PHYSIOLOGY
OF THE SKI RACER
Ron Kipp
USSA Alpine Sport
Education Manager
2YHUYLHZ«
Needs of the sport
Energy
Ergogenic effects.
Need: Strength Up to 7000 N in a ski turn That is like a 1500 pound squat! Races last from: 46 seconds to 2:45* *Tina
Maze (2013) 46.35s in the first run; slalom at Maribor Slovenia
Michal Klusak (2012) 2:45.15 Lauberhorn
Wengen Lauberhorn Need: Strength 2013;; Johan Clarey after 2:00 on the course was clocked at 100.6 mph 2:30.10 average winning time (2000-­2013) What moves the ski racer? Energy Systems: ‡ ATP-­PCr ‡ Anaerobic glycolysis ‡ Aerobic What does training the aerobic energy system do for the ski racer? What percentage is each used? Anaerobic Aerobic 100% What percentage is each used? ATP-­PCr Anaerobic Glycolysis Aerobic 100% Duration of maximal exercise* anaerobic % aerobic % 10
sec 90 10 30
sec 80 20 60
sec 70 30 2
min 50 50 *Åstrand
4
min 35 65 10
min 15 85 30
min 5 95 60
min 2 98 120
min 1 98 & Rodahl, Textbook of Work Physiology
Slalom
Giant
Slalom
Super G
Downhill
45-60
seconds
70-90
seconds
80-120
seconds
90-150
seconds
ATP-PCr %
Anaerobic
Glycolysis %
Aerobic %
25-30 %
50%
20-25%
20-25%
50%
25-30%
10-15%
45%
40-45%
5-10%
45%
45-50%
CSCF, Article 6: Physical Preparation for Juveniles; planning,
periodization, and integration, C.S.C. Federation, Editor. 2001, BC
Alpine Canada.. 5HVHDUFKVD\V« Saibene et al. (1985) Veicsteinas et al. (1984) ATP-PCr % 46.4 30-35 Anaerobic Glycolysis
% 25.4 40 Aerobic % 28.3 25-30 5DQJH« ATP-PCr Anaerobic Glycolysis Aerobic 5 - 46.4% 25.4 - 40% 20 - 50% %RWWRPOLQH« ATP-PCr
Anaerobic
Glycolysis
Aerobic
All three energy systems are utilized Tech: more ATP-­PCr energy system Speed: more aerobic energy system Ski racers utilize all 3 energy systems ATPPCr
Anaerobic
Glycolysis
Aerobic
Nutrition, hydration & ergogenic aids 3 Days of consecutive training 3 Days of consecutive training Need: High CHO diet 1 day free skiing CP NF PL Creatine Kinase Myoglobin Cortisol Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post 113.5 +24.7 120.0 +20.6 24.8 +1.4 25.6 +1.6 120.1 +29.8 151.3 +26.9 126.0 +23.2 243.2 +34.3 29.0 +1.3 82.9 +3.6 130.0 +23.4 220.3 +44.2 116.6 +27.2 173.5 +43.4 26.4 +1.3 40.0 +2.8 104.6 +17.5 167.8 +13.0 Creatine kinase: ng/mL Myoglobin: U/L Cortisol: ng/mL Mean (+ std error) CP: Carbohydrate and protein group NF: No fluid group PL: Placebo group 1 day free skiing Muscle Stress
300
*#
250
Creatine Kinase (U)
*
200
Pre Ski
150
Post Ski
100
50
0
CHO/PRO
Water
No Fluid
CHO/PRO: Carbohydrate + Protein sports drink *significantly different from CHO/PRO #significantly different from Water 2 Days of slalom training ‡ 30 full time ski racers 14-­19 years old. ‡ Half drank H20 + flavor ‡ A matched athlete drank H20 + CHO & Pro gel # of gates completed /
athlete
H20 + flavor
H20 + gel
Day 1
Day 2
231.8
232.6
246.3
260.3*
2 Days of slalom training 120%
# of Runs
100%
13%
34%
80%
DNF's
60%
40%
Completed Runs
87%
66%
20%
0%
GEL
WO
(p<.015) 2 Days of slalom training # of gates completed /
athlete
GEL
Water Only
Day 1
Day 2
232.6
231.8
260.3*
246.3
2 Days of slalom training 2 Days of slalom training MEAN RATING of PERCEIVED EXERTION
8
7
6
RPE
5
4
3
2
1
0
RPE GEL
RPE CONTROL
RPE sig lower with GEL group Important Points:
‡
‡
‡
‡
Need strength
Need anaerobic endurance
Need endurance
All three energy systems are used
in ski racing
‡ Need a high CHO diet
‡ Drink during training, CHO + Pro.
Questions? Photo credits:
Getty Images
skialpin.ch
John Seifert
Håvard Tjørhom
Harry Caston