U.S. History EOC Study Guide
George Washington 1789-1797
1. What were the 1st four cabinet departments & who were the members?
2. What was Washington’s foreign policy as declared in what proclamation?
3. What treaty prevented war with Britain in 1794?
4. What were the terms of the treaty?
5. What treaty gave the U.S. the right to navigate the Mississippi?
6. What act created the appeals courts to assist the Supreme Court?
7. What led to the creation of America’s first two political parties?
8. What were the 4 components of Hamilton’s plan?
9. What were the first two political parties in the U.S.?
10. Which party favored a strong national government & believed trade & manufacturing were key to the
nation’s wealth?
11. What is loose construction?
12. What is strict construction?
13. Who was the leader of the Federalists?
14. Who were the leaders of the Republicans?
15. Who, in general, opposed Hamilton’s plan?
16. Which party believed in strength of farmers & favored more power to the state governments?
17. What event occurred in 1794 in protest to direct taxation on Whiskey?
18. What was the effect of this event?
19. What treaty gave the U.S. territories of Ohio and Indiana for only $10,000/year?
20. What 3 warnings did Washington give in his farewell speech?
John Adams 1797 – 1801
21. Why did France start seizing American ships?
22. Who wanted war with the French?
23. What term means to incite or cause a rebellion?
24. What event saw 3 Frenchmen try to bribe U.S. ambassadors for $250,000 before they could speak to French
officials?
25. What did this event cause?
26. What was the undeclared war between the U.S. and France in 1798 called?
27. Who did this war anger?
28. What event saw U.S. peace with France?
29. What acts created by the Federalists made immigrants wait 14 years to become citizens and made it illegal
to criticize public officials?
30. What was the response of the Democrat-Republicans to these acts called?
31. What is the theory that a state may interpose between the federal government and the people to stop an
action?
32. What is the theory that if the federal government passes an unconstitutional law, the states can nullify it and
declare it invalid?
Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 – Republican
33. What was the election of 1800 nicknamed?
34. How did it get its nickname?
35. Who ran in the election of 1800?
36. Who won the election of 1800?
37. President John Adams spent all night giving federal judgeships to Federalists, what were these judges
called?
38. What Supreme Court decision came from this controversy?
39. What was decision of the Supreme Court in this case?
40. What was Jefferson’s big purchase while in office?
41. Why was he against this purchase?
42. What expedition was sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana territory?
43. Who led this expedition all the way to Oregon and back?
44. What was the plan of Federalists in New England States to secede from the Union because they feared the
Louisiana Purchase would make the South more powerful than the North called?
45. What is the term for when the British were kidnapping U.S. sailors and forcing them to fight?
46. What was Jefferson’s foreign policy?
47. What act did Jefferson pass to halt all trade between the U.S. & Europe to avoid war?
James Madison 1809-1817 – Republican
48. Who was the War of 1812 between?
49. What caused the War of 1812?
50. What were Congressmen from the South & West who resented Britain and wanted war called?
51. Why did they want war?
52. Did the British ever reach Washington?
53. What song was composed during this war by Francis Scott Key?
54. What convention was held by Federalist to show opposition to the War of 1812?
55. What was the result of this convention?
56. What battle was fought after the peace treaty was signed?
57. Who was the famous American general of this battle?
58. What was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 called?
59. What was the effects of the War of 1812?
60. What treaty fixed the border between U.S. and Canada?
61. What was the decision of the U.S. & Britain to jointly occupy the Oregon territory called?
James Monroe 1817-1825 Republican
62. What is the period known as when there was only one major political party?
63. Which party was the only party left?
64. What was Henry Clay’s plan to build up the American economy and infrastructure called?
65. What 3 things did his plan cover?
66. What treaty gave the U.S. the territory of Florida?
67. What 3 Supreme Court cases marked a time of nationalism through the expansion of the federal
government in the U.S.?
68. Which Supreme Court case expanded federal power through the elastic clause?
69. Which Supreme Court case gave the federal government the power to regulate interstate trade?
70. What was the sectionalist crisis called when Missouri applied for statehood?
70. What compromise in 1820 made Maine a free state and Missouri a slave state?
71. What was the purpose of the compromise?
72. Who created the compromise?
73. European powers and Russia working together to keep land in the Americas was known as what?
74. What was the name of the declaration in 1823 that America was off limits to European colonization?
75. What is the name of the famous canal built in 1825 linking Lake Erie to the Hudson River?
76. Who created the first steam engine in 1807?
77. What was the name of the first trains?
78. Characteristics such as using machines, unskilled labor, factories and selling nationally and globally
marked what era?
79. What art movement incorporated American landscapes and celebrated U.S. natural resources?
80. Who wrote the Scarlet Letter?
81. Who wrote Moby Dick?
82. What is the only federal program in the Transportation revolution that went from Washington to WV?
83. Who invented the cotton gin?
84. What is the term for the ability to take a product apart and put new parts into it?
85. Who invented the telegraph?
86. Who invented the revolving pistol using interchangeable parts?
87. What 2 things began to expand with the 1st Industrial Revolution?
John Quincy Adams 1825 – 1829 Republican
88. Who were the ‘Favorite Sons’?
89. What was the name given to John Q. Adams’ winning the presidency instead of Andrew Jackson?
90. What did Henry Clay get out of the deal?
91. What was the expansion of cotton into the deep South and Southwest from NC all the way to Louisiana and
Georgia called?
Andrew Jackson 1829 – 1837 Democrat-Republican
92. What is the practice of giving government jobs to friends/supporters known as?
93. What extended the right to vote to more white males after the 1820s?
94. When Jackson set out to destroy the national bank it was known as?
95. What was the name of the small state owned banks Jackson put money into that was taken from the national
bank?
96. What happened to the national bank?
97. What was the name of the tariff that was extremely high and hurt Southerners?
98. What did this tariff lead to?
99. What was the name of the Vice President under Jackson who advocated nullification?
100. What was Calhoun’s and South Carolina’s threat to the nation?
101. What law gave Jackson power to use force to keep South Carolina in the Union and enforce the tariff?
102. Who negotiated a compromise that ended the crisis by lowering the tariff gradually?
103. What is the term to describe the division of the nation between Southerners and Northerners?
104. What were the 4 class levels in Southern society?
105. What system was used by farmers with a small amount of slaves that completed a certain task everyday?
106. What system was common on large plantations where slaves worked in gangs and were overseen by a
slave driver?
107. What were 3 examples of slave rebellion?
108. Who led an armed uprising of slaves that killed more than 50 whites in Virginia?
109. The idea that God had given the continent to whites to conquer and justified settling land in the west was
known as?
110. What movement grew between 1815 and 1860 that had native born Americans resenting immigrants?
111. What movement preached that all people could attain grace through faith?
112. Who believed Christian ideas should reform society?
113. Who founded the Mormon religion?
114. Who settled the Mormons in Utah?
115. Who wrote “Civil Disobedience”?
116. What does civil disobedience mean?
117. What famous author was a transcendentalist?
118. Who wrote the first “American novel” The Last of the Mohicans?
119. What movement called for moderation in alcohol use?
120. Who called for prison reform and in mental institutions?
121. Who was an early reformer of education, calling for mandatory school attendance & normal schools?
122. What meeting addressed women’s suffrage and was the beginning of the women’s movement in the U.S.?
123. Who led this meeting?
124. What act protected squatters by guaranteeing them the right to claim land before it was surveyed and the
right to buy up to 160 acres at $1.25/acre?
125. What were people who wanted to settle on land they did not own in the west called?
Martin Van Buren 1837-1841
126. What act provided money for the removal of Indians to a western reservation in Oklahoma?
127. What Supreme Court case rule that Georgia must respect Indian property rights?
128. In 1838, Cherokee Indians were forcibly removed from lands in NC, Tennessee & Georgia to a
reservation in Oklahoma where over 4,000 Cherokee died along the way, what is this known as?
129. What was the name of the recession that dominated Van Buren’s presidency?
William Henry Harrison 1841 – Whig
130. What was Harrison’s campaign slogan?
131. What happened to Harrison?
John Tyler 1841-1845 Whig
132. What treaty set a border between Canada & Maine?
133. What was the name of the secret party that tried to limit immigration and were anti-Catholic?
134. What is a term for a perfect society?
135. What is the movement that preferred feeling over reason?
136. What is the name of cheap newspapers?
137. What idea promoted ending slavery slowly by stopping new slaves from being brought into the U.S. and
slowly abolishing slavery while compensating slaveholders for their loss?
138. What society wanted to end slavery by sending African Americans back to Africa?
139. What idea called for the immediate end to slavery?
140. Who published “The Liberator” a newspaper that advocated abolition?
141. What former slave educated himself, wrote an autobiography and advocated abolition?
142. What white sisters became outspoken against slavery?
143. What African American abolitionist used her wit and stories to make anti-slavery speeches?
144. What two religions argued against slavery?
145. What ‘rule’ stopped all debate in Congress on the slavery issue?
James Polk 1845-1849
146. Who patented the iron plow, allowing the Great Plains to be tilled in 1819?
147. Who invented the mechanical reaper, increasing wheat production?
148. What was the first stopping point for Americans in California?
149. In 1846, a group of overlanders got trapped in the Sierra Nevadas on their way to California and most
died. They were known as?
150. What treaty did Native Americans sign in 1851 agreeing to boundaries and in return they would be able to
keep their land forever?
151. What is the name given to governors in Texas that were given land by the Mexican government in return
for settling it?
152. What was the name of the most successful empresario?
153. What famous battle did the Texans lose in its fight for independence from Mexico?
154. What was Polk’s campaign slogan?
155. What was Polk’s goal for territory?
156. What treaty ended the Mexican American war in 1848?
157. What did the U.S. get out of the treaty?
158. What river did the U.S. want the border with Mexico to be along?
159. What river did Mexico want the border to be along?
160. What proposal said that slavery should not exist in any territory gained from Mexico?
161. What idea states that new territory should be allowed to decide if they want to permit slavery?
162. What party was created in the 1848 election from Northern Whigs and anti-slavery Democrats?
Zachary Taylor 1849-1850
163. When California entered the Union, what caused many people to move there?
164. What compromise created by Henry Clay put off the crisis of slavery in new territories?
165. What act stated that any African American could be accused of being a runaway slave and returned?
166. Who wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” a book about slave life?
167. What is the famous escape route used by slaves?
168. Who was a famous ‘conductor’ on this escape route?
Milliard Fillmore 1850-1853
169. What is the name of the purchase of 30,000 acres in New Mexico and Arizona?
170. What act divided the territories west of Missouri and Iowa into 2 new territories?
Franklin Pierce 1853-1857 Democrat
171. In 1855, violent fighting broke out between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers which gave this nickname
to Kansas?
172. What Supreme Court case ruled that African Americans could not sue in court because they were not
citizens?
173. What other principle did the court rule that was not an issue of the case?
James Buchanan 1857-1861 Democrat
174. Who led a raid on the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry to start an armed slave revolt?
175. Who won the election of 1860?
176. What act gave settlers a title to land in the west up to 160 acres as long as they lived on the land for 5
years?
Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865 Republican
177. What act provided for the construction of a transcontinental railroad?
178. Which state was the first to secede from the Union in response to Lincoln’s election?
179. What was the name of the Fort that South Carolina bombarded to force a surrender in 1861?
180. What was the strategy of the South in the Civil War?
181. What was the name of the strategy of the North that would squeeze the life and supplies out of the South?
182. Which side did Robert E. Lee fight for?
183. What was Lincoln’s goal at the start of the Civil war?
184. What was the name of northerners who supported the Civil war?
185. What was the name of the northerners who opposed the war and wanted reunification?
186. What side did Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson fight for?
187. Who won the 1st Battle of Bull Run?
188. What battle is important for the amount of men killed that shocked Northerners into calling for Grant’s
resignation?
189. Which battle is important because it gave Lee the confidence to invade the North?
190. Which battle was important for the South to win in order to get the backing of Britain?
191. What did this battle convince Lincoln to do?
192. What freed slaves only in states of rebellion, not the border states?
193. What battle was the turning point of the war because it was a major loss for the South because Britain then
decided not support them?
194. Where did Lee surrender to Grant, ending the Civil War?
195. What amendment to the Constitution abolishes slavery?
196. Who killed Lincoln?
Andrew Johnson 1865-1869 Republican
197. What was the name of the era directly after the Civil War?
198. Who did not want to reconcile with the South but instead wanted to transform it?
199. What were the 3 goals of the Radical Reconstruction Plan?
200. What was the goal of Lincoln and Johnson?
201. What act stated that all African Americans were indeed US citizens?
202. What amendment would replace this act making it permanent and giving equal protection to all citizens?
203. What act divided the Southern states into 5 military districts with a Union general at the head of each one?
204. What act required all orders from the President to go through Grant and Congress for approval first?
205. Why was Johnson impeached?
206. Why was Johnson not removed from office?
Ulysses S. Grant 1869 – 1877 Republican
207. What amendment declared that the right to vote could not be denied based on race or previous servitude?
208. What group was created to provide schooling and other programs to recently freed slaves?
209. What was the name given to Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction?
210. What was the name given to white Southerners who supported Republicans and efforts at Reconstruction?
211. What was the name of the secret society organized to drive out Union troops and Northerners to regain
control of the South for the Democrat Party?
212. What act made it a federal crime to interfere with a citizen’s right to vote and outlawed the activities of the
Klan?
213. What 3 amendments are known as the Civil War amendments?
214. What was the outcome of the Civil War for the national government?
215. What railroad working on the transcontinental railroad hired Irish immigrants & Civil War veterans?
216. What railroad working on the transcontinental railroad hired Chinese immigrants?
217. When was the transcontinental railroad finished?
Rutherford B. Hayes 1877 – 1881 Republican
218. Republican reformers like Hayes were called?
219. What was Compromise of 1877?
220. What is the term for farmers who did not pay rent but worked the land they lived on?
221. What was the term for sharecroppers becoming trapped by high debts they could not pay off because most
of their crops went to merchants or the land owner?
222. What was the term given to the South’s return to all Democrats in Southern legislatures?
223. Who invented the telephone?
224. Who influence the common use of the light bulb?
225. Who invented the refrigerated railcar?
226. Who invented the typewriter?
227. What is the 1st national strike?
James Garfield 1881
228. What lured people west?
229. What type of mining is on the surface?
230. What type of mining is deep beneath the earth’s surface?
231. What was the name of a town that suddenly was created due to discovery of silver, copper or gold?
232. What breed cattle was used in the open range?
233. What helped end the open range?
234. What is the name of cattle with no brand?
235. Who were most cowboys before they became cowboys?
236. What are exaggerated tales of cowboys on the open range called?
237. What was the fight over farmers, cowboys, Native Americans and other groups called?
238. What massacre of Native Americans occurred in Colorado as the Cheyenne looked to negotiate with the
military?
Chester A. Arthur 1881-1885
239. What famous Colonel lost his life and the Battle of Little Big Horn?
240. What was the ritual celebration that hoped for a day when settlers would disappear and the buffalo would
return?
241. What act in 1882 banned Chinese immigration for 10 years & prevented Chinese from becoming citizens?
Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 Democrat
242. What were Republican reformers who voted democrat called?
243. What is the name of the Lakota chief who encouraged the dance and to defy the government?
244. What massacre of Native Americans occurred when the military was sent in to arrest the chief?
245. What act in 1887 tried to create boundaries and force Native Americans to assimilate to white culture?
246. What was the term given to railroad entrepreneurs who were perceived as being greedy and corrupt?
247. Who was the oil refining tycoon of Standard Oil?
248. Who was the railroad tycoon?
249. Who was the banking tycoon?
250. What scandal involved a construction company and the Union Pacific rail lines?
251. Which railroad owned by James J. Hill was built without federal grants & didn’t go bankrupt?
252. Who was the steel tycoon?
253. What term means ‘hands off’ government?
254. A merger that combines two of the same businesses is called?
255. A merger that combines a business that buys from the other business is called?
256. A company that doesn’t produce anything but owns stock of companies that do produce goods so it
controls those companies are called?
257. Why did labor unions evolve at this time?
258. What type of union is formed by craft workers with specific skills?
259. What type of union includes people of the same industry?
260. What are 5 tactics businesses used to prevent labor unions?
261. What tactics did labor unions use to gain acceptance and better policies?
262. What philosophy believed there existed a class struggle between workers and owners and workers would
eventually revolt and seize control?
263. What philosophy believes society has no need for government?
264. What was the result of the Haymarket Riot?
265. What was the first nationwide union?
266. What was the biggest labor union in 1900?
267. What is the term for unions that forced businesses to hire only union members?
268. What was the effect of this policy?
269. What was the political movement by farmers to unite and fight unfair business practice?
270. What were the problems faced by farmers after 1860?
271. What was formed to regulate interstate commerce by first limiting railroad rates as a result of the Populist
movement?
272. What was the nation’s first national farm organization?
273. What was farmer’s organization began to gain support in Texas and the South?
274. What party was also known as the populist party?
275. What was the term for people who believed the American currency should be based only on gold?
276. What was the term for people who believed coining silver would solve the economic crisis?
Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893
277. Where did immigrants typically come from in the 1890s?
278. Where were European immigrants typically processed?
279. Where were Asian immigrants typically processed?
280. What was the name of the journalist who wrote about immigrant living?
281. What were dark, crowded multi-family apartments in cities called?
282. What was the name of the famous political machine in NY city called?
283. Who was the boss of this political machine?
284. What’s the term for the late 19th century by Mark Twain meaning golden on the outside but corrupt in?
285. What philosophy opposed government intervention in society like laissez faire because the fittest would
survive naturally?
286. What is the term for the rich helping the poor?
287. Who inspired the Gospel of Wealth?
288. What service offered practical aid and religious counseling to the urban poor?
289. What organization offered bible study, prayer meetings and citizenship training?
290. What movement created places for immigrants and the poor for medicine, education and recreation?
291. Who ran the Hull House?
292. What is another name for immigrants’ assimilation into American culture?
293. What act set up civil service system replacing spoils system making it a requirement to be qualified for a
government job?
294. What act in 1890 attempted to regulate monopolies?
Grover Cleveland 1893-1897
William McKinley 1897-1901 Republican
295. Who did the Populists support in the election of 1896?
296. What was McKinley’s campaign called?
297. What principle did Plessy v Ferguson establish?
298. What laws enforce segregation in the South?
299. What term describes the segregation by custom which occurred in the North?
300. What type of tax was on voting?
301. What was the type of tax meant to accomplish?
302. What was another way to keep African Americans and poor whites from voting?
303. Who fought lynching by writing about it in her newspaper, Memphis Free Speech Newspaper?
304. Who promoted education for African Americans to achieve economic and political goals?
305. Who argued African Americans would only gain their civil rights through demands & activism?
306. What was the name of the speech by Booker T. Washington urging blacks to postpone the fight for Civil
Rights and instead prepare themselves educationally?
307. What is the term for an economic and political domination of a strong country over weaker nations?
308. Why did the U.S. become an imperialistic power?
309. What is the theory that English speaking nations had superior character, ideas and governments and were
therefore destined to dominate?
310. What popular American minister linked Anglo-Saxonism to missionary work saying the purpose was to
protect those that were not superior?
311. Who wrote the White Man’s Burden?
312. What was the policy of showing our ability to fight by showing off our gunboats and artillery such as the
Great White Fleet?
313. Who used this policy on Japan?
314. When was Hawaii annexed?
315. Who was the royal leader who was removed from her throne in Hawaii in order to accomplish annexation?
316. The idea that the U.S. and Latin America should work together is known as?
317. What organization was created to work on promoting cooperation among the nations of the Western
Hemisphere?
318. Who called for a large U.S. navy to protect U.S. merchant trade ships and defend our trade rights?
319. What was the cause of the Spanish American War?
320. What is the term used for newspapers competing with each other with sensationalist and exaggerated
writing?
321. What were the names of the two major newspaper owners and their newspapers?
322. What battleship was sent to Cuba to evacuate Americans but was blown up setting off the war?
323. What Spanish ambassador to the U.S. wrote a letter that insulted President McKinley which also helped
push us into war?
324. What is the attitude of aggressive nationalism called?
325. What was the name of the volunteer cavalry unit that was led by Theodore Roosevelt who fought in the
Spanish American War?
326. What famous hill overlooking Santiago did they capture?
327. What treaty ended the Spanish American War?
328. What did Cuba get out of the treaty?
329. What did the U.S. get out of the treaty?
330. What act created Puerto Rico as an unincorporated territory of the U.S.?
331. What addition to the Cuban constitution did the U.S. require?
332. What were some of the requirements in this amendment?
Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909 Republican
333. What was the policy in regards to China that all nations would be able to trade with China?
334. What is Roosevelt’s foreign policy which meant using U.S. imperial power to get what it wanted?
335. What was the name of the ships sent by Roosevelt to demonstrate U.S. military might?
336. What is the term for an area where a foreign nation controls development in another country?
337. What was the name of the Chinese rebellion where members seized foreign embassies and killed
foreigners?
338. What was the agreement between the U.S. and Japan that gave the U.S. special trading rights with Japan
and allowed more Japanese immigrants into the U.S.?
339. What was the name of the holding company owned by James Hill, J.P. Morgan and Rockefeller that
controlled most of the major railroads?
340. What did this holding company represent?
341. What was Roosevelt’s response to this company?
342. What nickname did he receive from his response?
343. What canal did the U.S. buy from France in Central America?
344. Why did the U.S. purchase it?
345. What was the treaty between the U.S. and Britain which gave the U.S. exclusive rights to build & control
any canals in Central America?
346. What established the U.S. would intervene in Latin America to maintain economic and political stability?
347. What was this policy attached to?
348. What country was this policy first used in?
349. What name was given to journalists such as those below who wrote about social conditions and political
corruption?
350. Who was the author of “How the Other Half Lives” which explored poverty in immigrant neighborhoods?
351. Who wrote “The Jungle” which unveiled the horrors of meatpacking plants and the lives of those
workers?
352. Who wrote articles about business corruption in Standard Oil?
353. What name was given to people who saw problems in society that needed to be resolved?
354. What type of city government would break down jobs into departments over which a city manager would
preside?
355. What city was the first to introduce this type of government after a massive hurricane destroyed their city?
356. What term was given to Progressives who thought society should have less democracy and more control?
357. What term was given to Progressives who thought there should be more responsiveness of government to
the people?
358. What term is where party members vote for a candidate to run in the general election?
359. What term allows citizens to introduce legislation and requires legislatures to vote on it?
360. What term allows voters to demand a special election to remove elected officials before their term
expires?
361. What was the term given to Robert LaFollete’s Wisconsin idea where he instituted the direct primary,
initiatives, referendums and recalls?
362.
What amendment gave Congress the right to impose income taxes?
363. What Progressives wanted to fix social problems like crime, illiteracy and child labor?
364. Which amendment gave citizens the right to directly elect U.S. Senators?
365. Which amendment made the manufacture, sale and drinking of alcohol illegal?
366. What is this amendment also known as?
367. Which amendment was women’s suffrage?
368. What movement advocated the moderation or elimination of alcohol and pressured for the prohibition of
alcohol?
369. What were amendments 16 – 19 known as?
370. What theory believed government should operate and control industries and businesses for the whole
community?
371. Who ran for president in 1912 for the American Socialist Party & got a million votes?
372. What was Roosevelt’s domestic policy called which encompassed his reform programs?
373. Which act prohibited the manufacture, sale and shipment of impure or falsely labeled food or drugs?
374. What movement led by W.E.B. Dubois demanded full political rights and responsibilities for African
Americans?
375. What organization was founded out of this movement?
William H. Taft 1909-1913 Republican
376. What was established as an agency that publicized and investigated problems in child labor?
377. What two acts increased the power of the Interstate Commerce Act/Commission?
Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 Democrat
378. What act in 1914 banned unfair business practices and gave unions the right to exist?
379. What were the 3 main causes of WWI?
380. Who were the Triple Alliance and later the Central Powers?
381. Who were the Triple Entente and later the Allies?
382. What is the idea that people who belong to a nation should have their own government called?
383. What event sparked WWI?
384. What was Wilson’s policy regarding the war?
385. What were German submarines called?
386. What ship was fired upon by German ships and sunk killing 128 Americans?
387. What pledge was given by Germany not to sink merchant ships without warning?
388. Did Germany abide by the pledge?
389. What is the name of the telegram sent to Mexico from the German ambassador promising the return of
Arizona, Texas and New Mexico if Mexico would help Germany fight the U.S.?
390. In March of 1917 how many U.S. merchant ships did the Germans sink?
391. What 4 new tactics were used WWI, which had never been used before?
392. What was the conscription system set up by Congress called?
393. What organization coordinated the production of war materials?
394. What were individual gardens that people were urged to plant for their own food called?
395. Why were they encouraged to plant these?
396. What was introduced to try and conserve energy (oil & coal) and is still used today?
397. What did the government sell to borrow money for war production?
398. What event saw the massive movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities for
factory jobs?
399. What act established penalties and prison terms for anyone aiding the enemy or who showed disloyalty to
the U.S. or interfered with the war effort?
400. What act made it illegal to be publicly opposed to the war?
401. What Supreme Court decision ruled that an individual’s freedom of speech could be curbed in wartime?
402. What tactic was used when troops dug in trenches making it easier to take a defensive position?
403. What was the nickname given to Americans in WWI?
404. Which battle was the most massive attack in U.S. History with 600,000 troops that opened German lines
and led to the German cease fire?
405. What treaty ended WWI?
406. What were the 3 most important things Germany had to do as stated in the treaty?
407. When was the treaty signed?
408. The leaders of the Allied nations (Wilson, George, Clemenceau and Orlando) were also known as?
409. What was the name given to Wilson’s plan to eliminate the general causes of war?
410. What 4 ways did he expect war could be avoided?
411. What was Wilson’s 14th point?
412. Who did not join the League of Nations?
413. What name was given to those opposed to the League of Nations for fear the League would supersede the
U.S. government?
414. What name was given to those who supported the League if a statement allowed preservation of U.S.
independence?
415. Who led this group of people?
416. What two movements exploded after the war?
417. What was the term given to the fear that communism was taking over the country?
418. A division of the justice department called the FBI was formed out of this event?
Warren G. Harding 1921-1923 Democrat
419. What was Harding’s campaign slogan?
420. Why did he make this his slogan?
421. What were Harding’s friends from Ohio he put into his cabinet called?
422. What scandal involved Harding’s Secretary of Interior when he sold public land to private businesses in
Wyoming?
Calvin Coolidge 1923-1928 Democrat
423. What was Coolidge’s campaign slogan?
424. What was Coolidge’s nickname?
425. Why was the 1920s nicknamed the ‘Jazz Age’?
426. Why was the 1920s also nicknamed the ‘Roaring 20s’?
427. What idea arose again in the 1920s against immigrants?
428. What group turned from targeting African Americans to immigrants as well and grew to its highest
membership?
429. What was the false science that stated human inequalities were inherited and warned against breeding with
inferiors?
430. What case involved 2 self claimed anarchist immigrant charged with murder?
431. What was the importance of this case?
432. What new movement was characterized by women who joined the workforce for careers and people got
married for friendship and love?
433. What new movement was characterized by a new reliance on the authority of the Bible?
434. What was the belief that opposed evolution by believing that God created the world as described in the
Bible?
435. What trial convicted a teacher in Tennessee for teaching evolution?
436. What is the term for illegal bars and nightclubs selling alcohol?
437. What act increased enforcement powers of the Prohibition Amendment?
438. What is the term for illegal production and distribution of liquor?
439. What act limited immigration by allowing only a set number of people in based on their ethnic origin?
440. What was the flowering of African American Arts in NY City called?
441. Name of a famous author who wrote about African American culture?
442. Name of a famous musician with an improvisational style of jazz based on ragtime?
443. Name of a poet who described the plight of African Americans?
444. What was the name of the most famous speakeasy in Harlem?
445. Name of the first African American elected to the House of Representatives in 1928?
446. What 3 important things did he accomplish in office?
447. Who was the “Empress of the Blues”?
448. What was the first talking picture show in 1927?
449. What African American advocated separation and economic independence for blacks?
450. What movement did he pursue?
451. What organization did he lead?
452. What movement glorified black culture and traditions?
453. What economic theory involved lowering taxes so businesses & people would invest and spend more?
454. What Secretary of Treasury established the new ‘supply side economics’ as economic policy?
455. What were his 3 goals?
456. Who first incorporated the assembly line into his factories?
457. What famous car did he produce?
458. What were the effects of the automobile?
459. What act allowed the postal service to use airplanes to carry the mail?
460. What act provided federal money to build airports?
461. Who flew the first transatlantic solo flight in 1927 demonstrating possibility for commercial flight?
462. What two broadcasting companies were the first major commercial radio businesses?
463. What group of people did not experience the prosperity of the 1920s?
464. What was the overwhelming feeling of Americans after WWI?
465. What treaty outlawed war?
466. What government report showed arms manufacturers had made huge profits from WWI and therefore
convinced Americans they tricked them into going to war?
Herbert Hoover 1929-1933 Republican
467. What was the issue in the 1928 election?
468. What is the major even that occurred during Hoover’s presidency?
469. What is the established system for buying and selling shares of companies?
470. What were 3 causes of the Great Depression?
471. What day did prices take the steepest dive during the Stock Market crash?
472. What is the term for when a stockbroker would demand an investor pay for the full loan amount?
473. What is the term for buying stock not because of a company’s profits but because the market is going up?
474. What were the causes of the Dust Bowl?
475. What is the term for long lines of people waiting to receive food?
476. What is the term given to villages of shacks built by homeless on unused land?
477. Who were people who packed their cars and headed to California to escape the Dust bowl?
478. Who wrote “The Grapes of Wrath”, a book about a family who left the Dust bowl for California?
479. Hoover opposed direct federal government relief to the Depression and instead thought who should handle
it?
480. What army consisted of WWI veterans who wanted their bonus checks and marched on Washington for
them?
Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1933-1945 Democrat
481. What was Roosevelt plan to recover from the Great Depression called?
482. Why was it different from Hoover’s plan?
483. What was important about FDR’s first 100 days in office?
484. What was the term given to FDR’s closing of all banks to give Congress time to pass legislation?
485. What was the name of Roosevelt’s weekly radio address which was meant to instill confidence back in
Americans?
486. What commission was created to regulate the stock market and prevent fraud?
487. What provided government insurance for bank deposits up to a certain amount?
488. What was the result of this program?
489. What program offered unemployed young men the opportunity to work under the forestry service keeping
up national parks and building reservoirs?
490. Who was the governor of Louisiana that helped the poor with government programs and was outspoken
against FDR?
491. What Catholic priest had his own radio show and was also outspoken against FDR?
492. What was the term given to another set of programs pushed by FDR but after 1935?
493. What program was created to build highways, roads, public buildings and parks?
494. What act created an unemployment system, disability insurance, old age pension and child welfare
benefits?
495. What plan of FDR’s gave him a bad reputation when he tried to add 7 new justices to the Supreme Court
because the other 9 kept declaring his programs as unconstitutional?
496. Who developed the economic theory that governments needed to spend heavily in order to jumpstart the
economy?
497. What term means the federal government was expected to step in and settle disputes and look after the
interest of Americans?
498. Did Roosevelt experience a Recession while in office?
499. What were 2 important effects of the New Deal?
500. What was the cause of WWII?
501. What 3 dictators came to power at the beginning of WWII?
502. What is the term for aggressive nationalism that involves the belief that the nation is more important than
the individual?
503. Who led the Bolshevik party in Russia and established a Communist government uniting all territories in
the Russian empire?
504. What was this Communist country renamed?
505. Who became the leader of this country after Lenin died?
506. What act made it illegal to sell arms to any country at war?
507. What was the foreign policy most Americans wanted to follow in regards to WWII?
508. What was the name of the alliance between Japan, Germany and Italy?
509. What was the policy followed by Britain and France in regards to Germany and keeping peace?
510. What act revised the Neutrality Act of 1935, allowing warring nations to buy weapons from the U.S. if
they picked them up and paid cash for them?
511. What is the name of the speech Roosevelt gave to Congress to convince them to aid Britain in the war?
512. Which act allowed the U.S. to lend or lease arms to any country considered vital to the defense of the
U.S.?
513. What was the name of the agreement between Roosevelt and Churchill that allowed for a post war world
of democracy with non-aggression, free trade, economic advancement and freedom of the seas?
514. What conference between Britain, France, Italy & Germany gave in to Hitler’s demands for the
Sudetenland?
515. What type of warfare was characterized by Germany’s invasion of Poland?
516. What caused Britain and France to declare war on Germany?
517. What was the term given to the evacuation of British and French soldiers out of Belgium?
518. What battle lasted through the summer of 1940 between the RAF & the Luftwaffe?
519. What event finally brought the U.S. into WWII on December 7, 1941?
520. What campaign was for African Americans to achieve a double victory, over Hitler’s racism abroad and
racism at home?
521. What was the name of the famous African American fighter pilots that played an important role in the
Mediterranean?
522. What industry produced 1/3 of all military equipment during the war?
523. What was the first peacetime draft in American history after France surrendered to Germany?
524. Who symbolized women working in a factory in place of her boyfriend who went to serve overseas in the
Marines?
525. What program arranged over 200,000 Mexican workers to come in and work on the farms in the
Southwest and to maintain the railroads?
526. What area of the country grew rapidly at this time as manufacturing began growing here?
527. What Supreme Court case fought the internment of Japanese-Americans during WWII?
528. What riots occurred due to racism against Mexican Americans?
529. What was the catastrophe that ravaged Europe’s Jews during WWII?
530. What German laws took citizenship away from German Jews and banned marriage between Germans and
Jews?
531. What was the “Night of Broken Glass” that was a night of anti-Jewish violence?
532. What was the meeting of 15 Nazi leaders to determine ‘the final solution of the Jewish Question’?
533. What was one of the first and largest concentration camps?
534. What was the infamous extermination and concentration camp where an estimated 1,600,000 people died?
Harry Truman 1945-1953 Democrat
535. What battle was one of Hitler’s last attacks on American lines in Belgium?
536. What island battle was important for the refueling of American bombers?
537. What bombing raid was the first bombing mission to Tokyo and was an instant morale booster to the U.S.
after Pearl Harbor?
538. What battle was the turning point in the Pacific for the U.S.?
539. What battle was the turning point of the war in Europe?
540. Who were the Big 3?
541. What was the code name for the planned invasion of Normandy?
542. What general led this invasion?
543. What was the invasion known as?
544. What was the American program to build an atomic bomb called?
545. Who led the building of the bomb?
546. Why did Truman decide to drop the bomb?
547. What was the name of the B-29 bomber that dropped the bomb?
548. What was the first city the bomb was dropped on?
549. What was the second city the bomb was dropped on?
550. What is the name of the day Japan surrendered to the U.S.?
551. What is the name of the day Germany surrendered to the Allies?
552. What international organization was created in Dumbarton Oaks Estate to maintain international peace?
553. What international military tribunal was created to try Nazi war criminals?
554. After WWII, who made up the majority of immigrants?
555. What is the name of the bitter war between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. lasting from 1945-1990?
556. What term refers to keeping communism within its present territory?
557. What telegram by George Kennan explained his views of Soviet goals?
558. What was Truman’s policy on how to fight Soviet aggression by pledging the US to fight communism
worldwide?
559. What European recovery plan would give European nations American aid to rebuild after WWII?
560. Why was this plan important to fighting communism?
561. What crisis occurred because Soviets cut off all road and rail traffic into Berlin because the U.S., France
and Britain merged their zones in Germany?
562. What organization was created as a mutual defense alliance among 12 western nations?
563. What Eastern European organization was created in response to West Germany joining NATO?
564. What revolution caused China’s fall to communism?
565. Who led this revolution?
566. What did Stalin erect in Berlin to distinguish the East from the West?
567. What did Churchill coin the division between Eastern Europe and Western Europe as?
568. What war pitted the U.S., U.N. & South Korean troops against China & North Korean troops?
569. What term was given to Truman’s commitment to keeping Korea a limited objective of containing
communism?
570. What term refers to the effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government?
571. What refers to the era of fear in the U.S. that communists would subvert the government?
572. What program screened all federal employees for subversion?
573. What organization was formed to investigate both communist and fascist activities in the U.S.?
574. Who was accused of selling the Soviets US atom bomb secrets and were later put to death for treason?
575. Who claimed in 1950 to have a list of State Department officials who were Communists?
576. What was a modern day ‘witch hunt’ spurred by this man that had many people paranoid?
577. What was the downfall of McCarthy?
578. Why was it his downfall?
579. What was tested first by the Soviets in 1953 which was more powerful than the A-bomb?
Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-1961
580. What was Eisenhower’s theory that the best way to prevent a conventional war was to threaten nuclear
weapons?
581. What is the willingness to go the brink of war to force the other side to back down?
582. What was the first Soviet satellite launched into space called?
583. Why was this a fear and problem for the U.S.?
584. What did Sputnik lead to?
585. What was caught in Russian airspace and shot down?
586. Why did this matter?
587. What act added 40,000 miles of highway in the U.S. which contributed to the growth of the suburbs?
588. What became the most popular form of entertainment in the late 1940s and 1950s?
589. Who had a wildly popular variety show?
590. What type of show was the most popular?
591. Who was the ‘king’ of Rock n Roll?
592. What was one of the first suburbs in NY and was a sign of America’s conformity?
593. What was the period from 1945-1961 where over 61 million babies were born in the U.S.?
594. What disease was still a massive and fatal problem for Americans?
595. Who developed an injectable vaccine to combat this disease?
596. What movement was a group of mostly white artists who sought to live unconventional lives?
597. Who were some popular African American musicians of this time?
598. What was the poorest region in the country at this time?
599. What programs tried to eliminate poverty by tearing down slum and erecting new high rise buildings?
600. What was the poorest group of people in the country at this time?
601. What policy withdrew all official recognition of Native Americans as sovereign but made them subject to
the same laws as whites?
602. What is the name of a famous Beat poet who wrote “On The Road”?
John F. Kennedy 1961-1963 Democrat
603. What was Kennedy’s legislative agenda called, which focused on increasing education and health
insurance?
604. What was the name for Kennedy’s fear that the U.S. lagged behind the Soviets in weaponry?
605. What was Kennedy criticized for when running in the 1960 election?
606. What program sent young people to developing countries to perform humanitarian services?
607. What is the name of the liberal court under Kennedy?
608. What Supreme Court ruling desegregated schools and launched the Civil Rights Movement?
609. What 3 Supreme Court rulings under the Warren Court created a due process that courts and law enforcers
must follow?
612. What Supreme Court ruling made prayer in schools illegal under the establishment clause?
613. What was the term for Kennedy’s foreign policy of using conventional troops first before nuclear weapons
to fight a more limited war?
614. What event occurred when Cuban exiles trained by the CIA tried to overthrow Castro in Cuba?
615. What crisis occurred that defined Kennedy’s presidency when the Soviets were placing nuclear missiles in
Cuba, aimed at the U.S.?
616. What was the negotiation result out of this crisis?
617. What was the effect of this crisis on Soviet – U.S. relations?
618. What report stated that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin of JFK?
Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1969 Democrat
619. What was Johnson’s domestic policy agenda called?
620. What did Johnson declare war on?
621. What is Medicare and Medicaid?
622. What program created early preschool programs for poor communities?
623. What act ensured African Americans’ right to vote?
624. What organization authorized federal subsidies to cities to build low income housing?
625. What is segregation caused by custom but no laws exist?
626. What Supreme Court case desegregated schools “with all deliberate speed”, leading to the Civil Rights
movement?
627. What organization was established in 1909 but gathered momentum heading up the Civil Rights
movement?
628. What African American political group used sit-ins as a form of protest to desegregate restaurants?
629. What group was established by Martin Luther King, Jr and was a group of African American ministers
trying to eliminate segregation and encourage blacks to vote?
630. What group led by Marion Barry played a key role in desegregating dozens of public facilities in the
South?
631. What are three methods of non-violent protest used during the Civil Rights movement?
634. Name the pastor from Alabama who became the leader of the Civil Rights movement.
635. What crisis did the governor of Arkansas use state militia to oppose the federal government?
636. What was Eisenhower’s response to the governor?
637. Who refused to sit in the back of the bus, beginning the Montgomery bus boycott?
638. What type of protest did Martin Luther King, Jr. advocate?
639. What two people influenced Martin Luther King, Jr?
640. What project sent SNCC volunteers to the south to register African American voters?
641. What was the response of local officials?
642. What is the name given to CORE volunteers who rode integrated buses through the South to push for
integrated bus travel?
643. Who was the first black to attend the University of Mississippi but was first blocked by the governor until
Kennedy sent troops?
644. What letters were written by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. while in jail which explained his thoughts on
Civil Disobedience?
645. What event did Martin Luther King organize that involved 200,000 people and gave his I Have a Dream
Speech?