DBQ: Immigration
• Please staple your essay documents together and turn them in.
• Prepare for a mini-DBQ on immigration.
Monday
February 27, 2017
Quiz - Chapter 32
• You know the drill!
Tuesday
February 28, 2017
Unit 5: Struggling for Justice at Home and Abroad
1901-1945
• Chapter 28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901-1912
• Chapter 29: Wilsonian Progressivism in Peace and War, 1913-1920
• Exam: Chapters 28-29, Monday, February 13th
• Chapter 30: American Life in the “Roaring Twenties”, 1920-1929
• Chapter 31: The Politics of Boom and Bust, 1920-1932
• Chapter 32: The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933-1939
• Exam: Chapters 30-32, Friday, March 3rd
• Chapter 33: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933-1941
• Chapter 34: America in World War II, 1941-1945
• Exam: Chapters 33-34, Wednesday, March 15th
• Unit Essay: Progressive Era
Chapter 32
The Great Depression and the
New Deal, 1933–1939
“The country needs and . . . demands bold, persistent experimentation.
It is common sense to take a method and try it. If it fails, admit it frankly
and try another. But above all, try something.”
-Franklin D. Roosevelt, Campaign Speech, 1932
I. FDR: Politician in a Wheelchair
II. Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
III. Hoover’s Humiliation in 1932
• FDR’s personality was created, in part, by his struggle
with paralysis (from polio).
• Another great personal and political asset was his wife,
Eleanor.
• Roosevelt consistently preached a New Deal for the
“forgotten man.”
• Relied on his “Brain Trust”, a small group of reformminded intellectuals.
• Promised a balanced-budget and berated Hoover’s
spending practices.
• Hoover battled the depression, but his supporters
were half-hearted.
The Vanquished and the Victor
A dour Hoover and an ebullient
Roosevelt ride to the
inauguration ceremonies on
March 4, 1933.
Electoral Results - 1932
That’s right, PA voted for Hoover . . .
IV. FDR and the Three R’s: Relief, Recovery, Reform
• FDR declared that the government must wage war on the
Great Depression.
• Declared a nationwide banking holiday, March 6-10.
• Summoned the Congress into special session to cope with the
national emergency.
• Hundred Days Congress (March 9-June 16, 1933)
•
•
•
•
Congress passed bill after bill to deal with the desperate economy.
It aimed at three R’s: relief, recovery, and reform
Short-range goals—relief, and immediate recovery in two years
Long-range goals—permanent recovery and reform of current
abuses
• Some of the laws passed expressly delegated legislative authority to
the chief executive.
• New Dealers embraced progressive ideas.
• Unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, minimum-wage
regulations, conservation, restrictions on child labor
The 100 Days
FDR signs one of many bills into law
during his first 100 days in office.
V. Roosevelt Manages the Money
• Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933: invested the
President with the power to regulate banking transactions
and foreign exchange
• Roosevelt turned to the radio to gain support through
“fireside chats”
• Confidence returned; banks unlocked their doors.
• Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act provided for the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation
• Insured individual deposits up to $5,000 (later raised)
• Ended bank failures, dating back to “wildcat” days of Andrew
Jackson
• FDR introduces “managed currency”
• Ordered all private holdings of gold to be surrendered to the
Treasury in exchange for a managed paper currency – took the
nation off the gold standard
• GOAL: inflation to help those in debt
• FDR did return to a limited gold standard
Wednesday
March 1, 2017
Bank Failures Before and After the
Glass-Steagall Banking
VI. Creating Jobs for the Jobless
• One out of four workers was jobless.
• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
• Provided employment in government camps for about 3 million men
• Their work was useful—including reforestation
• Recruits were required to help their parents by sending home most of their pay
• Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) under Harry L.
Hopkins
• Granted $3 billion to states for wages on work projects.
• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
• Made available millions to help farmers meet their mortgages
• Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC)
• Designed to refinance mortgages on nonfarm homes
• Civil Works Administration (CWA) (1933) – run by Hopkins
• Tens of thousands of jobless were employed at leaf raking and other
make-work tasks
CCC Workers in Alaska, 1939
IX. Helping Industry and Labor
XV. A New Deal for Labor
• The National Recovery Administration (NRA): long-range
recovery and reform designed to assist industry, labor, and
the unemployed
• Tried to encourage “fair competition” for the benefit of all
businesses.
• Public Works Administration (PWA): industrial recovery and
unemployment relief by building public buildings, highways, and parkways
• Schechter case: SCOTUS said Congress could not “delegate
legislative powers” to the executive.
• National Labor Relations Board was created to manage
labor disputes.
• Labor was granted additional benefits: right to organize, collective
bargaining, forbid “yellow dog” contracts, child labor restrictions
• Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) eventually emerged
from AFL to represent unskilled workers.
Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia
River, Washington State
General Motors Sit-down
Strikers, Flint, Michigan,
1937
Strikers like these
sometimes kept their
spirits up with the song
“Sit Down”:
When the boss won’t talk
Don’t take a walk
Sit down, sit down.
Labor Union Membership
in Selected Countries,
1913–2007
X. Paying Farmers Not to Farm
• Since 1918, farmers suffered from low prices
and overproduction.
• Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
used “artificial scarcity” to eliminate surpluses
that kept prices down – pay farmers to farm
less.
• “Subsidized scarcity” effect help to raise farm
income.
• SCOTUS finally killed the Act in 1936, so Congress
passed a revised bill.
• Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act
of 1936
• Farmers paid to plant soil-conserving crops or to let
their land go unplanted.
XII. Battling Bankers and Big Business
XIII. The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee
• New Dealers were determined to control Wall Street.
• Federal Securities Act required honesty concerning soundness of stocks and
bonds being sold.
• Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 1934 would protect against fraud,
deception, and inside manipulation.
• New Dealers also attacked public utility companies.
SEC Seal, as seen in
Washington D.C.
• EX: Electricity companies had considerable power through the early 1900s
• The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 attempted to attack bloated
growth, except where it might be deemed economically needful.
• The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1933) – put people back to
work building hydro-electric dam
• Feds could use the TVA to determine exactly how much the production and
distribution of electricity cost – could be used to determine fair rates
• Brought more affordable power to many Americans
TVA’s modern logo
TVA Area
Map 33-2 p766
Occupied Households with Electric Service,
1900–1960
XIV. Housing and Social Security
• Federal Housing Administration (1934)
• Building industry stimulated by small loans to householders.
• Congress bolstered the program in 1937 by
authorizing the United States Housing Authority
(USHA).
• An agency designed to lend money to states or
communities for low-cost construction
• Slums in America ceased growing and shrank.
• Social Security Act (1935)
• Unemployment insurance and old-age pensions
• To provide security for old age:
• Specified categories of retired workers were to receive
regular payments from government
• Were financed by a payroll tax on both employers and
employees
VII. A Day for Every Demagogue
• Unemployment continued during and after the
100 Days . . .
• Anti-New Dealers gained some prominence.
• Senator Huey P. Long publicized his “Share Our
Wealth” program.
• Promised to make “Every Man a King” with $5,000
per family.
• Anti-New Dealers raised questions about the
link between fascism and economic crisis.
• Would FDR turn the U.S. into authoritarian Japan or
Germany?
• To quiet the unrest Congress authorized the
Works Progress Administration (WPA) in 1935.
• GOAL: employment on useful projects - public
buildings, bridges, hard-surfaced roads, Federal Art
Project
Thursday
March 3, 2017
Above: Today,
one can find
WPA plaques
such as the
one above
throughout
the nation.
Left: Huey
Long of
Louisiana
WPA Mural, by Victor
Arnautoff (1896–1979),
1934
p760
VIII. New Visibility for Women
• After the 19th Amendment, women were able to continue contributing to the
nation’s politics.
• First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt
• Secretary of Labor Francis Perkins (1880-1965) — America’s first female cabinet member
• Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955) director of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National
Youth Administration—served as the highest-ranking African American in the Roosevelt
administration.
• Women’s contribution in the social sciences
• Ruth Benedict (1887-1948) by developing the “culture and personality movement” in the
1930s and 1940s
• Established the study of cultures as collective personalities
• Margaret Mead (1901-1978), student of Benedict
• Her scholarly studies of adolescence among Pacific island peoples advanced bold new ideas about
sexuality, gender role and intergenerational relationships.
• Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973) introduced American readers to Chinese peasant society.
Above: Eleanor Roosevelt speaks on behalf of President
Roosevelt’s New Deal
Left: Frances Perkins at the Site of the Golden Gate Bridge
Project, 1935
XI. Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
• Dust Bowl
• Drought, wind, and dry-farming triggered dust storms on
Great Plains.
• Tens of thousands of refugees fled their ruined acres –
many to CA.
• The story of these migrants was used by John Steinbeck
in The Grapes of Wrath (1939).
• The Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act (1939)
• Made possible a suspension of mortgage foreclosures for
five years—voided the next year by Supreme Court
• Revised law, limiting the grace period to three years, was
unanimously upheld.
• Indian Reorganization Act
• Encouraged tribes to establish local self-government and
to preserve their native crafts and traditions
An Okie Family Hits the Road in the
1930s to Escape the Dust Bowl
XVI. Landon Challenges “the Champ”
• Election of 1936
• Democrats renominated Roosevelt & the New Deal
• The Republicans settled on Governor Alfred M. Landon
• Landon was a moderate who accepted some New Deal
reforms
• Election returns: LANDSLIDE 523-8 in favor of FDR
• Democrats now claimed more than two-thirds of the
seats in the House and like proportion in the Senate.
• Roosevelt won primarily because he appealed to the
“forgotten man”
• Roosevelt had forged a powerful and enduring coalition
of the South: blacks, urbanites, new immigrants, and
the poor
• Roosevelt took the presidential oath on January
20, 1937, instead of the traditional March 4.
• The Twentieth Amendment had been ratified in 1933.
FDR & Landon
XVII. Nine Old Men on the Bench
XVIII. The Court Changes Course
• Roosevelt interpreted his reelection as a mandate to
continue New Deal reforms.
• The conservative, senior Supreme Court was in his way.
• FDR asked Congress for legislation to permit him to add a
new justice to the Supreme Court for every one over seventy
who would not retire.
• The maximum membership would be fifteen.
• This was FDR’s first major misstep politically – the SCOTUS
had become far too sacred of an entity with which to
tamper.
• Don’t mess with checks and balances!
• Congress and the nation rejected FDR’s court-packing
plan.
• Despite this, Justice Owen J. Roberts, a conservative,
began to vote on the side of his liberal colleagues.
• By 1937, the New Deal was losing steam.
XIX. Twilight of the New Deal
XX. New Deal or Raw Deal?
XXI. FDR’s Balance Sheet
• Roosevelt’s first term did not end the depression.
• Unemployment persisted in 1936 at about 15%, down from
25% in 1933.
• In 1937 the economy took another sharp downturn.
• Roosevelt deliberately embraced the
recommendations of British economist John Maynard
Keynes.
• Keynesianism—the use of government spending and fiscal
policy to “prime the pump” of the economy and encourage
consumer spending
• Foes of the New Deal condemned waste, socialism,
confusion, contradictions and the “alphabet soup”
and other FDR philosophies.