Name: _________________________
Ms. Feczko—Social Studies 8
Period _____
Date ______
Chapter 19: The Growth of Industry (1865-1914)
Section 1—Railroads Lead the Way (pgs. 556-559)
Setting a Purpose for Reading: Think about these questions as you read:
• How did the railroad barons make huge fortunes?
• How did the national railroad system change the American economy?
As you read pages 556–559 in your on-line textbook, complete this graphic organizer. Describe
how a national railroad system contributed to the growth of industry.
As you read, put the following events in the correct order by writing a number from 1 to 3 in
the space to the left. Use the number 1 for the event that occurred 1st, 2 for the next event, &
so on.
_____
A. Railroads adopt standard gauge
_____
B. Nation has almost 250,000 total miles of track
_____
C. First transcontinental railroad completed
Railroad Expansion (pgs. 556-557)
Complete this outline as you read pages 556–557. The first part has been
done for you.
I. The Spread of Railroads
A. Measures of growth
1. 1869—transcontinental railroad; 1890s—5 lines
2. 1860—30,000 miles of track; 1900—250,000 miles
B. Trend toward consolidation
II. Railroad Barons
A.
B.
______________________________________________
1.
___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
______________________________________________
Define or describe the following key terms.
consolidation
railroad
barons
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___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
Railroads Stimulate the Economy (pgs. 557-559)
Analyze the information in this subsection by answering the following questions.
1. What industries grew partly as a result of the construction of railroads & their spread?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2. What was the advantage of adopting a standard gauge?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Read the following sentences. Choose the correct term to complete the
sentence by circling the term.
1. By adopting (regular, standard) gauges, railroads cut the time & cost of moving goods.
2. Large railroads offered (Pullman cars, rebates) to their biggest customers, cutting their
costs for shipping.
3. By forming (cooperatives, pools), the railroad companies fixed prices in a region.
Define this academic vocabulary words.
refine
unify
_________________________________________________________
______________________________________
_________________________________________________________
______________________________________
1. How did the railroad barons make huge fortunes?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2. How did the national railroad system change the American economy?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Section 2—Inventions (pgs. 561-566)
Setting a Purpose for Reading: Think about these questions as you read:
• What changes in transportation & communication transformed America?
• How did labor-saving inventions, such as the vacuum cleaner, affect life?
As you read pages 561–566 in your on-line textbook, complete this graphic organizer by listing
each person’s invention.
Inventor
Invention
Samuel Morse
Alexander Graham Bell
Thomas Edison
As you read, place the following events on the time line:
• Bell invents the telephone
• Field lays telegraph cable across Atlantic Ocean
• Westinghouse invents electrical transformer
• Thurman develops vacuum cleaner
• Burroughs invents adding machine, Kodak invents camera
• Edison invents workable light bulb
Communication Changes (pgs. 561-563)
Write at least 3 details that support the main idea below.
Main
Idea
During the 1800s, many new inventions dramatically changed communications.
Detail #1: ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Detail #2: ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Detail #3: ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
The Genius of Invention (pgs. 563-564)
As you read, put the following inventions in the correct order by writing
a number from 1 to 5 in the space to the left. Use the number 1 for the
event that occurred 1st, 2 for the next event, & so on.
_____
a. Transformer
_____
b. Typewriter
_____
c. Vacuum cleaner
_____
d. Light bulb
_____
e. Box camera
Explain how the academic vocabulary words device & mechanism are
similar.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
A Changing Society (pgs. 564-566)
List 2 key facts from each topic.
Henry Ford’s Automobiles
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Selling Goods
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Write one or more sentences connecting the following key terms from this
subsection: assembly line, mass production, & Model T.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Write 2 words that are related to the academic vocabulary word from the
reading.
assign
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
1. What changes in transportation & communication transformed America?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2. How did labor-saving inventions, such as the vacuum cleaner, affect life?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Section 3—An Age of Big Business (pgs. 567-571)
Setting a Purpose for Reading: Think about these questions as you read:
• How did new discoveries & inventions help industries grow?
• Why did the development of large corporations bring both benefits & problems?
As you read pages 567–571 in your on-line textbook, complete this graphic organizer by
explaining the significance of each of these concepts to business in the late 1800s.
Business Concept
Significance
Shareholders
Stock Exchanges
Mergers
As you read, write the correct dates for each of these events:
_____
Drake drills oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania
_____
Rockefeller organizes Standard Oil of Ohio
_____
Rockefeller forms an oil trust
_____
Congress passes Sherman Antitrust Act
_____
Morgan & others form U.S. Steel
Foundations for Growth (pgs. 567-568)
As you read, write an important detail about each of these topics.
_________________________________________________________
Factors of
Production
___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Raising
Capital
___________________________________________
Growth of
Corporations
_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
Match the term from this subsection in the left column with the correct
definition in the right column by writing the letter in the space to the left of
the term.
_____
1. capital
_____
2. corporation
_____
3. dividend
_____
4. factors of
production
_____
5. land
_____
6. labor
_____
7. shareholder
_____
8. stock
_____
9. stock exchange
a. partial owner of a company
b. partner
c. all the human effort needed to make goods
d. place where livestock is traded
e. workers organized in unions
f. all the buildings, machinery, & tools used to make goods
g. type of business that can raise large amounts of money
h. all the natural resources needed to make goods
i. 3 categories of resources needed to make goods
j. cash paid to a business's owners out of profits the
business earned
k. place where shares in corporations are traded
l. paper that represents part ownership in a company
m. one of 2 or more people who share in founding a
company
n. working together
The Oil Business (pgs. 569-570)
Write a one-sentence summary on each of the following topics.
Rise of the Oil
Business
____________________________________________________
John D.
Rockefeller
____________________________________________________
The Standard
Oil Trust
____________________________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Match the term from this subsection in the left column with the correct
definition in the right column by writing the letter in the space to the left of
the term.
_____
1. horizontal
integration
_____
2. monopoly
_____
3. trust
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
group of companies managed by the same board of directors
a plant that processes a raw material
control of a company by a single set of owners
combining competing firms into one corporation
almost total control of an industry by a single producer
Define or describe partner, an academic vocabulary word.
_______________________________________________________________________
Read the sentence below. In the spaces that follow, explain the meaning of
the boldfaced term you already studied.
Rockefeller persuaded the railroads to give him a rebate on his shipping costs.
rebate
______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
The Steel Business (pgs. 570-571)
Scan “The Steel Business” by reading the headings. Then write down 3
topics you think will be covered in “The Steel Business.”
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Read the following sentences. Choose the correct term to complete the
sentence by circling the term.
1. Carnegie used (horizontal, vertical) integration, acquiring his suppliers, to build his steel
company.
2. Many corporate leaders grew interested in (philanthropy, philosophy) & gave millions of
dollars to cultural & educational organizations.
3. New state laws encouraged corporations to carry out (the Bessemer process, mergers) &
grow larger.
4. The Sherman (Antitrust, Anti-Corporate) Act aimed to block corporations from doing
business in ways that would hurt competition.
Read the sentence below. In the spaces that follow, explain the meaning of
the boldfaced term you already studied.
Carnegie bought ships that carried iron ore to cut the cost of getting that important raw
material.
ore
______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
1. How did new discoveries & inventions help industries grow?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2. Why did the development of large corporations bring both benefits & problems?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Section 4—Industrial Workers (pgs. 573-575)
Setting a Purpose for Reading: Think about these questions as you read:
• Why did workers demand changes in their working conditions & wages?
• How did the membership of the Knights of Labor differ from that of the American
Federation of Labor (AFL)?
As you read pages 573–575 in your on-line textbook, complete this graphic organizer by listing
actions that labor unions took to improve working conditions.
As you read, place the following events on the time line:
• Haymarket Riot occurs in Chicago
• Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire kills almost 150
Knights of Labor established
Pullman strike begins
Working Conditions (pgs. 572-573)
Interpret the information you read about working conditions in the
late 1800s by answering the following questions.
1. How hard did factory workers work?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2. How safe were working conditions?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
3. How were women workers treated compared to men workers?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
4. Why did child labor laws not fix the problems associated with children working?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Define the following word you already studied.
mass
production
_________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Labor Unions Form (pgs. 573-574)
As you study the subsection, respond to the following questions.
1. What groups did the Knights of Labor accept that other unions did not?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2. What aims did the AFL have?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
3. What was the result of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Imagine that you are an industrial worker in the late 1800s. List the
advantages & disadvantages of joining a union.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Read the following sentences. Choose the correct term to complete the
sentence by circling the term.
1. One of the earliest labor movements, which gained more than 700,000 members, was the
(Knights of Labor, Laborers’ Collective).
2. The (AFL, Congress of Laborers) was formed when several national trade unions joined
together.
3. A fire in the factory of the (Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Triborough Textile Company) led
to the deaths of nearly 150 workers.
4. Some unions fought for the right of (collective bargaining, collective ownership).
5. (Technical unions,Trade unions) were formed by everyone who worked in a particular craft.
6. The International Ladies’ (Garment Workers,Textile Workers) Union tried to get safer
conditions for its workers.
The Unions Act (pg. 575)
Read the subsection on major strikes & then write 2 or 3 sentences
summarizing it.
_______________________________________________________
Haymarket
Riot
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Homestead
Strike
_______________________________________________________
Pullman
Strike
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Choose a term from the list below to complete each sentence by writing the
term in the correct space.
Haymarket Riot
Pullman Strike
Homestead Strike
strikebreakers
injunctions
corporations
1. The ____________________ ended when federal troops were sent to stop the workers.
2. Violence in the ____________________ resulted in the deaths of several police officers &
cost unions public support.
3. The government sometimes got ____________________ to block workers from striking.
4. Some companies used ____________________ to replace striking workers.
5. The ____________________ produced violence that the Pennsylvania state militia ended.
Use each of the following terms you studied last year in a sentence.
depression
militia
_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
1. Why did workers demand changes in their working conditions & wages?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2. How did the membership of the Knights of Labor differ from that of the American
Federation of Labor (AFL)?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________