonic Plague
d Prince Henry
False Text and Video
True Text and Video
True Text
True Text
Pueblo Revolt; Text and Video
Pigs, new livestock, or horse; Text and Video
Mestizo; Text
Matrilineal; Text
Francisco Coronado; Text
e Text and Video
e Text and Video
Lesson 2 – Turbulent Virginia:
Pirate Base ... Royal Colony
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
d Sir George Grenville
c Predestination
a Ireland
b fur trade
e New Amsterdam
False Text and Video
True Text and Video
False Text and Video
True Text and Video
“Starving Time”; Text
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Lord De La Warr; Text
John Rolfe; Text
Headright system; Text and Video
George Calvert; Text
b Text
a Text
Lesson 3 – Saints and Strangers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
e Sir William Berkeley
c Pilgrims
a Massachusetts Bay Company
b Rhode Island
d King Philip’s War
True Text
False Text
True Text
True Text
Puritans; Text and Video
Massachusetts Bay Company; Video
Town Meeting; Video
Anne Hutchinson; Text and Video
a Text and Video
a Text
Lesson 4 – The Lure of Land
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
147
c
a
d
e
b
Maryland
Cromwell
Diversity
Quakers
Pennsylvania
148
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
T HE UNFINISHED N ATION ( TO 1877)
True Video
True Text
False Text
True Video and Text
Oliver Cromwell; Video
Charles II; Video
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Carolina; Video
Women; Video
Puritans; Video
a Video
c Video and Text
Lesson 5 – Coming to America:
A Portrait of Colonial Life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
d Slave ship
c Galen
a Colonial doctors
b German Palatinates
False Video
True Video
True Video
True Video
Edwin Morgan; Video
Africans; Video
Benjamin Franklin; Video
Scotch-Irish; Text
Slave Codes; Text
d Video
a Video
Lesson 6 – Divergent Paths
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
c Charles Town
d Salem Witch
a Town Meeting
b Colonial Court
e Great Awakening
True Video
True Video
False Video
True Video
George Whitefield; Video and Text
Peter Hasenclever; Text
Axe; Text
Stono Rebellion; Text
Dame Schools; Text
15. a Text
16. b Text
Lesson 7 – Strained Relations
1. c Immigrants of French descent
2. d Confederation of five Indian tribes
3. b Commander of the British garrison in
Boston
4. a Called for action against the Stamp Act
5. True Video
6. False Video
7. False Video
8. True Video
9. False Video
10. Paxton Boys; Text
11. Spain; Video
12. molasses; Video
13. East India Company; Text
14. Massachusetts Government; Video
15. d Video
16. b Video
Lesson 8 – Not Much of a War
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
d “Common Sense”
a Tories
b Declaration of Independence
c Home rule
e Green Mountain Boys
True Video
True Video
True Video
False Video
Sally Bache; Video
The Battle of Saratoga; Text
France; Text
Benedict Arnold; Text
Count Jean Baptiste de Rochambeau; Text
c Text
c Text
Lesson 9 – A Precarious
Experiment
1. c
Led a rebellion in New England
A NSWER K EY FOR THE P RACTICE T EST
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
d Basis of the post-Revolution government
b Established the grid system
a Proposed a “continental impost”
False Video
False Text
False Vdeo
True Video
True Video
Connecticut; Text
western lands; text
Statute of Religious Liberty; Text
Fallen Timbers; Video
New Orleans; Video
a Text
c Video
Lesson 10 – Vision for a Nation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
d Virginia plan
a New Jersey plan
b Slavery
c All power rests in the people
True Video
True Text and Video
False Video
True Video
James Wilson; Video
states; Text and Video
Anti-Federalists, Federalists; Text and Video
Hamilton, Madison, Jay; Text and Video
Rhode Island; Video
d Text
c Text
Lesson 11 – Rivals and Friends
1. c
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Federalist appointed Chief Justice by John
Adams at the end of his presidency
d Vice presidential candidate in 1800
b United States minister to France
a Chief justice of the Supreme Court
True Text
False Video
True Video
False Video
False Video
Pinckney’s; Text
Alexander Hamilton; Text
Quasi War; Video
13.
14.
15.
16.
149
Alien and Sedition; Video
Tammany Society; Text
c Video
a Video
Lesson 12 – Best Laid Plans...
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
c Louisiana Territory
d Berlin and Milan decrees
b Prophet
a Second Great Awakening
False Video
True Video
False Video
False Video
Spain; Video
$15 million; Video and Text
Sacagawea; Video and Text
Dolly Madison; Video
Andrew Jackson; Video and Text
c Text
d Text
Lesson 13 –Pressures from Within
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
d Proponent of the American System
c Commander in the Seminole War
a Monroe’s secretary of state
b Proposed an anti-slavery amendment
False Text
True Video
True Video
False Video
Black Belt; Text
John Jacob Astor; Video
Great American Desert; Text
Virginia Dynasty; Video
Panic of 1819; Video
a Text
c Video
Lesson 14: He Brought the People
With Him
1. c
2. a
Adams’ Vice President
Speaker of the House
150
T HE UNFINISHED N ATION ( TO 1877)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
b Charles Dickinson
d Jackson’s inauguration
True Video
True Video
True Video
False Video and Text
Martin Van Buren; Text
Margaret Timberlake; Video
Robert Hayne; Text
Dorr Rebellion; Text
“Our Union, next to our liberty, most dear”
“Our Federal Union, It must be
preserved”; Text
14. b Text
15. d Text and Video
Lesson 15 – Legacy of an
Autocratic Ruler
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
c
d
a
b
President of the Bank of the United States
Chief justice of the Supreme Court
Radical Democrats from the Northeast
Sought to capitalize on Anti-Mason
sentiment
True Video
False Video
False Text
True Text
Removal Act; Video
Trail of Tears; Video
Henry Clay; Video
King Andrew I; Video
Panic of 1837; Text
a Text
d Video
Lesson 16: A Revolution of a
Different Sort
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
c Population growth
d Canals
a Erie Canal
b Penny Press
False Text and Video
False Text and Video
False Text and Video
False Text and Video
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Railroads; Video
Factory; Video
Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago; Video
Moses Brown; Video
small workshops; Video
a Text
a Text
Lesson 17: Worlds Apart
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
b Godey’s Lady’s Book
c the American Museum
d steel plows
a Mount Holyoke College
False Video
True Text
False Video
True Video
True Text
Irish, free blacks; Text
Catherine Beecher; Video
Oberlin; Text
minstrel show; Text
a Video
c Video
Lesson 18: Master and Slave
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
d Mrs. Benjamin Perry
c legalized slavery
a Maryland, Delaware, Virginia
b slave rebellion
True Video
False Video
False Video
True Text
Slave women; Video
Slave auction; Video
Christianity; Video
Factor; True
Northern states; Video
d Text
a Text
Lesson 19: Voices of Reform
1. d published the Liberator
A NSWER K EY FOR THE P RACTICE T EST
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
c escaped from slavery
b black anti-slavery activist and feminist
a prison reformer
True Text
False Video
True Text
True Video
Hudson River School; Video
Brook Farm; Text
Joseph Smith; Text
temperance; Video
phrenology; Text
a Text
c Video
Lesson 20: Manifest Destiny?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
c To govern is to populate
b First legal settlement in Texas
a Alamo
d Spot Resolution
False Video
True Video
True Video
False Video
Californios; Video
slavery; Text and Video
Zachary Taylor; Text, Video
Popular Sovereignty; Text
Gold, John Sutter’s; Text and Video
c Text
b Text
Lesson 21: Decade of Discord
1. a
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
divided Clay’s compromise bill into
individual parts
d supported the “Young America”
movement
a assaulted a Massachusetts senator
b defeated Fillmore and Frémont in 1856
False; Video
True; Video
True; Text
False; Text
False; Video
benevolent diffusion; Video
Personal liberty laws; Text
Ostend Manifesto; Text
151
13. Gadsden Purchase; Video
14. c Text
15. a Video
Lesson 22: House Divided
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
d Abraham Lincoln
c CSA
a Fort Sumter
b Anaconda Plan
True; Video
True; Video and Text
False; Video
False; Video
Benjamin Butler; Video
G. McClellan; Video and Text
R.E. Lee; Video and Text
Line item; Video
90,000–100,000 men; Video
c Video and Text
c Video and Text
Lesson 23: Battle Cry
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
d Last Confederate general to surrender
e Often reluctant to commit troops to battle
b United States secretary of state
a Killed at Shiloh
c American minister to London
False Video
True Text
False Video
False Video
True Video
Monitor, Merrimac; Text
Peninsular Campaign; Text
Antietam; Video
Fredericksburg; Video
b Text
c Video
Lesson 24: Final Stages
1.
2.
3.
4.
d
a
c
b
Vicksburg
Replaced Joseph Hooker
Gettysburg
Chickamauga
152
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
T HE UNFINISHED N ATION ( TO 1877)
False Video and Text
True Video
False Video
False Text
“Grease”; Video
Jeb Stuart; Video and Text
P.G.T. Beauregard; Video
Cold Harbor syndrome; Video
G. McClellan; Video and Text
c Text
b Video
Lesson 25: What Price Freedom
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
d scandal during the Grant administration
c refers to the purchase of Alaska
e required an Ironclad Oath
b response to the Black Codes
a opposed the gold standard
True Text
False Video
True Text
True Text
reuniting the country, emancipation and
freedom; Video
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Freedmen’s Bureau; Video
Fifteenth; Video
sharecropping; Text
Grantism; Text
a Video
d Text
Lesson 26: Tattered Remains
1.
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d Republican Party
c Perpetual debt
a Atlanta compromise
b Enforcement Acts
True Video
True Video
True Video
True Video
Landowners or merchants; Video and Text
leave in the middle of the night; Video
black women; Video
KKK; Video and Text
Samuel Tilden; Text
c Text
b Video