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Abréu, Ramón, 119
Abréu, Santiago, 120
Acoma Pueblo, 31fig
A’dalhaba’k’ia, chief, 220, 221fig
Adams-Onis Treaty of Limits (1819),
18
Agreda, Marı́a de, 263
El Águila Mexicana (newspaper), 229
Aguirre Beltrán, Gonzalo, 53
Alamán, Lucas, 17–18, 29
Alamo, the 167fig
Alarid, Jesús Marı́a, 119
alcohol
bando (1796) regulating sale of, 111
imports of, 106–7, 110
increase of distilleries/cantinas
serving, 112–14
public drunkenness due to, 111–12,
114–15
sold to Indians, 114–15
Aldrete, José Miguel, 71
Alessio Robles, Vito, 152, 155
Almonte, Valentı́n Gómez, 150–2
Alpuche, José Marı́a, 69
Altamirano, Ignacio Manuel, 216
Álvarez, Fray Sebastián, 135
Álvarez, Manuel, 141
American expansionism
contemporary historiography
context of, 5–6
Manifest Destiny and, 6, 174, 267
See also United States
American market
conditioning identity choices, 3–5
implications of identity choice
argument regarding, 5–8
See also mercantile enterprise (New
Mexico); mercantile enterprise
(Texas)
American Southwest
development of the, 37–45
expansion of Indian settlements in,
45–6m, 47–55
Mexican approval of settlements by
Cherokees, 41–2
See also Far North
El Ancla (newspaper), 230
Angelia (American schooner), 23
Anglo-American immigrants (New
Mexico)
Church efforts to incorporate, 81
land grants tied to citizenship/
conversion/marriage by, 81
limited participation in
independence rituals, 87
response to poor medical facilities
by, 107–10
token Catholic conversion by, 87–8
See also foreign-born residents
Anglo-American immigrants (Texas)
disengagement from
federalist-centralist dispute by,
160–1
flooding into Texas (1823–30), 23–4
295
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296
Anglo-American immigrants (cont.)
Fredonia uprising (1826) by
Cherokees and, 40–1
Galveston Bay and Texas Land
Company role with, 23–4
lack of support for centralism by,
166
Law of April 6, 1830 forbidding
more, 23–4, 29, 120
outnumbering Mexican Texans by
1835, 22
as part of effort to populate Texas,
27–9
public accounts regarding
repudiation of Catholicism by,
233–4
rejection of Mexican federal presence
in Texas by, 24–5
resentment over tariff collection by,
24–5
response to poor medical facilities by,
107–10
See also foreign-born residents; Texas
Anglo-American merchants
control over Santa Fe Trail/
Texas–Louisiana trade by, 98,
117–19
mercantile enterprise dominated by
French and, 96–9
Anglo-American squatters (Texas)
events triggering Fredonia uprising
(1826) by, 40–5
limited land grant access by, 72
Anglo-Texan colonies
development of, 37–41
irrelevance of formal boundaries in,
38–40
map showing, 39m
See also Texas
Apess, William, 216
Archuleta, Diego, 255
Archuleta, Juan Andrés, 255
Arkansas River, 29
Armijo, Manuel
appeal to Ortiz regarding
intermarriage issues, 140
character of, 213, 250
© Cambridge University Press
Index
as counterrevolutionary movement
leader, 185–7
dispute over secret agreement
between Magoffin and, 251
experience as representative of
nuevomexicanos, 243–4
grants to foreign-born merchants by,
34
illustration of, 189fig
impact of military centralization on
administration of, 243–4
instability following resignation of,
245
mayordomo de fábrica appointment
of, 82
political goals during New Mexican
occupation, 246–8
preparation for invasion by, 251–2
proclamation on Texas invasion
(1840) by, 231
questions regarding retreat by, 252–3
regarding New Mexican support of
Texas, 234
Santa Fe expedition captured by,
227, 243
transition to world of commerce by,
101
Army of the West
entrance into Santa Fe by, 253
march into Las Vegas by, 237–8
Montezuma’s shrine visited by, 261
swath through New Mexico by,
238–9
See also New Mexican occupation
Atascosito crisis (1831), 121
Austin, Henry, 165
Austin, Moses, 40
Austin, Stephen F.
American citizenship given up by, 2
friendship between Erasmo Seguı́n
and, 69
on political character of Far North,
149
regarding intermarriage, 141
response to Law of April 6 by, 24
as successful empresario, 37–8, 65–6,
67fig
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Austin City Gazette (newspaper), 206–7,
209
Austin Sentinel (newspaper), 202
ayuntamiento members (San Antonio)
dissolution (1837) of, 176
free-trade leanings of, 117–19
meeting over federalism–centralism
disputes, 160
opposition to Departmental Plan by,
176
See also San Antonio (New Mexico)
Baca, Bartolomé, 118
baldı́os (Texas vacant lands)
awarded through land grants, 64–5
federalist–centralist debate over,
74
as part of development strategy,
64
tied to ideology and federalism, 73–4
See also empresario system (Texas)
Bandelier, Adolph F., 258, 263
bando (1796) regulating alcohol sales,
111
Barceló, Gertrudis (doña Tules),
102
Barrett, Carlos, 165
Las Bases de Tacubaya (Mexican
constitution), 241
Las Bases Orgánicas (Mexican
constitution), 241
Bautista Pino, Juan, 181
Bean, Peter Ellis, 68–9
Beaubien-Miranda grant, 34
Bellido, Father Manuel, 82–3, 134–5,
137, 143
Bent, Charles, 97, 115–16, 239,
258
Bent, George, 115
Benton, Thomas Hart, 74
Bent’s Fort, 97, 115
Berlandier, Luis, 20
Black Hawk, 216
Blair, Francis Preston, Jr., 115
Bonnell, George W., 202, 204
Borden, Gail, 201
Bordieau, Pierre, 271
© Cambridge University Press
297
Botón de Fierro, Chief (Cherokee
nation), 58
boundaries
debate over Louisiana Purchase,
17–18, 20
irrelevance in Anglo-Texan colonies,
38–40
Nacogdoches–Natchitoches corridor,
40
U.S.–Mexican treaty (1828) over,
19–20
Boundary Commission (Mexico)
concern over “foreign” Indians by,
48–9
formation of and issues overseen by,
20–2
reports on trade corruption made to,
120
Bourke, John G., 263
Bowie, James, 132, 164
Bradburn, Juan Davis, 23, 121–2
Brazos inlet customhouse, 22
Brenham, Richard F., 202, 204
Brigham, Asa, 161
La Brisa (newspaper), 230
Brodhead, Richard H., 235
Brown, Henry, 163
Bulock’s Logs (newspaper), 202
Burnet, David G., 65, 163
Bustamante, Anastasio, 45, 121, 171,
192
Bustamante, Carlos Marı́a de, 226–8,
235
Butler, Anthony, 18
Caballero, José, 191–2
Caddo Indians, 57–8
Cameron, John, 65, 161
Cantón de la Cañada (New Mexico),
176
Carbajal, José Marı́a de Jesús, 70–1,
121
Carpio, 52–3
Carson, Josefa Jaramillo, 125fig
Casiano, José, 99–100, 119, 159,
169
Castro (Lipan Apache chief), 58
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298
Catholic Church (New Mexico)
as anti-American during occupation,
258
as bulwark of Mexican patriotism,
83
centralizing program of, 80–1
Chimayó Rebellion supported by
clergy of, 177–80
comparing Texas land
administration to administration
of, 81–3
conversion prior to intermarriage
conducted by, 136–7
counterrevolutionary movement role
of, 190, 192–6
efforts to incorporate foreign-born
population into, 81
expression of local religiosity and,
77–8
impact of secularization and
declining power of, 76–9
as intermarriage gatekeepers,
134–43
Penitenete movement (19th century),
77–8fig, 179–80
power and influence of, 74
resistance to Americanization of
territory by, 83
Zubirı́a’s visit to, 74–5fig, 76m,
79–81
Catholic Church (Texas)
public accounts regarding
Anglo-Texan repudiation of,
233–4
token conversion by Anglo-American
settlers to, 87–8
centralism
collective identity rhetoric of, 170
lack of support by Anglo-Americans
for, 166
New Mexican tax code rumors and,
176–7
New Mexico’s rebellion (1837–8)
against Departmental Plan of,
174–7
rising sentiment against, 173–4
tejano distrust of, 160, 170
© Cambridge University Press
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See also federalism–centralism
dispute
centralist project (1834–6), 149
Cerdanyan national identities, 3
Chaplin, Chichester, 42–3
Chávez, Amado, 263
Chávez, Francisco, 135, 143
Chávez, Mariano, 101, 189
Chávez y Castillo, José, 242
Cherokee Phoenix and Indian Advocate
(newspaper), 216
Cherokees
federalism–centralism dispute and,
163–4
Fredonia uprising (1826) by
Anglo-Americans and, 40–5
impact of colonization law (1825)
on, 42
land grants secured by, 72
Mexican approval of settlements by,
41–2
See also indigenous population
Cheyenne man (drawing), 48fig
Chimayó Rebellion (1837)
compared to Texan rebellion, 173–4
connections between Penitente
movement and, 179–80
against Departmental Plan of
centralism, 174–7
efforts by Catholic Church to curtail,
190, 192–6
evidence of support for permanent
secession by leaders of, 185–6
examining events of, 13–14
fears of indigenous uprising during,
186–8
leaders of the, 184–5
pronunicamiento on, 175–6, 179
Pueblo Indian support of, 180–3
rebellions following, 196
rumors of new tax code circulating
prior to, 176–7
supported by Catholic Church
clergy, 177–80
victories and events of, 183–8
See also New Mexican revolutionary
path
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Chovell, Rafael, 20
Coahuila
events leading to Texas Revolution
in, 150–64
events leading toward secession by,
164–70
impact of colonization law (1825)
issued by, 28–9, 42
influence of politicians from, 62–3
organized as autonomous state
(1824), 174
realignment from federalism to
centralism at, 149–50
Santa Anna’s march into (1835–6),
164
two rival state governments formed
in, 158–61
Col, Santiago, 88
Columbia Patriot (newspaper), 207
Comanche confederation
alliance between Kiowas and, 222–4
autonomy of, 49
political organizations of, 11
Comanche man (drawing), 50fig
Combs, Franklin, 202, 205, 212–13
Conklin, Santiago (James), 131
Conquest of Mexico (Prescott), 204
Cooke, Philip St. George, 249–50
Córdova, Vicente, 159, 163–4
El Correo Atlántico (newspaper), 201,
229
Cos, Martı́n Perfecto de, 156, 166
El Cosmopolita (newspaper), 229–30
Cotten, Godwin B., 201
Craver, Rebecca McDowell, 131–2
El crepúsculo de la libertad (newspaper),
229
Crescent (American schooner), 23
Crespı́n, José Marı́a, 52–3
Cuba, 270
Custer, George Armstrong, 220
Dana, Richard H., 204
Davis, W. W. H., 129, 133
Delaware Indians, 48
Departmental Plan (New Mexico),
174–7
© Cambridge University Press
299
Diego, Juan, 263
diligencia matrimonial (prenuptial
investigation), 136
Dill, James, 41
Dimmitt, Philip, 165
dispensa de extranjerı́a (dispensation for
being foreign), 137, 139–40
dispensa de vagos (dispensation for
vagrancy), 137–8
Dohasan, Chief, 215fig
Dohasan calendar, 215, 223, 225
Durán, Agustı́n, 119
economic activities. See mercantile
enterprise (New Mexico);
mercantile enterprise (Texas)
Edwards, Benjamin, 42–3
Edwards, Haden, 42–3, 45, 65
Elozúa, Antonio, 26
Emigrant’s Guide to Texas (1835), 107–8,
112–13
empresario system (Texas)
administrative network favoritism
and, 71–2
described, 38n53
established to motivate colonization,
37
map of grants under, 66m
rife between escoceses and yorkinos
due to, 68–70
tied to ideology and politics, 73–4
See also baldı́os (Texas vacant lands)
Escole, Juan (Scolly), 88
Esmit, Guillermo (Smith), 88
Esquibel, Juan José, 176
Estevenson, Hugo (Stevenson), 186
“Extended Account” (Falconer), 202
Falconer, Thomas, 202, 206, 210–11,
213, 222
Far North
alternative lifestyles represented by
foreign goods into, 116–17
as disconnected from Mexican
politics, 60
increased economic dependence on
U.S. by, 105–6
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300
Far North (cont.)
institutional development along,
91–2
link between political dissent and
secessionism in, 148–9
map of Mexico’s, 19m
market revolution experiences by,
123–4
medicines/physicians/medical
facilities in, 107–10
mercantile enterprise development
in, 93–105
overlapping civil, military, political,
and cultural elements of, 59–60
See also American Southwest
federalism
baldı́os tied to ideology and, 73–4
shifting loyalties during shift to
centralism from, 149–50, 152–64
federalism–centralism dispute
Anglo-American settlers
disengagement from, 160–1
indigenous population and, 163–4
issue of slavery during, 161–3
shifting loyalties during, 140–50, 152
See also centralism; New Mexican
revolutionary path; Texan
revolutionary path
“Federalist Zacatecan” missive
(Santangelo), 146–8
Ferdinand, King (Spain), 26
Fields, Richard, 41–2, 45
“Fifth Division” (Mexico), 242
Filisola, Vicente, 163
Fisher, George, 24–5
Flores de Abrego, Juan Joseph, 111
foreign-born residents
control over Santa Fe
Trail/Texas–Louisiana trade by,
117–19
land grants tied to intermarriage for,
81, 130–1
mercantile enterprise dominated by,
96–9
Mexican citizenship through
intermarriage with, 124–5,
129–34
© Cambridge University Press
Index
mixed racial background of, 125–6
perceptions of Mexican women by,
128–9
racial background of, 126
scarcity of females among, 127–8
See also Anglo-American immigrants
(New Mexico); Anglo-American
immigrants (Texas); intermarriage
Fredonia Republic, 40, 44m, 45
Fredonia uprising (1826), 40–5
Freemasonry
colonization facilitated by, 61
empresario contracts secured by
members of, 67–8
rife between escoceses and yorkinos,
68–70
rising activity following Mexican
independence of, 61–2
Scottish Rite Masons of, 61–3
among the tejanos, 69
York Rite Masons of, 62–3
French merchants
control over Santa Fe Trail/
Texas–Louisiana trade by, 98,
117–19
mercantile enterprise dominated by
Anglo–American and, 96–9
fur trade, 103–4
Gallagher, Peter, 199, 210–12, 222
Galveston Bay and Texas Land
Company, 23–4
Galveston Bay customhouse, 22
Gálvez, José de, 49
Garcı́a Conde, Francisco, 242
Garcı́a de Lara, Manuel, 250
Garza, Carlos de la, 159
Garza, Father Refugio de la, 26–7,
138–9, 141–3
genı́zaro status (indigenous population),
53
Gómez Farı́as, Valentı́n, 69, 167
Gómez Pedraza, Manuel, 171
Gonzáles, José, 183–5, 191, 194, 196
González Ortega, José, 249–50
El Gran Cadó (Caddo chief), 57–8,
103
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Grant, James, 161
Gregg, Josiah, 187
Griné, José, 135
group identity
arguments on construction of
Texan/New Mexican, 264–71
assumptions of Mexican–American
War and, 264
scholarship on formation of, 11
See also identity choices; national
identity
Grover, George W., 202, 204, 210
Gruenwald, Kim M., 269
Guerra, Anita de la, 132
Guerrero, Vicente, 64, 121, 192
Guidens, Santiago, 88
Gutiérrez, Ramón A., 133
Hall, Thomas D., 53
Hapsburg, Maximilian of, 84
Herrera, José Joaquı́n de, 244–5
Hidalgo, Father Miguel, 87, 177
Houston, Sam, 164
Hull, Geo R., 221
Humboldt, Alexander von, 15–16
identity choices
commonalities of, 268–9
implications of argument on, 5–8
state and market forces conditioning,
3–5
See also group identity; national
identity
indigenous population
alcohol sold to, 114–15
Chimayó Rebellion (1837) and fears
of uprising by, 186–8
Coahuila and Texas Colonization
Law (1825) on, 29
diminishing population of, 207–8
expansion of New Mexican and
Texan settlements by, 45–6m,
47–55
federalism–centralism dispute and,
163–4
fur trade ventures by, 103–4
genı́zaro status of Hispanicized, 53
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301
limited land grant access by, 72
media’s ranking system of, 208–10
pledged allegiance to Mexican state
by, 52
ritual exchange between Mexican
government and nomadic, 90–1
Texan Santa Fe Expedition (1841) as
recorded by, 215–26
U.S. media portrayal of, 209, 211
winter calendars kept by, 215–26
See also specific tribes
industrialism and nationalism link,
8n10
intermarriage
Catholic Church as gatekeeper to,
134–43
Catholic conversion prior to,
136–7
diligencia matrimonial (prenuptial
investigation) prior to, 136
as gateway into Mexican citizenship,
124–5, 129–34
land grants tied to citizenship,
conversion and, 81, 130–1
mixed racial background of
foreign-born residents and, 125–6
mutual benefits of, 144–5
parental control over, 133
regulation by early national
authorities, 134–5
role of parental economic/social
aspirations in, 132–4
Royal Pragmatic on Marriage decree
(1776) on, 133, 142
Spanish Crown erection of barriers
against, 126–7
state involvement in, 143–4
See also foreign-born residents;
Mexican women
Irving, Washington, 211
Iturbide, Agustı́n de, 57–8, 84, 86fig
Jaramillo, Francisco, 187
Johnson, Francis W., 158
junta popular (Chimayó movement
leaders), 184–5, 187
Justiniani, Cayetano, 173
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Karankawa Indians, 53–4
Kavanagh, Thomas W., 11, 91
Kearny, Stephen W., 237–8, 247,
252–3
Kendall, George Wilkins, 199–200,
202, 204–6, 210–13
Kikapo Indians, 48–9
Kiowa calendars, 215–26
Kiowa Indians, 219–26
Kiowa warrior, 224fig
Lamar, Howard, 7
Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte, 205
land grants. See empresario system
(Texas)
Larrañaga, Cristóbal Marı́a de, 107
El Látigo de Tejas (newspaper), 230
Law of April 6, 1830, 22–4, 29, 120,
151, 158
Leal, James W., 239
Lecompte, Janet, 175, 184
Lee, Stephen L., 239
Leftwich, Robert, 65
León, Fernando de, 160
León, Martı́n de, 160
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 204
Leyba, Father José Francisco, 194
La Lima de Vulcano (newspaper), 229
literary accounts. See media/literary
accounts
Llano, Manuel M. del, 154, 156
Loba, Cristóbal, 135
Lobato, Juan, 135
Lone Star Republic, 234–5
See also Texas
Louisiana Purchase boundary debate,
17–18, 20
Lovato, Miguel Antonio, 190
Lucero, Julián, 188
McAfee, Robert B., 252
McLeod, Hugh, 197
Madariaga, Curate Francisco Ignacio,
177, 189
Madero, José Francisco, 112, 121
Magoffin, Santiago (James W.), 110,
249–52
© Cambridge University Press
Index
Magoffin, Susan Shelby, 127
Mallery, Garrick, 219–20
Manifest Destiny, 6, 174, 267
Manuelito (Pueblo Indian), 180
maps
Anglo-Texan colonies, 39m
empresario grants in Texas, 66m
expansion of New Mexican and
Texan Indians settlements, 46m
main commercial routes between
U.S. and Mexico, 95m
Mexican land grants (1821–53), 36m
Mexico’s Far North, 19m
Mexico’s territorial control
(early-19th century) over New
Mexico, 35m
Pueblo Indians (16th century), 30m
Republic of the Red and White
Peoples (Republic of Fredonia),
44m
Texan Santa Fe Expedition (1841),
198m
Texas as envisioned in Colonization
Law (1825), 28m
Zubirı́a’s visit to New Mexico
(1833), 76m
market persuasion, conditions of, 4–5
Márquez y Melo, Manuel, 96–7
marriage. See intermarriage
Martı́n de Riperdá, Juan, 111
Martı́nez de Lejanza, Mariano, 243,
245, 249
Martı́nez, Father Antonio José, 27,
82–3, 87, 115, 139–40, 177–8,
194–6, 195fig, 229, 247, 257
Martı́n Veramendi, Juan, 117–19, 132
Mascareñas, Miguel, 231
Masons. See Freemasonry
mayordomo de fábrica appointment
(New Mexico), 82
media/literary accounts
denouncements of Lone Star
Republic by Mexican, 234–5
Mexican government texts copied
and circulated types of, 230–5
Mexico’s religious fanaticism written
on by U.S., 213
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portrayal of indigenous population
by U.S., 208–11
racial portrait of New Mexicans by
U.S., 208–10
on repudiation of Catholicism by
Anglo-Texans, 233–4
Texan Santa Fe Expedition (1841)
coverage by Mexican, 226–35
Texan Santa Fe Expedition (1841)
coverage by U.S., 200–14
medical facilities, 107–10
medicine imports, 106–7, 109–10
Melgares, Facundo, 56, 58, 86
mercantile enterprise (New Mexico)
alternative lifestyles represented by
foreign goods, 116–17
capitalism and revolution of, 94, 96
dominated by French and
Anglo-American merchants, 96–9
guı́as (customs receipts) on exports
of, 100–1
increase of successful tejano
merchants, 99–103
interethnic relations strained by,
104–6
medicine and alcohol imports, 106–7
Mexican politics/officialdom/
corruption and, 117–23
reaction of Pueblo Indians to, 105
role of Indians in fur trade, 103–4
Santa Fe Trail impact on, 93
See also American market; New
Mexico; Santa Fe Trail
mercantile enterprise (Texas)
alternative lifestyles represented by
foreign goods, 116–17
capitalism and revolution of, 94,
96
dominated by French and
Anglo-American merchants,
96–9
increase of Hispanic merchants
competing in, 99–103
increase of successful tejano
merchants, 99–103
interethnic relations strained by,
104–6
© Cambridge University Press
303
Mexican politics/officialdom/
corruption and, 117–23
role of Indians in fur trade, 103–4
See also American market; Santa Fe
Trail; Texas; Texas–Louisiana
trade
El Mercurio de Matamoros (newspaper),
230
Mexı́a, José Antonio, 68, 167–8
Mexican Americans
literature and scholarship on, 11–12
process of immigrants becoming, 12
Mexican–American War
construction of Texas/New Mexico
during, 264–71
origins of, 239–41
Pose-yemu/Montezuma legend
associated with, 258–63
See also New Mexican occupation
Mexican citizenship
intermarriage as gateway into,
124–5, 129–34
land grants tied to conversion,
marriage and, 81
Mexican independence
Independence Day celebration of,
84–7
limited participation by Anglos in
celebrating, 87
rising Freemasonry activity
following, 61–2
scholarship on institutional
development and, 91–2
symbolism/rituals to transmit
national imagery following,
83–4
Mexican land grants (1821–53), 36m
Mexican/Mexican-American society,
layered nature of, 12
Mexican muleteers/pack mules, 102fig
Mexican ritual
belief in salvation tied to specific,
178
between Mexican government and
nomadic Indians, 90–1
Independence Day celebration using,
84–7
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Mexican ritual (cont.)
Pueblo Indian response to, 88–9
used to transmit national
imagery/sovereignty, 83–4, 89–90
Mexican sovereignty
Alamán’s interest in Texas and,
17–18
Fredonia uprising (1826) threat to,
40–1
ritual used to transmit independence
and, 83–4, 89–90
Mexican state
Alamán’s interest in sovereignty over
Texas by, 17–18
Atascosito crisis (1831) and renewed
rivalry of Texas and, 121–2
Las Bases de Tacubaya constitution
of, 241
Las Bases Orgánicas regime of, 241
conditioning identity choices, 3–5
current identity and status of
modern, 270–1
Far North mercantile enterprise and
officialdom of, 117–23
Fredonia uprising (1826) threat to
sovereignty of, 40–1
implications of identity choice
argument regarding, 5–8
involvement in intermarriage by,
143–4
National Law on Colonization
(1824) issued by, 41–2
New Mexican occupation cutting off
contact with, 253–4
paper seal (1844–5) of, 59fig
pledged allegiance by Indian groups
to, 52
ritual exchange between Indians and,
90–1
scholarship on transition from
colony to independent, 58–9
Siete Leyes (Mexican centralist
constitution) of, 241
territorial control (early-19th
century) over New Mexico by,
35m
Texan critics of, 25–37
© Cambridge University Press
Index
texts on Texan Santa Fe Expedition
(1841) circulated by, 230–5
Mexican women
Anglo-American men perceptions of,
128–9
benefits of intermarriage to, 144–5
Royal Pragmatic on Marriage decree
(1776) [Spain] on parental
control over, 133, 142
See also intermarriage
Mexico
Boundary Commission concerns
regarding Texas and, 20–2
boundary treaty (1828) between U.S.
and, 19–20
continued connections between
modern U.S. and, 270–1
Far North map of, 19m
main commercial routes between
U.S. and, 95m
scholarship on transition from
colony to independence, 58–9
traditional scholarship on 19th
century, 6–7
Mier y Terán, Manuel de
Boundary Commission headed by, 20
on collusion of local authorities and
extranjeros, 120
regarding boundary disputes, 18
regarding tariff disputes, 25
as responsibility for Texas security,
22
suicide of, 123
tariff administrator appointed by,
24–5
Milam, Benjamin R., 65, 161
Miller, J. B., 161
Montejano, David, 132
Monterde, Mariano, 242–3
Montezuma legend, 258–63
Montezuma’s shrine, 261
Montoya, Bernardo, 188
Montoya, Cius, 188
Mooney, James, 215–16, 220, 226
El Mosquito Mexicano (newspaper), 229
Muldoon, Father Miguel, 87–8, 142
Muldoon, James, 269
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Muñoz, Ignacio, 250
Murray, Charles A., 211
Músquiz, Ramón, 100, 112, 119, 122
Nacogdoches–Natchitoches corridor
boundaries, 40
Nacogdoches region (Texas), 38–40
Narbona, Antonio, 118
Narrative of the Texan Santa Fe
Expedition (Kendall), 202, 203fig,
204, 212, 214, 233
national identity
commonalities of, 268–9
difficulty of navigating, 1–2
rewards of studying, 2–3
See also identity choices
nationalism-industrialism link, 8n10
National Law on Colonization (1824)
[Mexico], 41–2, 121
Native American scholarship, 11
Native Americans. See indigenous
population
Navarro, Ángel, 119, 159
Navarro, José Antonio, 99, 119, 159,
169–70
Nepomuceno Seguı́n, Juan, 71, 100,
119, 158–9, 169fig
New Mexican occupation
Americanization of New Mexico
continued during, 248–53
anti-American conspiracies during,
254–63
Armijo’s political goals prior to,
246–8
Armijo’s retreat leading to, 251–3
origins of, 237–41
political factionalism during, 244–6
Pose-yemu/Montezuma legend
during, 258–63
reactions of New Mexicans to,
241–8
Revolution of the Three Hours
(1844) during, 244
separation from Mexican state
during, 253–4
Taos’s revolt of 1847 during, 116,
254–5, 258, 263
© Cambridge University Press
305
See also Army of the West;
Mexican–American War
New Mexican revolutionary path
comparing Texan and, 174
rebellions following Chimayó
Rebellion, 196
See also Chimayó Rebellion (1837);
federalism–centralism dispute
New Mexico
American military occupation (1846)
of, 237–63
Church resistance to Americanization
of, 83
colonial/national incorporation of
space in, 29–37
commonalities between Texas and,
8–9
comparing historical trajectories of
Texas and, 8–9
declining influence/power of
Catholic Church in, 74–83
economic impact of Santa Fe Trail
on, 93, 249
expansion of Indian settlements in,
45–6m, 47–55
independence celebration (1821) in,
56–7
land grant policy in, 34, 37
medicines and medical facilities of,
107, 109–10
Mexico’s territorial control
(early-19th century), 35m
operation of state militia in, 181–2
as part of Mexico’s Far North, 19m
Pueblo labor used in, 32
Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and expulsion
of Spanish from, 55
racial portrait by U.S. media of
population in, 208–10
Santa Fe, 33fig
Taos Rebellion (1847) in, 116
uprising against Anglo Americans
(1847) in, 239
Zubrı́a’s Episcopal Visit (1833) to,
74–5fig, 76m, 79–81
See also mercantile enterprise (New
Mexico)
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306
New Orleans Bee (newspaper), 147
New Orleans Picayune (newspaper),
200–2, 204, 206
newspapers. See media/literary accounts
Niles’ National Register (newspaper), 202
Noriega, José Marı́a, 150–2
Norris, Samuel, 42–3
Nostrand, Richard, 33
Nuestra Señora del Rosario church, 173
Nugent, Paul, 269
Ortiz, Father Fernando, 178
Ortiz, Father Juan Felipe, 79, 139–40,
173, 193–4, 231
Ortiz, Juana, 131
Ortiz, Juan Rafael, 191
Ortiz, Pedro Antonio, 131
Ortiz, Tadeo, 73
Ortiz, Tomás, 255
Otero, Antonio José, 101, 255
Otero family, 101
Paredes y Arrillaga, Mariano, 245
Paruakevitsi, Chief, 45
Pata Negra, Chief (Cherokees), 90
Patriotic Committee of Santa Fe, 89–90
Pecos pueblo ruins, 261fig
Peebles, Robert R., 158
Penitenete movement (19th century),
77–8fig, 179–80
“People’s Ticket,” 165
Peraza, Martı́n, 168
Pérez, Albino
administration rejected by Chimayó
movement leaders, 184–5
assassination of, 179–80
campaign against Indians by, 180–3
conflicts between military and
administration of, 190–1
military expeditions led by, 182–3
plot to overthrow, 177
political career/appointments of,
171–3, 176
regarding New Mexican politicians,
120
Perry, James F., 165
physicians/medical facilities, 107–10
© Cambridge University Press
Index
Picayune (newspaper), 200–2, 204, 206
Pichardo, Father José Antonio, 17
Piedras, José de las, 87
El Pigmeo (newspaper), 226
Pino, Juan Estevan, 191
Plan of Cuernavaca (1834), 153
Pocarropa (Lipan Apache chief), 58
Poinsett, Joel R., 18, 62
Polk, James K., 240, 248, 252–3
Popa, Julián (William Pope), 139–40
Pose-yemu/Montezuma legend, 258–63
Power, James, 65, 74
Prescott, William H., 204
pronunicamiento (Chimayó Rebellion),
175–6, 179
public drunkenness problem, 111–12,
114–15
Pueblo Indians
anti-American conspiracies (1846–7)
role by, 256–9
Chimayó Rebellion (1837) support
by, 180–3, 187–8
Church centralizing program and,
80–2
identity adaptation by, 263
Pose-yemu legend of, 259–63
religious practices during 19th
century, 77
response to Mexican ritual by, 88–9
response to New Mexico’s
commercial activities, 105
ruins of Pecos pueblo of, 261fig
during 16th century, 30m
U.S. media portrayal of, 209
Pueblo of Acoma, 31fig
Pueblo of Santa Ana, 54fig
Pueblo of Santo Domingo, 89fig
Pueblo Revolt of 1680, 55, 187–8
Rada, Friar Manuel de Jesús, 55, 134–5
Ramos Arizpe, Miguel, 51, 62–3fig, 67,
70
“Religious Dissertation” (1837),
179–80, 195
Republic of the Red and White Peoples
(Republic of Fredonia), 40, 44m,
45
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Republic of the Rio Grande (semiweekly),
202
Revolution of the Three Hours (1844)
[New Mexico], 244
Richard Fields, Chief (Cherokee
nation), 58, 69
ritual. See Mexican ritual
Robidoux, Antonio, 88
Robidoux, Luis, 88
Robinson, Alfred, 132
Ronquillo, José Marı́a, 184,
190–1
Rowland, John, 232
Royal Pragmatic on Marriage decree
(1776) [Spain], 133, 142
Ruiz, Francisco, 99, 169–70
Sahlins, Peter, 3
Salazar, Dámaso, 214
Salazar, Marı́a Juliana, 139–40
Saltillo, influence of Masons in,
65
San Antonio (New Mexico), 20fig
See also ayuntamiento members (San
Antonio)
Sanchez, George J., 12
Sánchez, José Marı́a, 20
Sánchez Vergara, Vicente, 184
Sangre de Cristo grant, 34
San Miguel del Vado, 34, 238fig
Santa Ana Pueblo, 54fig
Santa Anna, Antonio López de
centralist project (1834–6) and,
149
illustration of, 85fig
marches into Coahuila and Texas
(1835–6), 164
Martı́nez’s public letter addressed to,
115
military defeat at San Jacinto, 146,
172
military victory over Zacatecas
forces, 172
use of ritual by, 84
work on Constitution of 1824 by,
153
Santa Fe, 33fig
© Cambridge University Press
307
Santa Fe Trail
caravan on, 94fig
controlled by French and Anglo
American merchants, 98, 117–19
impact on New Mexican economy
by, 93, 249
increase of nuevomexicano
merchants along the, 100–1
official corruption and trade
through, 120
origins of, 34
See also mercantile enterprise (New
Mexico); mercantile enterprise
(Texas); Texan Santa Fe
Expedition (1841)
Santangelo, Orazio de Attelis, 146–7
Santo Domingo Pueblo, 89fig
Sarracino, Francisco, 181–2
Saucedo, José Antonio, 43
Savano Indians, 48
Scottish Rite Masons, 61–3
Seguı́n, Erasmo, 69, 100, 159,
169
Set-Tan Annual Calendar, 215, 217fig,
219, 223, 225
Siete Leyes (Mexican centralist
constitution), 241
El Siglo Diecinueve (newspaper), 226
Skocpol, Theda, 264
slavery issue, 161–3
Smith, Henry, 165
Smithwick, Noah, 127–8
Soe, John, 112
El Sol (newspaper), 229
space
development of American Southwest,
37–45
New Mexican colonial/national
incorporation of, 29–37
role of state in produced, 16–17
scholarship on, 16–17
Spaulding, David W., 140
Stanley, Elisha, 107
St. Vrain, Ceran, 97
Sun Dance medicine lodge symbol,
218
Swagerty, William, 128
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308
Taos Rebellion (1847), 116, 254–5, 258,
263
Taylor, William B., 111
tejano merchants
complaints about “military
theocracy” by, 122
free-trading leanings of ayuntamiento
members including, 117–19
increasing number of successful,
99–103
Texas Declaration of Independence
signed by, 99–100, 169–70
tejanos (Mexican Texans)
distrust over centralized authority
by, 160
expectations of national government
by, 26–7
involvement as land administrators,
70–1
land and Masonic connections of,
69–70
self-perceptions of, 26
separation debate among, 166–70
Telegraph and Texas Register (newspaper),
38, 201, 204–5, 207, 209
Texan revolutionary path
comparing New Mexican and, 174
events leading toward secession by,
164–70
realignment from federalism to
centralism as part of, 149–50
See also federalism–centralism
dispute
Texan Santa Fe Expedition (1841)
Anglo-Saxon character of, 207–11
capture of, 199–200, 227, 243, 255
colorful individuals involved in,
199
diverse literary cultures reporting on,
235–6
examining events of, 14
Kiowa victories over, 224
map of, 198m
origins of, 197
press/literary coverage of, 200–35
public interest in, 197–9, 200
as recorded by Kiowas, 215–26
See also Santa Fe Trail
© Cambridge University Press
Index
Texas
Alamán’s interest in Mexico’s
sovereignty over, 17–18
allure of baldı́os (vacant lands) to
settlers in, 61–74
Anglo-Saxonization of, 207–10
Atascosito crisis (1831) and renewed
rivalry of federal and, 121–2
Boundary Commission concerns
regarding Mexico and, 20–2
commonalities between New Mexico
and, 8–9
comparing administrations of
Catholic Church in New Mexico
to land use in, 81–3
comparing historical trajectories of
New Mexico and, 8–9
debate over Louisiana Purchase
boundary and, 17–18, 20
domestic critics of Mexican state
restrictions on, 25–37
empresario system (Texas), 37,
38n53, 66m
expansion of Indian settlements in,
45–6m, 47–55
impact of colonization law (1825)
issued by, 28–9, 28m, 424
influence of Masonry on, 62–3
Law of April 6, 1830, forbidding
settlement in, 22–4, 29, 120, 151,
158
medicines and medical facilities of,
107–10
Nacogdoches area of, 38–40
National Law on Colonization
(1824) [Mexico] impact on, 41–2
organized as autonomous state
(1824), 174
as part of Mexico’s Far North, 19m
San Antonio, 20fig
Santa Anna’s march into (1835–6),
164
See also Anglo-American immigrants
(Texas); Anglo-Texan colonies;
Lone Star Republic; mercantile
enterprise (Texas)
Texas Constitution (1824), 153, 165,
166
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Texas Declaration of Independence,
99–100, 169–70
Texas Gazette (newspaper), 38, 204
Texas–Louisiana trade. See mercantile
enterprise (Texas)
Texas Register (newspaper), 38
Texas Revolution (1835–6)
events leading toward secession,
164–70
examining events of, 13–14
federalism–centralism dispute prior
to, 140–63
“Federalist Zacatecan” missive
(Santangelo) and, 146–7
link between political dissent and
secessionism, 148–9
Plan of Cuernavaca (1834) and, 153
Santa Anna’s march to Coahuila and
Texas (1835–6), 164
secessionist support during, 186
slavery issue prior to, 161–3
tracing origins of, 150–64
Thompson, Leonard, 7
Thomson, Alexander, 162
Thorn, Frost H., 65
Town of Santa Fe, 33fig
Treaty of Amity and Commerce, 141
True Blue (weekly newspaper), 202
Tujillo, Antonio Marı́a, 240
Turley, Don Simeon, 112
Twitchell, Ralph E., 263
Two Years Before the Mast (Dana), 204
309
interest/corruption of Mexican
officeholders in trade with,
119–20
main commercial routes between
Mexico and, 95m
Manifest Destiny of, 6, 174,
267
See also American expansionism
U.S.–Mexico borderlands (early
19th-century), as common type of
frontier situation, 7–8
Valdez, Santiago, 194–5
Vázquez, José Antonio, 154
Veramendi, Ursula, 132
Viesca, Agustı́n, 64, 69–70, 155fig-56,
158–60, 164
Viesca, José Marı́a, 64, 68–9
Vigil, Cornelio, 239
Vigil, Donaciano, 103–4, 184, 190–1,
244, 252–5, 257
Waldo, David, 97–8
Webber, John F., 109
Weber, David J., 129
Wharton, John, 165
Wharton, William H., 165
Williams, Samuel M., 67, 158
Wilson, William, 72
winter counts (Kiowa), 215–26
Workman, William, 107, 118, 232
Xaramano Indians, 53
United States
boundary treaty (1828) between
Mexico and, 19–20
continued connections between
modern Mexico and, 270–1
Humboldt’s geographical vision of,
16
increased economic dependence of
Far North on, 105–6
© Cambridge University Press
York Rite Masons, 62, 64
Zavala, Lorenzo de, 1–2, 68–9, 166–7,
168fig, 170
Zubirı́a y Escalante, José Antonio
Laureano de (bishop of
Durango), 74–5fig, 76m, 78–82,
178–9, 192–3
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