Warm-up for 9-1
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Video warm-up- Market Revolution (crash course)
What inventions and technologies have made your
lives more enjoyable? Have these technologies
helped the economy?
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Market Revolution- major
changes in the U.S. economy
produced by people buying
and selling goods rather than
being self sufficient
farmers shift from selfsufficiency to specializationraising one or two cash crops
growth depended on
capitalism- economic system
in which private businesses
and individuals control the
means of production ****
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entrepreneurs- investors that risked their own $ in new
industries
from the French word meaning “to undertake”
 (economy grew more in the 1840’s than it had in the previous 40
yrs.)
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new inventions revolutionized the industrial and
agricultural sectors
manufactured items grow less expensive
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(a clock that cost $50 in 1800 could be produced by a machine for a ½
dollar by 1850 & clothing prices tumbled by more than 75%)
(Elias Howe patented the sewing
machine in 1846)
Economic Revolution
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telegraph- device for the
electrical transmission of
coded messages over wires
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steamboats essential to
expansion of agricultural and
industry
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patented by Samuel Morse- 1837
23,000 miles by 1854
3,300 miles of canals constructed by
1841 connecting the NE to the
Midwest
railroad growth in late 1800’s
offered speed over steamboats
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10,000 miles of track by 1850
http://morsecode.scphillips.com/translator.html
Regional Markets - 1840’s
 South- remained agricultural relying on cotton, tobacco,
& rice
 North- continued to industrialize, investing in railroads
& factories
 West- fertile soil, but wooded areas needed clearing first
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John Deere- invented the 1st steel plow
 enabled farmers to replace oxen w/ horses
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Cyrus McCormick- invented the mechanical reaper
 did the work of 5 men harvesting wheat
Warm-up for 9-2
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Musical warm-up
Think about a time when you moved to a new
community, switched schools, or experienced some
other major change in your lives. Did you think the
change gave you an opportunity to make a fresh start?
Explain.
Manifest destiny
19th century belief that the
U.S. would inevitably
expand westward to the
Pacific Ocean and into
Mexican Territory
 destined by God
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as settlers move west they
affected Native American
communities
some assimilated, some
fought
Black Hawk War- 1832
resulted from settlers
pressuring Indians to
move west of the Miss.
River
 Illinois militia slaughtered
over 200
 forcibly removed Sauk &
Fox tribes
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“middle ground”
beneficial relationship
between settlers & Indians
 needed Indians as trading
partners & guides
 moving farther west

Treaty of Fort Laramie- 1851
 provided various Indian nations w/ control of central
plains (Rocky Mts. East to Mississippi River & from the
Arkansas River north to Canada)
 promise not to attack settlers & allow construction of
forts & roads
 *U.S. govt. violated & later treaties moved Indians to
reservations
Westward Migration
 Santa Fe Trail- trail from Independence, Missouri, to
Santa Fe, New Mexico (800 miles – took 2-3 months)
 Oregon Trail- trail from Independence, Missouri, to
Portland Oregon (2000 miles – took 4-5 months)
 people traveled in groups to protect against attacks by
Native Americans
Mormons
 members of a church
founded by Joseph Smith
in 1830
 est. the Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-day Saints
in NY
 moved to Illinois, people
eventually protested
against polygamy
 Smith was murdered
 Brigham Young- moved
followers outside U.S.
borders (Great Salt Lake,
Utah)
Border Disputes w/ GB
 “Fifty-Four Forty or
Fight! - a slogan used in
Polk’s 1844 presidential
campaign that called for
the U.S. annexation of
the Oregon Territory
 decline of fur trade
waned GB’s interest in
territory
 49th parallel west est. in
1846 is current U.S.
border
Warm-up for 9-3
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Imagine that Texas was a state in 1835. As a result the
U.S. allowed Mexicans to settle in Texas to keep the
Native Americans off the land. Recently however, the
U.S. has been having problems with the Mexicans
living in Texas. They have been ignoring the state and
federal constitutions. They have demanded the
legalization of slavery (which is outlawed), they are
collecting taxes but not giving any to the government,
they are not abiding by the laws addressing religion,
and they are threatening to separate from the U.S. and
make the territory part of Mexico. Furthermore, they
are taking over and settling in more and more land. It
is possible that the Americans are going to be the
minority in the state.
The U.S. feels as if the Mexicans in Texas have been
taking advantage of the U.S. generosity. What do you
think the U.S. should do about this problem?
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friction between Native
Americans and Mexicans
limited settlement in Texas
Spain’s mission system tried
to convert Native Americans
to Catholicism and settle on
mission lands
mission system declines
when Mexico won its
independence in 1821
Mexican settlers called
Tejanos
Apache and Comanche
tribes threatened Tejanos
(vast uncontrolled territory)
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Mexican govt. encourages
American farmers to help
protect territory
land grants- offered by
Mexican govt. to
empresarios or agents
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(sold cheap land to Americans
who agreed to follow Mexican
law and observe Roman
Catholicism)
Stephen F. Austinsuccessful agent that est. a
colony
Fight for Independence
 cultural differences over slavery increased tensions
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Mexico abolished slavery in 1824
Mexico tried to close its borders in 1830, but pop. doubled
between 1830-1834
Austin traveled to Mexico City to petition for self-govt.
in 1833
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
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Mexican President (11 times)
imprisoned Austin for inciting revolution, rebellions erupted
Fight for Independence cont.
 Texas Revolution- 1836 rebellion in which Texas
gained its independence
 Alamo- former mission & fort in San Antonio
 Mexican forces massacred 187 rebellious Texans in
1836 (frontiersmen Davy Crockett & Jim Bowie killed)
Fight for Independence cont.
 next Santa Anna executed 300 Texans at Goliad
 Sam Houston- defeated and captured Santa Anna at the Battle of
San Jacinto
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Texans killed 630 Mexicans in 18 minutes with battle cry- “Remember the Alamo”
Santa Anna forced to sign Treaty of Velasco granting independence
Republic of Texas- “Lone Star Republic” nation w/ Sam Houston as
President (September 1836)
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Santa Anna's real leg was amputated
after he was hit by cannon fire during a
melee with the French in 1838 (the leg
was interred with full military honors).
In 1847, Santa Anna's artificial leg was
captured by soldiers of the 4th Illinois
Infantry during the Mexican-American
War. The story goes, Santa Anna was
enjoying a roasted chicken lunch when
he and his troops were surprised by the
Illinois soldiers. Eager to avoid capture,
Santa Anna took to his horse, leaving the
chicken and his leg behind. The soldiers
took possession and returned to Illinois
with the leg, which is why it is currently
in the Illinois State Military Museum.
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Houston invited the U.S. to
annex- incorporate Texas
Southerners wanted to
annex Texas to extend
slavery
Northerners feared
annexation and unequal
balance of slave states &
possible war w/ Mexico
President James Polk
(slaveholder) favored
annexation
Texas became the 28th state
in 1845
Warm-up for 9-4
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Video warm-up
Is war ever justified? Is acquiring more land a
justifiable reason for war? Explain
James K. Polk
 11th President, Democrat
(1845-1849)
 expansionist
 sent emissary to buy New
Mexico & California, but
was refused to be seen
 sent General Zachary Taylor
to blockade the Rio Grande
River
 slavery soon emerged as key
issue between N & S
War with Mexico, April 1846- February 1848
 Mexico sent troops across river in response to Taylor’s
invasion and killed 9
 Polk asked Congress to declare war in spite of Lincoln’s
“spot resolution”
 manifest destiny had launched the U.S. into its 1st war on
foreign territory
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Stephen Kearny- colonel ordered to march troops 800
miles across desert in 1846
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“the long marcher” – took New Mexico w/o a shot being fired
rebels in Cal. led by John Fremont seized Sonoma &
declared independence
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Republic of California- nation proclaimed by American settlers in
1846
Kearny arrived and controlled Cal.
War in Mexico
 Mexicans fought
under poor
leadership
 U.S. leaders
included Robert
Lee, Ulysses Grant,
Zachary Taylor,
Winfield Scott
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Scott did not lose
one battle &
captured Veracruz
and Mexico City
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-1848
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Mexico agrees to Rio Grande border for Texas
cedes New Mexico and California for $15 million
Gadsden Purchase- purchase of additional land in
SW U.S. in 1853
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est. the current borders of the lower 48 states
California Gold Rush
 began in 1848 when James
Marshall discovered gold at
Sutter’s Mill
 forty-niners- prospectors who
flocked to California in 1849
 gold rush- included people
from Asia, South America,
Europe
 San Francisco- explodes and
becomes a major port city
 California admitted to the
Union in 1850 as a free state
 *one more sore point between
N&S