Expository
Text
Looking
Further
The Hubble Telescope
by Bill Nagelkerke
PAIRED
READ
The Watchers
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STRATEGIES & SKILLS
Comprehension
Vocabulary
Strategy: Reread
Skill: Sequence
colleagues, conservatively,
deduction, droned, galaxies,
sustain, ultimately, verify
Vocabulary Strategy
Content Standards
Context Clues
Science
Earth and Space Science
Word Count: 2,651**
Photography Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI)
**The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only. Numerals and words in captions,
labels, diagrams, charts, and sidebars are not included.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by
any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or
broadcast for distance learning.
Send all inquiries to:
McGraw-Hill Education
Two Penn Plaza
New York, New York 10121
ISBN: 978-0-02-119207-6
MHID: 0-02-119207-3
Printed in the United States.
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Essential Question
How does technology lead to discoveries?
Looking
Further
The Hubble Telescope
by Bill Nagelkerke
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter 1
Land or Sky? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 2
The Amazing Hubble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Chapter 3
Hubble’s Last Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team
Respond to Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
PAIRED
READ
The Watchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Focus on Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
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LO RES
Introduction
The two parts of the word telescope come from the
Greek language, and they tell you a lot about what this
tool does. Tele means “far” or “a long way”; scope means
“to see.” So telescope means “far-seeing.” It is a tool that
helps you see things that are far away. Before telescopes
were invented, people had to explore the night sky with the
naked eye.
An ancient Greek named Aristarchus seems to have
been the first person to suggest that Earth orbited the sun.
Was it just a clever guess? Maybe he watched the night
sky so closely that he was certain of his deduction, even
without the technology to verify it.
By 1609, the Italian scientist Galileo had this technology.
He had specially designed a refracting telescope to study
telescopes bend, or
refract, light through
a glass lens, and this
magnifies distant objects.
One of Galileo’s telescopes
made objects appear up
to 20 times larger.
Through his telescope,
Galileo discovered sunspots
and Jupiter’s moons.
(t) NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team, (b) National Geographic Society/Corbis
the sky. Refracting
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Several decades later, the English astronomer Isaac
Newton made a reflecting telescope. A reflecting telescope
uses mirrors instead of lenses to capture light rays.
Other people improved on these two types of
telescopes. In 1672, a French inventor named Laurent
Cassegrain made a reflecting telescope using two curved
mirrors instead of one.
The Hubble Space Telescope is a form of this kind of
telescope. Hubble has enabled astronomers to see deeper
into space and to discover galaxies never seen before. It has
helped scientists solve some of the puzzles of the universe,
while also creating new ones.
Unlike Galileo, today’s astronomers don’t need to look
through telescopes to make observations. Instead, they
look at images recorded by cameras and other electronic
devices within the telescopes. This is the way the Hubble
NASA-STScI
telescope works.
Hubble is a joint project
between the space
agencies of the United
States and Europe.
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Chapter 1
Land or Sky?
When Galileo observed the moon through his telescope,
he found that it was covered with craters, and wasn’t
smooth, as people had thought. It was becoming clear that
exploring the universe with telescopes would uncover a lot
of new knowledge. Astronomers were discovering that the
universe was larger and much more complex than anyone
had realized.
Land-based telescopes became bigger and better. In
1873, the Alvan Clark company completed a refracting
telescope that was, at the time, the largest one in the world.
It helped astronomers make many important discoveries.
For example, in 1877, the telescope enabled Asaph Hall to
discover the two moons that orbit Mars.
The first permanent
mountaintop observatory
was the Lick Observatory
telescope was the world’s
largest until 1897. That’s when
the Yerkes Observatory in
Wisconsin opened. More than
100 years later, Yerkes still
boasts the world’s largest
refractor, at 40 inches.
Through his telescope,
Galileo was able to see the
craters on the moon.
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(t) NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team, (b) StockTrek/Getty Images
in California. Its refracting
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The problem with land-based optical telescopes is
that they are limited in what they can see out in space.
A German rocket scientist named Hermann Oberth had
an idea. He thought that launching a telescope into space
by rocket could help scientists see further into the universe.
This idea became reality in 1966. Between 1966
and 1972, four satellites carrying telescopes were sent
into space. They were called Orbiting Astronomical
Observatories (OAOs).
Optical and Radio Telescopes
Optical and radio telescopes are two
kinds of telescopes. Optical telescopes
capture visible light, such as the light
from the stars. The Hubble telescope is
one of the best-known examples of an
optical telescope.
NASA
Radio telescopes use radio waves to
create images. Radio waves, which are
invisible, can come from objects such
as stars or galaxies.
The most successful
OAO was called
Copernicus.
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The OAOs ultimately paved the way for other orbiting
telescopes. In 1977, the United States government agreed to
the building of the Hubble Space Telescope. Thirteen years
later, in 1990, it was carried into space by the space shuttle
Discovery. The Hubble Space Telescope (also known as HST,
or simply Hubble) was named after a famous American
astronomer, Edwin Hubble.
Hubble now orbits 353 miles (568 kilometers) above
Earth. The pictures it takes are some of the clearest images
ever seen of celestial objects.
The Hubble Space
p
Telescope
p
Hubble
e has
a
anels
solar panels
that
s sunlight
harness
we
er its
to power
m
ments.
instruments.
NASA, Illustration: Carlos Aon
solar p
panels
Th space shuttle
The
h ttl
Discovery blasts off,
taking Hubble into orbit.
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At first, though, things
did not go according
to plan with the Hubble
telescope. After its launch,
scientists discovered
a problem with the
telescope’s main mirror and
solar panels.
These problems were
not fixed until 1993 when
NASA sent the shuttle
Endeavour on a repair
mission. Endeavour’s
astronauts installed additional
lenses to fix the problem with
On the 1993 mission,
astronauts used the space
shuttle’s robotic arm to
help repair Hubble.
the mirror. The solar panels
were also replaced.
The shuttle mission was a great success because it
showed that, with regular servicing from Earth, Hubble
could have a long life.
High above Earth’s atmosphere, Hubble was able to
“see” what other telescopes had never seen before. It sent
massive amounts of information back to scientists on Earth.
Hubble really was an eye in the sky.
NASA-STScI
Edwin Hubble
During the 1920s, Edwin Hubble worked at the Mount
Wilson Observatory in California, where he studied spiral
nebulae, which are clouds of dust and gas in space. His
observations showed scientists that there were other
galaxies beyond our own.
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Chapter 2
As well as being an amazing telescope, Hubble can
be thought of as a kind of time machine.
To understand this, it helps to understand how far
away objects in space really are. Some galaxies are so
distant that their light takes billions of years to reach our
own solar system.
At one point, Hubble was looking deep into an area
of space that appeared to have nothing much in it. The
NASA scientists who control Hubble from Earth left
the telescope pointing in this position for ten days. This
allowed the telescope to absorb as much light as possible.
To the scientists’ amazement, Hubble sent back
pictures that showed thousands of previously unseen
galaxies of all sizes. The area is now known as the Hubble
Deep Field.
Hubble has found many
(t) NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team, (b) NASA, ESA, and M. Livio and the Hubble 20th Anniversary Team (STScI)
The Amazing Hubble
other amazing things.
Scientists have used Hubble
data to better pinpoint the
age of the universe. They
Hubble’s
fascinating images
have captured the
beauty of space.
believe the evidence shows
this is around 14 billion years.
They also now believe the
universe is expanding at
a faster pace, not slowing
down, as some had thought.
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All of the information gathered by Hubble is sent back
to scientists on Earth.
Hubble is controlled by scientists at NASA’s Goddard
Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. They send
radio messages via satellites to Hubble. These messages tell
the telescope where to look and what to look for. The radio
signals are picked up by antennae on the telescope.
Everything Hubble sees is recorded by its on-board
computers. Hubble sends that information back to Earth
the same way it receives its instructions—via satellite.
Goddard’s scientists send the data they receive to the
Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore,
Maryland to be interpreted. Then colleagues around the
world download the data over the Internet for use in their
own research.
Capturing Data from the Stars
1
2
Data
3
1
Starlight
2 Hubble Space Telescope
6
3 Tracking and Data Relay
Satellite
4 Ground Station, White
Sands, NM
Illustration: Carlos Aon
5
5 Goddard Space Flight
Center, Greenbelt, MD
6 Space Telescope Science
Institute, Baltimore, MD
4
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Young scientists can also benefit from Hubble’s
breakthrough discoveries. One way is through the summer
astronomy program run by STScI for college students.
Students work with institute staff and other researchers
to interpret the information Hubble sends and prepare it
for release to the public. They also get the chance to hear
speakers talk about Hubble and other space and astronomy
topics. Although the summer program is for college
students, STScI has also set up the Hubble Deep Field
Academy Web site for younger students. The academy site
gives students a taste of what it’s like to be at the receiving
end of all that Hubble data. It takes them through the
Ariel Skelley/Blend Images/Getty Images
process that astronomers use to interpret Hubble’s Deep
Field images.
On the Hubble Deep Field Academy
Web site, students get to study
Hubble data.
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This is the deepest
Deep Field snapshot yet.
Scientists have counted
nearly 10,000 galaxies in
just this one image.
One of the real-world challenges that academy students
tackle has to do with distance. It’s hard for astronomers to
work out distances between Earth and Deep Field objects.
The size of an object does not always relate to its distance.
Something small may be closer than something large.
Astronomers have to try to measure light to help
determine distance. A light-year is the distance that light
can travel in a year, which is approximately 6 trillion miles.
That’s 6 with 12 zeroes after it: 6,000,000,000,000!
One object in the Deep Field is nearly 12 billion
NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team
light-years away. It would take the light from this galaxy
12 billion years to travel to Earth.
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Chapter 3
Hubble’s Last Days
In 1997, there was a second shuttle mission to Hubble.
camera that could take images of infrared light coming from
very distant galaxies. The astronauts also installed a new
spectrograph that would help Hubble hunt for black holes.
In 1999, Discovery again headed for Hubble. Astronauts
replaced all of Hubble’s gyroscopes, the mechanisms
that allow scientists on Earth to point Hubble in different
directions. New gyroscopes had already been installed
during the first service mission in 1993. Luckily, Hubble has
(t) NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team, (b) NASA
Astronauts on the space shuttle Discovery installed a
six gyroscopes in total, and
it does not need all of them
to be in working condition
to still be on target.
Clearly, Hubble had
been working hard during
its first ten years.
During a maintenance mission,
Hubble is taken out of service and
locked onto the space shuttle.
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The shuttle Columbia was the next visitor to Hubble,
in March 2002. This time another type of camera was
put into Hubble. The camera could see more and record
better images. It was also much faster at doing this than
the previous cameras had been. Hubble’s solar panels were
replaced again, with smaller versions that could produce
more power.
The fourth shuttle mission to Hubble, in 2009, was also
the last—because the shuttle program is now finished.
Astronauts replaced some of Hubble’s equipment with
more up-to-date versions. They fitted new batteries
and gyroscopes and added covers to protect Hubble
from extreme temperatures. These changes will help the
telescope stay in orbit for as long as possible.
Deep Field and Ultra Deep Field
Illustration: Carlos Aon
Hubble Space
Telescope
In 2004, Hubble
provided an image
called Ultra Deep
Field, showing an
estimated 10,000
galaxies.
Hubble Deep Field (1995)
Hubble Ultra Deep Field (2004)
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Hubble’s one-millionth observation, on
July 4, 2011, was of a planet that scientists
call HAT-P-7b. This is an artist’s impression
of the planet and the star it is orbiting.
Hubble is expected to remain in orbit for a few more
years. If it lasts until 2015, it will have been orbiting Earth for
25 years. This would be its silver anniversary. Not bad for a
telescope whose life in space was conservatively estimated
at 15 years!
At some point, various parts of the telescope will stop
working. Eventually it will fall back to Earth, possibly guided
by robots—because no shuttle will be available to bring it
back. Hubble was designed specifically to work with space
shuttles, but the space shuttle program ended in 2011.
In the meantime, Hubble will continue to be the eye in the
sky, finding all sorts of amazing things in the universe. Hubble
than they have ever been able to see before.
One day Hubble will no longer be orbiting above us, but
it is unlikely that its legacy will ever be forgotten. And the
end of Hubble does not mean the end of telescopes in space.
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NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI)
has been a true pioneer. It has helped humans to look farther
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Hubble Facts
• Hubb
Hubble
ble weighs 24,500 pounds—as much as two
ll
full-grown
elephants.
• Hubble travels around Earth once every 97 minutes
at about 17,500 miles per hour, or about 5 miles per
second.
• Hubble circled Earth more than 100,000 times in
its first 20 years.
• Hubble can see ten times more clearly than the
best land-based telescopes.
• Scientists have written nearly 10,000 scientific
papers based on their studies of images captured
by Hubble.
• Lining up Hubble to focus on a faraway object
is like shining a light onto a small coin that is
200 miles (320 kilometers) away.
• Hubble’s vision is incredibly sharp. If you could see
that well, you could stand in New York City and see
two fireflies in San Francisco.
• The data collected by Hubble so far would fill
(bkgd) NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team
about 6,000 DVDs. Every week, Hubble sends
enough data to fill 3,600 feet of shelved books.
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In 2003, NASA launched the Spitzer Space Telescope.
This telescope was designed to study infrared wavelengths.
It has made significant discoveries about planets outside
our solar system by detecting the infrared radiation they
emit. It has also discovered the outermost ring of Saturn.
There are great plans for further exploration by orbiting
telescopes like Hubble and Spitzer. The most ambitious of
these is the successor to Hubble, the James Webb Space
Telescope. It is due to be launched later this decade.
Like Hubble, the Webb telescope will carry cameras
and spectrometers which measure wavelengths of light.
A sunshield the size of a tennis court will protect the
telescope from the sun’s radiation. The Webb telescope will
search for early galaxies and new planets. Its main job will
be to study the history of the universe.
NASA
Scientists hope the Webb
telescope will look back to
the origins of the universe.
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Conclusion
The Hubble Space Telescope is one of NASA’s most
successful and longest-lasting missions. The amazingly
detailed images it has sent back have captured the
imaginations of people around the world. Its ingenious
design meant it could be repaired in space, so it has lasted
much longer than ever expected.
But long before Hubble’s time began to wind down,
scientists were planning a new era in space telescopes.
The James Webb Telescope will have a mirror seven times
bigger than Hubble’s. It will be able to peer further back in
time than Hubble.
Back on Earth, scientists will study the sky using
land-based radio telescopes more powerful than Galileo
Panoramic Images/Photodisc/Getty Images
could ever have imagined. One of these, the Square
Kilometre Array, is so complex that the technology to
understand its data has not yet been invented!
That means there is more work ahead for astronomers
and many more exciting discoveries to be made.
The Square Kilometre Array
will contain 3,000 radio
telescopes like these in
New Mexico, United States.
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Respond_Bhead_60-80
Summarize
Event
Respond_text_60-80
Use
details from Looking
xxxxx
Further
xxxxxxxx
to xxxx xxx xxxxxxx
summarize
xxx xxx xxxx
what
xxxxx
youxxxxxxxxxxxx
learned aboutxxxx
how
changes to telescopes have led to new
discoveries. Your graphic organizer may
Respond_Bhead_60-80
help
you.
1. Respond to Reading_numblist_60-80*
RUN-IN_BLUE_
L50-80
Text Evidence
2.
to Reading_numblist_60-80* RUN-IN_BLUE_
1. Respond
What features tell you that Looking Further is an
L50-80
expository text? GENRE
3.
to Reading_numblist_60-80* RUN-IN_BLUE_
2. Respond
What steps led to the development of space-based
L50-80
telescopes? SEQUENCE
4.
to Reading_numblist_60-80* RUN-IN_BLUE_
3. Respond
What is the meaning of the term spiral nebulae on
L50-80
page 7? What kind of context clue can you find to
help you figure out the meaning? CONTEXT CLUES
4. Write several paragraphs about steps in the
development of the telescope from Galileo’s time
to today. Use events from the text to help you.
WRITE ABOUT READING
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Compare Texts
Read a story about how scientists used telescopes to
make an unusual discovery.
The Watchers
They began orbiting the
planet they had named
Elektron—the old Greek word
for amber, that ancient resin
that could create sparks
of electricity.
The atmosphere in the
control room was certainly
electric. Finally, they were within
in
reach of another planet that could
ould
sustain human life.
All eyes were fixed on the SK-ope. Its amazing close-up
l
views were bringing the planet to life.
The crew babbled with excitement and relief. They had
survived last night’s unusual and violent space storm, and
their mission was almost complete.
“Seas and forests, and clean air for us to breathe.”
Illustration: Carlos Aon
“It looks eerily just like Old Earth!”
“The telescopes weren’t wrong. They’ve found us the
perfect place to live. Unpolluted and uninhabited!”
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They turned away from the SK-ope, talking over each
other in their delight. But Commander Diaz stayed, her
lips pursed.
“The data from the deep-space telescopic probes are
so strong,” she thought. “This uninhabited planet is perfect
for humans.” They had been searching for years, and the
evidence was just too good to ignore.
But she was getting the feeling that something had
gone horribly wrong. She looked more closely into the
screen of the SK-ope.
Suddenly the fine hairs on the back of her neck rose, as
if charged by electricity, by Elektron. What was it? If she
could just see a little closer …
“Shall we take her down, Commander?” asked Second
Officer Nowak.
Diaz hesitated, then nodded. She had no reason not
to give the order—no scientific data that compared with
information the telescopes had provided. Just that feeling.
“Everyone prepare for descent,” Nowak instructed. The
crew hurried into position. The engines droned as the ship
reduced speed and the landing gear began unfolding.
Diaz remained at the SK-ope. No one else had time to
look at it now, and she was blocking their view anyway.
“Commander? You should buckle in,” Nowak said.
She was silent, frozen in front of the screen.
“What is it?” Nowak asked, more urgently now.
Diaz pressed a button. Then she took her seat next to
Nowak and strapped herself in. Her face was pale and set.
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“Can we pull out of our
descent?” she asked, already
knowing what the answer
would be.
Nowak shook his head.
“It’s too late,” he said.
“We’re programmed to land,
whether we like it or not.
What is it? What did you see?”
“I saw people,” Diaz
murmured. “They have their own kind of SK-ope.
And they were looking at me. I saw their commander
and her officers.”
“Who … what … are they?” Nowak breathed.
“They’re Watchers. That’s what they were doing.
Watching me watching them. And waiting.”
She reached over and turned the SK-ope to its lowest
level. She would keep the terrifying images from her crew
for as long as she could.
Images of faces. Familiar faces. Nowak’s face;
her own face looking back at her. The Watchers looked
exactly like them.
Make Connections
Illustration: Carlos Aon
How did the scientists use technology to discover
the planet Elektron? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do Looking Further and The Watchers help
you to understand the value of the technology
of telescopes as tools for exploring the universe?
TEXT TO TEXT
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Glossary
atmosphere (AT-muh-sfeer) the gases that surround
planets, including Earth (page 7)
black holes (blak HOLS) parts of space with such
strong gravity that not even light can escape
(page 12)
celestial (suh-LES-chuhl) relating to the sky (page 6)
infrared light (in-fruh-RED light) a type of light that
can’t be seen but is given off by objects above a
certain temperature (page 12)
NASA (NA-suh) National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, the U.S. space exploration agency
(page 7)
observatory (uhb-ZUHR-vuh-tor-ee) a place with
equipment to study the sky (page 4)
optical (OP-ti-kuhl) seen with the eye (page 5)
radiation (ray-dee-AY-shuhn) waves of energy sent out
by sources of heat or light; for example, the sun
radiates both heat and light (page 16)
spectrograph (SPEK-truh-graf ) a device that can split
light into its different colors and photograph them
(page 12)
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Index
Alvan Clark telescope, 4
Aristarchus, 2, 5
Cassegrain, Laurent, 3
Deep Field, 8, 10, 11, 13
Galileo, 2–4, 17
Goddard Space Flight Center, 9
Hubble, Edwin, 6, 7
James Webb Space Telescope, 16, 17
Lick Observatory, 4
NASA, 7–9, 16, 17
Newton, Isaac, 3
Oberth, Hermann, 5
Orbiting Astronomical Observatories, 5, 6
space shuttles, 6, 7, 12–14
Space Telescope Science Institute, 9, 10
Spitzer Space Telescope, 16
Square Kilometre Array, 17
telescopes
– optical, 5
– radio, 5, 17
– reflecting, 3
– refracting, 2, 4
Ultra Deep Field, 13
Yerkes Observatory, 4
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Purpose To understand the difference between the two main
types of optical telescopes and their uses
Procedure You will need poster paper or board,
glue, and markers.
Step 1
With a partner, reread Looking Further. Take notes about
the refracting and reflecting telescopes mentioned in
the text.
Step 2
Use an educational Internet site to add to this
information, including diagrams that show clearly how
each telescope works.
Step 3
Create a poster with information about the history
of each telescope and diagrams showing how each
telescope works. Explain the benefits of using a
refracting or a reflecting telescope.
Step 4
Present your poster to the class and be prepared to
answer questions about your work.
Conclusion What did you discover about the two kinds of
telescopes? How are they different, and in which situations
would one be more useful than the other?
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Literature Circles
Nonfiction
The Topic
What is Looking Further mostly about?
Text Structure
How does the author organize information in
this text so you understand how telescopes
have changed over the centuries?
Conclusions
What is the most important thing you learned
in Looking Further?
What conclusions can you draw about the
future of using telescope technology to explore
outer space?
Author’s Purpose
Why do you think the author wrote this text?
What were the main points he wanted the
reader to understand?
Make Connections
What other books have you read about
exploration of our universe? How were these
books similar to or different from this one?
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Breakthroughs
Science
GR X • Benchmark 60 • Lexile TK
Grade 6 • Unit 5 Week 4
www.mheonline.com
ISBN-13 978-0-02-119207-6
MHID 0-02-119207-3
99701
EAN
9 780021 192076
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