The State
Popula'on
Astatemusthavepeople,thenumberofwhichdoesnotdirectlyrelate
toitsexistence.
Territory
Astatemustbecomprisedofland—territorywithknownand
recognizedboundaries.
Sovereignty
Everystateissovereign.Ithassupremeandabsolutepowerwithinits
ownterritoryanddecidesitsownforeignanddomes@cpolicies.
Government
Everystatehasagovernment—thatis,itispoli@callyorganized.
Par@sanDifferences
overImmigra@on
Origins of the State
The Force Theory
•  The force theory states that one person or a small
group took control of an area and forced all within it
to submit to that person’s or group’s rule.
The Evolutionary Theory
•  The evolutionary theory argues that the state evolved
naturally out of the early family.
The Divine Right Theory
•  The theory of divine right holds that God created the
state and that God gives those of royal birth a “divine
right” to rule.
The Social Contract Theory
•  The social contract theory argues that the state arose out
of a voluntary act of free people.
What Is Government?
Governmentistheins'tu'onthrough
whichasocietymakesandenforces
itspublicpolicies.
PublicPoliciesarethethingsthatthe
Governmentdecidestodo.Examples
aretaxa'on,defense,educa'on,etc.
Three Basic Powers of Government
Legisla'veThepowertomakelawandto
framepublicpolicies.
Execu'vePowerthepowertoexecute,
enforce,andadministerthelaws.
Judicialthepowertointerpretlaws,to
determinetheirmeaningandtoseCle
disputesthatarisewithinthesociety.
Defining Governmental Powers
Cons'tu'onsArethebodyof
fundamentallawsseFngoutthe
principles,structuresandprocessesofa
government.
Mostbutnotallcountrieshavea
cons'tu'onforthispurpose.
Preamble of the Constitution of the United States:
“We the People of the United States, in Order to:
1. form a more perfect Union,
2. establish Justice,
3. insure domestic Tranquility,
4. provide for the common defense,
5. promote the general Welfare, and
6. secure the Blessings of Liberty
to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain
and establish this Constitution for the
United States of America.”
The
4 Types of
Governments
Dictatorship/Autocracy
One-personrule.Rulerhastotalcontrol.
Absolutemonarchsarealsodictatorships.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
1.Peoplemaybeunitedintheirloyalty 1.PeopleareaffordedliFleorno
individualliberty.Civilrightsare
toadictatorsincethereisno
trampledon.
compe@@onfortrustandaffec@on.
2.Adictator’spoliciessuithis/her
ownneeds.Needsofthepeoplemay
2.Inanemergency,adictatorcan
beneglected.
[email protected]@me
islostindebateordiscussion.
3.Decisionmakinghasanarrow
base-canbeflawed,wrong,
dangerous,andnotfullysupported
bythepeople.
Oligarchy Formofgovernmentinwhichthepowerisinthehandsofa
fewpersonsorsmallgroup(whohavethe
combinedpowerofadictator.)
ADVANTAGES
1.Decisionscanbemaderela@vely
quickly.
2.Mayprovideexpertleadership
whileavoidingthedangerofonepersonrule.
3.Intheory,theyarethemost
educatedmembersofsociety.
4.Membersoftheoligarchy
listentoeachother-theywork
togethertorule.
DISADVANTAGES
SameasDictatorship
(Needsandwantsofthe
peoplearenotnecessarily
considered.)
DirectDemocracy
Governmentinwhichallci'zenshaveequalpower
indecisionmaking.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
1.Onlyworkswhenasmallnumberof
1.Everyci@zenhasequalpowerin
maFersofgovernment.Everyci@zenis peopleareinvolved.Abilitytogather
allci@zensinoneplaceisnecessary.
involvedinthedecisionmaking.
2.Sinceallci@zensareinvolvedin
decisionmaking,thereisabroad
baseofsupportandloyalty.
3.Individualliber@esareprotected.
2.Decisionmakinginvolvingall
ci@[email protected]
ci@zensgivein-put,debate,etc...
Representa've(Indirect)
Democracy(Republic)
Governmentinwhichpeopleelectrepresenta'veswho
holdthedecisionmakingpower.
ADVANTAGES
1.Ci@zensareinvolvedindecision
makingthroughtheir
representa@ves,lobbying,and
vo@ng.
2.Representa@vesareawaretheir
jobdependsonmee@ngtheneeds
oftheircons@tuents.
DISADVANTAGES
1.Decisionmakingis@me
consuming.Desireofrepresenta@ves
topleaseeveryonemaycripple
system.
2.Representa@vesmaynotalways
agreewiththosetheyrepresent.
3.Lackofinvolvedci@zenrymay
3.Morelikelythatallelementsofthe allowspecialinterestgroupsto
influenceordominate
popula@onarerepresented.
representa@ves.
Thetheoryof
democra@cgovernment
•  TheMeaningandSymbolismofDemocracy
–  OriginatedwiththeGreeks
–  Demos=commonpeople,Kratos=power
–  Greeksfeareddemocracy
•  Demagogue-commonpeople,leader
–  Twoschoolsofthoughttoday:
•  Democracyisaformofgovernment
•  Democracyisaproceduralapproach
Thetheoryof
democra@cgovernment
•  TheProceduralViewofDemocracy
–  Universalpar@cipa@on
•  Whoshouldpar@cipateindecisionmaking?
–  Poli@calequality
•  Howmuchshouldeachpar@cipant’svotecount?
–  Majorityrule
•  Howmanyvotesareneededtoreachadecision?
Thetheoryof
democra@cgovernment
•  TheSubstan@veViewofDemocracy
–  Focusesonsubstance,notprocedures
–  BasedonBillofRightsandamendments
•  Governmentshouldguaranteecivilliber@esandcivil
rights
•  Disagreementamongtheoristsoversocialrights
–  Conserva@veshavenarrowview
–  Liberalshavebroaderview
Healthcare:government’s
responsibility?
Ins@tu@onalmodels
ofdemocracy
•  TheMajoritarianModelofDemocracy
–  Governmentbymajorityofthepeople
–  Popularelec@onofgovernmentofficials
–  Elec@onsdecidegovernmentpolicies
•  Referendum
•  Ini@a@ve
•  Recall
–  Cri@cs:Americansnotknowledgeableenough
–  Defenders:Americanshavecoherentopinions
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17
Ins@tu@onalmodels
ofdemocracy
•  TheMajoritarianModelVersusthePluralist
Model
–  Majoritarian
•  Masspubliccontrolsgovernment
•  Reliesonmajorityrule
•  Cohesivepoli@calpar@es
•  Centralizedgovernment
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18
Ins@tu@onalmodels
ofdemocracy
•  TheMajoritarianModelVersusthePluralist
Model
–  Pluralist
•  Reliesoninterestsofspecializedgroups
•  Limitsmajorityac@on
•  Decentralizedgovernment
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19
Ins@tu@onalmodels
ofdemocracy
•  AnUndemocra@cModel:EliteTheory
–  Asmallgroupmakesmostimportantdecisions
•  Governmentcontrolledbywealthy;business
connec@ons
•  Controlkeyfinancial,communica@ons,industrial,
governmentins@tu@ons
•  WouldcallU.S.anoligarchy
•  Difficulttotestvalidityoftheory
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20
Theglobalchallenge
ofdemocra@za@on
•  TwoModelsofDemocra@cGovernment
–  Majoritarian:representa@vegovernment
•  Nogovernmentachievesresponsivenessdemanded
–  Pluralist:respondtominorityinterests
•  Nogovernmentoffersequalaccesstoallcompe@ng
groups
–  Noconsensusonwhichispreferable
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21
Theglobalchallenge
ofdemocra@za@on
•  EstablishingDemocracies
–  Governmentsmeetsomecriteriabutnotothers
–  Slightdeclineindemocraciesinrecentyears
–  Democra@za@onadifficultprocess
•  TheArabSpring–didnotleadtodemocracy
•  Ethnicandreligiousconflicts
•  VulnerabletoaFackbyopponents
•  Na@onsneeddemocra@za@ontosucceedeconomically
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22
Classification by:
Geographic Distribution of Power
NB p. 12
Unitary Government
•  all powers held by a
single, central
agency.
Classification by:
Geographic Distribution of Power
Confederate
Government
•  an alliance of
independent
states.
Classification by:
Geographic Distribution of Power
Federal Government
•  A federal government is one in which the
powers of government are divided between
a central government and several local
governments.
•  An authority superior to both the central and
local governments makes this division of
power on a geographic basis.
Classifica'onbytheRela'onshipbetweenthe
Execu'veandLegisla'veBranches