CHAPTER 5:
MAPPING THE WAY
TO AN ECONOMIC
FUTURE
President Obama greets Kotzebue residents on September 2, 2015. Photo credit: Zach Stevenson.
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CHAPTER 5:
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Introduction
532
Finding a Balance
534
A Mining History
535
Red Dog
536
Shipping
538
Oil and Gas
541
Tourism
541
Energy
541
Roads
542
Conclusion
543
References
544
Kotzebue windmills, 2011. Photo credit: Chris Lott, Wikipedia Commons.
CHAPTER 5: MAPPING THE WAY TO AN ECONOMIC FUTURE
Dancers welcome President Obama to Kotzebue. Photo credit: Zach Stevenson.
Introduction
As this atlas was going through its last stages of review
and design, in the summer of 2015, borough officials in
Kotzebue got word that President Barack Obama was
planning a visit to the region. Village residents, many of
whom serve as tribal and local government officials, soon
found themselves in an unfamiliar place—on the national
stage. In a speech given in the school gym in Kotzebue, the
President talked about some of the complex issues affecting
the people whose living traditions have been mapped in
this atlas. Knowing they would have the President’s ear
for a brief moment in time, Arctic leaders galvanized their
message, and, in the process of doing so, articulated the
region’s economic and cultural priorities.
“Today, Alaska’s Native peoples seek security—food
security, economic security, cultural security, energy
security. A changing world and climate impacts all of these,”
former Northwest Arctic Borough Mayor Reggie Joule
said in opening remarks before international dignitaries at
the GLACIER conference in Anchorage that preceded the
President’s visit to the Arctic. “We have much to lose—the
very essence of who we are as a people.”
Looking back over the arc of the past 150 years, as reviewed
in the Villages chapter, and looking at how people live today,
as heard in villagers’ voices and seen in the many recent
pictures and on the maps included in this volume, no one
could doubt the resilience of the residents of the Northwest
Arctic Borough. The numbers of people who live in every
one of the seven villages we studied for this atlas continue
to increase. Today, the Borough has a mixed subsistencewage economy. Cash is needed for housing, transportation,
fuel, clothing, and food. Even though borough residents
have some of the highest harvest of fish and game in the
state, store-bought food is necessary to supplement what
families bring in or receive through sharing. As many of the
people interviewed for this project mentioned, it costs money
to purchase and maintain boats, snow machines, sleds,
guns and ammunition, fishing nets, and fuel. And, in this
remote part of the world, none of these things comes cheap.
Resource development has the potential to bring jobs to the
Borough, a region with one of the highest costs of living and
among the highest unemployment rates in Alaska.
In July of 2014, the cost of fuel in borough communities
was as high as $9.65 for a gallon of gasoline and $10.46 for
heating fuel. At the time this atlas is being published, in early
2016, fuel prices have fallen quite a bit but are still double
what people in the state’s urban centers pay.
Vast acreage of the Borough, including preserves,
monuments, and five national parks, as well as areas within
the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge, are closed to most
kinds of development. Nevertheless, myriad projects
are in the works on eligible land in the Borough. People
hold differing opinions about what to do and where to
start. Everyone agrees that continuing the annual cycle of
hunting, fishing, and gathering traditional foods is integral
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“We have much to lose—the very
essence of who we are as a people.”
Former Mayor Reggie Joule
to the Iñupiaq way of life. People understand that, if these
traditions are lost, it will matter little how much money they
have in their pockets. But change is always coming, and
borough planners understand the importance of building a
regional economy that will sustain people in today’s world.
A strong economy offers the promise of an improved quality
of life. At the same time, discussions surrounding resource
development lead to concerns about possible threats to the
environment and the age-old traditions that depend on proper
resource management.
The Borough initiated this mapping project with the
expectation that better information will lead to better
decisions. Knowing what areas are important to people’s
annual food harvesting cycle and what places on the land
and water are most important to the animals, fish, birds, and
plants that people hunt, fish, and gather will help planners
reviewing development proposals avoid negative effects to
these areas when possible.
This chapter discusses existing and potential development
projects being explored in and around the Borough. Mineral
development, and roads and other infrastructure related to
mineral development, play a prominent part in discussions
about the Borough’s economic future. We report on the
contribution the Red Dog Mine currently makes to the
Borough’s and the broader region’s economy and go on to
look at mining and other industries that hold potential to
strengthen the Borough’s economy over the coming years.
The information discussed in this chapter provides but a
glimpse of where change is likely to happen. Research for
this mapping project centered on documenting traditional
knowledge, but, when studying the locations and migration
patterns of certain species, researchers also drew on
information that had been gathered with modern surveying
and tracking technologies. In Northwest Arctic villages
today, it is becoming increasingly common to encounter
someone processing fish with an ulu in one hand and a
smart phone in the other. In this rapidly changing world,
we hope the findings reported in this atlas will set the stage
for a collaborative process for charting a stable future that
maximizes benefits—both traditional and new—for the
people of the Borough.
533
The people of Alaska’s Northwest Arctic depend on a
healthy environment that is rich with fish, plant, and animal
resources to provide food for their physical and cultural
well-being. Residents generally support development
that improves the quality of life and does not interfere
with hunting and gathering activities. Some proposed
development, however, is a source of local controversy.
On one hand, residents favor activities that will provide
local jobs and strengthen the economy. On the other,
there may be fierce opposition to a project if it is seen as
threatening subsistence resources without providing lasting
local benefits.
In a 2011 survey by NANA Development Corporation, a
substantial majority of respondents said they view mineral
development as important for the economic health and wellbeing of NANA and supported new mineral development on
NANA lands.1 As described in more detail below, the Red
Dog Mine has provided substantial contributions to the local
economy by providing jobs and payments to NANA and
the Borough.
As sea ice retreats, more of the
Arctic Ocean is opening to ship
traffic and, potentially, oil drilling
such as that being conducted by
Royal Dutch Shell in the Chukchi
Sea off Northwest Alaska. That
means economic opportunities for
Alaska’s indigenous people, but only
if certain conditions are met. “Our
message is quite simple. Development
of our resources must include
food, culture, energy and economic
security for Alaska’s first peoples,”
Joule said. “Any development of
oil in the outer continental shelf
must include revenue sharing for
our impacted communities.”
Shalev, A. & Y. Rosen
Arctic Newswire, 8/31/15, p.1.
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Finding a Balance
Some local residents believe mining has negatively impacted
them. Kivalina residents have expressed concern over
impacts to the Wulik River, their drinking water source, from
discharges from the Red Dog Mine tailings pond.2
During research for this mapping project, numerous
interviewees in Kivalina spoke of their belief that Red Dog
Mine activities have led to decreased beluga and caribou
harvests. They expressed concern that noise from activities
at the port site and associated shipping had displaced beluga
whales from the traditional hunting grounds.
Residents reported concerns about contamination from dust
along the Red Dog Mine road—concerns supported by
outside studies, including one that found high concentrations
of lead, cadmium, and zinc in plants along the road,3 leading
to increased local fears that caribou are eating these poisoned
plants. Between 2001 and 2005, the mine’s operator spent
$16 million to reduce dust from the ore concentrate released
along the Red Dog road, including fugitive dust control
measures at the port and hard-surfacing four miles of the
port haul road.
Locals have also noticed the road affecting caribou
migration4—another observation supported by recent
research. For one year, a sample of 21 radio-collared caribou
that came within a 30 mile radius of the road found that
18 individuals (86%) “either changed their direction of
travel (17 caribou) or stopped migrating (one caribou).”
Information collected since 1990 indicates the road was
not equally disruptive in all years, and the reason for the
variation remains unclear.5
Events in September of 2015 brought the mine, the state,
and NANA together, when it appeared the Western Arctic
Caribou Herd was coming down closer to Noatak and
Kivalina than it had in several years. In an attempt to
encourage migration over the Red Dog road, the NANA
lands department’s subsistence committee worked with the
mine to close the road the first part of the month, hoping
the herd would show up. Even though NANA’s subsistence
committee includes four people from Noatak and four from
Kivalina, many local hunters who, coping with decreasing
numbers of caribou over the past few years have taken to
hunting from the road, were not happy about the initial
two-week closure.6 The subsistence committee, following
well-known traditional knowledge that if a herd’s leaders
can pass through a corridor unobstructed the rest of the herd
will follow, nevertheless urged the temporary road closure.
After the road was re-opened in mid-September, the watch
for approaching caribou continued, with hunters asked to
keep their distance until the first 5,000-10,000 herd leaders
had crossed and Red Dog remaining ready to close the road
again at the first sight of the herd. The mine set up a storage
facility to stockpile ore for up to a one-week-long closure.
This effort, by which Red Dog, NANA, and state game
managers have been working together on behalf of villagers’
long-term subsistence needs, reflects increasing interest
in finding collaborative ways to reduce conflicts between
resource development and subsistence in the region.
John Gallahorn of Kotzebue points out ways the Red Dog
Mine is “good for the people. It gives the region here jobs,
money to buy things.” Gallahorn has noticed no negative
environmental effects from the Red Dog operation. Barry
Foster of Selawik also emphasized the need for local jobs,
including those at the Red Dog Mine, in a July 26, 2014,
interview7:
You have to have a job. Around the region there’s hardly
any jobs. Sometimes there’s work local, for two weeks,
two months, that’s about it. Right now maybe less than
50% of the guys don’t have a job and don’t know how to
go out there and get a job because they’re not educated
and they never finished school. There is a lot of guys that
want to go out there and hunt but gas is very expensive.
Henry Jackson of Selawik summarized his experience at the
Red Dog Mine in a July 27, 2014, interview: “It was good
15 years for me. Red Dog helped me out with my financial
needs. At Red Dog I work two on and one week off. Red
Dog was mostly my home those 15 years.”
People’s reticence over industry isn’t limited to mining.
Villagers often express exasperation with impacts from
non-resident sport hunters and the commercial transporters
that bring them to remote areas of the Borough (see pp.
155 -159). While locals respect traditional knowledge
about the need to let lead caribou pass without injury, as
this leaves a scent for later caribou to follow, outsiders do
not understand that harvesting the lead caribou alters the
migration of the caribou that follow, sometimes deflecting
them from local hunting grounds. Related concerns include
“What is important to the NWAB
is being able to achieve balance
based on the values that we have.
And relying on and continuing to
rely on the environment for all of
the things that it provides for us
and balancing that for us to be able
to have economic opportunity.”
Fred Smith, Assistant to the Mayor,
NWAB, Kotzebue, April 4, 2014
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the wanton waste of meat, improper disposal of trash
associated with hunting, and the impacts of airplane noise on
caribou.
Oil and gas exploration activities in the Chukchi Sea have
also sparked a lot of interest from local residents. While
some people support the prospect of economic benefits to
the region, others are concerned about impacts to their food
security. Although the oil and gas leases are located a couple
of hundred miles north of the Borough, marine mammal
populations used by local hunters migrate through the areas,
and a large oil spill would have far-reaching effects. Alvin
Iyatunguk Sr. of Deering voiced his concerns in September
of 2013:
I think it would be best if they don’t even bother trying
to have offshore drilling in Alaska. That is a scary thing
to think about. If [a spill] could happen in the Gulf of
Mexico and they couldn’t even contain it . . . Imagine that
happening somewhere out here. And our crude oil is a lot
thicker. It’s heavier. Subsistence is a very important thing
in our lives. If we didn’t have it, how would we survive?
Residents’ fears of an oil spill from Shell’s offshore rigs
were put to rest for the time being with the company’s
announcement, in late-September 2015, that it was
suspending exploratory drilling in the Chukchi for the
foreseeable future. While fears of environmental harms may
have been allayed, those who had hoped revenues from
Shell’s activities would bolster the regional economy were
disappointed.8
A proposed road connecting the mineral-rich Ambler Mining
District to the Alaska road system also sparked debate in
the region among those who recognize a need for economic
development and those who fear impacts from the road to
their way of life and, specifically, on the caribou they hunt.
Ross Schaeffer Sr., a past mayor of the Northwest Arctic
Borough, expressed his reservations to UAF researcher and
videographer Sarah Betcher in the fall of 2013:
This is the worst thing we could ever do. Within a few
years every RV and every truck with a trailer will be
bringing their boats up into the Kobuk River delta. We
have to be very cautious as to what we approve. A road is
going to destroy our way of life very quickly.
As expressed by Fred Smith of Kotzebue in an April 2, 2014,
interview, the goal of the Borough is to find a balance that
allows economic development while protecting local values:
“What is important to the NWAB is being able to achieve
balance based on the values that we have. And relying on
and continuing to rely on the environment for all of the
things that it provides for us and balancing that for us to be
able to have economic opportunity.”
535
According to the U.S. Bureau of
Land Management, 11 tons of jade
and 200 tons of asbestos were mined
from the Jade Mountain area in 1945.
A Mining History
Historically, gold, jade, asbestos, and coal mines operated
in the region, and today there are a number of small placer
mining operations where gold is being dredged from sand
and gravel deposits, usually in stream beds. As noted in the
Deering history in the Villages chapter, the Seward Peninsula
was a very active mining region in the 1900s. Some of
today’s permanent settlements, including Deering and Kiana,
were established to support early mining activities. A short
description of a few of these historic mines follows.
► Jade
Mountain: Nephrite jade and asbestos were
mined from the Jade Creek and Jade Mountain area
of the Upper Kobuk River area. NANA owns the area
where the Jade is located, and it displays jade boulders
outside of the Nullagģvik Hotel in Kotzebue.
► Utica
Mine: The Utica Gold Mine, located south of
Deering and connected by a gravel road, operated
for 75 years beginning in 1903 using hydraulic and
dredge mining techniques. A Brownfield assessment
in 2005 revealed elevated levels of mercury, lead,
cadmium, and arsenic in soils at the site.9
► Independence
Mine: This silver and lead mine was
active between 1918 and 1922 on the Kugruk River, with
additional exploration activities occurring since then.
Placer Mines: The community of Kiana became a supply
post for placer mines along the Squirrel River in 1909.10
Placer mines also occur in other areas of the Borough,
including at Candle, which is located between Deering
and Buckland. The Inmachuk River mine, a placer deposit
located south of Deering, once produced 578,000 ounces of
gold and 32,000 ounces of silver.
Coal: Approximately 100,000 tons of coal was mined at
Chicago Creek, located between Deering and Buckland, to
supply placer mining operations near Candle.11
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Red Dog Mine. Photo credit: Sarah Betcher.
Red Dog
The Borough has always had a strong link to resource
development as well as a commitment to protecting
subsistence resources. It was formed in 1987 with the
understanding that revenues from the Red Dog Mine would
help fund its work to develop programs to assist villages
and provide critical public services. Although the Borough
receives financing from a number of different sources,
income from Payment in Lieu of Tax (PILT) agreements
with the Red Dog Mine operator provides significant funding
for borough operations. PILT payments to the Borough have
incrementally increased from $1 million in 1987 to $8.8
million in 2015.
The Red Dog, the only large-scale mine currently operating
in the Borough, is the largest zinc mine in the world in terms
of reserves and annual production.12 It also produces lead
and silver. Located 90 miles north of Kotzebue, a 52-mile
road links the open-pit mine to a port on the shore of the
Chukchi Sea where ore concentrate is stored during most of
the year until it is shipped south during the summer months.
The concentrate is shipped to China, Europe, Australia,
Japan, Korea, and to a Teck smelter in Trail, British
Columbia. By 2010, investments totaled $550 million for
the mine with an additional $265 million spent by the Alaska
Industrial Development and Export Authority (AIDEA) for
the road and port (McDowell Group 2012).13
Teck Alaska, Inc. (Teck) (formerly TeckCominco) operates
the mine under an agreement with NANA Regional
Corporation (NANA), the regional Native corporation that
owns the land. NANA receives royalties from the mine,
and its subsidiaries provide services to the mine operator.
As of 2013, NANA had received more than $1 billion in
payments, $603 million of which was distributed to other
Native corporations as required by the Alaska Native Claims
Settlement Act (NANA 2014). In 2010, Teck paid NANA
$146 million in royalties.14
According to Northwest Arctic Borough accountants, the
mine provided 550 direct jobs in 2011, with a payroll of $55
million. A 2012 McDowell Group study found that, in 2010,
56% of the year-round jobs at the Red Dog mine were filled
by NANA shareholders working for Teck and two NANA
subsidiaries--NANA Lynden Logistics and NMS. According
to NANA’s website, of the mine’s Alaska resident workers in
2010, not including contractors, 169 lived in the Anchorage
area and 113 lived within the 11 borough communities.
Teck expanded mine operations in 2010 to develop the
adjacent Aqqaluk deposit, which is expected to extend
operations until at least 2031.
The Red Dog is the largest zinc
mine in the world in terms of
reserves and annual production.
It also produces lead and silver.
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FIGURE 5.1. LOCATION OF MAJOR ACTIVITIES PERMITTED BY THE NORTHWEST ARCTIC BOROUGH 2006 - 2013
Current and Future Prospects
The Northwest Arctic Borough today contains considerable
amounts of undeveloped mineral resources, including
zinc, lead, silver, gold, coal, jade, and copper. While these
resources exist, difficult challenges must be overcome
before mines become commercially viable. The price of
minerals must be high enough to justify the considerable
costs of developing a mine in a remote area. In addition to
transportation logistics, agreements with landowners must
be secured before a mine can be developed. In some areas of
the Borough, such as on lands managed by the National Park
Service, mining is prohibited. The remainder of this section
lists areas of the Borough for which there has been recent
interest in resource development.
Ambler Mining District: The mineral-rich Ambler mining
district, located in the Upper Kobuk River watershed,
includes deposits of copper, zinc, lead, silver, and gold. The
five key prospects in this district are named Arctic (Nova
Copper), Sun (Andover Ventures), Bornite (NANA), and
Smucker (Tech Cominco).15 According to AIDEA, feasibility
537
studies indicate that an overland transportation system would
be necessary in order to develop these prospects.16
Lik Deposit: Zazu Metals Corporation (Zazu) is evaluating
the feasibility of developing the Lik Deposit, a site located
about 11 miles northwest of the Red Dog Mine that
includes zinc, lead and silver resources.17 The deposit holds
approximately 18.74 million tons of recoverable ore, 8%
zinc, 2.5% lead and 53 grams/ton silver.18 A preliminary
economic analysis found that the deposit is potentially
economically viable.19 A feasibility study for the construction
of a road connecting the Lik Deposit to the DeLong
Mountain Transportation System (i.e., Red Dog road) found
that it would cost $89 million in 2019 dollars to construct the
road and provide additional fuel storage.20
Other Potential Areas of Mineral Development: Coal
deposits in the Borough include the Chicago Creek Field
near Candle (a 35-ft.-long seam of lower grade lignite coal),
the West Kobuk Field (thin seams of subbituminous coal)
near Kiana, several other deposits in the Upper Kobuk
River area and two deposits discovered when drilling oil
wells on the shore of Kotzebue Sound.21 Two areas of gold,
silver, zinc, and lead deposits are located near Deering
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and Candle. The Kuguruk, a prospect formerly operated
as the Independence Mine, contains silver, lead and zinc.
Recent exploration has occurred since 2010. The Inmachuk
prospect has produced silver and gold in the past, and some
exploration has occurred in recent history for this gold and
silver placer deposit.22 In addition, rare earth elements are
believed to be located to the east of Buckland.23
Permitting Activity: This project’s staff identified areas
of current development through a literature search and an
analysis of permits issued by the Borough over the last eight
years. The literature search involved a review of borough,
state, and federal documents and websites. A list of websites
that provide information about exploration and development
activities in the Borough is provided at Appendix I.
Most permits issued for borough developments between
2006 and 2013 were related to mining. Of the 75 permits
issued by the Planning Department during that period, 67%
were for mining exploration or development and 25% were
for sand and gravel extraction. Figure 5.1 shows where these
permit activities are located.
Shipping
Much of the discussion about the retreating Arctic sea ice
relates to potential impacts to habitat and increased erosion,
but another important result from sea ice loss is the increase
in shipping. Shippers may choose to use the Northern Sea
Route over the Russian Arctic or the Northwest Passage
through Canadian waters to the Atlantic Ocean. Both routes
involve passage through the narrow waters of the Bering
Strait. Shippers also use portions of these routes to supply
communities and industrial operations with fuel and goods.
Ships and barges supply oil and gas activities located in
offshore waters and on the North Slope, and the Red Dog
Mine receives supplies and exports concentrate through
marine waters.
News reports document a growing interest in using Arctic
waters to transport goods from Pacific Ocean ports to
destinations along the Atlantic Ocean. One study indicated
that marine traffic in the Canadian Arctic has increased
significantly from 1990-2012.24 Between 2012 and 2014,
shippers receiving permission to transit Arctic waters in
Russia increased four-fold.25 For 2013, 71 vessels completed
transit over the entire Northern Sea Route shipping 1.35
million tons of cargo, with the bulk of the products being
diesel, fuel oil and naphtha.26 Only 41 vessels completed
the entire route. Also during 2013, 18 vessels transited
the Northwest Passage, including the first large freighter,
which was laden with coking coal.27 In 2014, however, only
31 ships transited the entire Northern Sea Route while an
additional 22 traveled part of the route.28
In U.S. waters of the Chukchi Sea—the region of the Arctic
Ocean bordering the Borough—shipping increases have
so far been less dramatic.29 Information from the Marine
Exchange of Alaska indicated that between 2011 and 2013,
the total number of ships increased from 179 to 207 (a 15.6%
increase). Of those, tanker traffic increased more rapidly,
from 16 to 24. (See Figs. 5.2-5.4.)
Oil spills, ship strikes on marine mammals, and disruption
of migration patterns from noise constitute some of the
concerns associated with increased shipping.30 While the
recent increase in the transport of petroleum products
through Arctic routes raises the risk of an oil spill, an
accident involving any ship could result in the release of
oil or fuel.
Photo credit: NOAA.
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Job ID:
Job name:
Area:
CHAPTER 5: MAPPING THE WAY TO AN ECONOMIC
FUTURE
Start:
End:
10307
Historical track - (Beaufort Sea and Bering Straits) 1/6-2011 - 30/11-2011
Beaufort Sea and Bering Straits
01 Jun 2011 00:00 UTC
30 Nov 2011 23:59 UTC
FIGURE 5.2. HISTORICAL TRACK
- (BEAUFORT SEA AND BERING
STRAITS) 6/1/2011 - 11/30/2011
Historical
Source: Marine Track
Exchange of Alaska
Job ID:
10305
Job name:
Historical track - (Beaufort Sea and Bering Straits) 1/6-2012 - 30/11-2012
Area:
Beaufort Sea and Bering Straits
Generated: 25 Mar 2014 16:49 UTC - - Provided
by Marine
of Alaska UTC
Page 1/8
Start:
01
Jun Exchange
2012 00:00
End:
30 Nov 2012 23:59 UTC
FIGURE 5.3. HISTORICAL TRACK
- (BEAUFORT SEA AND BERING
STRAITS) 6/1/2012 - 11/30/2012
Source: Marine Exchange of Alaska
539
Generated: 31 Mar 2014 18:50 UTC - - Provided by Marine Exchange of Alaska
Iñuuniaḷiqput Iḷiḷugu Nunaŋŋuanun:
Documenting Our Way of Life through Maps
Page 1/7
Job ID:
Job name:
Area:
Start:
End:
10306
Historical track - (Beaufort Sea and Bering Straits) 1/6-2013 - 30/11-2013
Beaufort Sea and Bering Straits
CHAPTER
5: MAPPING THE WAY TO AN ECONOMIC FUTURE
01 Jun 2013
00:00 UTC
30 Nov 2013 23:59 UTC
FIGURE 5.4. HISTORICAL TRACK
- (BEAUFORT SEA AND BERING
STRAITS) 6/1/2013 - 11/30/2013
Source: Marine Exchange of Alaska
Generated: 25 Mar 2014 18:53 UTC - - Provided by Marine Exchange of Alaska
Page 1/10
TABLE 1. TANKER AND
TOTAL TRAFFIC IN BERING
STRAIT-BEAUFORT SEA
2011-13
YEAR
TOTAL
TANKERS
2011
179
16
2012
198
17
2013
207
24
Source: Marine Exchange of Alaska
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CHAPTER 5: MAPPING THE WAY TO AN ECONOMIC FUTURE
One of Royal Dutch Shell’s drilling rigs, the Pacific
Pioneer, docked in Seattle in May 2015 before departing
for the Chukchi Sea. In September of 2015, after the
company’s summer exploratory drilling in the Chukchi
yielded disappointing results, Shell canceled plans
to explore its leases in the Chukchi in the foreseeable
future.
Oil and Gas
Shell, ConocoPhillips, and Statoil hold oil and gas leases in
federal OCS waters in the Chukchi Sea a couple of hundred
miles north of the Borough. In late summer 2012, Shell drilled
a top hole well at its Burger A drill site, but the well did
not reach the area of hydrocarbon potential. In the summer
of 2015, Royal Dutch Shell brought two rigs and several
support vessels to do exploratory drilling in the Chukchi Sea,
but, at the end of the season, the company announced it was
suspending drilling operations in the area for the foreseeable
future. Other companies with active offshore leases continue
to plan to drill, though none has set a date certain. During the
President’s visit, local government officials joined Alaska’s
congressional delegation in continuing to lobby for a local
share of federal royalties from Chukchi and Beaufort offshore
wells whenever production gets underway in the region.31
NANA is seeking financing for natural gas exploration in
the region.32 Although sedimentary rocks in the Selawik oil
and gas basin show some promise for oil and gas, this area
is considered to have a low potential for petroleum resources
other than limited gas deposits.33
Tourism
Currently, a limited amount of tourism occurs in the
Borough. While, in the past, Alaska Airlines offered
organized tours, today most visitors are independent travelers
or workers who spend additional time in the area while on
business. NANA offers tours based out of its Nullaġvik hotel
in Kotzebue, and there are a number of small businesses that
cater to tourism in the Borough, including some transporters,
outfitters and guides. The village of Deering would like to
develop ecotourism, possibly developing a 39-mile-long
road to Inmachuk Springs.34
Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy,35 and a
1997 project by the State of Alaska outlined steps that could
be taken to promote tourism.36 The project recommendations
included establishment of a regional tourism council,
development of a museum in Kiana, improvements to access
conservation units, and construction of a road between
Bornite and Kobuk.
Energy
A number of proposed developments may occur to reach
the regional goal of being 50% reliant on locally available
energy sources by 2050.37 Regional alternative energy
sources include gas, coal, wind, wood (biomass), solar,
hydro, and geothermal potential. Two power grid interties
are proposed: Ambler-Shungnak and Kiana-NoorvikSelawik. Wind generation facilities are being developed in
Buckland and Deering.
In cooperation with NANA, the Alaska Village Electric
Cooperative is studying the feasibility of constructing “run
of the river”38 hydroelectric facilities to augment the diesel
plants in Shungnak, Kobuk and Ambler.39 Four potential
sites in the Kobuk River valley include Dahl Creek, Wesley
Creek, Cosmo Creek, and Kogoluktuk River.
Additional energy sources are being pursued, including
geothermal potential in the Buckland and Upper Kobuk
areas, a biomass project in the Upper Kobuk, solar projects,
and wind generation projects in Noorvik, Selawik Noatak,
and Kotzebue.40
During 2015, the Borough was implementing a sustainable
development project to investigate tourism opportunities and
whether there was support in the villages for tourism. As part
of this project, the Borough sponsored a familiarity trip to
promote tourism in the region.
Attractions in the area include Native culture, national parks,
wildlife viewing, hunting and fishing, rafting, and canoeing.
The Borough included tourism as a component of its 2004
541
Photo credit: Northwest Arctic Borough.
Iñuuniaḷiqput Iḷiḷugu Nunaŋŋuanun: Documenting Our Way of Life through Maps
CHAPTER 5: MAPPING THE WAY TO AN ECONOMIC FUTURE
Photo credit: Sarah Betcher.
Roads
While no roads connect the Borough to the outside, a number
of roads exist within the Borough. With the exception of
Selawik, each community has an internal road system with
roads often connecting to airports, landfills and sewage
lagoons. Unlike other communities, Selawik has a network
of boardwalks and two bridges linking the community to its
airport. A few communities have additional roads, such as
the gravel road extending south from Deering to a historic
mine site. Winter trails link communities to each other,
and an ice road has been constructed that links Kotzebue to
Kiana and Noorvik during most winters. Kotzebue has a road
to a new, undeveloped subdivision as well as a road south to
its wind generation facility. The lack of a developed surface
transportation system provides an obstacle for some kinds of
economic development in the Borough. A number of roads,
however, are in the planning stages.
Cape Blossom Road and Port: A new port at Cape Blossom
south of Kotzebue has been discussed for several decades
as a means to reduce the costs of the current system of
lightering fuel and supplies to Kotzebue, the regional hub.
The State of Alaska completed an environmental assessment
for a 10.5-mile road to Cape Blossom in December 2013.41
As of May 2015, initial funding had been secured for the
first part of the road, with an additional $10 million needed
to complete it. Construction of a bulk fuel tank farm at the
new port site has the potential to reduce fuel costs for the
region. An estimated additional $70 million would be needed
to construct a new port at this location.
Kivalina Road: A proposed road linking Kivalina to a new
school site was in the planning stages in early 2015. In
response to erosion concerns, a new school is proposed
to be located near Kisimigiuktuk Hill, approximately
eight miles inland from the community. Since Kivalina is
located on a narrow barrier island, the road would include
a causeway across the lagoon connecting the community to
the mainland. As of May 2015, it was not certain whether
an environmental assessment or an environmental impact
statement would be required.
Noatak–Red Dog Road: A proposed 28-mile gravel road
between Noatak and the Red Dog Mine road would link
the community to the Red Dog Mine and the port site. This
road would serve a number of purposes, including increased
access to subsistence resources, access to the port for bulk
fuel and supply deliveries, improved access to the mine for
the local work force, and an alternate airport for the Red
Dog Mine.42
Ambler Road: Through its Roads to Resources initiative,
the State of Alaska began investigating the feasibility of a
road connection to the Ambler Mining District in 2010.43 As
of January 2016, work was progressing on an environmental
impact statement for the road, which was previously put on
hold due to budget shortfalls.44 Different routes are being
considered, including connections to the Alaska road system
and tidewater locations at the Red Dog Mine Port, Cape
Blossom, and Norton Sound. The most feasible route appears
to be an approximately 200-mile road connection to the
Dalton Highway.
Additional roads have been discussed for the Borough.
Although never a formal proposal, a potential road from
the Deadfall Syncline coal deposit near Point Lay to the
Red Dog Mine Port has been discussed by the planning
commissions of the North Slope and Northwest Arctic
boroughs.
Gravel Extraction: Reliable sources of gravel and rock are
critical for new development projects as well as community
needs, including building pads, airport improvements, and
new roads. Sources of gravel, however, are limited. In
addition to gravel sources adjacent to communities, gravel
mines have been permitted on the Lower Noatak River
and Nimiuk Point on the Baldwin Peninsula. Also a gravel
source on Iggy Hill will be used for construction of the Cape
Blossom road.
Iñuuniaḷiqput Iḷiḷugu Nunaŋŋuanun: Documenting Our Way of Life through Maps
542
CHAPTER 5: MAPPING THE WAY TO AN ECONOMIC FUTURE
Photo credit: Oceana.
Conclusion
Today, the Red Dog Mine, the largest development in the
region, provides local jobs and payments to NANA and the
Borough, and these payments are anticipated to continue for
the life of the mine. The Borough is interested in diversifying
its economy to establish stream-of-income activities and
industries to sustain its functions into the future. Significant
mineral deposits exist throughout the region, but the lack of
access and mostly low mineral prices present obstacles to
development. Construction of proposed roads to and within
the region, as well as the Cape Blossom road and port, could
encourage new economic opportunities. Tourism could
provide a low-impact revenue stream if managed carefully,
and oil industry support services and facilities may generate
economic activity, in the future when exploratory drilling
activity in the Chukchi Sea resumes.
543
Residents have mixed opinions about development, but,
as participants in a modern cash economy, most people
will support a project or industry that provides local jobs
and benefits if it can be done without harming traditional
food resources and cultural wealth associated with hunting,
fishing, trapping, and gathering routines. Through this
atlas, the Borough seeks to satisfy both subsistence
and development needs by providing planners with a
scientifically designed tool for making informed choices
when it comes to effects of projects on essential traditional
resources.
Iñuuniaḷiqput Iḷiḷugu Nunaŋŋuanun: Documenting Our Way of Life through Maps
CHAPTER 5: MAPPING THE WAY TO AN ECONOMIC FUTURE
1.
2.
3.
NANA. 2014. Sustainable mineral development in Northwest
Arctic – benefiting Alaska. Presentation to the House
Resources Committee on January 28, 2014. Accessed 23
January 2015. http://www.legis.state.ak.us/ basis/get_
documents.asp?session=28&docid=14936&ei=cd8pU6yvIISF
ogSbkYGQDQ&usg=AFQjCNFRhOr4eLfc-rOPYTk9PJ4xL
Wqf7w&sig2=hbbyX8k4SMvgXiv4A7N7vg&bvm=bv.62922
401,d.cGU&cad=rja.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2008. Kivalina
Settlement Summary. The 2008 settlement agreement for a
lawsuit by Kivalina resulted in a commitment by the operator
to build a pipeline to saltwater for discharges from the tailings
impoundment. The agreement includes penalties that would
be applied if a pipeline was not completed, and it provides
funding for installation and maintenance of reverse osmosis
units for each residence, business, and public building in
Kivalina. http://www.reddogalaska.com/. Accessed 27 January
2015.
Braund, Stephen R. and Associates. 2005. Traditional
knowledge and subsistence use study within the area of
Cape Seppings and Rabbit Creek: Kotzebue, Kivalina and
Noatak. Prepared for the Northwest Arctic Borough; see
also Hasselbach, Linda, Ver Hoef, J., Ford, J., Neitlich,
P., Crecelous, E., Berryman, S., Wolk, B., and Bohle, T.
2004. Spatial patterns of cadmium and lead deposition on
and adjacent to National Park Service lands near Red Dog
Mine, Alaska: NPS final report. National Park Service.
Resource Report, MPS/AR/NRTR-2004-45. The study
found concentrations of lead, cadmium, and zinc in the Cape
Krusenstern National Monument, with the highest levels in
areas along the Red Dog Mine road.
4.
Braund, 2005.
5.
Dau, J. 2013. Caribou movements and the Red Dog road.
Caribou Trails: News from the Western Arctic Caribou Herd
Working Group 13:7. http://westernarcticcaribou.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/07/CT-FINAL-reduced.pdf. Accessed 1
March 2013.
6.
Restino, C. 2015. Caribou migration runs through northwest.
The Arctic Sounder. Sept. 18.
7.
Unless otherwise indicated, words quoted in this section are
taken from interviews conducted by Sarah Betcher.
8.
Eilpern, J. & S. Mufson. 2015. Royal Dutch Shell suspends
Arctic drilling indefinitely. Washington Post. Sept. 28.
9.
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC).
2015. Former Utica Mine. http://dec.alaska.gov/spar/csp/sites/
utica.htm. Accessed 22 January 2015.
10. Greene, M. 2013. Presentation to the Resource Development
Council Conference. http://www.akrdc.org/membership/
events/conference/2013/presentations/greenespeech.pdf.
Accessed 22 January 2015.
11.
BLM. 2004. Map of coal resources. http://www.blm.gov/
pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/ak/fdo/ksp.Par.34528.File.dat/3_28_
coal.pdf. Accessed 22 January 2015.
12. McDowell Group. 2012. The economic impacts of Alaska’s
mining industry. Prepared for the Alaska Miners Association.
In 2010, the Red Dog Mine represented 73% of U.S. zinc
production and 4.4% of global zinc production. During 2010,
Teck shipped 1.1 million tons of zinc concentrate and 94,000
tons of lead concentrate.
13. Ibid. As of June 2011, Teck had paid AIDEA a total of $342
million in fees for using the road.
14. Ibid. NANA’s royalties are based on share of net production,
which will increase by increments of 5% every five years, up
to a maximum of 50%.
15. SRK Consulting. 2011. NovaGold Resources, Inc. NI 43-101
Preliminary Economic Assessment Ambler Project. Prepared
for NovaGold Resources, Inc.
16. AIDEA. 2015a. Ambler Mining District Industrial Access
Road.http://www.ambleraccess.org/projects/ambler/index.
html. Accessed 22 January 2015.
17.
Zazu owns 50% interest in the property, with Teck owning the
remaining 50%. Zazu is the named operator for the deposit.
18. AIDEA. 2015b. Lik Deposit Project Fact Sheet. Accessed 22
January 2015. http://www.aidea.org/Portals/0/PDF%20Files/
PFS_LDTS.pdf.
19. JDS Energy & Mining, Inc. 2014. Preliminary economic
assessment technical report, Zazu Metals Corporation, Lik
Deposit, Alaska, USA. Prepared for Zazu Metals Corporation.
20. HDR. 2014. Feasibility study Lik Deposit transportation
system. Prepared for the Alaska Industrial Development and
Export Authority.
21. Northwest Arctic Leadership Team. 2013. Northwest Arctic
regional energy plan. Prepared by the Northwest Arctic Energy
Steering Committee. August 2013 draft; see also BLM. 2015.
Hidden treasures: Alaska minerals. http://www.blm.gov/ak/st/
en/prog/minerals/mineral_assessment_prog/specimen.html.
Accessed 22 January 2015.
22. mindat.org. 2015. Inmachuk River Mine, Fairhaven District,
Northwest Arctic Borough.. Accessed 23 January 2015.
23. NANA, 2014.
24. Pizzolato, L., S. E. L. Howell, C. Derksen, J. Dawson, and
L. Copland. 2014. Changing sea ice conditions and marine
transportation activity in Canadian Arctic waters between 1990
and 2012. Climatic Change 123:161-173.
25. Milne, R. 2013. Arctic shipping set for record as sea ice melts.
Financial Times, July 21. Accessed Mar 2014. http://www.
ft.com/cms/s/0/c947b810-f06a-11e2-929c-00144feabdc0.html.
26. Humpert, M. 2014. Arctic shipping: an analysis of the 2013
Northern Sea Route season. Arctic Institute. http://www.
thearcticinstitute.org/2014/10/NSR-Shipping-Report.html.
Accessed 26 January 2015.
27. Lew, J. 2014. Northwest Passage, the final frontier for cruise
ships. Mother Nature Network. http://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/
eco-tourism/stories/northwest-passage-the-final-frontier-forcruise-ships. Accessed 26 January 2015; see also McGarritty,
J. and Gloystein, H. 2013. Big freighter traverses Northwest
Passage for 1st time. Reuters. September 27, 2013. http://
www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/27/us-shipping-coal-arcticidUSBRE98Q0K720130927. Accessed 26 January 2015.
Iñuuniaḷiqput Iḷiḷugu Nunaŋŋuanun: Documenting Our Way of Life through Maps
544
CHAPTER 5: MAPPING THE WAY TO AN ECONOMIC FUTURE
28. Gibson, J. 2015. Decline in number of ships sailing
through Arctic waters in 2014. http://perfscience.com/
content/2141008-decline-number-ships-sailing-through-arcticwaters-2014. Accessed 26 January 2015.
29. Ruskin, L. 2014. Arctic shipping chills in 2014. Alaska Public
Media, Dec. 31. http://www.alaskapublic.org/2014/12/31/
arctic-shipping-chills-in-2014/. Accessed 10 October
2015.”Arctic Council. 2009. Arctic marine shipping
assessment 2009 report.
30. Arctic Council. 2009. Arctic marine shipping assessment
2009 report
31. Eilpern & Mufson, 2015.
32. Northwest Arctic Borough. 2013. Poised for development: a
strategic approach for the Northwest Arctic Borough. January.
33. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2011. Selawik National
Wildlife Refuge revised comprehensive conservation plan.
June.
34. Northwest Arctic Leadership Team, 2013.
35. Available at http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/plans/
NorthwestArcticBorough-EDP-2004.pdf; Accessed 21 March
2015.
36. Alaska Department of Community and Economic
Development. 1997. Rural Alaska tourism. Infrastructure
needs assessment: Northwest Arctic Borough. Alaska
545
Department of Commerce and Economic Development,
Divisions of Trade and Development and Tourism and
the Northwest Arctic Borough Economic Development
Commission.
37. Northwest Arctic Leadership Team, 2013.
38. Run-of-the-river hydroelectric facilities use the natural flow of
a watercourse to power small generation equipment.
39. Alaska Village Electric Cooperative. 2010. Cosmos Hills
hydropower study: reconnaissance report. September. Prepared
by WHPacific, Inc.
40. Northwest Arctic Leadership Team, 2013.
41. Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities.
2013. Kotzebue to Cape Blossom environmental assessment
and finding of no significant impact. December.
42. Northwest Arctic Borough, 2013. About 25% of flights to the
mine are cancelled due to local weather conditions, and a new
airport in Noatak capable of jet landings would alleviate this
problem.
43. AIDA, 2015a.
44. The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities
began road studies in 2010, and AIDEA has continued working
on this project.
Iñuuniaḷiqput Iḷiḷugu Nunaŋŋuanun: Documenting Our Way of Life through Maps
AFTERWORD
AFTERWORD
“The Iñupiat were “delayed-return” hunter-
“The Eskimo is
a dying race.”
gatherers who acquired most of their raw materials
at one point in time and consumed them at a later
one. Food was sometimes consumed a year or
more after it was placed in storage. During the
intervening period, three basic problems had to
be solved: preservation, access, and protection.”1
The above quote from Dr. Ernest “Tiger” Burch, Jr., a wellrespected social anthropologist often cited and quoted in
this volume, accurately describes Iñupiaq culture, but for
one thing—the use of the past tense. As is clear from the
narratives and maps in this atlas, the traditional Iñupiaq
hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering cycle, while
always having to adjust to historical events and modernday challenges, lives on today in the seven westernmost
communities of the Northwest Arctic Borough. Reports of
non-Native explorers visiting the area around the beginning
of the 1900s often lamented the demise of the soon-to-be
extinct Iñupiat.2 But, the histories of these seven villages
show how the annual food-harvesting cycle, like a needle
in an elder’s fingers stitching together the skin of history,
sustained the bodies and spirits of the Iñupiaq people and
carried them forward to this day.
By the time non-Native teachers brought paper and pencil
to the Arctic, people of European ancestry had already been
traveling the continental United States and the far reaches of
the globe for years, instructing oral indigenous cultures on
several continents in the ways of writing culture. In most, if
not every one, of these places, the local system of meticulous
transmission of history, belief, societal conventions, and
local values through spoken words entrusted to a chosen few3
began to give way to an inked form controlled by newcomers
not in possession of the indigenous language. As we see
all around us to this day, too often when words are written
down mistruths gain truth status. This was undeniably the
case when it came to written records of Iñupiaq life recorded
by outside explorers, missionaries, and bureaucrats over
not just the first years, but for at least a hundred years after
their arrival. The methods used in this atlas seek to create
an accurate record by telling the story of today’s Iñupiaq
traditional harvesting patterns on maps of Iñupiaq ancestral
lands as told to the project’s researchers by Iñupiaq villagers
living within the Northwest Arctic Borough’s boundaries.
E.S. Harrison, 1905
In many ways, today’s Iñupiaq villages are as modern as
they are traditional. This is not a bad truth or a good truth,
but an inevitable truth. As Tlingit writer Ernestine Hayes
points out,4 if outsiders had never taken an interest in the
natural resources of the North, Alaska Native history would
have continued to move forward into the modern age. This
idea rings especially true in today’s technological times.
Even if east coast whalers had not brought rifles and wheat
flour, the Kivalina hunter would have eventually spotted the
Korean container ship on the horizon and paddled out to it. If
missionaries had not come to the Arctic and built schools and
churches a hundred years ago, Iñupiaq children would likely
still be supplementing the knowledge passed down to them in
their elders’ words with books and websites, and they would
likely still be writing on paper and blogs about modern-day
Iñupiaq issues.5
Just as indigenous methods of communication change with
history’s advance, so do indigenous economic systems. The
people of the North today find themselves in a process of
transition from oral to written conventions of communication
and in a process of transition from living only off of the
surrounding land and sea to depending on paychecks
distributed by entities that have found their own ways of
benefitting from the same land and sea.
Preservation. Access. Protection. Burch’s three words
capture the challenges facing the Northwest Arctic Borough
today. Which resources must be preserved? To whom and
where should access be allowed? What must be protected
in order to make sure a living hand will be here to turn the
needle of the Iñupiaq harvesting cycle through the skin of
future history?
1. Burch, E. 1998. The Iñupiaq Eskimo Nations of Northwest Alaska. Fairbanks: U of Alaska Press, p. 147.
2. See e.g., Harrison, E.S. 1905. Nome and the Seward Peninsula: History, Description, Biographies and Stories. Seattle Souvenir Edition. Google Books free ebook.
3. Lord, Albert B. 1960. The Singer of Tales. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4. Hayes, Ernestine. 2012. What shall we do with our histories? Evening at Egan, University of Alaska Southeast, December 14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtsYZzLI2uc. Accessed 16 May 2014.
5. See, e.g., http://storm-swan.wix.com/relocatekivalina.
Iñuuniaḷiqput Iḷiḷugu Nunaŋŋuanun: Documenting Our Way of Life through Maps
546
547
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