Salutary Neglect would
give way
g
y to imperial
p
authority!
Chapter 5
Toward Independence:
Years of Decision
Problems Begin
 colonial
troops treated poorly
 royal governors shared power
 army in peacetime
10,000
 French
 Indians

 Distance
– 3000 miles
 1762 Revenue Act
collect taxes/tariffs
 no trade with French W. Indies

 1763
– Proclamation Act
Tax Policies
 In
Britain
 tariffs – tobacco, sugar
 excise
i ttaxes – salt,
lt alcohol
l h l
 strict enforcement
 too much bureaucracy?!
 TAX COLONIES?????
1
George Grenville
 American
revenue
 1764 – Currency Act
 1764 – Sugar
S
Act
A t
smuggling
 John Adams

 1765
– Quartering Act
 1765 – Stamp Act
pay for troops
 Franklin – representation?

• “degrading”
 Grenville

– “fair and just” tax
English paid it
 Quartering
Act ignored
 vice
vice--admiralty courts
Results of Grenville’s Policies
 little
regard for local assemblies
 provoke a confrontation
Protests
 Patrick

Henry – VA
condemned Stamp Act
 “no
no
taxation without
representation”
 Grenville - virtual
representation
 Stamp
Act Congress – 1765
9 colonies
 Stamp
p Act Resolves – repeal
p
act
 ignored by Britain
 nonimportation - boycotts

2
 mob

protests – resignations
Ideological Roots
tar and feather
 Sons
of Liberty – Boston
burned effigies
 attacked
tt k d governor’s
’
house

 John
Hancock
 other cities
 English
common law
 Enlightenment
g
Locke
 Montesquieu


English Whigs
Results
New Prime Minister
 Stamp
agents resigned
 nonimportation hurt Britain
 Parliament repealed Act – 1766
 Declaratory Act - 1766
 London yields to mob action
 NY built statue of King George
 Pitt
to take over,
but was too ill
 Charles
Townshend
 1767
Townshend Acts
 tax
– paper, paint, glass, tea
 tea tax hated
 pay governor salaries
More Protests
 “external”
vs. “internal” taxes
 John Dickinson – “Letters…”

without consent
 nonimportation
 1767

– Restraining Act
NY legislature suspended
 Sons

of Liberty
harassed merchants
3
British Response
Daughters of Liberty
 4000
 homespun
cloth
 support nonimportation
 tens of thousands of yards
 1000s of women
troops to
Boston

Gen Thomas
Gage
 “bring
New
England to their
knees”
Whig Support
 John
Wilkes
supported colonies
 viewed as “radical”
 imprisoned for libel

British Troop Deployments in Colonies
Lord North
 British
economy
gg g
struggling
 nonimportation
was working
4
Boston Massacre
 North
convinced Parliament to
repeal Townshend taxes
 colonists
l i
fforced
dP
Parliament
li
to give
i
in TWICE!
 March
5, 1770
 rowdy mob – snowballs
 troops opened fire
 5 died, 6 wounded

Crispus Attucks
 John
Adams defended troops
Results of Massacre
 anti
anti--British
p p g
propaganda
 more fear of standing army
Gaspee Incident
 June
1772
 British customs ship

deal with smugglers
 ran
aground on shore of RI
 colonists looted, burned the ship
Committees of Correspondence
 Samuel

Adams
Nov. 1772
 Boston

“Penman of the
Revolution”
5
Tea
 1773
 80
other towns
 spread to other colonies

VA House of Burgesses
– Tea Act
British East India Co.
 cheaper
p tea

 still
a tax!
 Boston – Hutchinson landed tea
 Boston Tea Party – Dec. 16, 1773
Coercive Acts
 “Intolerable
Acts” - 1774
Port Act
 Government
G
t Act
A t
 Quartering Act
 Justice Act

 Quebec
Act
Continental Congress
 colonies
sent food / supplies
 flags
g at halfhalf-mast
 Adams – created sense of unity
 Sept.
1774
 12 colonies ((no GA))
 55 delegates
 Declaration of Rights and
Grievances
6
Impact on Colonies
 Association
 William
Pitt fought for recognition
g
of Congress
 Demands ignored

Congress – illegal assembly
 Gage
to suppress dissent in MA
Loyalists
 middle
colonies – PA, NY, NJ
 prominent lawyers
 Anglican clergy
 royal officials
 boycott
violators “tar and feathered”
 militia training
 muskets / gunpowder collected
 urban movement becomes rural

farmers & planters
Revolution!
 minutemen
trained
 MA House met
 Britain – MA in “open rebellion”
 Gage ordered to take action
April 19, 1775
 Gage
– 700 troops
 seize supplies at Concord
 seize Hancock and S. Adams
 Paul Revere
7
Killing Starts
 Lexington

8 colonists killed – “massacre”
 Concord
British forced to retreat
 deadly retreat
 300 casualties, 73 dead
 colonists – 49 dead, 39 wounded

Lexington, Massachusetts
Concord, Massachusetts
2nd Continental Congress
 13
Shot Heard ‘round the
World!
colonies
 Washington – lead colonial army
 Dickinson – moderates
 Patriots – “Causes & Necessities of
Taking up Arms”
8
Battle of Bunker Hill
 May

1775 – Allen, Arnold
captured supplies in NY
 June
1775
 Breed’s Hill

colonists out of gunpowder
 Olive
Branch Petition
Death of Joseph Warren
Invasion of Canada
 14th
colony
 Benedict Arnold – wounded
 Richard Montgomery – killed
 Jan.
1776 – British burned Norfolk
 Feb. 1776
Moore’s Creek Bridge
 Patriots defeat Loyalists

 Mar.
1776 - British evacuate Boston
 June 1776

Patriots win at Charleston Harbor
9
Common Sense
 Thomas

Paine
1776
 call
for
independence
 republican gov’t
Declaration of Independence
 Richard
Henry Lee – June 1776
 Thomas Jefferson
tyranny of King George
 “natural rights”

 July
4, 1776
10