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Sectionalism and Slavery Notes
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Sectionalism
 Definition- rivalry between various sections of the country (North vs. South)
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Economic Differences
 North- Industrial (manufacturing)
a. Immigrant labor provides factories with workers
b. Use of mass production techniques produces more goods in less time
c. Industry created wealth
d. Social mobility- opportunities to rise in society
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Economic Differences
 South- Agricultural (Plantation System)
a. Dependent upon slave (free) labor
b. Invention of the cotton gin leads to cotton production becoming profitable
 Cotton production increases
 Demand for slave labor increases
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Economic Differences
c. Rise of Southern Nationalism- southern states has a unique culture and attitude
towards the southern way of life which differed from northern society
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Economic Differences
d. Social Class Structure- very little mobility
1. Planter Elite- people owning over 20 slaves
2. Middle Class- small land slave owners, businessmen, and mechanics
3. Poor whites- worked in the fields, did not own land but had freedom
4. Black slaves- no freedom, no rights, seen as property
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Attitudes towards Slavery
 Southern whites- almost all supported slavery
 Southern businessmen- supported slavery since they depended upon the business
of slave owners
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Attitudes towards Slavery
 Poor southern whites- wanted slavery so as to maintain class difference from slaves
 Northerners- most were racist and supported slavery because they did not want to
live or work next to blacks
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Attitudes towards Slavery
 Factory workers- wanted slavery so they did not have to compete for jobs with
former slaves who would work for less $
 Immigrants- did not like the idea of slavery and did not want to compete for jobs in
the South so settled in the North
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State’s rights vs. Federal Government
 Southern view
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Attitudes towards Slavery
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 Factory workers- wanted slavery so they did not have to compete for jobs with
former slaves who would work for less $
 Immigrants- did not like the idea of slavery and did not want to compete for jobs in
the South so settled in the North
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State’s rights vs. Federal Government
 Southern view
 States had the right to choose whether or not to follow federal laws
 Federal government could not pass laws prohibiting slavery in states or territories
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State’s rights vs. Federal Government
 Northern View
 Federal government did have the right to ban slavery in new territories and new
states
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Nullification Crisis of 1832
 Andrew Jackson- President of the U.S during the crisis
 John C. Calhoun
1. Leader of the nullification movement
2. Vice President under Jackson but resigned in 1832
3. Elected as U.S. Senator from South Carolina in 1832
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Nullification Crisis of 1832
 What happened?
1. South Carolina refused to enforce federal protective tariffs passed in 1828 and
1832
a. Claimed tariff benefited the Northern manufacturers making them richer
b. Claimed tariffs hurt Southerners because they had to pay higher prices on
imports making them poorer
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Nullification Crisis of 1832
 What happened?
2. South Carolina claimed that they had the rights to declare federal laws “null and
void” if they felt the law was oppressive and unconstitutional (states can veto
federal laws)
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Nullification Crisis of 1832
 What happened?
3. South Carolina threatened to secede (withdraw) from the Union if the federal
government forced them to follow this unjust law
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Nullification Crisis of 1832
 Results
1. Congress passed a new tariff law in 1833 which would lower taxes on imports
over ten years
2. The rest of the South declared South Carolina’s actions unwise and
unconstitutional
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Missouri Compromise of 1820
 What was it?
 Compromise that was suppose to solve the issue of slavery in newly acquired
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 Results
1. Congress passed a new tariff law in 1833 which would lower taxes on imports
over ten years
2. The rest of the South declared South Carolina’s actions unwise and
unconstitutional
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Missouri Compromise of 1820
 What was it?
 Compromise that was suppose to solve the issue of slavery in newly acquired
lands
 What did it do?
1. Missouri admitted as a slave state
2. Maine admitted as a free state
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Missouri Compromise of 1820
3. Territory and states north of the 36°30‘ parallel line would be free
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Missouri Compromise of 1820
 What effect did it have on the U.S.?
 Maintained the balance of power between slave and free states in the U.S. Senate
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Texas Annexation (1845)
 Texas became a state nine years after winning its independence from Mexico but
Northern states feared that Texas would give the South more power in the Senate
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Compromise of 1850
 What was it?
 Compromise that hoped to resolve increasing tensions between slave and free
states over the issue of slavery
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Compromise of 1850
 What did it do?
1. California admitted as a free state
2. Stricter fugitive slave law
3. Slave trade but not slavery illegal in Washington D.C.
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Compromise of 1850
 What did it do?
4. Popular sovereignty is to be used to decide if slavery would be allowed in new
territories of New Mexico and Utah
5. Texas- New Mexico boundary dispute resolved: Texas paid $10 million by federal
government
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Compromise of 1850
 What effect did it have on the U.S.?
 Continued to try to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states
in the U.S. Senate
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Kansas- Nebraska Act
 When was is passed?
 1854
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Kansas- Nebraska Act
 What did it do?
1. Established two new territories- Kansas and Nebraska
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 Continued to try to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states
in the U.S. Senate
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Kansas- Nebraska Act
 When was is passed?
 1854
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Kansas- Nebraska Act
 What did it do?
1. Established two new territories- Kansas and Nebraska
2. Gave the residents of these territories popular sovereignty on the issue of slavery
when applying for statehood
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Kansas- Nebraska Act
 What effect did it have on the U.S.?
1. Competition between Pro-slavery and Abolitionist groups in the new territories
2. “Bleeding Kansas” incidents
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Abolitionist Movement
 Definition- movement to end slavery in the U.S.
 Role of Abolitionists
1. Bring about political and social change
2. Usually involved in other reform movements like Women’s Suffrage (right to
vote)
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Uncle Tom’s Cabin
 Author?
 Harriet Beecher Stowe
 Year published?
 1852
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Uncle Tom’s Cabin
 What was it about?
 The harsh treatment of slaves in the South
 What effect did it have?
 Angered Southerners, increased support for abolitionist movement in the North
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Underground Railroad
 Definition- network of escape routes that provided protection and transportation
for runaway slaves
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Underground Railroad
 Harriet Tubman- former slave who helped many slaves escape North through the
use of the Underground Railroad
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Nat Turner Rebellion
 Who was Nat Turner?
 A slave who thought he was a prophet
 When did it happen?
 1852
 Where did the rebellion occur?
 Virginia
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Nat Turner Rebellion
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Nat Turner Rebellion
 Who was Nat Turner?
 A slave who thought he was a prophet
 When did it happen?
 1852
 Where did the rebellion occur?
 Virginia
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Nat Turner Rebellion
 What happened?
 Turner started a slave rebellion with about 70-80 slaves who killed several slave
owners and their families
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Nat Turner Rebellion
 What happened to Turner?
 Arrested, tried, convicted, and executed (hanged then skinned)
 What effect did it have?
 Virginia thought about ending slavery but instead adopted harsher policies
towards slavery
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“Bleeding Kansas”
 Who was involved?
 Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery extremists
 When did it happen?
 Between 1856 and 1858
 What happened?
 Guerilla warfare between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups living in or along the
Kansas border
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“Bleeding Kansas”
 Why did it happen?
 Kansas became the fighting ground over the balance of power in the U.S. Senate
 Result?
 After physical and political battles Kansas entered the Union as a free state in 1861
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Dred Scott Decision
 Who made the decision?
 U.S. Supreme Court
 When was the decision made?
 1857
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Dred Scott Decision
 What was the case about?
 Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom since he had lived in both a free state
and free territory
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Dred Scott Decision
 What was the court’s ruling?
1. Scott could not sue for his freedom since he was not a citizen and instead
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Dred Scott Decision
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 What was the case about?
 Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom since he had lived in both a free state
and free territory
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Dred Scott Decision
 What was the court’s ruling?
1. Scott could not sue for his freedom since he was not a citizen and instead
property
2. Ruling declared that Congress could not prohibit slavery in territories (Missouri
Compromise unconstitutional)
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Dred Scott Decision
 Reaction from the South?
 Excited since slavery could not be illegal in the territories
 Reaction from the North?
 Shocked and outraged Northerners who wanted slavery contained
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Harper’s Ferry
 Who was involved?
 John Brown and abolitionist supporters
 When did it happen?
 1859
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Harper’s Ferry
 What happened?
 John Brown seized a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry
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Harper’s Ferry
 Why did it happen?
 Brown wanted to seize weapons to give to slaves in order to start a slave revolt in
the South
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Harper’s Ferry
 What was the result?
 Brown and his men were captured. Brown was convicted of treason and hanged
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Secession of the South
 Secede- withdrawal from the union
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Republican Party
 When was it created?
 1854
 Why was it created?
1. Most members wanted to prevent the spread of slavery
2. Some members wanted to end slavery (abolitionists)
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Lincoln-Douglas Senatorial Debates
 Who was involved?
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Republican Party
 When was it created?
 1854
 Why was it created?
1. Most members wanted to prevent the spread of slavery
2. Some members wanted to end slavery (abolitionists)
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Lincoln-Douglas Senatorial Debates
 Who was involved?
1. Abraham Lincoln- Republican
2. Stephen Douglas- Democrat
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Lincoln-Douglas Senatorial Debates
 When did the debates occur?
 1858
 Where did the debates occur?
 Illinois
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates
 What became the focus of the debates?
1. Slavery in the territories
2. Who had the power to determine where slavery would exist (states’ rights vs.
federal power)
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates
 Lincoln’s view
 Viewed as an abolitionist but actually wanted to prevent the spread of slavery
(federal power)
 Douglas’s view
 Viewed as supporter of slavery and the idea of popular sovereignty (states’ rights)
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates
 Results?
1. Douglas won the election and became Senator of Illinois
2. Lincoln becomes famous which helps him in his run for president in 1860
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Election of 1860
 Democratic Party candidates- party splits into three separate political parties
 Northern Democrat- Stephen Douglas
▪ View on slavery- popular sovereignty for the territories
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Election of 1860
 Southern Democrat- John C. Breckenridge
▪ View on slavery- government should protect slavery
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Election of 1860
 Constitutional Union Party- John Bell
▪ View on slavery- thought the Northern and Southern states could come to a
compromise
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Election of 1860
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▪ View on slavery- government should protect slavery
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Election of 1860
 Constitutional Union Party- John Bell
▪ View on slavery- thought the Northern and Southern states could come to a
compromise
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Election of 1860
 Republican Party Candidate Abraham Lincoln
 View on Slavery?
 Slavery should not be allowed to spread into the territories or new states
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Election of 1860
 Southerner’s perspective of candidate?
 Felt Lincoln would end slavery in the U.S. if elected President
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Election of 1860
 Result of the Election?
 Lincoln wins the election since the Democratic party split
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Election of 1860
 Reaction by the Southern States?
 South Carolina is the first to secede from the Union in Dec. 1860. Other Southern
states follow South Carolina’s lead.
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