RELS 202/330 The Religions of Southeast Asia
University of Otago
Semester 1, 2006
Dr Elizabeth Guthrie
Religious Studies
Prescription
An introduction to the religious traditions of Southeast Asia. While particular emphasis will
be laid upon Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam will also be considered, as well as the
indigenous traditions of Southeast Asia (including Chinese religion). During the semester a
survey will be made of the establishment of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam in Southeast
Asia, and the interaction between Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam and the indigenous
traditions of South-East Asia.
Objectives
By the end of the course, the student should be able to:
• demonstrate a sound factual knowledge of the history and development of Buddhism in
Southeast Asia;
• discuss the interaction of Buddhism with indigenous religious traditions of Southeast
Asia;
• give a considered account of the theoretical issues raised thereby;
• demonstrate a sound factual knowledge of the history and development of Hinduism in
Southeast Asia;
• discuss the relationship between religions and the monarchic, colonial and modern state
in Southeast Asian history
• give an accurate account of the introduction and development of Islam in Indonesia;
• use teaching aids such as bibliographies to research topics using academic texts, journals
and other media; and
• organize and present ideas in an appropriate scholarly format.
Lectures:.
Thursday: 11:00 -11:50 am PHTYG
Friday: 11:00 - 11:50 am CHEM3
Lecturer
Dr. Elizabeth Guthrie
office hours by appointment:
email: [email protected] ☎477-9721
Course Coordinator
Dr Will Sweetman Room 4S8, Arts Building
[email protected] ☎ 479 8793
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Lecture Schedule
1. 2 March:
Course introduction.
Pre-existing cults, settlements, traditions. Material culture, languages, maps.
Reader: 1 (map) and 2
2. 3 March: The Arrival of Indian Religion in Southeast Asia.
Terms such as “Monsoon Asia,” “Farther India,” “indianization,” “syncretism,”
“localization.” Sanskrit and Pali.
Reader: 3, 8
3. 9 March: Ceylon.
Myths and legends, material evidence. The Ashokan myth, conflicting schools of Buddhism,
and the two periods of eradication and revival of Buddhism.
Reader: 5
4. 10 March: Mainland Southeast Asia. First Assignment due, 5 pm.
The Mon regions, Angkor Borei. Myths and legends, material evidence.
Reader: 12
5. 16 March: The Crossroads.
Burma and Arakan’s location between India, China and Ceylon. Myths and legends, material
evidence.
Reader: 9
6. 17 March: Khmer Hegemony.
Angkor, and the Middle Period. The arrival of Pali Buddhism. Video.
7. 23 March: The T’ai.
Thailand, Laos, Southern China; the dominance of Theravada Buddhism.
Reader: 6 and 11
8. 24 March: The Ancestors, Spirit Cults and Spirit Possession.
The cult of the, neak ta. phi, Nats, Video
9. 30 March: Chinese Religion.
The importance of Chinese migrants in Southeast Asia; the early evidence, recent influxes.
Reader: 7
10. 31 March: Vietnam.
The material evidence. Influence of Confucianism, Daoism, Mahayana Buddhism and Islam.
11. 6 April: Islam in Northern Southeast Asia.
Islam in influence on Arakan, the Hui of Central Asia in Burma, the Cham in Cambodia.
12. 7 April: Islam in Southern Southeast Asia:
Malay Peninsula, Java.
Reader:10
2
13. 13 April: Religious Performance.
Religious initiation, the consecration of temples, wayang, religious dance. Video.
14. 14 April: The Ritual Calendar. Assignment 2 due, 5 pm
Solar New Year (Songkrant, cul chnam tmei).
Mid-semester break 14 April-20 April
Scheduled student presentations begin after break.
15. 27 April: Religion, Power and Political Legitimation
The Jatakas, Ramayana. Consecration. Religious revival. Example of Ceylon.
Reader: 4
16. 28 April: Palladiums and Political Power
The sacking of Angkor, Ayutthaya. Rakhine and Pegou.
17. 4 May: The Cakri Dynasty
Monk-Kings, the creation of the Thommmayut nikaya.
18. 5 May: Neak Mean Bun
Millennial peasant rebellions in Laos, Cambodia, the north of Thailand, and Vietnam.
19. 11 May: The Religious Right and Nationalism
Cambodia, Lon Nol regime. Thailand, the Student Rebellions. Burma and the Tatmadaw.
20. 12 May: The Buddha Prophecy
The Khmer Rouge and the eradication of religion in Cambodia. The Buddhist origins of the
CCP. CCP policies in base areas before 1975, and between 1975-1979
21. 18 May: The Restoration of Buddhism in Cambodia
The socialist period (1979-1992) and post-UNTAC religious revival (1993 to present).
Changes in religious hierarchy and doctrine.
Reader:13
22. 19 May: Islamic nationalism in Southern Thailand. Assigment 3 due 5 pm
The Sam-Sam (ethnic Thai muslims) and the recent rise in Islamic insurgency.
Reader: 10
23. 25 May: Islamic revival
Indonesia; the Bali bombings 1&2.
24. 26 May: Conclusions
25 1 June Exam review
26 2 June No lecture, office hours by arrangement
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Course Materials
Course reader: to be purchased at Print Shop (in The Link).
Additional readings are listed in the bibliography and can be obtained at the Central Library
or from the lecturer.
There will be handouts at each lecture; these handouts will also be posted on Blackboard..
Assessment
All grading will follow the university’s standard scale:
90-100
85-89
80-84
A+
A
A-
75-79
70-74
65-69
B+
B
B-
60-64 C+
55-59 C
50-54 C-
40 - 49 Fail D
Below 40 Fail E
The benchmark criteria for each band are:
A- to A+ (Very High Achievement): Work reflects original and independent criticism,
showing full awareness of the implications of the question, cogently argued with wide range
of reference and appropriate illustration, fluently expressed.
B to B+ (High Achievement): Work shows depth of understanding and breadth of
knowledge, ability to challenge the question, efficient organisation and illustration, confident
expression.
C+ to B- (Sound achievement): Work amounts to a sound, readable answer covering the
essentials of the question, with points clearly stated, references relevant, evidence of insight
and personal response.
C- to C (Pass Achievement): Work is of average and predictable quality, rather derivative,
covering obvious points, relevant only by implication, expression basic.
D: (Fail) Work indicates some ability to quote or refer to a text, but material does not
properly fit the question, relevant only by implication, expression basic.
E: (Clear Fail) Work is in a range from complete incoherence or irrelevance to answers that
show some knowledge of text(s) but little ability to apply it (them). Answers with substantial
amounts of irrelevant material (biographical, narrative, anecdotal) will usually fall in the
upper end of this category.
Plagiarism
Students should make sure that all work submitted is their own. Plagiarism is a form of
dishonest practice. Plagiarism is defined as ‘copying or paraphrasing another’s work whether
intentionally or not and presenting it as one’s own.’ (Approved University of Otago Council
December 2004). In practice this means that plagiarism includes any attempt in any piece of
submitted work (eg. an assignment or test) to present as one’s own work the work of another
(whether of another student or a published authority) including work from the Internet.
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Any student found responsible for plagiarism in any piece of work submitted for assessment
shall be subject to the University’s dishonest practice regulations which may result in various
penalties, including forfeiture of marks for the piece of work submitted, a zero grade for the
paper, or in extreme cases exclusion from the University.
Assignments
RELS 202:
Assignment 1: maps
Due date: Friday March 10, 2006
Value: 5% of final mark
Assignment 2: essay topic, preliminary thesis, outline and bibliography: 750 words
Due date: Friday April 14, 2006
Value: 10% of final mark
Assignment 3: essay: 1500 - 2000 words
Value: 25% of final mark
Due date: Friday May 19, 2006
RELS 330:
Assignment 1: maps
Due date: Friday March 10, 2006
Value: 5% of final mark
Assignment 2:
A seminar-style presentation. Topic discussed and agreed upon with lecturer before midsemester break; presentations scheduled for after mid-semester break.
Value: 10% of final mark
Assignment 3: essay (based on seminar presentation): 2000 words
Value: 25% of the final mark
Due date: Friday May 19, 2006
Final Examination
The examination comprises 60% of the assessment. The date for the examination will be sent
to you as soon as it has been set by Registry. All arrangements for examinations are handled
by Registry as outlined in the Student Handbook.
More About Assignments
Assignment 1: Maps
Southeast Asia is a big place. National boundaries – where they exist – have changed
constantly over the centuries. The purpose of Assignment 1 is to make sure that students have
a basic understanding of the geography of Southeast Asia during five eras, namely: 1) earliest
centres of civilization, 2) the classical period (Indianised states), 3) the Middle period
(Theravada and Islam), 4) the Colonial period and 5) contemporary Southeast Asia.
Assignment 1 will be distributed during the first lectures. The completed assignment is due
Friday March 10.
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Assignments 2 and 3 are two parts of one research project. My assumption is that any
student who decides to study Southeast Asian religion is interested in something specific
about Southeast Asia. The first goal of this research project is to provide an opportunity for
students to explore their particular field of interest. A second goal is for students to share
their insights and the fruits of their research with the rest of the class.
RELS 202 students:
The material compiled for Assignment 2 – essay topic and thesis, outline and bibliographic
materials – will, with the permission of the student, become resources for the class.
RELS 330 students:
Stage 3 students will present a seminar on their research project during the second half of the
semester.
Assignment 3
Essays. These are due on Friday, May 19, 5 pm.
Handing in assignments
Completed assignments should be placed in the box provided in the Department on the 4th
Floor of the Arts Building. Assignments must be received by the Department no later than 5
pm on the stated date. Assignments received after these dates will be accepted for marking
only in special circumstances, and will incur penalties. Students should keep a copy of their
assignments as a backup.
The Department of Theology and Religious Studies has a useful Study and Style Guide
available online and in paper copies at the department (Burns, fourth floor). Please consult
this Guide when formatting your essays.
Essay topics:
Below is a list of essay topics. If you want to explore a particular topic that is not listed
below, check with the lecturer first.
1. Sacred Mountains: Analyse the religious iconography used at religious sites. Focus on
Angkor Wat (Cambodia) Borobudur (Java), Polonnaruva (Sri Lanka), the Nanda temple
(Burma). Or, compare two religious sites.
2. World Conqueror, World Renouncer: discuss the tension in Buddhist kingship in Southeast
Asia, focussing on a particular monarch: Jayaravarman 7 (r. 1181-12?) Cambodia, King
Chulalongkorn/ Rama V (r. 1868-1910) Thailand, King Bodawpaya (r. 1781-1819) Burma.
3. Women, Religion and Power. Discuss the relationship between women, politics and
religion in Southeast Asia, focusing on an individual, or a particular series of events (such as
the reinstitution of the bhikkhuni sangha in Thailand.)
4. Charisma, the Sacred and Rebellion: Describe and discuss the intersection between
millenarian peasant movements, religion and charisma, focusing on one leader or movement.
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5. Buddhism and Revolution. Was Buddhism eradicated in Cambodia during the Khmer
Rouge regime, 1975-1979? How was Buddhism restored in Cambodia after 1979 and how
has Buddhism changed as a result of these events?
6. The Shwedagon. Discuss the significance of the Shwedagon as an historical Buddhist site
in Burma, and its significance for Burma’s struggle for independence during the modern
period.
7. Describe the intersection between religious performance and political discourse. For this
topic it would be useful to focus on one kind of religious performance and one region, for
example: wayang in Indonesia, Spirit Possession and the cult of the Nats in Burma, or the
celebration of holidays such as Chinese New Year in Cambodia.
8. The Buddhist Sangha and Politics. Buddhist monks are forbidden by the Vinaya (Buddhist
canonical law) to get involved in politics. Discuss this prohibition in light of Sri Lanka’s
contemporary politics.
Sources
When writing your essay, you need to demonstrate in your bibliography and writing that you
have consulted a reasonable variety and selection of scholarly sources (books and articles). In
addition to the sources listed in the Bibliography below, I will place a folder of useful articles
for each essay topic on Reserve. You will be expected to look through the relevant folder of
articles, and demonstrate some familiarity with these sources in your essay. You are, of
course, welcome to use additional sources that you have located yourself. Please note that
while Wikipedia can be a useful starting point, you should not rely on Wikipedia for your
research!
Online Databases
The University library has access to the Religious Periodicals database in the Proquest suite
of titles. Some are indexing titles, and there are some full text journals.
Access is via the Library web databases page at: http://www.library.otago.ac.nz/
Click on Proquest - ABI
The Library also has a subscription to the ATLAS Religion Database + ATLAS. ATLAS
journals represent a wide selection of Christian traditions, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism,
Hinduism, Shinto, Taoism, Confucianism, and other religious traditions.
ATLAS Full Text Plus is produced by the American Theological Library Association’s
Center for Electronic Resources in Theology and Religion. The ATLAS (American
Theological Library Association Serials) project was created for religion scholars by religion
scholars. It provides online versions of the entire runs of a core collection of more than 50
significant scholarly periodicals in the field of religion, most of which go back to 1949. This
database may be accessed via the Library Homepage/Resources/Databases/A (go to second
page to see the link to ATLAS), or via the Theology and Religious Studies Subject Guide.
Please contact the Remote Library Servces if you have any problems with accessing or
searching.
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Select Bibliography
General Southeast Asian religion
Andaya, Barbara Watson. “Localising the Universal: Women, Motherhood and the Appeal of
Early Theravada Buddhism.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Volume 33, Issue 01,
February 2002, pp 1-30. (in reader)
Donn Bayard, “The Roots of Indochinese Civilisation: Recent Developments in the
Prehistory of Southeast Asia,” Pacific Affairs. vol. 53, no. 1 (Spring, 1980), 89-114. (in
reader)
Bechert, Heinz. 1970. ‘Theravada Buddhist Sangha: Some General Observations on
Historical and Political Factors in its Development.’ Journal of Asian Studies 29: 761-78. BQ
410.SY97
Bechert, Heinz and Richard Francis Gombrich. 1984. The World of Buddhism: Buddhist
monks and nuns in society and culture. London: Thames and Hudson. BQ 4012.WX24
Braginskii, V. I., ed. 2002. Classical civilisations of South East Asia : an anthology of
articles published in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.London ; New
York : Routledge Curzon. DS523.2 .CL162
Cœdés, George. 1968. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. ed. by Walter F. Vellam
translated by Susan Brown Cowing. Honolulu: East-West Center Press. DS 511 CN39
Gombrich, Richard Francis. 1988. Theravada Buddhism: social history from ancient Benares
to modern Colombo. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. BQ 7185.GL78
Granoff, P. E. (Phyllis Emily) and Shinohara, Koichi, eds.2003. Pilgrims, patrons and place :
localizing sanctity in Asian religions .Vancouver, B.C. : University of British Columbia
Press. BL1033 .PM13
Holt, John, Kinnard, Jacob N., Walters, Jonathan S. 2003. Constituting communities :
Theravada Buddhism and the religious cultures of South and Southeast Asia. Albany : State
University of New York Press. BQ4570.S6 CR39
Heine, Steven, Prebish, Charles S, eds. 2003. Buddhism in the modern world : adaptations of
an ancient tradition. New York : Oxford University Press.BQ316 .BX24
Lester, Robert C. 1973. Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia. Ann Arbor: University of
Michigan Press. BQ 7185.LM23
Reid, Anthony, 2000. Charting the shape of early modern Southeast Asia. Singapore :
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.DS 526.4.RB112
8
Reid, Anthony. 1988-1993. Southeast Asia in the age of commerce, 1450-1680. New Haven :
Yale University Press. DS 526.4.RB12
Reid, Anthony, ed. Southeast Asia in the early modern era : trade, power, and belief. Ithaca,
N.Y. : Cornell University Press, 1993.DS 526.4.SQ192
Reid,. Anthony and David Marr. 1979, repr. 1982 Perceptions of the Past in Southeast Asia,
ed.. Singapore: Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) Ltd. DS 523 PD64
Strong, John. 1992. The legend and cult of Upagupta : Sanskrit Buddhism in north India and
Southeast Asia. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. BQ 992.P37 SW97
Wolters, O. W. 1982. History, Culture, and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives.
Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. (chapter in reader)
DS 525 WV32
Nash, Manning. 1966. Anthropological studies in Theravada Buddhism. New Haven: Yale
University. BQ 7120.CQ94
Swearer, Donald K. 1981. Buddhism and Society in Southeast Asia. Chambersburg Pa.:
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Swearer, Donald. 1991. ‘Fundamentalistic Movements in Theravda Buddhism’.
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Burma
Aung-Thwin. Michael A. 1998. Myth and History in the Historiography of Early Burma.
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Gutman, Pamela. 2001. Burma’s Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan. Photography by
Zaw Min Yu. Bangkok: Orchid Press. DS 530.8.A73 GZ442
Houtman, Gustaaf, ‘Beyond the cradle and past the grave: the biography of Burmese
meditation master U Ba Khin’. Buddhist sacred biography in South and Southeast Asia.
Juliane Schober, ed.: 1997. University of Hawai’i Press: 310-44
Maung Htin Aung. 1962. Folk Elements in Burmese Buddhism. London, Oxford University
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Mendelson, E. M. 1975. Sangha and State in Burma: A Study of Monastic Sectarianism and
Leadership.
John P. Ferguson (ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. BQ
6160.B93 MH51
Mendelson, E. Michael. “Religion and Authority in Modern Burma.” World Today 16
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Mendelson, E. Michael. “A Messianic Buddhist Association in Upper Burma.” Bulletin of
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