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Ch. 20.1 Objectives
• 1. Identify the factors that contributed to
Kennedy’s election in 1960.
• 2. Describe the new military policy of the
Kennedy administration.
• 3. Summarize the crises that developed over
Cuba.
• 4. Explain the Cold War symbolism of
Berlin the early 1960s.
Chapter 20: The New Frontier and
The Great Society
1960 Election – Richard Nixon vs. John F.Kennedy
• JFK won due to television & Civil Rights issue.
Television – Sept. 26, 1960
• Nixon & JFK held first televised presidential debates. JFK
looked & spoke better than Nixon.
Civil Rights – Oct. 1960
• Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested protesting.
• Eisenhower did nothing, Nixon took no position.
• JFK called King’s wife, while Robert Kennedy persuaded
judge to release King on bail & JFK got the AfricanAmerican votes.
New Military Policy
• “Flexible response” – broaden range of options by strengthening &
modernizing the military’s ability to fight a non-nuclear war
• Increase defense spending on non-nuclear & nuclear weapons.
• Created the Special Forces – Green Berets
Cuban Missile Crisis
• Jan. 3, 1961, Ike cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba, leader Fidel Castro
declared himself to be a communist.
• Castro seized US & UK oil refineries, commercial farms relationship got worse.
• Bay of Pigs - CIA trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro but failed.
• Cuba’s ally was USSR & they provided nuclear weapons to prevent on
invasion.
• JFK responded with a quarantine of Cuba & USSR backed down.
• Deal: USSR take out weapons & US promised not to invade Cuba
– Unofficially, we would also remove missiles in Turkey.
• Effects:
– Krushchev removed from power.
– Kennedy & Democrats lost support from Cuban exiles & criticized
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Berlin Wall
• Krushchev wanted to stop E. Germans from fleeing to
W. Berlin.
• US didn’t want to lose access to W. Berlin so refused.
• August 13, 1961, the construction of the Berlin Wall
began.
Ways to Ease Tendsions?
• Hotline – direct line from White House to Kremlin
• Limited Test Ban Treaty – barred atmospheric nuclear
testing.
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Ch. 20.2: The New Frontier
Ch. 20.2 Objectives
• 1. Summarize the New Frontier domestic
and foreign agendas.
• 2. Describe the tragic chain of events
surrounding Kennedy’s assassination.
New Frontier
• JFK’s plan for progress for domestic issues.
• Couldn’t get support for education, medical care for elderly, rebuild
urban areas. Too many conservatives in Congress and no mandate.
The Economy
• Pushed deficit spending to stimulate economy. Increased spending on
defense, raised minimum wages, extended unemployment insurance,
assistance to cities with high unemployment rates.
Poverty Abroad
• Peace Corps – program to assist developing nations of Asia, Africa, &
Latin America. By 1968, 35k volunteers served in 60 nations.
• Alliance for Progress – offered economic & technical assistance to
Latin America. $12 b. from 1961-68. No lasting change occurred.
– Why? Partly to deter communism & bring reforms to L. America.
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Race to the Moon –
• April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin
became the 1st human in space. JFK saw this as a
challenge & decided US would be 1st to send a
man to the moon. Less than a month later US
did the same.
• Telstar – relayed live television from Maine to
Europe.
• NASA – began construction of launch facilities at
Cape Canaveral, FL & mission control in
Houstan, TX.
• July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong took the 1st steps
on the moon.
Domestic Problems: Poverty & Segregation –
• 1962, Michael Harrington’s book The Other America brought national
attention to poverty issue.
• 1960’s saw increase in demonstrations against segregation.
• 1963, JFK began focusing on these issues.
– Ordered Robert Kennedy to investigate racial injustices in the
South.
– Presented Congress with a sweeping civil rights bill & a proposal
to cut taxes by $10 billion.
Assassination of JFK - November 22, 1963, Dallas, TX
• Assassin Lee Harvey Oswald
• VP Lyndon Johnson took Oath of Office on board Air Force One
hours later.
• Nov. 24th, Oswald killed by Jack Ruby on live tv while
transferring jails.
• Warren Commission – investigated & concluded that Oswald was
the lone shooter of JFK.
•
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Ch. 21: Civil Rights Movement
•
Ch. 21.1 Objectives
•
• 1. Explain how legalized segregation
deprived African American of their rights as
citizens.
• 2. Summarize civil rights legal activity and
the response to the Plessy and Brown cases.
• 3. Trace Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s civil
rights activities, beginning with the
Montgomery Bus boycott.
• 4. Describe the expansion of the civil rights
movement.
• NAACP led legal charge against segregation.
• Thurgood Marshall & NAACP won 29 of 32 cases
argued before Supreme Court.
• Several cases chipped away at Plessy v. Ferguson
•
•
•
Civil Rights Act of 1875 was ruled unconstitutional in
1883.
Plessy v. Ferguson – legalized “separate but equal”
laws. 14th amendment not violated.
Jim Crow laws passed in South to separate the races.
North – African-American could only find housing all
black neighborhoods. White resented the competition
for jobs.
WWII –
1. More jobs available to African-Americans
2. Military needs great enough to end discriminatory policies.
3. Civil Rights organizations fought for voting rights &
challenged Jim Crow laws. FDR made law banning
discrimination by federal agencies or companies working in
war industries.
• Reactions to Brown v. Board of Education
– Some intergrated immediately some said it would take
time & others resisted
– Little Rock, Arkansas 1957
• “Little Rock 9” – volunteers to integrate Central High School.
• Gov. Orval Faubus orders National Guard to prevent “Little
Rock 9” from attending school.
• Eisenhower placed the National Guard under federal control
plus sent in 1000 paratroopers into Little Rock to let them
attend school.
• At end of year Faubus shut down the school.
• Sept. 1957, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957
– Morgan v. Virginia – separate seating illegal on interstate
bus travel.
– Sweatt v. Painter – state law schools must admit black
applicants.
– Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka – segregation in
schools violated the14th Amendment.
– Gave Attorney General more power over school desegregation
– Federal gov’t had jurisdiction over violators of African-American
voting rights.
•
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• Montgomery Bus Boycott, Dec. 1955
– Rosa Parks – refused to give up her seat to a white person
& was arrested.
– Martin Luther King Jr., 26, pastor, was selected to lead
the bus boycott.
– 1956, Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation.
– Proved that African-Americans to unite, organize &
showed power of “soul force,” nonviolent protest.
• MLK Jr.
– Influenced by Jesus, Thoreau, Randolph, & Gandhi
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference
– Created to organize nonviolent protests using churches.
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
– Organized students for nonviolent protests; sit-ins, etc.
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Ch.21.3 Objectives
• 1. Compare segregation in the North with
segregation in the South.
• 2. Identify the leaders who shaped the Black
Power movement.
• 3. Describe the reaction to the assassination
of Martin Luther King, Jr.
• 4. Summarize the accomplishments of the
civil rights movement.
Ch. 21.3: Challenges and Changes in
the Civil Rights Movement
Northern Segregation:
• De Facto Segregation – exists by practice & custom.
• De Jure Segregation – exists by laws.
• De Facto is harder to change because you must change attitudes
& behavior.
• Led to “white flight,” whites fled to suburbs & caused wealth &
racial gap between cities & suburbs.
Urban Violence – white authority vs. black civilians
• 15yr. old killed by white police in New York, July 1964 led to
riots in Harlem.
• Aug. 11, 1965 – Watts Riots, in LA. 34 people killed &
hundreds of millions of dollars in damage.
• Problem was no economic equality.
• Johnson’s Great Society meant to help with poverty but money
went to Vietnam.
New Leaders of Civil Rights
• Malcolm Little or Malcolm X
–
Joined Nation of Islam or Black Muslims became an Islamic
minister.
Message:
1. whites were cause of the black condition
2. blacks should separate from white society
3. Armed self-defense
Result:
1. Whites & moderate blacks frightened
2. Other Black Muslims resented Malcolm X
•
Ballots or Bullets
–
–
–
March 1964 Malcolm X broke with Elijah Muhammad &
went on pilgrimage to Mecca.
Came back with new attitudes towards whites.
February 1965, shot & killed in Harlem during a speech.
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• Black Power
– Stokely Carmichael & SNCC disagreed with SCLC & King.
– SNCC & CORE were more militant than SCLC.
– Carmichael began calling for Black Power – black people should
define their own goals & lead their own organizations. Focus on
developing black pride.
– King saw this as provoking blacks to violence & antagonize
whites.
• King’s Death – April 3, 1968 in Memphis, TN
– Assassin James Earl Ray
– 100 cities went in flames due to riots.
• June, 1968 Robert Kennedy was assassinated.
• Black Panthers – Oct. 1966, Huey Newton & Bobby Seale
founded this political party.
– Wanted: Self-sufficiency, full employment, decent housing &
exemption from drafts.
– Message: self-defense & sold writings of Mao Zedong.
– Created daycare centers, free breakfast programs, free medical
clinics, assistance to the homeless – ghettos gave support to
Panthers.
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