General guide to
referencing
2016 edition
From the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Learning and Quality)
Many students find learning the unfamiliar nature of academic writing a challenging experience.
The puzzling art of referencing is no exception, with its traditions and initially obscure formatting
rules, referencing can seem to be an overwhelming and annoying requirement standing between
you and submitting your assignment by the due date.
This guide has been written especially for you, new and returning Federation University Australia
(FedUni) students, to demystify referencing and provide numerous practical examples of when
and how referencing should be used in your writing at FedUni.
As you study, you’ll come to understand that referencing is just a set of rules that you need to
follow to adequately acknowledge the work and thinking of others in your assignments. These
rules are important because they allow your teachers to decide whether you’ve demonstrated that
you understand the topic at hand and show that you have completed the assignment yourself.If
you ignore the requirements to reference source materials in your assignment, your teacher may
decide you have committed ‘plagiarism’. This means you have failed to reference according to the
rules and in doing so, not demonstrated that you have used the work of others in your work.
Plagiarism is a very serious matter that can result in unpleasant consequences for your studies
and career. So please take the time to understand the advice we have prepared for you in this
guide.
Referencing is not just about following the rules; it also provides an elegant and powerful way to
add weight to your arguments. Your opinions and conclusions will create more impact if they are
supported by leading researchers and writers in your field. Continually improving these skills as
you continue your studies will serve you well as you fulfil the requirements to earn your
qualification and in your working life.
The guide is quite long, but necessarily so, because the range of sources available to students
has never been greater. Traditional books and academic journals found in libraries are now
complemented by numerous online resources from authoritative and more dubious sources. Each
source needs to be acknowledged differently to make it clear where you found it and how
seriously it should be taken by your teacher and other readers of your work.
You are not expected to read, remember and master this guide in one sitting. Use the Table of
Contents to help guide your reading and jump quickly to the examples that will help you
understand how to reference each particular source of information. This guide is a resource to
read and consult each time you have to write an assignment so you can remind yourself about
what you need to do.
I wish you every success in your studies at FedUni and encourage you to ask your teachers,
librarians and others for help in mastering referencing techniques.
Professor Marcia Devlin, PhD
Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Learning and Quality)
The General guide to referencing was produced with support from the Dual Sector Partnership Project, under
funding from the Australian Government’s Structural Adjustment Fund.
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CONTENTS
What you need to know about referencing
4
What is referencing? ............................................................................................................................. 4
Why do I need to do it? ......................................................................................................................... 4
When do I need to do it? ....................................................................................................................... 4
How do I do it? ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Which referencing style should I use?................................................................................................ 4
What if I break the rules? ...................................................................................................................... 4
What can I use as a source? ................................................................................................................ 5
Are online sources cited differently? .................................................................................................. 5
How do I know if an online source is reliable?................................................................................... 5
What is EndNote? .................................................................................................................................. 5
Any last tips before I start? .................................................................................................................. 5
What you need to know about plagiarism
6
What is plagiarism? ............................................................................................................................... 6
Why is plagiarism wrong? .................................................................................................................... 6
Are there any penalties for plagiarism? .............................................................................................. 6
How can I avoid plagiarism? ................................................................................................................ 6
What is Turnitin? ................................................................................................................................... 6
Activity: When is it plagiarism? ........................................................................................................... 7
APA citation style
9
Overview of APA citation style .......................................................................................................... 10
How to create APA in-text citations ................................................................................................... 11
How to create APA reference entries ................................................................................................ 14
How to present an APA reference list ............................................................................................... 18
Examples of APA reference entries ................................................................................................... 19
Australian Harvard citation style
37
Overview of Australian Harvard style ................................................................................................ 38
How to create Australian Harvard in-text citations .......................................................................... 39
How to create Australian Harvard reference entries ....................................................................... 42
How to present an Australian Harvard reference list ...................................................................... 46
Examples of Australian Harvard reference entries .......................................................................... 47
Chicago/Turabian full note citation style
65
Overview of Chicago/Turabian full note citation style .................................................................... 66
How to create Chicago/Turabian full note citations ........................................................................ 67
How to create Chicago/Turabian bibliography entries .................................................................... 68
How to present a Chicago/Turabian bibliography ........................................................................... 71
Examples of Chicago/Turabian notes and bibliography entries .................................................... 72
MLA citation style
100
Overview of MLA citation style ........................................................................................................ 101
How to create MLA in-text citations ................................................................................................ 102
How to create MLA Works Cited entries ......................................................................................... 104
How to present an MLA Works Cited list ........................................................................................ 108
Examples of MLA Works Cited entries............................................................................................ 109
126
General FAQs
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What you need to know about referencing
What is referencing?
Referencing (also known as citing) is the process of acknowledging that you have used someone
else’s ideas, theories, data or words in your writing. You do this by identifying the source.
Why do I need to do it?
Any piece of work submitted under your name should be your own work. When you use someone
else’s words or ideas, you need to acknowledge this. Not doing so is dishonest and may be a breach
of copyright or plagiarism.
Acknowledging your sources helps to support your arguments and demonstrates that your ideas and
conclusions are based on research. Also, by providing details of the source, you allow your reader to
locate and follow-up the information or idea.
When do I need to do it?
You need to reference a source when you do any of the following in your writing:
•
Paraphrase or summarise an idea, argument or analysis from another source
•
Quote exact words from another source
•
Copy or adapt a graph, image, diagram or table from another source
•
Copy a procedure or method from another source
•
Present factual information, data or results from another source
Sources do not need to be cited for universally known facts, quotations or arguments.
How do I do it?
Referencing is not difficult. All you need to do is identify each source in your writing at the point
where you use it, then provide further identifying details at the end of your paper. This allows your
reader to locate or follow-up the cited information, such as who created it, what it is called, who
made it available and when.
This information is presented in a particular way depending on the referencing style used.
Which referencing style should I use?
There is no ‘correct’ referencing style. Different styles have been developed to suit the requirements
and preferences of particular publishing houses or study disciplines. Each has its own set of rules
concerned with what information to include, how it is presented, and in what order.
This guide covers four citation styles: APA, Australian Harvard, Chicago/Turabian and MLA. Your
lecturer, tutor or class teacher will let you know which style you should use.
What if I break the rules?
Some students feel anxious about referencing because they are worried about the rules. Your
teachers or lecturers will not fail you if you have left out a comma. They are more interested in
seeing that you understand the concepts of referencing and apply these to produce acceptable
references in the required style. Follow the instructions and examples and you will be fine.
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What can I use as a source?
You can use anything as a source. It could be a film, a book, a map, an idea, a journal article, data, a
theory, or an online post. The important thing is to acknowledge the source at the relevant point in
your writing, and provide enough identifying detail that would allow your reader to locate it.
Are online sources cited differently?
Sources accessed online are cited using the same principles as other sources, with extra identifying
information added—usually related to retrieval details.
A reference for an online source should include enough identifying details to indicate its likely
credibility and allow it to be retrieved. See the section covering your style for specific examples.
How do I know if an online source is reliable?
Formal print publications generally undergo a process of evaluation, review and editing before
release. However, material can be published online instantly by anyone with Internet access, with no
particular level of ability or authority. While there is material online that is as authoritative as that in
print, you still need to be discerning when using online content for reference sources.
To assess the value of online material as a source, consider the following questions.
•
What is the purpose, intended audience, and motivation for creating the material?
•
Who has control over the content: the site owner, or a third-party contributor?
•
What is the authority and expertise of the site owner/host?
•
How up-to-date is the material?
•
How permanent is the material?
What is EndNote?
EndNote is a desktop-based referencing and bibliography manager which is now available for staff and
post-graduate researcher use. EndNote Web is a simpler web-based version which retains the core
functionality of the desktop version, but is available using a web browser. Using EndNote is not
compulsory but lecturers or teachers may recommend you use it. EndNote allows you to create
references according to a particular style, as well as import, store and manage the citations. (Some
references may need to be edited manually to correct inconsistencies.) EndNote Web is recommended
for undergraduate students, as it is web-based, so there is no software to download or update. Once
you have created an account, you can access it via any Internet connection. EndNote Web accounts
are created at myendnoteweb.com. See the quick link to Referencing on the Library website.
Any last tips before I start?
Try these tips to save headaches down the track, and protect yourself from accidental plagiarism.
•
As your read, note down the details of each source, particularly page numbers. This will save you
time later when it comes to create your references.
•
Write the source details on any photocopies or printouts so that you can identify them later.
•
Be careful when copying and pasting so that you don’t lose track of what is yours and what you
have copied from somewhere else. Using different coloured highlighting or a different coloured
font can help you tell the difference (and avoid accidentally including someone else’s writing in
your work).
•
Record the source details carefully, particularly authors’ names and publication dates. Reference
data needs to be accurate if it is to be of any use.
Most importantly, don’t worry if the idea of referencing seems overwhelming at first. It will get easier
with each assignment you complete.
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What you need to know about plagiarism
What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is the act of passing off someone else’s ideas or information as your own, such as:
•
Copying words, data or ideas from another source without acknowledgement
•
Paraphrasing (rephrasing another person’s words) without acknowledgement
•
Presenting work under your own name that has been written by someone else
•
Collaborating with others on assignments that are meant to be undertaken individually
Why is plagiarism wrong?
Plagiarism is wrong for the following reasons:
•
It is dishonest, because it involves the theft of another person’s information or ideas.
•
It is unfair to other students, because their work is graded against dishonest work.
•
It is disrespectful to lecturers, tutors and teachers, because it is a betrayal of their trust.
•
It is harmful to the reputation of the University and the qualifications it awards.
Are there any penalties for plagiarism?
Plagiarism is a breach of student discipline. It may incur a range of penalties including a reduction in
marks, being given a fail grade, or referral to the University’s Student Discipline Committee.
The University’s policy on student plagiarism can be accessed via the University website.
http://policy.federation.edu.au/learning_and_teaching/student_appeals/student_plagiarism/ch01.php.
How can I avoid plagiarism?
Avoiding plagiarism is simple when you follow these guidelines:
•
Keep careful records of your sources when taking notes.
•
Know when and how to reference your sources.
•
Know how to paraphrase. Paraphrasing is presenting information or ideas from another source in
your own words. A good way of doing this is to summarise the original in your own words, using
dot points, and then compose from this summary.
•
Introduce, discuss and acknowledge any quoted material.
•
Take care when copying and pasting from online so you don’t lose track of the source.
•
Never include made-up data, quotes or sources in your work.
•
Don’t copy other students’ work or ask anyone else to prepare work for you.
•
Don’t allow other students to copy your work or help them to copy the work of others.
•
Do use a text-checking service such as Turnitin (see below).
What is Turnitin?
Turnitin is an Internet-based plagiarism-detection service that allows you to self-check your
assignments to ensure all non-original material has been cited. Turnitin is made available to
Federation University Australia students and staff as a service to promote academic literacy and
integrity. Turnitin detects possible plagiarism by comparing submitted documents against similar
passages of text in millions of books, journals, Internet pages and submitted student assignments.
More information on Turnitin and preventing plagiarism can be found on the University website.
http://federation.edu.au/students/learning-and-study/online-help-with/plagiarism. Tutorials on how to
use Turnitin can be accessed via Moodle.
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Activity
WHEN IS IT PLAGIARISM?
Here are six ways to use sources. Number the sentences below one to six,
where 1 = Definite plagiarism and 6 = Not plagiarism. Where do you cross the line?
Paraphrasing a paragraph by rewriting with substantial changes in language and
organisation; the new version will also have changes in the amount of detail used
and the examples cited; citing source in reference list.
Copying a paragraph and making small changes - e.g. replacing a few verbs,
replacing an adjective with a synonym; acknowledgement in the reference list.
Cutting and pasting a paragraph by using sentences of the original but omitting one
or two and putting one or two in a different order, no quotation marks; with an in-text
acknowledgement and a reference list acknowledgement.
Copying a paragraph exactly from a source without any acknowledgement.
Quoting a paragraph by placing it in block format with the source cited in the text
and in reference list.
Composing a paragraph by taking short phrases from a number of sources and
putting them together using words of your own to make a coherent whole with intext acknowledgements and a reference list acknowledgement.
Turn the page for the answers.
Source: Carroll, J. (November, 2000). Plagiarism: Is there a virtual solution? Teaching News.
http://www.brookes.ac.uk/services/ocsd/2_learntch/plagiarism.html
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ACTIVITY ANSWERS
WHEN IS IT PLAGIARISM?
Here are six ways to use sources. Number the sentences below one to six,
where 1 = Definite plagiarism and 6 = Not plagiarism. Where do you cross the line?
1. Copying a paragraph exactly from a source without any acknowledgement.
2. Copying a paragraph and making small changes - e.g. replacing a few verbs, replacing an
adjective with a synonym; acknowledgement in the reference list.
3. Paraphrasing a paragraph by rewriting with substantial changes in language and
organisation; the new version will also have changes in the amount of detail used and the
examples cited; citing source in reference list.
3. Cutting and pasting a paragraph by using sentences of the original, but omitting one or two
and putting one or two in a different order, no quotation marks; with an in-text
acknowledgement and a reference list acknowledgement.
5. Composing a paragraph by taking short phrases from a number of sources and putting
them together using words of your own to make a coherent whole with in-text
acknowledgements and a reference list acknowledgement.
6. Quoting a paragraph by placing it in block format with the source cited in the text and in
reference list.
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APA citation style
This section gives advice on APA citation style based on the Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association (6th ed., 2010). For more detail or extra
clarification, consult the Publication Manual in print at the Library.
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Overview of APA citation style
APA is an in text citation style. This means you insert a brief
reference (‘citation’) into your writing whenever you use a
source. The in text citation is made up of the source’s author
and year of publication enclosed in round brackets.
cost (Breen, 1977). However, Lee (1982) reported a contrary result, along with
other studies (Keen, 2004; Lee, 2004; Wojk, 2003, 2006). This supports the
contention that the original data was incomplete (Hillsdon, 2002), or as Johnson
and Hansen (1995) have stated, “seriously deficient” (p. 97).
For each source identified in the text, you also need to create a
corresponding entry in the reference list. The reference list is an
alphabetical presentation of all the sources used in a piece of writing.
Each entry in the reference list should contain enough identifying
detail to allow your reader to locate the source if they wished.
References
Anderson, T.D. (1985). Panel data: a primer. New York: NY: Paragon.
Baxter, B.H. (2005). Models of economic analysis. Sydney, Australia: Wiley.
Breen, H.P. (1977). An empirical test of the impact of managerial self-interest on
corporate capital structure. Journal of Finance, 43(2), 271-281.
Chen, J.J. (2004). Determinants of capital structure of Swedish companies. Journal
of Business Research 27(12), 41-52.
Dorgan, D. (1972), Future fund. Melbourne, Australia: Penguin.
Friedman, B.M. (1985). Corporate capital structure in the United States. Chicago, IL:
University of Chicago Press.
Hillsdon, M. (2002). Statistical analysis primer. Melbourne, Australia: Lansdowne.
Hillsdon, M. (2002a). Basic econometrics (4th ed.). Sydney, Australia: Hill.
Hillsdon, M. (2002b). Computational methods. Melbourne, Australia: Lansdowne.
Johnson, A. & Hanson, S. (1995). Determinants of capital structure: theory vs
practice. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 11(2), 91-102.
Keen, R.P. (2004). Strategy, structure and economic performance. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Lee, B.L. (1982). Credit risk and high yield bonds. New York, NY: Wiley.
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How to create APA in-text citations
Basic treatment (APA)
As explained in the APA overview, you need to insert a brief reference into your writing whenever you
use a source. This is the in-text citation. It is made up of the author and the year of publication of the
source. Page numbers are added when you are referring to a specific part of the source.
(Author Year) or (Author, Year, Page)
… which is confirmed by the most recent study (Jenkins, 2013).
BASIC AUTHOR AND YEAR
… was “fully confirmed by these results” (Jenkins 2013, p. 213).
 PAGE NUMBER FOR QUOTE
… the study by Jenkins (2013) confirmed these results.
 AUTHOR IN SENTENCE
… seemingly different from Twain’s later work (M. Grech, 1994). AUTHOR NEEDING INITIAL
•
Enclose the author’s surname and year in round brackets, separated by a comma.
•
Insert before punctuation mark ending sentence (or part of sentence) where you used source.
•
If author is already in sentence, give year alone in round brackets directly after author’s name.
•
Add initial/s to surname if you have sources by authors with the same surname.
More than one author (APA)
2 AUTHORS
(Hendricks & Angwin, 1975)
OR
Hendricks and Angwin (1975) …
•
Name both authors.
•
Join authors by ‘&’ in round brackets, or ‘and’ in the sentence.
3–5 AUTHORS
(Oakes, Grocz, & Hu, 1994)
OR
Oakes, Grocz, and Hu (1994) …
FIRST
(Oakes et al., 1994)
OR
Oakes et al. (1994) …
LATER
•
Name all authors the first time you refer to the source.
•
Separate each author by a comma. Join last author by ‘&’ or ‘and’.
•
Later, name the first author followed by ‘et al.’ (a Latin abbreviation meaning ‘and others’).
6 OR MORE AUTHORS
(Donat et al., 2002)
•
OR
Donat et al. (2002)
ALL MENTIONS
Name the first author followed by ‘et al.’ in all mentions.
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Group author (government or organisation)
(Amnesty International, 1997)
OR
Amnesty International (1997)
(World Health Organization [WHO], 2013)  LONG NAME, FIRST
ALL MENTIONS
(WHO, 2009)  LATER
•
Give the full name of the group in all mentions, without initials or abbreviations.
•
However, if the name is long and well-known by an abbreviation, give its full name plus the
abbreviation in square brackets in the first mention. In all later mentions, give abbreviation only.
•
If you use an abbreviation in a sentence, put an extra line in your reference list:
WHO – see World Health Organization.
•
Use the full group name for all entries in the reference list. Include initials in round brackets only if
you used initials in your sentences.
LEGISLATION/CRIMINAL CASES (GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION)
Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187  TITLE in CIVIL CASE LAW
 TITLE in STATUTES
Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1)
•
No punctuation is required when citing legislation/criminal case.
•
Formatting of civil law cases appears the same in the reference list as in your text. See the
section on how to present a reference list for more examples.
No author (APA)
(Reading Rates, 2012)
(“Last Gasp,” 2004)
•
OR
OR
Reading Rates (2012)
“Last Gasp” (2004)
WHOLE WORK
PART OF WORK
If the source has no author, give the first two to three words of the title.
•
Use italics for whole works, and quotation marks around parts of works.
•
Use initial capital letters for all major words.
Multiple sources in same citation (APA)
… along with other studies (Keen, 2005; Lee, 2004; Wojk, 2003, 2006).
•
List each source alphabetically by author. Separate each work by a semicolon.
•
List multiple sources from the same author by year (earliest first). Separate by commas.
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Page numbers (APA)
BASIC TREATMENT
(Johnson, 2003, p. 6) … (Kennett, 1998, pp. 55–63) … (Wong, 2012, Figure 3)
•
Add page or other location/ label references when referring to a specific part of source.
•
Add after the year, separated by a comma.
•
Use ‘p.’ before a page, ‘pp.’ before a page range, and ‘para.’, ‘Chapter’, Figure’, or ‘Table’.
QUOTATIONS
It was described as “a stunning victory” (Harrison, 1965, p. 15).
Harrison (1965) described it as “a stunning victory” (p. 15).
•
For direct quotations, add the page reference after the closing quotation mark.
•
If author and year are already part of the sentence, give page reference alone.
•
For block quotations, i.e., when the quote is forty words or more, add the page reference
after closing punctuation mark.
•
If a block quote text, indent and set as a separate paragraph with no quotation marks, as below.
Carter, Chitwood, Kinzey and Cole (2000) note that:
In order to understand this neurophysiological mechanism, it is important to discuss the two
proprioceptive bodies in the muscle: the muscle spindles and the Golgi tendon organs
(GTOs). Muscle spindles are found within the muscle belly and provide information to the
central nervous system (CNS) regarding the absolute length and the velocity of the stretch
in the skeletal muscles. (p. 275)
NO PAGE NUMBERS
(Duer, 1974, “Introduction,” para. 12).
•
If no page numbers are shown on the source, give paragraph number/s if these are shown.
•
If no paragraph numbers, give closest heading and paragraph number/s (as counted by you).
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How to create APA reference entries
As explained in the APA overview, each source that is referred to in the text needs a corresponding
entry in the reference list. The entry should contain enough identifying information about the source
to allow it to be located by someone else. The information is presented as parts in a set order to help
the reader identify at a glance which piece of information relates to which part.
A basic APA reference entry is made up of the following parts.
AUTHOR + YEAR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFORMATION OR DOI OR RETRIEVED FROM URL
All the details you need for each part should be found on the source itself. Instructions and examples
of how to format each part are given over the page.
AUTHOR
•
This identifies the creator or principal contributor of the source.
Who created the
source?
•
It could be a person or a group (organisation or government).
•
Some sources may have more than one author.
PUBLICATION
YEAR/DATE
•
This identifies the year or specific date the source was made
available in the version you accessed. (Use the copyright year/date if
this is shown.)
When was the
source published?
•
For online sources, use the year or specific date the content was
created (for a page or document), or the date of posting (for a post).
TITLE
•
This is the full title in the words and spelling of the source.
•
If your source is part of a larger work (e.g., article from a journal;
chapter from a book), you need to include the title of each.
•
This identifies the publisher and their location.
•
You need to include this information for print books and physical or
broadcast media. You don’t need it for journals, newspapers or online
sources.
•
The information can usually be found with the copyright information.
DOI
•
The DOI acts as a permanent link to an item. Not all material has a
DOI, but you need to include one whenever it has been assigned.
Is there a Digital
Object Identifier?
•
If you provide a DOI, you don’t need to give the URL or retrieval date.
•
If a DOI has been assigned, you should find it with the copyright
information, or with other details on database or catalogue lists.
URL and RETRIEVAL
DATE
•
This is included for sources accessed online. It tells your reader the
location of the source on the Internet and the date you accessed it. It
is only included if the source has no DOI.
What is the address
of the source online,
and when did I
retrieve it?
•
Provide the URL that leads most directly and reliably to the source.
Give the homepage URL if the item can be searched for easily from
there or if a login is required or if the URL is unstable. Otherwise give
the full URL.
•
Do not include the retrieval date unless the content you have used is
likely to be edited or updated, or has no publication date.
What is the source
called?
PUBLISHER
INFORMATION
Who made the
source available in
the form I used?
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Below are instructions for formatting the parts of an APA reference entry. When you are ready to
create your entries, read the instructions and copy the punctuation used in the examples. Note that
every part ends with a full stop, except DOIs and URLs, and a space follows each punctuation mark.
AUTHOR + YEAR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFORMATION OR DOI OR RETRIEVED FROM URL
Author (APA)
1 AUTHOR
Winton, T. (2001). Dirt music. Sydney, Australia: Picador.
•
Give the author’s surname, a comma, and the initial/s of the given name/s.
2–7 AUTHORS
Hall, J. L., & Ashton, B. T. (2005). A spoonful of valour …
•
Name all authors. Separate by commas and join last author by ‘&’.
8 OR MORE AUTHORS
Donat, T. G., Jenkins, M., Baysch, V., Adamson, E., Wilkins, W. L., Lingstrom, A., … Farr, P. B.
•
Name the first six and last authors. Join last author by three dots (‘…’).
GROUP AUTHOR (GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION)
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2004). Australia’s health …
•
Give the name of the group in full followed immediately by the year of publication.
LEGISLATION/CRIMINAL CASES (GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION)
Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187  TITLE in CIVIL CASE LAW
Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1)
•
 TITLE in STATUTES
No punctuation is required when citing legislation/criminal case. Formatting of civil law cases
appears the same in the reference list as in your text. See following for more examples.
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Year (APA)
BASIC
Winton, T. (2001). Dirt music. Sydney, Australia: Picador.
Greendale, N. (2006, May 4). Road toll rising. The Age, p. 13.
•
Enclose year of publication in round brackets.
•
Add month and day for sources with specific publication dates. (Give only year in in-text citation.)
SAME AUTHOR, SAME YEAR
Harris, D. W. (2001a). Hadrian’s wall …
Harris, D. W. (2001b). Julius Caesar …
•
Add a lower case letter (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, etc.) to the year to reflect the order the entry appears in the
reference list.
NO YEAR/DATE
Gardiner, I. T. (n.d.). Life in rural Australia …
•
Use ‘n.d.’, (stands for ‘no date’) if no year/date can be found on the source.
Title (APA)
BASIC
Harris, M. (1983). The mighty Yarra: Rivers of Victoria. … TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Gerd, N. B. (2001). Method in action. Journal of Health, …  PART OF WORK & WHOLE WORK
•
Give the title in italics in the wording and spelling shown on the source.
•
Separate title and subtitle by a colon.
•
Give initial capitals to the first word of the title and the subtitle, and to any proper nouns.
•
Give both titles if the source is part of a larger work. No italics for parts of works.
NO TITLE
Jensen, P. R. (1945). [Wartime navy reminiscences]. Brisbane, Australia: Liberty Press.
•
If no title, give a brief descriptive title in your own words in square brackets. No italics.
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Publisher information (APA)
Gourley, D. (2002). Action man. Chicago, IL: Bellinger.
Temple, P. (2009). Truth. Melbourne, Australia: Text.
Gull Group. (1992). Annual report. Sydney, Australia: Author.
•
If published in the USA, give city, US state (initials) and publisher.
•
If published outside the USA, give city, country and publisher.
•
Separate city and state/country by a comma and publisher by a colon.
•
If there is more than one city named on the source, give the first-named city.
•
If the publisher is also the author, use ‘Author’ instead of repeating name.
DOI (APA)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/529076
doi:10.1037/0004-066X.60.6.561
•
Use a DOI when one has been assigned, even for print material. No full stop at the end.
•
Give exactly as found on the source. If using a DOI in the original format (beginning with ‘10’)
introduce it by ‘doi’. New format DOIs (beginning with ‘http’) don’t need ‘doi’ added in front.
URL and Retrieval date (APA)
Retrieved from http://www.books.google.com/
Available from http://www.amazon.com/
Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http://www.yourhealth.gov.au/
•
Introduce URL by ‘Retrieved from’.
•
Use ‘Available from’ if accessible only via login/paywall.
•
Add retrieval date only if content is likely to change (e.g., wikis, web pages), or if no date.
•
Break URLs (if needed) before a punctuation mark or symbol. No full stop at end.
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How to present an APA reference list
How to set up the list
•
Begin the list on a new page at the end of your work.
•
Give the list the centred heading ‘References’.
•
Use double line-spacing and a hanging indent (approx. 0.75 cm or 4-5 spaces).
•
If a DOI or URL needs to be broken, break before a slash or a punctuation mark.
What to include
•
Give an entry for every recoverable source you have cited in the text.
•
Do not add entries for material you have not used, however relevant.
How to arrange the entries
•
List entries alphabetically by author.
•
If there is no author, list by title. (Ignore ‘A’ or ‘An’ or ‘The’ as first words.)
•
If you have more than one entry with the same author, list by year (earliest first).
•
If you have more than one entry with the same author and year, list alphabetically by title, and
add a lower case letter to each year; e.g., ‘a’ for first, ‘b’ for second (see Hillsdon 2004 entries).
Example of an APA reference list
References
Anderson, T.D. (1985). Panel data: a primer. New York: NY: Paragon.
Baxter, B.H. (2005). Models of economic analysis. Sydney, Australia: Wiley.
Breen, H.P. (1977). An empirical test of the impact of managerial self-interest on
corporate capital structure. Journal of Finance, 43(2), 271-281.
Chen, J.J. (2004). Determinants of capital structure of Swedish companies. Journal
of Business Research 27(12), 41-52.
Dorgan, D. (1972), Future fund. Melbourne, Australia: Penguin.
Friedman, B.M. (1985). Corporate capital structure in the United States. Chicago, IL:
University of Chicago Press.
Hillsdon, M. (2002). Statistical analysis primer. Melbourne, Australia: Lansdowne.
Hillsdon, M. (2002a). Basic econometrics (4th ed.). Sydney, Australia: Hill.
Hillsdon, M. (2002b). Computational methods. Melbourne, Australia: Lansdowne.
Johnson, A. & Hanson, S. (1995). Determinants of capital structure: theory vs
practice. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 11(2), 91-102.
Keen, R.P. (2004). Strategy, structure and economic performance. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Lee, B.L. (1982). Credit risk and high yield bonds. New York, NY: Wiley.
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Examples of APA reference entries
Look for your source in the table below, then find the numbered example on the following pages
where examples are grouped according to type. Each grouping of examples has a template and
explanatory notes.
Examples for online material are included in the groups, not presented as a separate list. To help
you, the numbers of the online examples have been formatted in bold in the table below.
If you don’t know where to start, look under the material type, and if there is a relevant online
example it will be included in that grouping. If your source is in print and the example is for online (or
vice versa) you can still use the example—just modify it for the version you accessed.
If you aren’t clear how to format the individual parts of the entry, return to the beginning of this
section for instructions on formatting author, title, and so on.
If you can’t find an example in this table or on the following pages that matches your source, look for
one in a similar category and customise to fit your particular material.
TYPE OF SOURCE
EXAMPLE NO.
TYPE OF SOURCE
EXAMPLE NO.
Audiobook (CD, audio file)
1,2
Newspaper, magazine article
38, 39, 40, 41
Blog post
45
Online discussion, social media
42, 43, 44, 45
79, 80
Book, print basic
3
PDF on website
Book, different edition
4
Personal communication
46
Book, edited collection
5
Podcast
47
Book, edited collection chapter
6
PowerPoint slideshow
27
Book, multi-volume
4
Radio broadcast
62
7, 8, 9
Report
48, 49
Brochure
11
Review
50, 51
Conference material, presented
12
Secondary source
52, 53
Conference material, published
13, 14
Software, App
54, 55
E-book
7, 8, 9
Speech, Performance, recorded
Book, online/e-book
46
Email, Letter
15, 16, 17
Encyclopedia entry
56, 57, 58, 59
Standards, Australian
60
Television current affairs broadcast
61
63, 64, 65, 66
Exhibition catalogue
10
Television series episode
Facebook post
44
Thesis
67, 68
Film
71
Tweet
43
Government documents
18, 19, 20, 21
22
Interview transcript
23, 24, 25, 26
Journal article
Lecture or class material
27, 28, 29
Video file, post
Video, Film, DVD, studio production
69, 70
71, 72, 73, 74
Video game
75
Visual artwork, original
76
Legislation/Criminal cases
30, 31
Visual artwork, reproduction
77, 78
Map, chart, diagram, image
32, 33
Website document (stand-alone)
79, 80
Website page/post (general)
81, 82
34
Media release
Music recording (CD, LP, online)
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Audiobook (CD, audio file)
TEMPLATE
EX
1
APA
Author. (Year). Title (Reader) [Format]. City, State/Country: Label. OR DOI/URL
CD
FitzSimons, P. (2011). Kokoda (L. FitzGerald, Reader) [CD]. Sydney, Australia: ABC Audio.
EX
2
ONLINE
Dickens, C. (2013). Oliver Twist (P. Batchelor, Reader) [Audio file]. Available from
http://www.audible.com.
NOTES
•
Treat author, year and title as for basic book.
•
Add reader’s name in round brackets. Add recording format in square brackets.
•
If physical media (e.g., CD), give place and name of record label.
•
If accessed online, give retrieval details; use ‘Available from’ if purchase is required.
Book, print
TEMPLATE
EX
3
APA
Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). City, State/Country: Publisher.
BASIC
Winton, T. (2001). Dirt music. Sydney, Australia: Picador.
EX
4
DIFFERENT EDITION or MULTI-VOLUME
Goh, L. (1984). African voyages (2nd ed., Vol. 2). Montreal, Canada: Greyguides.
EX 5
EDITED COLLECTION
Mills, A., & Smith, J. (Eds.). (2001). Utter silence: Voicing the unspeakable. New York, NY:
Peter Lang.
EX 6
CHAPTER FROM EDITED COLLECTION
Chapter author

Chapter title

Book editor/s (initial/s then surname)


Brown, J. (2001). Silence, taboo and infectious disease. In A. Mills & J. Smith (Eds.),
Utter silence: Voicing the unspeakable (pp. 83–91). New York, NY: Peter Lang.

Book title

Chapter page range
NOTES
•
BASIC: Give author, year, title (italics), and place and name of publisher.
•
DIFFERENT EDITION: Add edition description (in round brackets, no italics) to title. Edition information is only
given for editions other than the first edition. If no edition statement is shown on the book, assume it’s the first
(and no statement is needed).
•
MULTI-VOLUME: Add volume number/s (in round brackets, no italics) to title. Give all volumes (e.g., ‘3 vols.’)
if citing a whole work; or volume number (e.g., ‘Vol. 2’) if citing an individual volume.
•
EDITED COLLECTION: Give editor/s in author position followed by ‘(Ed.)’ or ‘(Eds.)’.
•
CHAPTER FROM EDITED COLLECTION: Give chapter author and title (no italics). Give book title (italics)
preceded by ‘In’ (no italics) and initials and surname/s of editor/s followed by ‘(Ed.),’ or ‘(Eds.)’. Add page
range of chapter in round brackets (no italics) after title.
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Book online, e-book
TEMPLATE
EX
7
APA
Author. (Year). Title [E-reader version or digital format]. Retrieved from DOI/URL
LIBRARY E-BOOK
Hampden-Turner, C., & Trompenaars, A. (2000). Building cross-cultural competence: How
to create wealth from conflicting values. Available from http://search.ebscohost.com/
EX
8
ACCESSED ON E-READER
Fitzgerald, F. S. (2003). The great Gatsby [Kindle version]. Available from
http://www.amazon.com
EX
9
E-BOOK WITHOUT DOI
Kirkwood, R., & Goldsworthy, S. (2013). Fur seals and sea lions. [PDF]. Retrieved from
http://uball.csiro.patron.eb20.com/Collections/ViewBook/295eae4d-f807-481b-95cc05fb9d9f5f48
NOTES
•
Treat author, year and title as for a print book. (If online version of print publication, give any volume or edition
numbers if shown.)
•
If accessed via an e-reader, add e-reader type and version in square brackets (no italics) to title.
•
If a DOI is available, always include it. If no DOI is available, give URL.
•
If accessible only via login/purchase, introduce URL by ‘Available from’ instead of ‘Retrieved from’.
Brochure, pamphlet or catalogue
TEMPLATE
EX
10
APA
Author. (Year). Title [Brochure]. City, State/Country: Publisher. OR DOI/URL
EXHIBITION CATALOGUE (PRINT)
Taylor, E. (2013). Australian impressionists in France [Exhibition catalogue]. Melbourne,
Australia: National Gallery of Victoria.
EX
11
BROCHURE (ONLINE)
Parks Victoria. (2004). Fire ecology in the Grampians [Brochure]. Retrieved from
http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf
NOTES
•
Give author and publication year or date as shown on document. Give title in italics.
•
Add description in square brackets (no italics) to title.
Conference paper presented (unpublished)
TEMPLATE
EX
12
APA
Presenter. (Year, Month). Title. Paper presented at Meeting Name, place.
Wenzel, B. Q. (1998, June). Films of Fellini. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the
Society for Cinema Studies, Ballarat, Australia.
NOTES
•
Give year and month of conference, title of paper (italics), followed by name of location of meeting.
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Conference paper published in proceedings
TEMPLATE
EX
13
APA
Author. (Year). Title of paper. In Editor (Ed.), Title of proceedings of Conference Name
(pp. xx–xx). City, State/Country, Publisher. OR DOI/URL
PAPER IN PROCEEDINGS
Carbone, A., Mitchell, I., Gunstone, D., & Hurst, J. (2002). Designing programming tasks to
elicit self-management metacognitive behaviour. In B. Werner (Ed.), Proceedings of the
International Conference on Computers in Education (pp. 533-534).
doi: 10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998
EX
14
WHOLE PROCEEDINGS
Murphy, C. (2004). Job design and leadership. In G. Stewart, & P. Hyland (Eds.),
Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the International Employment Relations
Association (pp. 1-13). Rockhampton, Australia: CQU.
NOTES
•
Give author/s of paper, year of publication of proceedings, and title of paper (no italics).
•
Give editor, title of proceedings, and page range. (Use initial capitals for conference name in title.)
•
Add publication information or DOI. Give URL if no DOI and accessed online.
•
If using the whole proceedings as a source, treat like a book (edited collection).
Encyclopedia entry
TEMPLATE
EX
15
APA
Author. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work (pp. xx–xx). City,
State/Country: Publisher. OR DOI/URL
PRINT
Reed, D. L. (2003). Black holes. In Science Encyclopedia (5th ed., pp. 501–508).
New York, NY: Academic Resources.
EX
16
E-BOOK
McColl, G. (2014). Abba. In L. Stacy & L. Henderson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of music in the
20th century [Kindle version]. Available from http://www.amazon.com/
EX
17
ONLINE
Watergate scandal. (2009). In Encyclopedia Britannica online. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/
NOTES
** Check with your teacher or lecturer before using Wikipedia as a reference source.
•
Give author of entry if one is named, otherwise begin with title.
•
Give title of entry (no italics) and title of whole work/website (italics) preceded by ‘In’ (no italics).
•
Give page and any edition and volume numbers after title. Page numbers are not needed if entries are
arranged in a single alphabetical sequence.
•
Give publication information or DOI or URL if online. Provide URL of item (use the permanent link).
•
Include retrieval date if content is not fixed (i.e., likely to be edited or updated).
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Page 22
Government documents
TEMPLATE
EX
18
APA
Dependant on source
PDF DOCUMENT
Australia. Department of Defence. (2016). 2016 Defence white paper. Retrieved from
http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper/Docs/2016-Defence-White-Paper.pdf
EX
19
PRINTED FACTSHEET
Victoria. Department of Education & Training. (2015). Resources for inclusion [Fact sheet].
Melbourne, Australia: Author.
EX
20
WEBPAGE
Australia. Department of Health. (2014). Breastfeeding. Retrieved June 29,
2016 from http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content
/health-pubhlth-strateg-brfeed-index.htm
EX
21
PRINT DOCUMENT
Department of Primary Industries. (2014). Windmills in the outback. Report prepared by A.
Smith & B. Jones. Sydney, Australia: DPI.
NOTES
** Check with your teacher or lecturer before using a factsheet as a reference source. These are usually
not acceptable as academic sources unless as objects of research.
•
If using the abbreviated name of a government body in your text, e.g., the ADF for the Australian Defence
Force, follow the same reference list guidelines as for a group author (see the in-text citation section).
•
The in-text citations do not contain the ‘Australia.’ or ‘Victoria.’ prefixes, hence for the above entries, the intext citations would be ‘(Department of Defence, 2016)’ or ‘According to the Department of Education &
Training (2015) …’.
Interview
TEMPLATE
EX
22
APA
Interviewee. (Date). Title (Interviewer Name, Interviewer). Publisher. OR DOI/URL
ONLINE (TRANSCRIPT)
Armstrong, N. A. (2001, September 19). An interview with Neil Armstrong (S. E. Ambrose,
Interviewer) [Transcript]. Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Retrieved from
http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf
NOTES
•
Stand-alone interviews can be used as references if recoverable by your reader (e.g., transcripts or
recordings). Treat interviews that are not recoverable as personal communications (see Ex 46).
•
Name the interviewee at the beginning of the entry and the interviewer in round brackets after the title. If no
title, give description in square brackets. Give form in square brackets where needed.
•
Format the rest of the entry according to the category of material accessed (e.g., video/audio file).
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Journal article
TEMPLATE
EX
23
APA
Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL
PRINT
Author

Year

Article

Journal Name

Volume Issue Page Range
 

Normoyle, C. (2013). Nurses' wellbeing. Australian Nursing Journal, 20(10), 30–33.
EX
24
PRINT OR ONLINE WITH DOI
Krueger, W. S., & Gray, G. C. (2013). Swine influenza virus infections in man. Current
Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 370, 201-225. doi: 10.1007/82_2012_268
EX
25
ONLINE WITH URL (NO DOI)
Moran, W. (2014). Enhancing understanding of teaching and the profession through school
innovation rounds. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39(3). Retrieved from
http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/
EX
26
ABSTRACT
Gray, E., & Bolitho, A. J. (2003). Patients with COAD [Abstract]. Health and Quality of Life
Outcomes, 1(55), 58. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
NOTES
•
If source is an abstract, letter, or review, add ‘Abstract’, ‘Letter to the editor’ or ‘Review of …’ (name work
reviewed)’ in square brackets (no italics) to title. Give journal name (italics). Capitalise first letter of all major
words (because it is a name).
•
Give volume number (italics) and issue number (round brackets, no italics). No space between.
•
Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (no ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
•
DOI: Give DOI for print as well as online articles if one has been assigned.
•
ONLINE: Give URL only if no DOI. Introduce URL with ‘Available from’ if the article is accessible only via login
or behind a paywall.
Lecture or class material
TEMPLATE
EX
27
APA
Author. (Year/Date). Title [Format]. Other identifying detail. OR DOI/URL
ONLINE DOCUMENT/FILE
Barrett, K. (2010, June 19). Cell structure [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
http://www.barrett.edu/openaccess/courses/lectureNotes.cfm
EX
28
ONLINE LECTURE
Lucas, J. (2012, September 4). Drought tolerant plants: Introductory lecture [Video file].
Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-v6GNvGWIL5
EX
29
PRINT HANDOUT
Huang, L. (2012, March 5). The cost of retribution [Lecture handout]. Ethics 123, Central
University, Townsville, Australia.
NOTES
** Check with your teacher or lecturer before including this material in the reference list.
•
LIVE CLASSES, LECTURES AND PRESENTATIONS: These are not recoverable so are not included in the
reference list. Treat as personal communications: (e.g., ‘… in a lecture on chaos theory (M. Green, personal
communication, May 1, 2009) …’.
•
ONLINE LECTURES AND PRESENTATIONS: These are recoverable so they can be included in the
reference list if permitted by your teacher or lecturer. Treat according to publication type (e.g., video post,
podcast, stand-alone document, etc.).
•
PRINT CLASS MATERIAL, HANDOUTS: These are not recoverable if they are available only to participating
students. If permitted for use as a source, treat as above.
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Legislation/Criminal cases
TEMPLATE
EX
30
APA
Plaintiff v Defendant (Year/Date) Volume/Series Law report Page number
CIVIL LAW CASES
1. Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping Co Inc v Fay (1988) 165 CLR 197
2. Esso Petroleum Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise [1976] 1 AII ER 117
3. Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187
4. Todd v Nicol [1957] SASR 72
5. Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562
EX
31
STATUTES
6. Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1)
7. Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth)
NOTES
** Check with your teacher or lecturer to confirm their particular requirements.
CIVIL LAW CASE REFERENCES
•
Formatting of civil law cases appears the same in the reference list as in your text.
•
Start with the name of the plaintiff, followed by v (stands for ‘and’ or ‘against’), then the name of the
defendant, all in italics.
•
The year is next in brackets. If the law report series is ordered according to year, the year the case was
reported (such as in the UK Appeal Cases), is in square brackets. If the series is based on volume number
(such as in the Commonwealth Law Reports), the year the case was decided is in round brackets.
•
After the year may be a volume number (as in Ex 30/1 above). Volume numbers may be used in two
situations: (1) if the series is based on years but has more than one volume for a given year, or (2) where
the whole series appears in sequentially numbered volumes. Otherwise, where the series is based on year
of reporting, it could simply be the abbreviation for the law report as in Ex 30/3, 30/4 and 30/5 above. Include
the page number in the law report where the case begins.
STATUTE REFERENCES
•
Formatting of statutes appears the same in the reference list as in your text.
•
Start with the name of the statute in italics, followed by the year the statute was passed. Then in brackets,
state the abbreviation for the parliament which passed the Act, and finally the section number and
subsection number if referring to a particular section of the statute.
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Map, chart, illustration, figure, table, image
TEMPLATE
EX
32
APA
Author. (Year/Date). Title [Form]. DOI/URL
ONLINE
Victorian Electoral Commission. (2012). City of Casey: Local council boundaries [Map].
Retrieved from https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/images/profile/CaseySummary.gif
EX
33
PRINT
Timms, P. E. (2006). Colonial settlement in Tasmania. Hobart, Australia: Tiger Press.
NOTES
•
ONLINE: Give author/poster and the title of the item (no italics). Give year of publication (or date of post). Add
form (e.g., ‘Map’, ‘Photograph’) in square brackets. If no title or caption, give a short description in same
square brackets as form.
•
PRINT: Give an in-text citation and reference entry for the print source containing the item, not the item itself.
Add the identifying number to in-text citation: ‘… (Timms, 2006, Figure 2)’.
•
If using the abbreviated name of a government body in your text, e.g., the VEC for the Victorian Electoral
Commission, follow the same reference list guidelines as for a group author (see the in-text citation section).
Media release
TEMPLATE
EX
34
APA
Author. (Date). Title [Description]. City, State/Country: Publisher. OR DOI/URL
Qantas. (2011, October 29). Response to industrial action [Media release]. Retrieved from
http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/media-releases/oct-2011/5218/
Music recording
TEMPLATE
EX
35
APA
Songwriter or Performer. (Year). Title of song [Recorded by Artist Name]. On Title of
album [Form]. City, State/Country: Label. OR DOI/URL (Recording year if different
from copyright year)
SINGLE TRACK (LP)
Duke, V. (1934). Autumn in New York [Recorded by F. Sinatra]. On Come fly with me [Vinyl
recording]. Los Angeles, CA: Capitol. (1958)
EX
36
SINGLE TRACK (ONLINE)
Sebastian, G. (2012). Big bad world. On Armageddon [MP3]. Available from
http://store.apple.com/au
EX
37
ALBUM (CD)
Perry, K. (2013). Prism [CD]. Los Angeles, CA: Capitol.
NOTES
•
SINGLE TRACK/SONG: Give name of songwriter and year of copyright. If songwriter is not the recording
artist, add recording artist in square brackets after title (no italics). Give album title (italics) preceded by ‘On’.
Give place and name of recording label. Add recording date at end if different from copyright year (see Ex
35).
•
WHOLE ALBUM: Give name of album recording artist. Give album title (italics).
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Newspaper, magazine article
TEMPLATE
EX
38
APA
Author. (Year/Date). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine Name, p. #. DOI or URL
BASIC ARTICLE
Hunt, J. (1963, November 22). Assassin kills Kennedy. The Chicago Tribune, p. 1, 4–6.
EX
39
SEPARATE SECTION
Rousseau, N. (2008, June 3). Arrival of the spice setters. The Age, Epicure sec., p. 4.
EX
40
ONLINE REPLICA OF PRINT EDITION
Craig, B. (1968, January 10). Australia and the world shares Mrs Holt’s sorrow. The
Australian Women’s Weekly, pp. 2–3. Retrieved from http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/
EX
41
ONLINE EDITION
Rosen, L. (2014, January 22). Occupy Starbucks [Letter to the editor]. The New York Times.
Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/23/opinion/
NOTES
•
Author: Give name of author. (Start with title if no author shown.)
•
Year/date: Give date as shown on source (i.e., year and month, or year, month and day).
•
Title: Give title of article (no italics). Capitalise first letter of first word and any proper nouns. Add description
for reviews, letters, etc., in square brackets (no italics) (Ex 41), or give alone if no title.
•
Newspaper/magazine name (italics). Capitalise first letter of all major words. If separate section, add name
(no italics) after title (Ex 39).
•
Page numbers. Use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in front. If non-consecutive, separate by commas (Ex 38).
•
ONLINE: If article is digital replica of print edition, give publication date of print edition and include page
numbers (Ex 40). If article is posted on media outlet’s website, give date of post (Ex 41).
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Online discussion, social media
TEMPLATE
EX
42
APA
Author/Screen name. (Year, Month Day). Title [Form]. Retrieved from URL
FORUM COMMENT
GeekBoy. (2008, October 9). Re: Who’s messing with Twitter search? [Online forum
comment]. Retrieved from http://www.techcrunch.com/2008/10/09
EX
43
TWEET
West, K. [kanyewest]. (2013, December 9). Thank you, Mandela, for your life's work and
may it serve as a guiding light to illuminate our future [Tweet]. Retrieved from
https://twitter.com/kanyewest/status/410097143261589504
EX
44
FACEBOOK POST
Coles Supermarkets. (2014, January 2). Good News: In another national supermarket first,
we’re pleased to announce 100% of our Coles Brand fresh chicken is now RSPCA
Approved [Facebook post]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/coles/posts
/639616386102380?stream_ref=10
EX
45
BLOG POST
Daly, Michael. (2014, January 29). Pennsylvania student proves you could buy ingredients
for a WMD on Amazon [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.thedailybeast.com
/articles/2014/01/28/
NOTES
This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable (i.e., open access). (Posts that are protected by
privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Ex 46).
•
Give real name of poster. Add screen name (if one) in square brackets, or alone if real unknown.
•
Give date of post. Give year if using an entire feed or page and not a specific post.
•
Give post/comment/tweet as title (no italics).
•
Add form (e.g., Tweet; Facebook post; Photograph, etc.) in square brackets to title. (Use ‘Twitter page’ or
‘Facebook page’ if using someone’s entire feed/timeline as a source.)
•
Give full URL of item. If item is archived, give archived version URL (click post’s date stamp). Retrieval date:
Not needed for items with a specific associated date (e.g., individual tweets, posts, etc.), but is needed for
whole feeds/pages because content will change.
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Personal communication
TEMPLATE
EX
46
APA
NO REFERENCE ENTRY REQUIRED
(E. Jensen, personal communication, June 7, 2008
 IN-TEXT CITATION
Ford’s Adelaide performance (Festival Theatre, May 6, 2008)
 IN-TEXT CITATION
NOTES
Personal communications are not recoverable, so they are not included in the reference list but may be referred to
in the text. Identify the communicator (seek approval for private communications) and date in round brackets (omit
any detail already in surrounding sentence). The following sources are considered to be personal
communications:
•
Live lectures, presentations, performances, speeches, etc.
•
Private communications, such as letters, emails, conversations, personal interviews, or posts and comments
on social media or other sites protected by privacy settings.
•
Class or lecture notes taken by yourself or other students, and material accessible only to students of the unit
course or institution.
Podcast
TEMPLATE
EX
47
APA
Primary Contributor. (Role). (Year, Month Day). Episode title. Program title [Form].
DOI/URL
Cohen, H. (Presenter). (2013, December 29). Casualties in the supermarket war.
Background briefing [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/rn/programs
/backgroundbriefing/
NOTES
•
Give primary contributor/s and role/s and date produced/uploaded.
•
Give title of episode (no italics) followed by title of whole podcast/program.
•
Give the URL of the item (or the home page if the item is searchable from there).
•
Use ‘Available from’ if accessible only via purchase or subscription.
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Report, government or corporate
TEMPLATE
APA
Author. (Year). Title (Series number). City, State/Country: Publisher. OR DOI/URL
PRINT
EX
48
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2004). Australia’s health 2004 (AIHW Cat. No.
AUS 44). Canberra, Australia: Author.
ONLINE
EX
49
City of Ballarat. (2011). Annual report. Retrieved from http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media
/499612/annual%20report_complete.pdf
NOTES
•
Give title of report in italics.
•
Add any series name or number (in round brackets, no italics) to report title.
•
If published by author, use the word ‘Author’ for publisher name.
•
If accessed online, add DOI or URL in place of publisher location and name.
•
If using the abbreviated name of a government body in your text, e.g., AIHW for the Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare, follow the same reference list guidelines as for a group author (see the in-text citation
section).
Review
TEMPLATE
EX
50
APA
Reviewer. (Year/Date). Title of review [Review of Work reviewed, role and name of
principal contributor, Year of production/release]. Format remaining entry
according to the category of material.
FILM REVIEW (PRINT NEWSPAPER)
Schembri, J. (2008, November 10). [Review of the motion picture Australia, directed by B.
Luhrmann, 2008]. The Age, p. 8.
EX
51
THEATRE REVIEW (ONLINE)
Croggon, A. (2014, January 31). [Review of the play Private lives, by N. Coward, Melbourne
Theatre Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, 2014.] The Guardian Australia.
Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/
NOTES
•
Give author and date of review.
•
Give title of review (italics) followed by description (no italics except for title of work being reviewed), in square
brackets. If review has no title, give description alone.
•
Format remaining parts according to the publication type (e.g., newspaper article, online post, etc.).
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Secondary source
EX
52
APA
IN YOUR WRITING (IN-TEXT CITATION)
Hilferty describes the nature of teacher professionalism as “an evolving idea that responds
to political, social & historical contexts” (as quoted in Meldrum & Peters, 2012, p. 109).
EX
53
REFERENCE ENTRY (SECONDARY SOURCE)
Meldrum, K., & Peters, J. (2012). Learning to teach health and physical education: The
student, the teacher and the curriculum. Sydney, Australia: Pearson Australia.
NOTES
•
When using a source that you found in another (secondary) source, refer to the original in your writing but only
give a reference entry and an in-text citation for the source that you accessed (the secondary source).
•
To make it clear that you have used a secondary source, include ‘as cited in’ (or ‘as quoted in’ for a quotation)
in the in-text citation.
Software, app
TEMPLATE
EX
54
APA
Title (Version number) [Form]. (Year). City, State/Country: Company. OR DOI/URL
MOBILE PHONE APP
Weather Flow (Version 1.5.0) [Mobile phone application]. Available from
http://www.windowsphone.com/en-au/store/
EX
55
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Dolphin (Version 4.0.2) [Computer software]. Available from https://dolphin-emu.org/
NOTES
•
Only give reference entries for specialised software with limited distribution. No reference entry is needed for
standard software and programming languages.
•
Give title of software (no italics) followed by version number in round brackets. Add description in square
brackets after version number. Give place and name of company if accessed as CD, or DOI/URL if accessed
online.
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Speech, performance
TEMPLATE
EX
56
APA
Performer. (Year/Date). Title [Format]. City, State/Country: Label. OR DOI/URL
PERFORMANCE (CD)
Seinfeld, J. (Performer), & Callner, M. (Director). (1998). I’m telling you for the last time: Live
on Broadway [CD]. Los Angeles, CA: Universal. (Performance recorded August 9, 1998)
EX
57
SPEECH RECORDING (VINYL)
Churchill, W. (1964). In a solemn hour. On Winston Churchill: A selection from his famous
wartime speeches [Vinyl recording]. London, England: Decca. (Speech recorded May
19, 1940)
EX
58
SPEECH RECORDING (ONLINE VIDEO)
Kennedy, J. F. (1963, June 26). Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner) [Video file]. Retrieved
from http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html
EX
59
SPEECH RECORDING (ONLINE AUDIO)
King, M. L. Jr. (1963, August 28). I have a dream [Audio file]. Retrieved from
http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/ (Speech recorded August 28, 1963)
NOTES
•
LIVE PERFORMANCES/SPEECHES: These are not recoverable so are not included in reference list but can
be referred to in the text. Add identifying details not already in surrounding sentence in round brackets; e.g.,
‘In her Adelaide performance (Festival Theatre, May 6, 2008), Anne Ford …’
•
RECORDINGS OF LIVE PERFORMANCES OR SPEECHES: These are recoverable so can be included in
the reference list. Format entry according to the category of material. Add original recording date if different or
more specific than publication date.
Standards, Australian
TEMPLATE
APA
Author. (Year). Standard title (Standard number). City, State/Country: Publisher.
REFERENCE ENTRY (Australian Standard)
EX
60
Standards Australia. (2010). Residential timber framed construction – simplified - noncyclonic areas: formal specifications (AS 1684.4:2010). Sydney: Standards Australia.
Television/radio news or current affairs broadcast
TEMPLATE
EX
61
APA
Primary Contributor. (Role). (Year, Month Day). Title [Description]. City, State/Country:
Broadcast Station OR Retrieved from URL
TELEVISION BROADCAST
Roberts, B. (Presenter). (2013, November 12). WIN news [Television broadcast]. Ballarat,
Australia: WIN Television.
EX
62
RADIO BROADCAST
Attard, M. (Presenter). (2009, August 18). Sunday profile [Radio broadcast]. Melbourne,
Australia: ABC Local Radio.
NOTES
•
Give primary contributor and roles (if unknown/unclear, begin with title), date of broadcast, title (italics)
followed by form in square brackets (no italics), then place and name of broadcast station.
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Television series episode
TEMPLATE
EX
63
APA
Primary Contributor. (Role). (Year). Title of episode [Form]. In Principal Contributor,
Title of series. City, State/Country: Production/Distribution Company. OR DOI/URL
TELEVISION BROADCAST
Sherman-Palladino, A. (Writer), & Mancuso, G. (Director). (2002). Application anxiety
[Television series episode]. In A. Sherman-Palladino, D. Palladino, & G. Polone
(Producers), Gilmore girls. Melbourne, Australia: Nine Network, 12 June 2012.
EX
64
ONLINE VIDEO
Horowitz, A. (Writer), & Orme, S. (Director). (2014). The eternity ring [Television series
episode; Video file]. In J. Green (Producer), Foyle’s war. Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/79688397
EX
65
DVD (SINGLE EPISODE)
Gilligan, V. (Writer), & MacLaren, M. (Director). (2012). Madrigal [Television series episode].
In V. Gilligan (Producer), Breaking bad [DVD]. Los Angeles, CA: Sony Pictures Home
Entertainment.
EX
66
DVD (WHOLE SERIES)
Gilligan, V. (Producer). (2008-2013). Breaking bad [Television series; DVD]. Los Angeles,
CA: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.
NOTES
•
Give name/s of episode’s principal contributors (e.g., director and/or writer) and their roles, and episode title
(no italics). Examples above show various roles to illustrate options. Give series title (italics) and form in
square brackets preceded by the principal contributors and roles.
•
BROADCAST: Give city, station and broadcast date.
•
ONLINE: Give URL of site where you accessed item.
•
DVD: Give studio and year of production (or year range for whole series).
Thesis
APA
Author,
A. (Year).
Title (Description).
City,
State/Country.
(Year).
Title of thesis Institution,
(Description).
Institution,
Location. OR DOI/URL
TEMPLATEA. Author.
(UNPUBLISHED)
Author, A. PRINT
A. (Year).
Title (Description, Institution, Place). Retrieved from Database Name
(Accession
Number).
CHECK
THIS AND
SEE IF IT driving
APPLIES
TO PRINT
EX 67
Reid, J. M. (1998).
A cognitive
studyALSO
of dysfunctional
behaviours
(Unpublished
doctoral thesis). University of Melbourne, Australia.
ONLINE
EX
68
Ryan, D. A. (2013). Crowd monitoring using computer vision (Doctoral thesis). Queensland
University of Technology, Australia. Retrieved from http://eprints.qut.edu.au/65652/1/
NOTES
•
Give thesis title (italics) followed by description (in round brackets, no italics) and name and location of
institution.
•
If retrieved from a university repository, give URL of item.
•
If retrieved from a commercial database, give database name and accession number.
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Video post
TEMPLATE
APA
Poster. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month Day). Title [Form]. Retrieved from URL
EX
69
MarinaHD2001. (2009, February 10). Bizkit the sleep walking dog [Video file]. Retrieved
from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BgjH_CtIA
EX
70
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (January 17, 2014). Robonaut supports
telemedicine advances [Video file]. Retrieved from http://youtube/9gbfL590Fgg
NOTES
•
Give name of poster (real name plus screen name, or just screen name if real name is unknown).
•
Give date of posting. Give title (italics) followed by form (no italics) in square brackets.
•
Give URL of individual post (archived URL if available—click date stamp to access).
•
Retrieval date is not needed if post has a specific associated date.
Video, film (studio production)
TEMPLATE
EX
71
APA
Primary Contributor. (Role). (Year). Title [Form]. Country: Distributor/Studio.
FILM
Zemeckis, R. (Writer/Director), Gale, R. (Writer), & Spielberg, S. (Producer). (1985). Back to
the future [Motion picture]. United States: Universal Pictures.
EX
72
DVD/BLU-RAY RELEASE
Snyder, Z. (Director), & Goyer, D. S. (Writer). (2013). Man of steel [Blu-ray]. United States:
Warner Bros.
EX
73
DVD/BLU-RAY RE-ISSUE
Hitchcock, A. (Producer/Director). (2003). Vertigo [DVD]. United States: Universal Home
Entertainment; Paramount, 1958.
EX
74
ONLINE
Affleck, B. (Director), Terrio, C. (Writer), & Clooney, G. (Producer). (2012). Argo [Video file].
Available from http://store.apple.com/au
NOTES
•
Give primary contributors (e.g., director, writer, and/or producer) and their roles. Examples above show
various roles to illustrate options.
•
Give title in italics. Add form of version accessed in square brackets (no italics). If re-issued, add studio and
year of original release.
•
Give place and name of studio or, if accessed online, give URL of site where accessed.
•
Use ‘Available from’ instead of ‘Retrieved from’ if accessible only via subscription or paywall.
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Video game
TEMPLATE
EX
75
APA
Title [Form; Video game]. (Year). Place: Publisher.
Doom [CD-ROM; Video game]. (1993). Richardson, TX: id software.
NOTES
•
Give title (italics), then form and description in square brackets (no italics).
•
Give year of production. Give place and name of producer, or URL if accessed online.
•
Game developer can be given in author position.
Visual artwork
TEMPLATE
EX
76
APA
Artist. (Year). Title of artwork [Medium]. City, State/Country: Gallery. OR DOI/URL
ORIGINAL ARTWORK
Brack, J. (1955). The fish shop [Oil on composition board]. Melbourne, Australia: Museum of
Modern Art.
EX
77
ONLINE REPRODUCTION
Brack, J. (1955). The fish shop [Oil on composition board]. Retrieved from
http://www.ngv/collections/johnbrack
EX
78
PRINT REPRODUCTION
Bryant, H. (Ed.). (1993). Australian artists. Melbourne, Australia: Larwitt.
NOTES
•
ORIGINAL: Give name of artist, year artwork was created, title of artwork (italics), medium (square brackets,
no italics), and the location and name of the museum or gallery.
•
ONLINE REPRODUCTION: Give artist, year, title, medium, and DOI/URL.
•
PRINT REPRODUCTION: Give a reference entry for the print source (e.g., book) containing reproduction, not
the artwork itself. Name the artist and artwork in the text and add the page or plate number to the in-text
citation for the print source; e.g., ‘(Bryant, 1993, p. 46)’.
Website document (PDF)
TEMPLATE
APA
Author. (Year). Title. DOI or URL
EX
79
City of Ballarat. (2011). Annual report. Retrieved from http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au
/media/499612/annual%20report_complete.pdf
EX
80
Parks Victoria. (2004). Fire ecology in the Grampians [Brochure]. Retrieved from
http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf
NOTES
•
Give the author and year shown on the document (which may be different from the site hosting it).
•
Give the full URL. Retrieval date is not needed because content is fixed.
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Website post, page (general treatment)
TEMPLATE
APA
Author. (Year/Date). Title [Form, if needed]. Retrieved from URL
EX
81
Australia. Department of Health and Ageing. (2009). Aged care. Retrieved December 27,
2009, from http://www.yourhealth.gov.au/
EX
82
Fry, S. (2013, August 7). An open letter to David Cameron and the IOC. Retrieved from The
new adventures of Mr Stephen Fry website: http://www.stephenfry.com/
NOTES
•
Give the name of the person or group who created the content on the post or page.
•
Give the year or specific date of the post or page (as displayed on the individual post or page).
•
Give the title of post/page (no italics). If there is no title, give a short descriptive phrase in square brackets. If
material is non-routine, add description of form in square brackets.
•
Give URL of post/page (archived URL if available; click date stamp to access) or of home page, whichever is
more direct/reliable. If website name is different from URL, add this to entry (Ex 82).
•
Retrieval date is not needed if post/page has a specific date. If no specific date, give retrieval date.
Website
TEMPLATE
EX
83
APA
NO REFERENCE ENTRY REQUIRED
The video-sharing website YouTube (http://www.youtube.com) is …  IN WRITING ONLY
NOTES
•
When making a general reference to a website as a whole (i.e., not to a specific document, page or post on
the site), give the URL in round brackets after the mention; no reference entry is needed.
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Australian Harvard
citation style
This section gives advice on Australian Harvard referencing based on
Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style Manual for authors, editors and printers,
(6th ed. rev., 2002) by Snooks & Co, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Australia. There
is no one authoritative Harvard style, so local variations in examples may be found,
particularly in the referencing of online resources as these have changed
dramatically since the style manual was published.
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Overview of Australian Harvard style
Australian Harvard is an in-text citation style. This means you
insert a brief reference (‘citation’) into your writing whenever you
use a source. The in-text citation is made up of the source’s
author and year of publication enclosed in round brackets.
cost (Breen 1977). However, Lee (1982) reported a contrary result, along with
other studies (Keen 2004; Lee 2004; Wojk 2003, 2006). This supports the
contention that the original data was incomplete (Hillsdon 2002), or as Johnson
and Hansen (1995) have stated, “seriously deficient” (p. 97).
For each source identified in the text, you also need to create a
matching entry in the reference list. The reference list is an alphabetical
presentation of all the sources used in a piece of writing.
Each entry in the reference list should contain enough identifying detail
to allow your reader to locate the source if they wished.
References
Anderson, TD 1985, Panel data: a primer, Paragon, New York.
Baxter, BH 2005, Models of economic analysis, Wiley, Sydney.
Breen, HP 1977, ‘An empirical test of the impact of managerial self-interest on
corporate capital structure’, Journal of Finance, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 271-281.
Chen, JJ 2004, ‘Determinants of capital structure of Swedish companies’, Journal of
Business Research, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 41-52.
Dorgan, D 1972, Future funds, Penguin, Melbourne.
Friedman, BM 1985, Corporate capital structure in the United States, University of
Chicago Press, Chicago.
Hillsdon, M 2002, Statistical analysis primer, Lansdowne, Melbourne.
Hillsdon, M 2004a, Basic econometrics, 4th edn, Hill, Sydney.
Hillsdon, M 2004b, Computational methods, Landsdowne, Melbourne.
Johnson, A & Hanson, S 1995, ‘Determinants of capital structure: theory vs
practice’, Scandinavian Journal of Management, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 91-102.
Keen, RP 2004, Strategy, structure and economic performance, Harvard University
Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Lee, BL 1982, Credit risk and high yield bonds, Wiley, New York.
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How to create Australian Harvard in-text citations
Basic treatment (Australian Harvard)
As explained in the Australian Harvard overview, you need to insert a brief reference into your writing
whenever you use a source. This is the in-text citation. It is made up of the author and the year of
publication of the source. Include page numbers when you are quoting a source directly, or if the
reference is long (e.g. a book or chapter) and it may be useful for the reader.
(Author Year) or (Author Year, Page)
… which is confirmed by the most recent study (Jenkins 2013).
BASIC AUTHOR AND YEAR
… was ‘fully confirmed by these results’ (Jenkins 2013, p. 213).
 PAGE NUMBER FOR QUOTE
… the study by Jenkins (2013) confirmed these results.
 AUTHOR IN SENTENCE
… seemingly different from Twain’s later work (Grech, M 1994). AUTHOR NEEDING INITIAL
•
•
•
•
Enclose the author’s surname and year in round brackets without a comma between them.
Insert the citation before the punctuation mark that ends the sentence (or part of sentence)
where you used the source.
If the author is already in sentence, give year alone in round brackets directly after the
author’s name.
Write the initials and surname in your sentence if you have sources by authors with the same
surname. Use their first initial/s in the reference list, as with other authors.
More than one author (Australian Harvard)
2 OR 3 AUTHORS
•
•
•
(Hendricks & Angwin 1975)
OR
Hendricks and Angwin (1975) …
(Smith, Hendricks & Angwin 1975)
OR
Smith, Hendricks and Angwin (1975) …
Name all authors in all in-text citations.
In your text, separate each author by a comma.
Join authors with ‘&’ in round brackets, or ‘and’ in the sentence.
4 OR MORE AUTHORS
(Oakes et al. 1994)
•
•
OR
Oakes et al. (1994) …
ALL MENTIONS
In your in-text citations, name the first author followed by ‘et al.’ (Latin abbreviation meaning
‘and others’) in all mentions.
Name all authors in the reference list, as given in the source.
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Group author (government or organisation)
(Amnesty International 1997)
OR
Amnesty International (1997)
(World Health Organization [WHO] 2013)  LONG NAME, FIRST
•
•
•
•
•
•
ALL MENTIONS
WHO (2009)  SUBSEQUENT
Give full name of group if you only cite it once in your work, without initials or abbreviations.
If you cite the same group source two or more times, include the initials in square brackets
inside the round brackets for the first citation. For subsequent in-text citations, use only initials.
Long group names can be abbreviated in the text (optional), but show them in full the first
time. Similarly, if the name is long and well-known by an abbreviation, give its full name plus
the abbreviation in square brackets in the first mention.
In all later mentions, give the abbreviation only.
If you use an abbreviation in a sentence, put an extra line in your reference list:
‘WHO – see World Health Organization’.
Use the full group name for all entries in the reference list. Include initials in round brackets
only if you used initials in your sentences.
LEGISLATION/CRIMINAL CASES (GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION)
Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187  TITLE in CIVIL CASE LAW
 TITLE in STATUTES
Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1)
•
•
No punctuation is required when citing legislation/criminal case.
Formatting of civil law cases appears the same in the reference list as in your text. See the
section on how to present a reference list for more examples.
No author (Australian Harvard)
WHOLE TITLE, FIRST MENTION
(Style manual for authors, editors and printers 1996) OR
Style manual for authors, editors and printers (1996)
PART OF TITLE, SUBSEQUENT MENTIONS
(Style manual 1996) OR Style manual (1996)
•
•
•
Use the title of the work in italics in place of the author.
If you only cite a source using the title in place of the author once in your work, use the full title
without initials or abbreviations.
In second/subsequent citations of the same source, you can give an abbreviation of the title,
e.g. the first two to three words. If you use an abbreviated title in your text, add a separate line
in your reference list that refers to the full source. For example: ‘Style manual – see Style
manual for authors, editors and printers (1996)’.
Multiple sources in same citation (Australian Harvard)
Studies by Keen (2005); Lee (2004); and Wojk (2003) indicate that…
… along with other studies (Keen 2005; Lee 2004; Wojk 2003).
•
•
•
List each source alphabetically by author. Separate each work by a semicolon.
Use ‘et al.’ for a source with four or more authors.
All sources must be included in the reference list.
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Page numbers (Australian Harvard)
BASIC TREATMENT
(Johnson 2003, p. 6) … (Kennett 1998, pp. 55–63) … (Wong 2012, Figure 3)
•
•
•
Page numbers are required for all direct quotes. Page numbers are not required when
paraphrasing, however may be included where it would be useful for the reader.
Add the page number after the year, separated by a comma.
Use ‘p.’ before a page, or ‘pp.’ before a page range, ‘Chapter’, Figure’, or ‘Table’ to refer to a
particular section or item. Indicate non-consecutive pages as (p.23, p.31).
QUOTATIONS
It was described as ‘a stunning victory’ (Harrison 1965, p. 15).
Harrison (1965) described it as ‘a stunning victory’ (p. 15).
•
•
•
•
In direct quotations, use single quotation marks to indicate exact words from the source. Use
double quotation marks for a quote within a quote.
Short quotes (less than 30 words) are incorporated into your sentence, with the page
reference included after the closing quotation mark.
If author and year are already part of the sentence, give the page reference alone at the end
of the sentence or section.
Long quotes (30 words or more) are often referred to as block quotations, and should be
separated from your writing with a semi colon, and placed on a new line. Indent the whole
quote, use single line-spacing in one size smaller font, without quotation marks. The brackets
with page reference details sit outside the full stop.
Carter, Chitwood, Kinzey and Cole (2000) note that:
In order to understand this neurophysiological mechanism, it is important to discuss the two
proprioceptive bodies in the muscle: the muscle spindles and the Golgi tendon organs
(GTOs). Muscle spindles are found within the muscle belly and provide information to the
central nervous system (CNS) regarding the absolute length and the velocity of the stretch
in the skeletal muscles. (p. 275)
NO PAGE NUMBERS
(Duer, 1974, “Introduction”, para. 12).
If no page numbers are shown on the source, you can pinpoint the information by doing one of the
following:
•
•
•
Give an approximate page number (p.3 or 9; pp. 3-7).
Give a paragraph number/s if shown (para. 2).
Give a relevant heading or sub-heading from the source, and paragraph number/s (as
counted by you).
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How to create Australian Harvard reference entries
As explained in the Australian Harvard overview, each source that is referred to in the text needs a
matching entry in the reference list. The entry should contain enough identifying information about
the source to allow it to be located by someone else. The information is presented as parts in a set
order to help the reader identify at a glance which piece of information relates to which part.
A basic Australian Harvard reference entry is made up of the following parts.
AUTHOR + YEAR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFORMATION OR DOI OR URL VIEWED
All the details you need for each part should be found on the source itself. Instructions and examples
of how to format each part are given over the page.
AUTHOR
•
This identifies the creator or principal contributor of the source.
•
It could be a person or a group (organisation or government).
Who created the
source?
•
Some sources may have more than one author.
PUBLICATION
YEAR/DATE
•
This identifies the year or specific date the source was made available in the
version you accessed. (Use the copyright year/date if this is shown.)
•
For online sources, use the year or specific date the content was created (for
a page or document), or the date of posting (for a post).
•
This is the full title in the words and spelling of the source.
•
If your source is part of a larger work (e.g., article from a journal; chapter from
a book), you need to include the title of each.
•
This identifies the publisher and their location.
•
You need to include this information for print books and physical or broadcast
media. You don’t need it for journals, newspapers or online sources.
Who made the
source available in
the form I used?
•
Where e-books are accessed by an e-book reader (e.g. Kindle, Nook, Sony
Reader), include the edition and/or version, where relevant.
•
The information can usually be found with the copyright information.
DOI
•
The DOI acts as a permanent link to an item. Not all material has a DOI, but
you need to include one whenever it has been assigned.
Is there a Digital
Object Identifier?
•
If you provide a DOI, you don’t need to give the URL or the date viewed.
•
If a DOI has been assigned, you should find it with the copyright information,
or with other details on database or catalogue lists.
DATE VIEWED and
URL
•
This is included for sources accessed online. It tells your reader the location
of the source on the Internet and the date you accessed it. It is only included
if the source has no DOI.
•
Provide the URL that leads most directly and reliably to the source. Give the
homepage URL if the item can be searched for easily from there or if a login
is required or if the URL is unstable. Otherwise give the full URL.
•
Do not include the date viewed unless the content you have used is likely to
be edited or updated, or has no publication date.
When was the
source published?
TITLE
What is the source
called?
PUBLISHER
INFORMATION
What is the address
of the source online,
and when did I view
it?
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Below are instructions for formatting the parts of an Australian Harvard reference entry. When you
are ready to create your entries, read the instructions and copy the punctuation used in the
examples. Note that almost every part ends with a comma followed by a space. The exceptions are:
•
No punctuation after DOIs and URLs.
•
No punctuation after the author’s initial (only a space).
AUTHOR + YEAR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFORMATION OR DOI OR DATE VIEWED and URL
Author (Australian Harvard)
1 AUTHOR
Winton, T 2001, Dirt music, Picador, Sydney.
•
Give the author’s surname, a comma, and the initial/s of the given name/s.
2 AUTHORS
Hall, JL & Ashton, BT 2005, A spoonful of valour …
•
Name both authors and join second author by ‘&’.
3 OR MORE AUTHORS
Donat, T, Jenkins, M, Baysch, V, Adamson, E & Farr, P 2010, Shared care…
•
Name all authors. Separate by commas and join last author by ‘&’.
GROUP AUTHOR (GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION)
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2004, Australia’s health …
•
Give the name of the group in full followed immediately by the year of publication.
LEGISLATION/CRIMINAL CASES (GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION)
Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187  TITLE in CIVIL CASE LAW
Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1)
•
 TITLE in STATUTES
No punctuation is required when citing legislation/criminal case. Formatting of civil law cases
appears the same in the reference list as in your text. See following for more examples.
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Year (Australian Harvard)
BASIC
Winton, T 2001, Dirt music, Picador, Sydney.
Greendale, N 2006, Road toll rising, The Age, 4 May, p. 13.
•
•
The year of publication follows the surname and initial.
Add month and day after the title for sources with specific publication dates. (Give only year in
in-text citation.)
SAME AUTHOR, SAME YEAR
Harris, DW 2001a, Hadrian’s wall …
Harris, DW 2001b, Julius Caesar …
•
•
Add a lower case letter (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, etc.) to the year to reflect the order the entry appears in the
reference list.
Use the year with the additional letter as normal in the text.
NO YEAR/DATE
Gardiner, IT n.d., Life in rural Australia …
•
Use ‘n.d.’, (stands for ‘no date’) if no year/date can be found on the source. This is uncommon
in academic sources.
Title (Australian Harvard)
BASIC
Harris, M 1983, The mighty Yarra: rivers of Victoria. … TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Gerd, NB 2001, ‘Method in action’, Journal of Health, … PART OF WORK & WHOLE WORK
•
•
•
•
•
Give the title in italics in the wording and spelling shown on the source.
Separate title and subtitle by a colon.
Give initial capitals to the first word of the title and to any proper nouns.
If the source is part of a larger work, such as an article in a journal, place the title of the article
in single quote marks, and no italics. Place the name of the journal, or larger work, in italics.
Translate the title if relevant, giving the English translation in brackets after the original title
and without italics.
NO TITLE
Jensen, PR 1945, [Wartime navy reminiscences], Liberty Press, Brisbane.
•
If no title, give a brief descriptive title in your own words in square brackets. No italics. This is
uncommon in academic texts.
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Publisher information (Australian Harvard)
Gourley, D 2002, Action man, Bellinger, Chicago.
Temple, P 2009, Truth, Text, Melbourne.
Gull Group 1992, Annual report, Gull Group, Sydney.
Hampden-Turner, C & Trompenaars, A 2000, Building cross-cultural competence: how to create
wealth from conflicting values, e-book, Yale University Press, New Haven, http://ebscohost.com
•
•
•
Give publisher first, followed by the city of publication. Add further detail if required for
clarification, e.g. Cambridge, Mass. or Cambridge, UK.
If there is more than one city named on the source, give the first-named city. If the publisher is
also the author, restate the author or group name.
If the source is an e-book, state the digital format (including edition where relevant) after the
title (e.g. e-book, Kindle 3G edition, Nook, PDF). Include publication details if supplied, as well
as a DOI or URL.
DOI (Australian Harvard)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/529076
doi: 10.1037/0004-066X.60.6.561
•
•
Use a DOI when one has been assigned, even for print material. No full stop at the end.
Give exactly as found on the source. If using a DOI in the original format (beginning with ‘10’)
introduce it by ‘doi:’ and add a space before the ‘10’. New format DOIs (beginning with ‘http’)
don’t need ‘doi’ added in front.
Date Viewed and URL (Australian Harvard)
…, viewed 5 May 2010, http://www.yourhealth.gov.au/
•
•
•
•
Introduce URL with ‘viewed’ and the date in the above format.
Remove hyperlinks so that there is no underlining or blue lettering (right click on the hyperlink,
then click on ‘Remove hyperlink’.
Break URLs (if needed) before a punctuation mark or symbol. No full stop at end.
Include the date viewed if the content you have used is likely to be edited or updated, or has
no publication date.
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How to present an Australian Harvard reference list
How to set up the list
•
Begin the list on a new page at the end of your work.
•
Give the list the heading ‘References’ and make the heading left-aligned and bold.
•
Use a line break between each reference.
•
Australian Harvard is normally single-spaced, however use double line-spacing for your reference
list if your lecturer has specified double-spacing in your assessment guidelines.
•
If a DOI or URL needs to be broken, break before a slash or a punctuation mark.
What to include
•
Give an entry for every recoverable source you have cited in the text.
•
Do not add entries for material you have not used, however relevant.
•
In entries that include website URLs, remove the hyperlinks so that there is no underlining or blue
lettering (right click on the hyperlink, then click on ‘Remove hyperlink’).
How to arrange the entries
•
List entries alphabetically by author.
•
List entries with no author by title. (Ignore ‘A’ or ‘An’ or ‘The’ as first words.)
•
If you have more than one entry with the same author, list by year (earliest first).
•
If you have more than one entry with same author and year, list alphabetically by title, and add a
lower case letter to each year; e.g., ‘a’ for first, ‘b’ for second, etc. (See Hillsdon entries below.)
Example of an Australian Harvard reference list
References
Anderson, TD 1985, Panel data: a primer, Paragon, New York.
Baxter, BH 2005, Models of economic analysis, Wiley, Sydney.
Breen, HP 1977, ‘An empirical test of the impact of managerial self-interest on corporate capital structure’,
Journal of Finance, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 271-281.
Chen, JJ 2004, ‘Determinants of capital structure of Swedish companies’, Journal of Business Research, vol.
27, no. 12, pp. 41-52.
Dorgan, D 1972, Future funds, Penguin, Melbourne.
Friedman, BM 1985, Corporate capital structure in the United States, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Hillsdon, M 2002, Statistical analysis primer, Lansdowne, Melbourne.
Hillsdon, M 2004a, Basic econometrics, 4th edn, Hill, Sydney.
Hillsdon, M 2004b, Computational methods. Landsdowne, Melbourne.
Johnson, A & Hanson, S 1995, ‘Determinants of capital structure: theory vs practice’, Scandinavian Journal of
Management, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 91-102.
Keen, RP 2004, Strategy, structure and economic performance, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Lee, BL 1982, Credit risk and high yield bonds, Wiley, New York.
Linheiro, J & Bates, DM 2000, Mixed-effects models, Springer, New York.
Nguyen, BV 1994, Swedish economic reform, Griffin Press, Los Angeles.
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Examples of Australian Harvard reference entries
Look for your source in the table below, then find the numbered example on the following pages
where examples are grouped according to type. Each grouping of examples has a template and
explanatory notes.
Examples for online material are included in the groups, not presented as a separate list. To help
you, the numbers of the online examples have been formatted in bold in the table below.
If you don’t know where to start, look under the material type, and if there is a relevant online
example it will be included in that grouping. If your source is in print and the example is for online (or
vice versa) you can still use the example—just modify it for the version you accessed.
If you aren’t clear how to format the individual parts of the entry, return to the beginning of this
section for instructions on formatting author, title, and so on.
If you can’t find an example in this table or on the following pages that matches your source, look for
one in a similar category and customise to fit your particular material.
TYPE OF SOURCE
EXAMPLE NO.
TYPE OF SOURCE
EXAMPLE NO.
Audiobook (CD, audio file)
1,2
Newspaper, magazine article
38, 39, 40, 41
Blog post
45
Online discussion, social media
42, 43, 44, 45
79, 80
Book, print basic
3
PDF on website
Book, different edition
4
Personal communication
46
Book, edited collection
5
Podcast
47
Book, edited collection chapter
6
PowerPoint slideshow
27
Book, multi-volume
4
Radio broadcast
62
7, 8, 9
Report
48, 49
Brochure
11
Review
50, 51
Conference material, presented
12
Secondary source
52, 53
Conference material, published
13, 14
Software, App
54, 55
E-book
7, 8, 9
Speech, Performance, recorded
Book, online/e-book
46
Email, Letter
15, 16, 17
Encyclopedia entry
56, 57, 58, 59
Standards, Australian
60
Television current affairs broadcast
61
63, 64, 65, 66
Exhibition catalogue
10
Television series episode
Facebook post
44
Thesis
67, 68
Film
71
Tweet
43
Government documents
18, 19, 20, 21
22
Interview transcript
23, 24, 25, 26
Journal article
Lecture or class material
27, 28, 29
Video file, post
Video, Film, DVD, studio production
69, 70
71, 72, 73, 74
Video game
75
Visual artwork, original
76
Legislation/Criminal cases
30, 31
Visual artwork, reproduction
77, 78
Map, chart, diagram, image
32, 33
Website document (stand-alone)
79, 80
Website page/post (general)
81, 82
34
Media release
Music recording (CD, LP, online)
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Website (general)
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83
Page 47
Audiobook, audio recording
TEMPLATE
EX
1
Australian Harvard
Author, Year, Title, Reader, Format, Label, City OR DOI/URL
CD
FitzSimons, P 2011, Kokoda, L FitzGerald, reader, CD, ABC Audio, Sydney.
EX
2
ONLINE
Dickens, C 2013, Oliver Twist, P Batchelor, reader, audio file, available from
http://www.audible.com
NOTES
•
Treat author, year and title as for basic book.
•
Add reader’s name, and recording format.
•
If physical media (e.g., CD), give name and place of record label.
•
If accessed online, give retrieval details (‘viewed [date], URL); use ‘available from’ if purchase is required.
Book, print
TEMPLATE
EX
3
Australian Harvard
Author Year, Title: Subtitle, # ed., vol. #, Publisher, City.
BASIC
Winton, T 2001, Dirt music, Picador, Sydney.
EX 4
DIFFERENT EDITION or MULTI-VOLUME
Goh, L 1984, African voyages, 2nd edn, vol. 2, Greyguides, Montreal.
EX 5
EDITED COLLECTION
Mills, A & Smith, J (eds) 2001, Utter silence: voicing the unspeakable, Peter Lang, New
York.
EX 6
CHAPTER FROM EDITED COLLECTION
Chapter author

Chapter title

Book editor/s (initial/s then surname)


Brown, J 2001, ‘Silence, taboo and infectious disease’, in A Mills & J Smith (eds),
Utter silence: Voicing the unspeakable, Peter Lang, New York, pp. 83-91.

Book title

Chapter page range
NOTES
•
DIFFERENT EDITION: Edition information is only given for editions other than the first edition. If no edition
statement is shown on the book, assume it’s the first (and no statement is needed).
•
MULTI-VOLUME: Add volume number/s, no italics, after title. Give all volumes (e.g., ‘3 vols.’) if citing a whole
work; or volume number (e.g., ‘vol. 2’) if citing an individual volume.
•
EDITED COLLECTION: Give editor/s in author position followed by ‘(ed.)’ or ‘(eds)’ – note: no full stop for
plural abbreviations.
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Book online, e-book
TEMPLATE
EX
7
Australian Harvard
Author, Year, Title, digital format, publication details if supplied, DOI/URL
LIBRARY E-BOOK
Hampden-Turner, C & Trompenaars, A 2000, Building cross-cultural competence: how to
create wealth from conflicting values, e-book, Yale University Press, New Haven,
http://ebscohost.com
EX
8
ACCESSED ON E-READER
Fitzgerald, FS 1925, The great Gatsby, Kindle Edition, available from
http://www.amazon.com
EX
9
E-BOOK WITHOUT DOI
Kirkwood, R & Goldsworthy, S 2013, Fur seals and sea lions, PDF, CSIRO Publishing,
Collingwood, http://uball.csiro.patron.eb20.com/Collections/ViewBook/295eae4d-f807-481b95cc-05fb9d9f5f48
Brochure, pamphlet or catalogue
TEMPLATE
EX
10
Australian Harvard
Author, Year, Title, brochure type, DOI OR Publisher, City OR viewed date, URL
EXHIBITION CATALOGUE (PRINT)
Taylor, E 2013, Australian impressionists in France, exhibition catalogue, National Gallery of
Victoria, Melbourne.
EX
11
BROCHURE (ONLINE)
Parks Victoria 2004, Fire ecology in the Grampians, brochure, viewed 9 May 2015,
http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf
Conference paper presented (unpublished)
TEMPLATE
EX
12
Australian Harvard
Presenter Year, Title, paper presented at Meeting Name, place, date(s) and month of
conference.
Wenzel, BQ 1998, Films of Fellini, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for
Cinema Studies, Ballarat, 7-8 December.
NOTES
•
Give name of presenter, year of conference, title of paper (italics), followed by name of conference or
meeting, the location and date/s.
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Conference paper published in proceedings
TEMPLATE
EX
13
Australian Harvard
Author Year, ‘Title of paper’, Title of proceedings of Conference Name, Date of
conference (if available), City, Publisher, pp. xx–xx OR DOI/URL
PAPER IN PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS (ONLINE)
Carbone, A, Mitchell I, Gunstone, D, & Hurst, J 2002, ‘Designing programming tasks to elicit
self-management metacognitive behaviour’, Proceedings of the International Conference on
Computers in Education, pp. 533-534, doi: 10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998
EX
14
PAPER IN PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS (PRINT)
Murphy, C 2004, ‘Job design and leadership’, Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of
the International Employment Relations Association, CQU, Rockhampton, pp. 1-13.
NOTES
•
Give author/s of paper, year of publication of proceedings, title of paper (no italics) and title of proceedings
(italics).
•
Use initial capitals for conference name in title.
•
Add the date of the conference, publication information and page range OR page range and DOI. Give viewed
date, URL if no DOI and accessed online.
•
If using the whole proceedings as a source, treat like a book (edited collection).
Encyclopedia entry
TEMPLATE
EX
15
Australian Harvard
Author Year, ‘Title of entry’, Editor (ed.), Title of reference work, Publisher, City. OR
DOI/URL
PRINT
Reed, DL 2003, ‘Black holes’, Science Encyclopedia, 5th edn, Academic Resources, New
York.
EX
16
E-BOOK
McColl, G 2014, ‘Abba’, L Stacy & L Henderson (eds), Encyclopedia of music in the 20th
century, Kindle version, available from http://www.amazon.com/
EX
17
ONLINE
‘Watergate scandal’, 2009, Encyclopaedia Britannica online, viewed 7 March 2015,
http://www.britannica.com/
NOTES
** Check with your teacher or lecturer before using Wikipedia as a reference source.
•
Give any edition and volume numbers after title. Page numbers are not needed if entries are arranged in a
single alphabetical sequence.
•
Give publication information or DOI or URL if online. Provide URL of item (use the permanent link).
•
Include date viewed if content is not fixed (i.e., likely to be edited or updated).
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Government documents
TEMPLATE
EX
18
Australian Harvard
Dependent on source
PDF DOCUMENT
Department of Defence 2016, 2016 Defence white paper, Department of Defence,
Canberra, viewed 28 June 2016, http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper/Docs/2016Defence-White-Paper.pdf
EX
19
PRINTED FACTSHEET
Department of Education & Training 2015, Resources for inclusion, fact sheet, The State of
Victoria, Melbourne.
EX
20
WEBPAGE
Department of Health 2014, Breastfeeding, May 27, Department of Health, Canberra,
http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-brfeedindex.htm
EX
21
PRINT DOCUMENT
Department of Primary Industries 2014, Windmills in the outback, report prepared by A
Smith & B Jones, DPI, Sydney.
NOTES
** Check with your teacher or lecturer before using a factsheet as a reference source. These are usually
not acceptable as academic sources unless as objects of research.
•
If using the abbreviated name of a government body in your text, e.g. the ADF for the Australian Defence
Force, follow the same reference list guidelines as for a group author (see the in-text citation section).
Interview
TEMPLATE
EX
22
Australian Harvard
Interviewee Date, Title (Interviewer Name, Interviewer), Publisher. OR DOI/URL
ONLINE (TRANSCRIPT)
Armstrong, NA 2001, September 19, An interview with Neil Armstrong (SE Ambrose,
Interviewer), Transcript, Date, Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, viewed 16 July
2014, http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf
NOTES
•
Stand-alone interviews can be used as references if recoverable by your reader (e.g., transcripts or
recordings). Treat interviews that are not recoverable as personal communications (see Ex 46).
•
Name the interviewee at the beginning of the entry and the interviewer in round brackets after the title. If no
title, give description in square brackets. Give form where needed, and the date of the interview if provided.
•
Format the rest of the entry according to the category of material accessed (e.g., video/audio file).
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Journal article
TEMPLATE
EX
23
Australian Harvard
Author Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Name, vol. X, no. X, pp. xx–xx. DOI or URL
PRINT
Author

Year

Article

Journal Name

Volume

Issue Page Range


Normoyle C 2013, ‘Nurses' wellbeing’, Australian Nursing Journal, vol. 20, no.10, pp. 30–33.
EX
24
PRINT OR ONLINE WITH DOI
Krueger, WS & Gray, GC 2013, ‘Swine influenza virus infections in man’, Current Topics in
Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 370, pp. 201-225, doi: 10.1007/82_2012_268
EX
25
ONLINE WITH URL (NO DOI)
Moran, W 2014, ‘Enhancing understanding of teaching and the profession through school
innovation rounds’, Australian Journal of Teacher Education, vol. 39, no.3, available from
http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/
EX
26
ABSTRACT ONLY AVAILABLE (NON-PREFERRED SOURCE)
Gray, E & Bolitho, AJ 2003, ‘Patients with COAD’, abstract, Health and Quality of Life
Outcomes, vol. 1, no. 55, p. 58, viewed 26 September 2015,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
NOTES
•
If source is an abstract, letter, or review, add ‘abstract’, ‘letter to the editor’ or ‘review of …’ (name work
reviewed)’ after title.
•
Capitalise first letter of all major words in the journal name.
•
Give volume number (vol.) and issue number (no.) as an abbreviation, no italics.
•
Give page range of article if page numbers are shown (with ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’).
•
DOI: Give DOI for print as well as online articles if one has been assigned.
•
ONLINE: Give URL only if no DOI. Introduce URL with ‘viewed (date)’ if the article is accessible only via login
or behind a paywall.
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Lecture or class material
TEMPLATE
EX
27
Australian Harvard
Author Year/Date, Title, format, other identifying detail OR DOI/URL
ONLINE DOCUMENT/FILE
Barrett, K 2010, June 19, Cell structure, PowerPoint slides, online course materials,
Semester 1, 2011, Federation University, available from
http://www.barrett.edu/openaccess/courses/lectureNotes.cfm
EX
28
ONLINE LECTURE
Lucas, J, 2012, September 4, Drought tolerant plants: Introductory lecture, video file, online
course materials, viewed 30 February 2016, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6GNvGWIL5
EX
29
PRINT HANDOUT
Huang, L 2012, March 5, The cost of retribution, lecture handout, Ethics 123, Central
University, Townsville.
NOTES
** Check with your teacher or lecturer before including lecture/class material in the reference list.
LIVE CLASSES, LECTURES AND PRESENTATIONS: These are not recoverable so are not included in the
reference list. Treat as personal communications: (e.g., ‘… in a lecture on chaos theory (M. Green, personal
communication, May 1, 2009) …’.
•
ONLINE LECTURES AND PRESENTATIONS: These are recoverable so they can be included in the
reference list if permitted by your teacher or lecturer. Treat according to publication type (e.g., video post,
podcast, stand-alone document, etc.).
•
PRINT CLASS MATERIAL, HANDOUTS: These are not recoverable if they are available only to participating
students. If permitted for use as a source, treat as above.
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Legislation/Criminal cases
TEMPLATE
Australian Harvard
Plaintiff v Defendant (Year). Volume. Law report. Page number.
Plaintiff v Defendant [Year]. Series (if present). Law report. Page number.
EX
30
CIVIL LAW CASES
Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping Co Inc v Fay (1988) 165 CLR 197
Esso Petroleum Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise [1976] 1 AII ER 117
Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187
Todd v Nicol [1957] SASR 72
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562
EX
31
STATUTES
Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s. 124(1)
Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth)
NOTES
** Check with your teacher or lecturer to confirm their particular requirements.
CIVIL LAW CASE REFERENCES
•
Formatting of civil law cases appears the same in the reference list as in your text.
•
Start with the name of the plaintiff, followed by v (stands for ‘and’ or ‘against’), then the name of the
defendant, all in italics.
•
The year is next in brackets. If the law report series is ordered according to year (such as in the UK Appeal
Cases), the year the case was reported, is in square brackets. If the series is based on volume number
(such as in the Commonwealth Law Reports), the year the case was decided is in round brackets.
•
After the year may be a volume number (as in Ex 30/1 above). Volume numbers may be used in two
situations: (1) if the series is based on years but has more than one volume for a given year, or (2) where
the whole series appears in sequentially numbered volumes. Otherwise, where the series is based on year
of reporting, it could simply be the abbreviation for the law report as in Ex 30/3, 30/4 and 30/5 above. Include
the page number in the law report where the case begins.
STATUTE REFERENCES
•
Formatting of statutes appears the same in the reference list as in your text.
•
Start with the name of the statute in Italics, followed by the year the statute was passed. Then in brackets,
state the abbreviation for the parliament which passed the Act, and finally the section number and
subsection number if referring to a particular section of the statute.
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Page 54
Map, chart, illustration, figure, image
TEMPLATE
EX
32
Australian Harvard
Author Year, Title, Form, DOI OR publisher, place OR viewed date, URL
ONLINE
Victorian Electoral Commission 2012, City of Casey: Local council boundaries, map, viewed
22 July 2015, https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/images/profile/CaseySummary.gif
EX
33
PRINT
Timms, PE 2006, Colonial settlement in Tasmania, Tiger Press, Hobart.
NOTES
•
ONLINE: Give author/poster and the year of publication. Give title of the item (in italics). Add form (e.g., ‘map’,
‘photograph’) without brackets. If no title or caption, give a short description (no italics).
•
Give either DOI or publishing details. If no DOI and online, give viewed date and URL.
•
PRINT: Give an in-text citation and reference entry for the print source containing the item, not the item itself.
Add the identifying number to in-text citation: ‘… (Timms, 2006, Figure 2)’.
•
If using the abbreviated name of a government body in your text, e.g. the VEC for the Victorian Electoral
Commission, follow the same reference list guidelines as for a group author (see the in-text citation section).
Media release
TEMPLATE
EX
34
Australian Harvard
Author Date, Title, description, Publisher, City OR DOI/URL
Qantas 2011, October 29, Response to industrial action, media release, viewed 30 July
2012, http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/media-releases/oct-2011/5218/
Music recording
TEMPLATE
EX
35
Australian Harvard
Songwriter or Performer Year, ‘Title of song’ recorded by Artist Name, on Title of
album, form, Label, City OR DOI/URL (Recording year if different from copyright year)
SINGLE TRACK (LP)
Duke, V 1934, ‘Autumn in New York’, recorded by F. Sinatra, on Come fly with me, vinyl
recording, Capitol, Los Angeles. (1958)
EX
36
SINGLE TRACK (ONLINE)
Sebastian, G 2012, ‘Big bad world’, on Armageddon, MP3, available from
http://store.apple.com/au
EX
37
ALBUM (CD)
Perry, K 2013, Prism, CD, Capitol, Los Angeles.
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Newspaper, magazine article
TEMPLATE
EX
38
Australian Harvard
Author Year, ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name, #, Date, pp. DOI or URL
BASIC ARTICLE
Hunt, J 1963, ‘Assassin kills Kennedy’, The Chicago Tribune, 22 November, pp. 1, 4–6.
EX
39
SEPARATE SECTION
Rousseau, N 2008, ‘Arrival of the spice setters’, The Age, Epicure section, 3 June, p. 4.
EX
40
ONLINE REPLICA OF PRINT EDITION
Craig, B 1968, ‘Australia and the world shares Mrs Holt’s sorrow’, The Australian Women’s
Weekly, 10 January, pp. 2–3, viewed 22 March 2015, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/
EX
41
ONLINE EDITION
Rosen, L 2014, ‘Occupy Starbucks’, letter to the editor, The New York Times, 22 January,
viewed 14 May 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/23/opinion/
NOTES
•
Start with title if no author shown.
•
Year/date: Give year after the author. The date, as shown on source (i.e., month and/or day), appears after
the name of the newspaper/magazine.
•
Title: Give title of article in single quote marks (no italics). Capitalise first letter of first word and any proper
nouns. Add description for reviews, letters, etc., or give alone if no title.
•
Newspaper/magazine name (in italics). Capitalise first letter of all major words. If separate section, add name
of section (no italics) after title (Ex 39).
•
Page numbers. Use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in front. If non-consecutive, separate by commas (Ex 38).
•
ONLINE: If article is digital replica of print edition, give publication date of print edition and include page
numbers (Ex 40). If article is posted on media outlet’s website, give date of post (Ex 41).
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Online discussion, social media
TEMPLATE
EX
42
Australian Harvard
Author [screen name], Year, ‘Title’ form, viewed date, URL
FORUM COMMENT
GeekBoy 2008, ‘Re: Who’s messing with Twitter search?’, online forum comment, 9
October, viewed 24 September 2011, http://www.techcrunch.com/2008/10/09
EX
43
TWEET
West, K [kanyewest], 2013, ‘Thank you, Mandela, for your life's work and may it serve as a
guiding light to illuminate our future’, tweet, 9 December, viewed 19 February 2014,
https://twitter.com/kanyewest/status/410097143261589504
EX
44
FACEBOOK POST
Coles Supermarkets 2014, ‘Good news: in another national supermarket first, we’re pleased
to announce 100% of our Coles Brand fresh chicken is now RSPCA Approved’, facebook
post, 2 January, viewed 23 February 2014,
https://www.facebook.com/coles/posts/639616386102380?stream_ref=10
EX
45
BLOG POST
Daly, Michael 2014, ‘Pennsylvania student proves you could buy ingredients for a WMD on
Amazon’, blog post, 29 January, viewed 13 March 2014, http://www.thedailybeast.com
/articles/2014/01/28/
NOTES
This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable (i.e., open access). (Posts that are protected by
privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Ex 49).
•
Give real name of poster. Add screen name (if one) in square brackets, or alone if real unknown.
•
Give year after name. Add date of post after the title and form.
•
Give post/comment/tweet as title (with single quote marks, no italics).
•
Add form (e.g., tweet; facebook post; photograph, etc.) after title. (Use ‘twitter page’ or ‘facebook page’ if
using someone’s entire feed/timeline as a source.)
•
Give full URL of item. If item is archived, give archived version URL (click post’s date stamp). Retrieval date:
Not needed for items with a specific associated date (e.g., individual tweets, posts, etc.), but is needed for
whole feeds/pages because content will change.
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Personal communication
TEMPLATE
EX
46
Australian Harvard
NO REFERENCE ENTRY REQUIRED
(E Jensen 2008, pers. comm., 7 June)
 IN-TEXT CITATION
Ford’s Adelaide performance (2008, Festival Theatre, 6 May)
 IN-TEXT CITATION
NOTES
Personal communications (pers. comm.) are not recoverable, so they are not included in the reference list but may
be referred to in the text. Identify communicator (seek approval for private communications) and date in round
brackets (omit any detail already in surrounding sentence). The following sources are considered personal
communications:
•
Live lectures, presentations, performances, speeches, etc.
•
Private communications, such as letters, emails, conversations, personal interviews, or posts and comments
on social media or other sites protected by privacy settings.
•
Class/lecture notes taken by yourself/other students, and material accessible only to enrolled students.
Podcast
TEMPLATE
EX
47
Australian Harvard
Primary Contributor (role) Year, ‘Episode title’, Program title, form, viewed date,
DOI/URL
Cohen, H (presenter) 2013, ‘Casualties in the supermarket war’, Background Briefing, audio
podcast, 29 December, available from http://www.abc.net.au/rn/programs
/backgroundbriefing/
•
NOTES
•
Give the date viewed and URL of the item (or the home page if the item is searchable from there).
•
Use ‘available from’ if accessible only via purchase or subscription, login, or search.
Report, government or corporate
TEMPLATE
Australian Harvard
Author Year, Title, Series number, Publisher, City. OR DOI/URL
PRINT
EX
48
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2004, Australia’s health 2004, AIHW cat. no. AUS
44, AIHW, Canberra.
ONLINE
EX
49
City of Ballarat 2011, Annual report, viewed 26 August 2012,
http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/499612/annual%20report_complete.pdf
NOTES
•
Give title of report in italics.
•
Add any series name or number, no italics, after report title.
•
If published by the same institution and an unambiguous abbreviation is used for the institution, use the
abbreviation for publisher name. Otherwise, repeat the full institution name.
•
If accessed online, add DOI or URL in place of publisher name and location.
•
If using the abbreviated name of a government body in your text, e.g. AIHW for Australian Institute of Health
and Welfare, follow the same reference list guidelines as for a group author (see the in-text citation section).
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Review
TEMPLATE
EX
50
Australian Harvard
Reviewer Year, ‘Title of review’, review of Work reviewed, name (and role) of principal
contributor, Date of production/release. Format remaining entry according to the
category of material.
FILM REVIEW (PRINT NEWSPAPER)
Schembri, J 2008, review of the motion picture Australia by B. Luhrmann (director), 2008,
The Age, 10 November, p. 8.
EX
51
THEATRE REVIEW (ONLINE)
Croggon, A 2014, review of the play Private lives by N. Coward, Melbourne Theatre
Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, 2014, The Guardian Australia, 31 January,
viewed 4 April 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/
NOTES
•
Give author and year of review.
•
Give title of review in single quote marks followed by description (no italics except for title of work reviewed). If
review has no title, give description alone. Give name and role of principal contributor to work reviewed.
•
Format remaining parts according to the publication type (e.g., newspaper article, online post, etc.).
Secondary source
EX
52
Australian Harvard
IN-TEXT CITATION (SECONDARY SOURCE)
Hilferty describes the nature of teacher professionalism as “an evolving idea that responds
to political, social & historical contexts” (cited in Meldrum & Peters 2012, p. 109).
EX
53
REFERENCE ENTRY (SECONDARY SOURCE)
Meldrum, K & Peters, J 2012, Learning to teach health and physical education: The student,
the teacher and the curriculum. Pearson Australia, Sydney.
NOTES
•
When using a source that you found in another (secondary) source, refer to the original in your writing but only
give a reference entry and in-text citation for the source that you accessed (the secondary source).
•
To make it clear that you have used a secondary source, include ‘cited in’ in the in-text citation.
Software, app
TEMPLATE
EX
54
Australian Harvard
Title Year, Version number, form, Company, City, State, DOI/URL
MOBILE PHONE APP
Weather Flow 2014, Version 1.5.0, mobile phone application, http://www.windowsphone
.com/en-au/store/
EX
55
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Dolphin 2013, Version 4.0.2, computer software, https://dolphin-emu.org/
NOTES
•
Only give reference entries for specialised software with limited distribution. No reference entry is needed for
standard software and programming languages.
•
Give title of software (in italics) followed by year (no italics) and version number. Add description after version
number. Give name and place of company if accessed as CD, or DOI/URL if accessed online.
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Speech, performance
TEMPLATE
EX
56
Australian Harvard
Performer (role) Year Title, by Author, format, date, label/company, City, viewed date
OR DOI/URL
PERFORMANCE (CD)
Seinfeld, J (performer) & Callner, M (director) 1998, I’m telling you for the last time: Live on
Broadway, CD, performance recorded August 9, 1998, Universal, Los Angeles.
EX
57
SPEECH RECORDING (VINYL)
Churchill, W (speech) 1964, ‘In a solemn hour’, on Winston Churchill: A selection from his
famous wartime speeches, vinyl recording, recorded 19 May, 1940, Decca, London.
EX
58
SPEECH RECORDING (ONLINE VIDEO)
Kennedy, JF (speech) 1963, Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner), video file, 26 June, viewed
12 April 2015, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html
EX
59
SPEECH RECORDING (ONLINE AUDIO)
King, ML Jr (speech) 1963, I have a dream, audio file, 28 August, viewed 25 March 2014,
http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/
NOTES
•
LIVE PERFORMANCES OR SPEECHES: These are not recoverable so they are not included in the
reference list but can be referred to in the text. Add any identifying details not already in the surrounding
sentence in round brackets (e.g., ‘In her Adelaide performance (Festival Theatre, May 6, 2008), Anne Ford …’
•
RECORDINGS OF LIVE PERFORMANCES OR SPEECHES: These are recoverable so can be included in
the reference list. Format entry according to the category of material. Add original recording date if different or
more specific than publication date.
•
PERFORMER/AUTHOR role in this context could be director, choreographer, performer, etc.
•
FORMAT in this context could be theatre performance, dance performance, concert performance, etc.
Standards, Australian
TEMPLATE
Australian Harvard
Author Year, Standard title, standard number, Publisher, Location.
REFERENCE ENTRY (Australian Standard)
EX
60
Standards Australia 2010, Residential timber framed construction – simplified - non-cyclonic
areas: formal specifications (AS 1684.4:2010), Standards Australia, Sydney.
Television/radio news or current affairs broadcast
TEMPLATE
EX
61
Australian Harvard
Title Year, description, Broadcast Station, City, broadcast date OR viewed date, URL
(if from an online source)
TELEVISION BROADCAST
WIN news 2013, television broadcast, WIN Television, Ballarat, 12 November.
EX
62
RADIO BROADCAST
Sunday profile 2009, radio broadcast, ABC Local Radio, Melbourne, 18 August.
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Television series episode
TEMPLATE
EX
63
Australian Harvard
Primary Contributor (role) Year, ‘Episode number OR title’, Title of series, Form,
Production/Distribution Company, broadcast date OR DOI/URL.
TELEVISION BROADCAST
Sherman-Palladino, A (writer) & Mancuso, G (director) 2002, ‘Application anxiety’, Gilmore
girls, television series episode, Nine Network, 12 June 2012.
EX
64
ONLINE VIDEO
Horowitz, A (writer) & Orme, S. (director) 2014, ‘The eternity ring’, Foyle’s war, television
series video file, ABC TV, viewed 9 February 2013,
http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/79688397
EX
65
DVD (SINGLE EPISODE)
Gilligan, V (writer) & MacLaren, M (director) 2012, ‘Madrigal’, Breaking bad, television series
episode, DVD, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, California.
EX
66
DVD (WHOLE SERIES)
Gilligan, V (producer) 2008-2013, Breaking bad, television series, DVD, Sony Pictures
Home Entertainment, California.
NOTES
•
Give name/s of episode’s principal contributors (e.g., director and/or writer) and their roles in brackets, as the
author. Give the name of the producer when referencing an entire series.
•
The episode title appears in single quote marks, no italics. Examples above show various roles to illustrate
options. Give the series title (in italics) and form.
•
BROADCAST: Give station and broadcast date.
•
ONLINE: Give URL of site where you viewed item.
•
DVD: Give studio and year of production (or year range for whole series).
Thesis
Australian Harvard
Author,
A. (Year).
Title
(Description).
Institution, Institution,
City, State/Country.
year,
Title
of thesis, description,
Location. OR DOI/URL
TEMPLATEA. Author
(UNPUBLISHED)
Author, A. PRINT
A. (Year).
Title (Description, Institution, Place). Retrieved from Database Name
CHECK
THIS
AND
SEE IF driving
IT APPLIES
TO PRINT
EX(Accession
67 Reid, Number).
JM 1998, ‘A
cognitive
study
of ALSO
dysfunctional
behaviours’,
PhD thesis,
University of Melbourne, Australia.
ONLINE
EX
68
Ryan, DA 2013, ‘Crowd monitoring using computer vision’, PhD thesis, Queensland
University of Technology, Australia, viewed 31 January 2014,
http://eprints.qut.edu.au/65652/1/
NOTES
•
Give thesis title in single quotes (no italics) followed by description and name and location of institution.
•
If retrieved from a university repository, give URL of item.
•
If retrieved from a commercial database, give database name and accession number.
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Video post
TEMPLATE
Australian Harvard
Poster (screen name) year, Title, form, date of posting, site authority, viewed date,
URL
EX
69
BuzzFeedVideo 2016, People try to walk their cats, video file, 12 April, YouTube, viewed 28
June 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C1leq--_wM
EX
70
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2014, Robonaut supports telemedicine
advances, video file, 17 January, YouTube, viewed 30 February 2015,
http://youtube/9gbfL590Fgg
NOTES
** See also Examples 28 and 58.
•
Give name of poster (real name plus screen name, or just screen name if real name is unknown).
•
Give year of posting. Give title in italics, followed by form (no italics), and date of posting (if available),
followed by the overall site owner or authority.
•
Give URL of individual post (archived URL if available—click date stamp to access).
Video, film (studio production)
TEMPLATE
EX
71
Australian Harvard
Title Year, form, Distributor/Studio, Country, credits and other information.
FILM
Back to the future 1985, motion picture, Universal Pictures, United States, R Zemeckis
(writer/director), R Gale (writer) & S Spielberg.
EX
72
DVD/BLU-RAY RELEASE
Man of steel 2013, Blu-ray, Warner Bros., United States, Z Snyder (director) & DS Goyer
(writer).
EX
73
DVD/BLU-RAY RE-ISSUE
Vertigo 2003, DVD, Universal Home Entertainment; Paramount, 1958, United States, A
Hitchcock (producer/director).
EX
74
ONLINE
Argo 2012, video file, B Affleck (director), C Terrio (writer) & G Clooney (producer), available
from http://store.apple.com/au
NOTES
•
Give title in italics. Add form of version accessed (no italics). If re-issued, add studio and year of original
release.
•
Give place and name of studio or, if accessed online, give URL of site where accessed.
•
Use ‘Available from’ instead of ‘viewed’ if accessible only via subscription or paywall.
•
Give primary contributors (e.g., director, writer, producer, and/or starring actors) and their roles if the
information is useful. Examples above show various roles to illustrate options.
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Video game
TEMPLATE
EX
75
Australian Harvard
Title Year, form, video game, Publisher, Place.
Doom 1993, CD-ROM, video game, id software, Richardson, Texas.
NOTES
•
Give title in italics, then year of production (no italics).
•
Give form and description. Give name and place of producer, or URL if accessed online.
Visual artwork
TEMPLATE
EX
76
Australian Harvard
Artist Year, Title of artwork, medium, Gallery, City, date viewed. OR DOI/URL
ORIGINAL ARTWORK
Brack, J 1955, The fish shop, oil on composition board, Museum of Modern Art Melbourne,
Australia.
EX
77
ONLINE REPRODUCTION
Brack, J 1955, The fish shop, digital image of painting, National Gallery of Victoria, viewed
26 March 2015, http://www.ngv/collections/johnbrack
EX
78
PRINT REPRODUCTION
Bryant, H (ed.) 1993, Australian artists, Larwitt, Melbourne, Australia.
NOTES
•
ORIGINAL: Give name of artist, year artwork was created, title of artwork (italics), medium, (no italics), and
the location and name of the museum or gallery.
•
ONLINE REPRODUCTION: Give artist, year, title, medium, and DOI/URL.
•
PRINT REPRODUCTION: Give a reference entry for the print source (e.g., book) containing reproduction, not
the artwork itself. Name the artist and artwork in the text and add the page or plate number to the in-text
citation for the print source; e.g., ‘(Bryant 1993, p. 46)’.
Website document (PDF)
TEMPLATE
Australian Harvard
Author Year, Title, date viewed, DOI or URL
EX
79
Federation University Australia 2016, Annual report 2015, Federation University Australia,
Ballarat, viewed 30 February 2016, https://federation.edu.au/__data/assets/
pdf_file/0007/297610/FedUni_AnnualReport_2015.pdf
EX
80
Phillips, A, Bohning, G, Allan, C & Edwards, G 2006, Agnote: the European rabbit - pastoral
pest, leaflet, Northern Territory Government, viewed 30 February 2015,
http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Anim_Man/437.pdf
NOTES
•
Give the author and year shown on the document (which may be different from the site hosting it).
•
Give the title in italics. Give the form if useful.
•
Give the source sponsor or provider, and location, if supplied.
•
Give the date viewed and the full URL (without a full stop at the end).
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Website post, page (general treatment)
TEMPLATE
Australian Harvard
Author Year/Date, Title, (form, if needed) Date viewed, URL
EX
81
Department of Health and Ageing 2009, Aged care, Department of Health and Ageing,
Canberra, viewed 27 December 2009, http://www.yourhealth.gov.au/
EX
82
Wilcken, J 2011, Does jogging up the risk of knee osteoarthritis?, 27 June, Medical
Observer, viewed 31 June 2016, http://www.medicalobserver.com.au/medical-news/doesjogging-up-the-risk-of-knee-osteoarthritis
NOTES
•
Give the name of the person or group who created the content on the post or page.
•
Give the year posted or updated.
•
Give the title of post/page in italics. If material is non-routine, add description of form.
•
Give the specific date of the post or page (as displayed on the individual post or page).
•
Give the source sponsor or provider, and location, if supplied. Give URL of post/page (archived URL if
available; click date stamp to access) or of home page, whichever is more direct/reliable. Give date viewed
even if post/page has a specific date.
Website
TEMPLATE
EX
83
Australian Harvard
NO REFERENCE ENTRY REQUIRED
The video-sharing website YouTube (http://www.youtube.com) is …  IN-TEXT ONLY
NOTES
•
When making a general reference to a website as a whole (i.e., not to a specific document, page or post on
the site), give the URL in round brackets after the mention; no reference entry is needed.
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Chicago/Turabian full note
citation style
This section gives advice on Chicago full note style, based on The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.,
2010), and Turabian note style, based on A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and
Dissertations (8th ed., 2013) by Kate L. Turabian.
For more detail or extra clarification, consult the manuals in print at the Library.
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Overview of Chicago/Turabian full note citation style
This guide describes the basic features and gives examples of Turabian and Chicago full note citation
styles. (Each style also has an author-date version not covered here.) Chicago and Turabian styles
follow the notes-bibliography system, which involves citing sources in footnotes (or endnotes) and
then presenting a list of the cited sources in a bibliography at the end of your work. Turabian style is
based on and largely mirrors Chicago style, with some minor differences. To avoid repetition, separate
explanations and examples have been given in this guide only when there is a difference in treatment.
Footnotes
Footnotes are created by inserting a superscript reference number (i.e., smaller and above the line) in
your writing directly after the punctuation mark that ends the sentence (or part of the sentence)
containing the words or information you are citing. The reference number directs the reader to the
corresponding footnote, which should contain the bibliographic details of the source.
A number inserted into the writing directs the reader to a corresponding footnote.
The corresponding footnote contains bibliographic details of the source.
Numbering and formatting of footnotes is an automatic function in most word-processing programs via
the insert footnote command. Notes are normally set one or two points smaller than the general text,
and the footnote number is followed by a full stop and a space before the bibliographic details, as in
the examples below. Refer to the general rules and punctuation section for more detailed information.
Bibliography
The bibliography is an alphabetical list of all the sources cited. It should begin on a separate page at
the end of your paper and provide enough identifying details to allow the source to be located by
someone else. Refer to the general rules and punctuation sections following for more detail.
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How to create Chicago/Turabian full note citations
Creating the footnote
Insert the footnote number immediately after the punctuation mark that ends the sentence (or part of
the sentence) where you have used the source. The first time you cite a source, the corresponding
footnote should contain the full source information.
1.
FirstName LastName, Title (City: Publisher, Year), page reference.
2.
Sarah Gleeson, The Medical Experience of Art and Music (Sydney: Collins, 1983), 24.
Basic full footnote in Chicago/Turabian note style
• Use the author’s full name in standard order, i.e. first name followed by surname.
• Set titles of larger works (e.g. books and journals) in italics, and capitalise in headline style.
• Enclose titles of smaller works (e.g. chapters, articles), parts of works, or unpublished sources in
double quotation marks without italics.
• Enclose publication details in parentheses (round brackets). If the city is likely to be unknown to the
reader or confused with another city of the same name, add the state (abbreviated) or country.
• Add the page number or range (or figure or table number) when quoting from or referring to a
specific part of the source. Use of ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ before the page number is not necessary. If the
source shows no page numbers, give paragraph number/s or closest heading.
• Separate the elements with a comma, and end the note with a full stop.
• Use abbreviations such as ‘ed.’ or ‘eds.’ (for editor/edited by), ‘trans’ (translator/translated by), ‘vol.’
(volume), ed. (edition), ‘pt.’ (part) and rev. (revised, revised by, revision and review).
Repeating citations by using ibid. or shortening
Once you have provided a full citation, subsequent citations for the same source can be repeated by
either using ‘ibid.’ if the notes are consecutive, or shortening the note if there are notes intervening.
HOW TO USE ‘IBID.’ TO REPEAT NOTES
• If a citation directly follows a citation for the same work, use ‘ibid.’ (abbreviation of Latin ‘ibidem’
meaning ‘in the same place’) to stand for repeated parts. Add page numbers if these are different.
• Use a capital letter to begin ‘ibid.’ if it begins the note.
• Do not use ibid. if the immediately preceding note contains more than one citation.
HOW TO SHORTEN REPEATED NOTES
If there are intervening notes between a repeated citation, shorten the note as follows. (The examples
section contains examples of shortened notes in all categories.)
• Give author’s last name only (add first name or initial/s to differentiate if citing authors with the
same last name) and omit any abbreviations (e.g., ed. or trans.) used in the full reference. Use the
accepted abbreviation for organisation names and include the abbreviation in the first mention.
• Shorten titles of over four words by omitting ‘A’ or ‘The’, and selecting key words. Preserve the
same word order and format (italics or quotations marks) as in the full title.
1.
Sarah Gleeson, The Medical Experience of Art and Music (Sydney: Collins, 1983), 24.
2.
Ibid., 34–36.  ‘IBID.’ STANDS FOR REPEATED PART OF IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING NOTE
3.
Tom Edgerson, Drama Therapy (Melbourne: Harrap, 2011), 19.
4.
Gleeson, Medical Experience, 86.  SHORTENED REPEATED NOTE (NON-CONSECUTIVE)
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How to create Chicago/Turabian bibliography entries
Looking at the elements
Each source cited in a footnote needs a corresponding entry in the bibliography. This entry should
contain enough identifying information about the source to allow it to be located by someone else.
In Chicago/Turabian style, the bibliography entry and the full footnote contain the same information,
with minor formatting differences.
A basic Chicago/Turabian bibliography entry is made up of the following elements
AUTHOR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFORMATION + YEAR + ACCESS DATE + URL or DOI
AUTHOR
•
This identifies the creator or principal contributor of the source.
•
It could be a person or a group (organisation or government).
Who created the
source?
•
Some sources may have more than one author.
TITLE
•
This is the full title in the words and spelling of the source.
•
If your source is part of a larger work (e.g., article from a journal; chapter from
a book), you need to include both titles.
What is the source
called?
PUBLISHER
INFORMATION
•
This identifies the publisher of the version you used and their location (city).
You need to include this for print books and physical media. You don’t need it
for journals and newspapers or online sources.
Who made the
source available in
the form I used?
•
The information can usually be found with the copyright information.
PUBLICATION
YEAR/DATE
•
This identifies the year or specific date the source was made available in the
version you accessed. Use the copyright year/date if this is shown.
When was the
source published?
•
For online sources, this is the year or specific date the content was created
(for a page or document) or the date of posting (for a post).
ACCESS DATE
•
This is included for sources accessed online. It tells your reader the location
of the source on the Internet and the date you accessed it.
If I accessed this
source online, when
did I do this?
•
Include an access date for all sources accessed online unless you are
instructed otherwise by your teacher or lecturer.
•
The DOI acts as a permanent link to an item. Not all material will have a DOI,
but you need to include it if one has been assigned.
•
If a DOI has been assigned, you should find it with the copyright information,
or with other details on database or catalogue lists.
•
If there is no DOI, include a URL.
•
Provide the URL that leads most directly and reliably to the source. Give the
homepage URL if the item can be searched for easily from there or if a login
is required or if the URL is unstable. Otherwise give the full URL.
URL or DOI
If I accessed this
source online, what
is its Digital Object
Identifier (DOI)?
If there is no DOI,
what is the address
of the source online?
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Creating the bibliography entry
Below are instructions for formatting the parts of a Chicago/Turabian bibliography entry. Note that
every part ends with a full stop, and there is a space after each punctuation mark.
AUTHOR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFORMATION + YEAR + ACCESS DATE + URL OR DOI
Author (Chicago/Turabian)
Hall, Jane. L., and Brian. T. Ashton. A Spoonful of Valour …
Smith, Gina, Terry L. Ferris, and Erin Henderson. Rainfall …
Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. …
• Give the author’s surname plus the given name/s or initials as shown on the source.
• Name all authors if there are more than one. Invert first author’s name only.
• For more detail on author treatment, see example section.
Title (Chicago/Turabian)
Harris, Miles. The Mighty Yarra: Rivers of Victoria. …
Irwell, Maria. “Reimagining Dadaism.” Journal of Abstract Art …
Jensen, Paul. R. Wartime Navy Reminiscences …
• Give the title in the wording and spelling shown on the source.
• Give both titles if source is part of a larger work.
• Enclose parts of works in quotation marks and set larger work in italics.
• Give initial capitals to the first, last and principal words of the title and the subtitle.
• Separate title and any subtitle by a colon.
• If no title is shown, give a brief descriptive title, using no italics or quotation marks.
Publisher information (Chicago/Turabian)
Gourley, Dianne. Action Man. Chicago: Bellinger, 2002.
• Give city and name of publisher. Add state (initials) or country if extra identification needed.
• Separate city and state/country by a comma and publisher by a colon.
• If there is more than one city named on the source, give the first-named city.
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Year (Chicago/Turabian)
Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Sydney: Picador, 2001.
Narvin, Chris. “Patient Wellbeing.” Nursing Journal 20, no. 10 (2013): 30–33
Gardiner, Ian T. Life in Rural Australia. Adelaide: Phoenix, n.d.
Greendale, Nilma. “Road Toll Rising.” Age (Melbourne), May 4, 2006.
• Add year after publisher details for books, or in parentheses after issue number for journals.
• Add month and day for sources with specific publication dates (newspapers, magazines).
• Use ‘n.d.’ (stands for ‘no date’) if no year/date can be found on the source.
Access date (Chicago/Turabian)
• Turabian style requires an access date for all sources accessed online, whereas Chicago suggests
inclusion only if the content is likely to change. Because it may be difficult to judge if content is
static, and because your teacher or lecturer may require you to provide access dates for all such
sources, the examples in this guide include access dates for both styles.
• Give date of access before URL or DOI.
• Note that access dates are not necessary for sources that are electronically published and
downloaded in a dedicated e-book format (e.g., Kindle).
• If you are unsure whether or not to include access dates for particular online sources, seek advice
from your teacher or lecturer for their preference.
Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411. Accessed February 28, 2010.
doi:10.1086/599247.
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed February 28, 2010. http://press-ubs.uchicago.edu/founders.
URL/DOI (Chicago/Turabian)
Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411. Accessed February 28, 2010.
doi:10.1086/599247.
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed June 12, 2014. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders.
• Give the DOI, when one has been assigned, exactly as found on the source.
• If DOI is in the old format (beginning with ‘10’), introduce it by ‘doi:’.
• New format DOIs beginning with ‘http’ don’t need ‘doi:’ added in front.
• If no DOI, give the URL. Break URL/DOI (if needed) before a single slash or punctuation mark.
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How to present a Chicago/Turabian bibliography
How to set up the bibliography
• Begin the list with the heading ‘Bibliography’ on a new page at the end of your work.
• Use double line-spacing and a hanging indent (approx. 0.75 cm or 4-5 spaces).
• If a DOI or URL needs to be broken across a line, break before a single slash or punctuation mark.
What to include
Unless advised otherwise by your teacher or lecturer:
• Include an entry for every source you have cited in a note.
• Do not include entries for sources you have not cited, however relevant.
How to arrange the entries
• Alphabetise entries by author’s last name (which begins the entry).
• Use a long dash (or three hyphens) to stand for a repeated author name.
• List entries with no author by title. (Ignore ‘A’ or ‘An’ or ‘The’ as first words.)
• If you have more than one entry with the same author, list alphabetically by title.
Example of a Chicago/Turabian bibliography
Bibliography
Anderson, Tania D. Panel Data: A Primer. New York: Paragon, 1985.
Baxter, B.H. Models of Economic Analysis. Sydney: Wiley, 2005.
Breen, H.P. “An Empirical Test of the Impact of Managerial Self-Interest on Corporate
Capital Structure.” Journal of Finance 43, no. 2 (1977): 271-281.
Chen, J.J. “Determinants of Capital Structure of Swedish Companies.” Journal of
Business Research 27, no. 12 (2004): 41-52.
Dorgan, Delia. Future Funds. Melbourne: Penguin, 1972.
Hillsdon, Maria. Basic Econometrics. 4th ed. Sydney: Hill, 2004.
—. Computational Methods. Melbourne: Lansdowne, 2004.
—. Statistical Analysis Primer. Melbourne: Lansdowne, 2002.
Johnson, A., and S. Hanson. “Determinants of Capital Structure: Theory vs Practice.”
Scandinavian Journal of Management, 11 no. 2 (1995): 91-102.
Keen, Rex P. Strategy, Structure and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 2004.
Lee, Bung L. Credit Risk and High Yield Bonds. New York: Wiley, 1982.
Linheiro, J., and D. M. Bates. Mixed-Effects Models. New York: Springer, 2000.
Oakes, J. D., W. T. Woo, S. Fisher, and G. Hughes. “Structural Factors in Economic
Reforms in Sweden.” Economic Policy 9, no 18 (1994): 101-145.
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Examples of Chicago/Turabian notes and bibliography entries
The examples on the following pages illustrate the basic use of Chicago and Turabian full note citation
styles. Each example includes the (first) full footnote, a subsequent (non-consecutive) shortened note,
and a corresponding bibliography entry. Separate examples are given where the two styles differ.
Some examples have been adapted to fit a source type not covered by either of the styles.
Examples for online material are interspersed, not presented as a separate list. If you don’t know
where to start, go to the relevant category and see if an online example has been given. If the
example is for print and you accessed your source online (or vice versa), just add the necessary
details for the version you accessed. Similarly, if you can’t find an example that matches a particular
source type, look for one in a similar category and customise to fit your particular material.
NB: In Chicago and Turabian styles, some source types are included only in the notes and not in the
bibliography. However, as you may be required to include every cited source in your bibliography,
examples have been provided under each category as illustration. If you are unsure whether or not to
include a particular source type in your bibliography, seek advice from your teacher or lecturer.
TYPE OF SOURCE
EX. NO.
TYPE OF SOURCE
EX. NO.
Author variations
1
Music score
17
Book, print basic
2
Newspaper, magazine article
18
Book, different edition
2
No date and/or place of publication
19
Book, translation
2
Online discussion, social media post
20
Book, multi-volume
2
PDF posted on website
37
Book, edited collection
3
Performance, live or recorded
21
Book, chapter from edited collection
3
Personal communication
22
Book, online or e-book
4
Play, published
23
Book, audio
5
Podcast
24
Brochure, pamphlet, catalogue
6
Radio broadcast, live to air
32
CD
5, 17, 21
Report, government or organisation
25
Conference paper
7
Review of film, performance, exhibit
26
DVD
14, 31
Script, unpublished
23
E-book
4
Secondary source
27
Email
22
Software, app
28
Encyclopedia, reference work, entry
8
Speech transcript or recording
29
Exhibition catalogue
6
Standards, Australian
30
Facebook post
20
Television broadcast, live to air
32
Interview, transcript or recorded
9
Television series episode
31
Interview, personally conducted
22
Thesis
33
Journal article or abstract
10
Tweet
20
Lecture or class material
11
Video post (e.g., YouTube)
34
Letter to the editor
18
Video game
28
Map, chart, figure, table
12
Visual artwork, original, reproduction
35
Media release
13
Weblog (blog) and weblog (blog) post
36
Movie, screen or recording
14
Website document (stand-alone)
37
Multiple sources in same note
15
Website page/post (general)
38
Music recording
16
Website (general)
39
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1
Author variations
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
ONE AUTHOR
1. F. Scott Fitzgerald, …
TWO AUTHORS
2. Hazel Smith and R. T. Dean, …
THREE AUTHORS
3. Parsad Davinder, Sunil Dogra, and Amrinder Jit Kanwar, …
FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS
4. Jane Medwell et al., …
GROUP AUTHOR (ORGANISATION OR GOVERNMENT)
5. World Health Organization [WHO], …
Subsequent notes
6. Fitzgerald, …
7. Smith and Dean, …
8. Davinder, Dogra, and Kanwar, …
9. Medwell et al., …
10. WHO, ….
Bibliography
Davinder Parsad, Sunil Dogra, and Amrinder Jit Kanwar. …
Fitzgerald, F. Scott. …
Medwell, Jane, Liz Coates, David Wray, Viv Griffiths, and Hilary Minns. …
Smith, Hazel, and R. T. Dean. …
World Health Organization. …
NOTES
BASIC
•
Present the author’s name as it appears on the source.
•
Present the name in normal order in the note; i.e., First name (and/or initials) Last name.
•
Present the name in reverse order in the bibliography; i.e., Last name, First name (and/or initials).
MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR
•
Two or three authors: Name all authors in the note and bibliography. Join last author by ‘and’.
•
Four or more authors: In the note, name first author only followed by ‘et al.’. Name all in bibliography.
•
Present first author only in reverse order in the bibliography; present co-authors names in normal order.
GROUP AUTHOR
•
If there is no personal author credited, give the group as the author (even it is also the publisher).
•
Give the name in full in the first note and in bibliography entry.
•
Use the accepted abbreviation (include in first full note) in all subsequent notes if the group has a long name.
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2
Book, print
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
BASIC
1. Elizabeth Gilbert, Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman’s Search for Everything
across Italy, India, and Indonesia (New York: Viking, 2006), 22.
TRANSLATION
2. Albrecht Dϋmling, The Vanished Musician: Jewish Refugees in Australia,
trans. Diana K. Weekes (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2016), 98.
DIFFERENT EDITION
3. William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 4th ed. (New
York: Allyn and Bacon, 2000), 41–50.
VOLUME FROM A MULTI-VOLUME WORK
4. Jennifer Roberts, ed., Dramatic Arts (Sydney: Milton Press, 1987), 1:234.
5. Gilbert, Eat, Pray, Love, 59.
Subsequent notes
6. Dϋmling, Vanished Musician, 105.
7. Strunk and White, Elements of Style, 58.
8. Roberts, Dramatic Arts, 1:68-73.
Bibliography
Dϋmling, Albrecht. The Vanished Musician: Jewish Refugees in Australia.
Translated by Diana K. Weekes. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2016.
Gilbert, Elizabeth. Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman’s Search for Everything across
Italy, India, and Indonesia. New York: Viking, 2006.
Roberts, Jennifer, ed. Dramatic Arts. Vol. 1. Sydney: Milton Press, 1958.
Strunk, William, Jr., and E. B. White. The Elements of Style. 4th ed. New York:
Allyn and Bacon, 2000.
NOTES
BASIC:
•
Give author’s name in normal order in note, inverted in bibliography.
•
Give title in full, including any subtitle separated by a colon. Capitalise in headline style.
•
Enclose publisher, place and year in parentheses in note, but not in bibliography.
•
Add page numbers when referring to a specific page, or page range.
TRANSLATION
•
Name translator after title, preceded by ‘trans.’ in note, and ‘Translated by’ in bibliography.
DIFFERENT EDITION
•
Add edition description after title (abbreviate to ‘ed.’).
•
Edition information is not given for first editions. (If no edition statement is shown, assume it is the first.)
VOLUME
•
If citing a volume of a multi-volume work, add volume number before page reference (separated by a colon).
•
If volume has its own title, add volume number and title after title of whole work.
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Book, edited collection
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
EDITED COLLECTION
1. Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith, eds., Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable
(New York: Peter Lang, 2001).
CHAPTER FROM EDITED COLLECTION
2. Janet Brown, “Silence, Taboo and Infectious Disease,” in Utter Silence:
Voicing the Unspeakable, ed. Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith (New York: Peter Lang,
2001), 86.
Subsequent notes
3. Mills and Smith, Utter Silence.  NB: OMIT ‘ed.’ OR ‘eds.’ IN SUBSEQUENT NOTES
4. Brown, “Silence, Taboo.”
Bibliography
Brown, Janet. “Silence, Taboo and Infectious Disease.” In Utter Silence: Voicing
the Unspeakable, edited by Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith, 83–91. New York:
Peter Lang, 2001.
Mills Alice, and Jeremy Smith, eds. Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable. New
York: Peter Lang, 2001.
NOTES
•
4
If citing the collection, give editor/s in author position, followed by ‘ed.’ (or ‘eds.’). Treat remaining elements as
for a basic book. If citing a chapter from an edited collection, begin with chapter author and title, followed by
title of work, editor/s and page reference to passage being cited; in bibliography give the chapter page range.
Book, online or e-book
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
ACCESSED ONLINE
1. Scott Dorkins, Good Times (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996),
accessed February 28, 2010, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/goodtimes/.
DOWNLOADED AS E-BOOK
2. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Simon and Schuster,
2003), Kindle edition.  NB: Turabian uses single word ‘Kindle’ (without edition).
Subsequent notes
3. Dorkins, Good Times, chap. 10
4. Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby.
Bibliography
Dorkins, Scott. Good Times. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Accessed
February 28, 2010. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/goodtimes/.
Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003.
Kindle edition.  NB: Turabian uses single word ‘Kindle’ (without edition).
NOTES
•
Treat as for a print book in relevant category.
•
If pages are not static, give relevant heading or chapter or other numbered division as location reference.
•
If book is consulted online, add access date and URL, DOI or database name.
•
If downloaded as a dedicated e-book, add e-reader format. No access date or URL is needed.
•
Note that Turabian uses the single word ‘Kindle’, and Chicago uses ‘Kindle edition’.
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Book, audio recording
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO
Full note
CD
1 Peter FitzSimons, Kokoda, read by Lewis FitzGerald (Sydney: ABC Audio,
2013), audiobook, compact disc.
ONLINE
2. Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist, read by Peter Batchelor (New York: Random
House Audible, 2013), audiobook, MP3 audio, accessed June 22, 2016,
http://www.audible.com.
3. FitzSimons, Kokoda.
Subsequent notes
4. Dickens, Oliver Twist.
Bibliography
Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. Read by Peter Batchelor. New York: Random
House Audible, 2013. Audiobook, MP3 audio. Accessed June 22, 2016.
http://www.audible.com.
FitzSimons, Peter. Kokoda. Read by Lewis FitzGerald. Sydney: ABC Audio, 2013.
Audiobook, compact disc.
TURABIAN
Full note
CD
1 Peter FitzSimons, Kokoda, read by Lewis FitzGerald (Sydney: ABC Audio,
2013), CD.
ONLINE
2. Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist, read by Peter Batchelor (New York: Random
House Audible, 2013), MP3, accessed June 22, 2016, http://www.audible.com.
Subsequent notes
3. FitzSimons, Kokoda.
4. Dickens, Oliver Twist.
Bibliography
Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. Read by Peter Batchelor. New York: Random
House Audible, 2013. MP3. Accessed June 22, 2016. http://www.audible.com.
FitzSimons, Peter. Kokoda. Read by Lewis FitzGerald. Sydney: ABC Audio, 2013.
CD.
NOTES
•
Treat as for print book and add reader’s name after the title.
•
If accessed as physical recording, add format at end. Note Chicago does not abbreviate compact disc to CD.
•
If accessed online, add file format, access date and URL or DOI.
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Brochure, pamphlet or catalogue
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
EXHIBITION CATALOGUE (PRINT)
1. Elena Taylor, Australian Impressionists in France (Melbourne: National
Gallery of Victoria, 2013), 24, exhibition catalogue.
BROCHURE (ONLINE)
2. Parks Victoria, Fire Ecology in the Grampians (Melbourne: Parks Victoria,
2004), accessed March 5, 2016, http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/.
Subsequent notes
3. Taylor, Australian Impressionists, 12.
4. Parks Victoria, Fire Ecology, 3.
Bibliography
Parks Victoria. Fire Ecology in the Grampians. Melbourne: Parks Victoria, 2004.
Accessed March 5, 2016. http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/.
Taylor, Elena. Australian Impressionists in France. Melbourne: National Gallery of
Victoria, 2013. Exhibition catalogue.
NOTES
•
7
Treat as for a book. If accessed online, add date of access and URL or DOI.
Conference paper
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
PAPER PRESENTED (NOT PUBLISHED)
1. Barry Q. Wenzel, “Films of Fellini” (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of
the Society for Cinema Studies, Ballarat, June 4, 1998).
PAPER PUBLISHED IN PROCEEDINGS
2. Angela Carbone et al., “Designing Programming Tasks to Elicit SelfManagement Metacognitive Behaviour,” in Proceedings of the International
Conference on Computers in Education, 2002, ed. B. Werner (Washington, DC:
IEEE, 2002), 533-34, accessed May 12, 2016, doi:10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998.
Subsequent notes
3. Wenzel, “Films of Fellini.”
4. Carbone et al., “Designing Programming Tasks,” 533.
Bibliography
Carbone, Angela, Ian Mitchell, Dick Gunstone, and John Hurst. “Designing
Programming Tasks to Elicit Self-Management Metacognitive Behaviour.” In
Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education, edited
by B. Werner, 533-34. Washington, DC: IEEE, 2002. Accessed 8 June 2016.
doi:10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998.
Wenzel, Barry Q. “Films of Fellini.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the
Society for Cinema Studies, Ballarat, June 4, 1998.
NOTES
•
If paper is part of published conference proceedings, treat like a chapter from an edited collection.
•
If paper is presented only, give presenter’s name, title (quotation marks), name of meeting, location and date.
•
If accessed online, add date of access and URL or DOI.
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Encyclopedia or reference work entry
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
PRINT
1. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. “constructivism.”
ONLINE
2. Grove Music Online, s.vv. “Smashing Pumpkins,” accessed July 31, 2016,
http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/.
AUTHORED ENTRY (ESSAY OR CHAPTER)
3. Chris McConville, “Melbourne Crime: From War to Depression, 1919-1929,”
in The Australian Dictionary of Biography (Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
2013), accessed 22 July 2016, http://adb.anu.edu.au/essay/6/text28416.
Subsequent notes
4. Encyclopaedia Britannica, “constructivism.”
5. Grove Music Online, “Smashing Pumpkins.”
6. McConville, “Melbourne Crime.”
Bibliography
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed.
Grove Music Online. Accessed July 31, 2016. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/.
McConville, Chris. “Melbourne Crime: From War to Depression, 1919-1929.” In
The Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
2013. Accessed 22 July 2016. http://adb.anu.edu.au/essay/6/text28416.
NOTES
**Ask your teacher or lecturer for guidelines on using Wikipedia as a reference source.
Well-known reference works are normally cited in the notes only; ask your teacher or lecturer for advice before
including in your bibliography. (Bibliography entries have been given above as examples if needed.)
•
Place, publisher and year can be omitted from well-known reference works but edition number (if not the first)
should be included.
•
Specialised or less well-known reference works should be included in the bibliography with their full
publications details.
•
If the reference work is alphabetically arranged, precede the entry by ‘s.v.’ or ‘s.vv.’ (abbreviation for ‘sub
verbo’, which is Latin for under the word/words). If entries are non-alphabetical, give the page number.
•
If an item has a named author and is lengthy and substantial (see McConville example above), treat like a
chapter in an edited book and include in the bibliography.
•
If accessed online, add the date of access and URL or DOI. If downloaded to an e-reader add format.
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Interview, transcript or recorded
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
TRANSCRIPT
1. Neil A. Armstrong, interview by S. E. Ambrose, September 19, 2001,
transcript, Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, NASA, accessed June 22,
2016, http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf/.
RECORDING
2. Lily Brett, interview by Jane Hutcheon, One Plus One, ABCTV News 24, July
28, 2016, accessed August 6, 2016, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-28/oneplus-one:-lily-brett/7670520.
Subsequent notes
3. Armstrong, interview by Ambrose.
4. Brett, interview by Hutcheon.
Bibliography
Armstrong, Neil A. Interview by S. E. Ambrose. September 19, 2001. Transcript.
Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, NASA. Accessed June 22, 2016.
http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf/.
Brett, Lily. Interview by Jane Hutcheon. One Plus One. ABC TV News 24, July 28,
2016. Accessed August 6, 2016. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-28/one
-plus-one:-lily-brett/7670520.
NOTES
The treatment above applies to transcripts or recorded interviews. Private or informal interviews should be treated
as personal communications (see Ex 22).
•
Give interviewee’s name at the beginning of the entry followed by the name of the interviewer.
•
Add other details relevant to the format you consulted. If accessed online, add access date and URL or DOI.
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Journal article
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
PRINT
Author
Article
Journal Name



Volume Issue Year page ref




1. Chris Narvin, “Patient Wellbeing,” Nursing Journal 20, no.10 (2013): 31.
ABSTRACT
2. Parsad Davinder, Sunil Dogra, and Amrinder Kanwar, “Quality of Life in
Patients with Vitiligo,” abstract, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1 (2003): 58.
ONLINE WITH URL
3. Wendy Moran, “Enhancing Understanding of Teaching and the Profession
through School Innovation Rounds,” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 39,
no. 3 (2014): 212, accessed June 22, 2016, http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/.
ONLINE WITH DOI
4. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an
Evolving Social Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411,
accessed February 28, 2010, doi:10.1086/599247.
ONLINE FROM DATABASE
5. David H. Howard, “Hospital Quality and Selective Contracting: Evidence from
Kidney Transplantation,” Forum for Health Economics and Policy 11, no. 2 (2008):
214, accessed April 15, 2015, PubMed Central (PMC2600561).
Subsequent notes
6. Narvin, “Patient Wellbeing,” 32.
7. Davinder, Dogra, and Kanwar, “Quality of Life,” 22.
8. Moran, “Enhancing Understanding,” 72.
9. Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of Homophily,” 411.
10. Howard, “Hospital Quality,” 218.
Bibliography
Davinder, Parsad, Sunil Dogra, and Amrinder Kanwar. “Quality of Life in Patients
with Vitiligo.” Abstract. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1 (2003): 58.
(NB: Turabian includes ‘abstract’ in note but omits it from bibliography entry.)
Howard, David H. “Hospital Quality and Selective Contracting: Evidence from
Kidney Transplantation.” Forum for Health Economics and Policy 11, no. 2
(2008). Accessed April 15, 2015. PubMed Central (PMC2600561).
Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving
Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 405–50. Accessed
February 28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247.
Moran, Wendy. “Enhancing Understanding of Teaching and the Profession through
School Innovation Rounds.” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 39, no. 3
(2014): 68–85. Accessed June 22, 2016. http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/.
Narvin, Chris. “Patient Wellbeing.” Nursing Journal 20, no.10 (2013): 30–33.
NOTES
•
Give article author, article title in double quotations marks, journal name in italics, volume and issue number.
•
Give specific page references in the note. Give page range of whole article in the bibliography.
•
If accessed online, add the access date and DOI, URL or database name.
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Lecture or class material
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
ONLINE DOCUMENT/FILE
1. Keith Barrett, “Cell Structure” (topic notes, Biology 112 tutorials, Barrett
Education, June 19, 2010), accessed June 20, 2010,
http://www.barrett.edu/openaccess/courses/lectureNotes.
ONLINE LECTURE
2. Rebecca Claskich, “BOT234: Week 1 Video Lecture,” posted June 2, 2015,
accessed June 3, 2015, http://www.hewsoncollege.com/watch?v=-v6LKvGQIL7.
PRINT HANDOUT
3. Lee Huang, “The Cost of Retribution” (class handout, Ethics 123, Central
University, Townsville, March 5, 2012).
Subsequent notes
4. Barrett, “Cell Structure.”
5. Claskich, “BOT234 Lecture.”
6. Huang, “Cost of Retribution.”
Bibliography
Barrett, Keith. “Cell Structure.” Topic notes prepared for Biology 112 tutorials,
Barrett Education, June 19, 2010. Accessed June 20, 2010.
http://www.barrett.edu/openaccess/courses/lectureNotes.
Claskich, Rebecca. “BOT234: Week 1 Video Lecture.” Posted June 2, 2015.
Accessed June 3, 2015. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-v6GNvGWIL5.
Huang, Lee. “The Cost of Retribution.” Class handout distributed in Ethics 123,
Central University, Townsville, March 5, 2012.
NOTES
**Seek advice from your teacher or lecturer before citing lecture/class material as sources.
•
ONLINE LECTURES, PRESENTATIONS: These are recoverable so can be cited as sources but only if
permitted by your teacher or lecturer. Treat according to type (e.g., video post, website document, etc.).
•
LIVE CLASSES, LECTURES AND PRESENTATIONS: These are not recoverable. If permitted for use as a
source, treat as personal communications (see Ex 22).
•
PRINT CLASS MATERIAL, HANDOUTS: These are not recoverable if available only to participating students.
If permitted for use as a source, treat as for Huang example, above.
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Map, chart, figure, table
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO
Full note
PRINT
1. Richard Sobel, ed., Public Opinion in US Foreign Policy: The Controversy
over Contra Aid (Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993), 87, table 5.3.
ONLINE
2. Victorian Electoral Commission, “City of Casey: Local Council Boundaries,
2012,” map, accessed June 22, 2016, https://www.vec.vic.gov.au.images/profile
/CaseySummary.gif.
Subsequent notes
3. Sobel, Public Opinion, 92, table 6.4.  DIFFERENT MAP, SAME SOURCE
4. Victorian Electoral Commission, “City of Casey.”
Bibliography
Sobel, Richard, ed. Public Opinion in US Foreign Policy: The Controversy over
Contra Aid. Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993.
Victorian Electoral Commission. “City of Casey: Local Council Boundaries, 2012.”
Map. Accessed June 22, 2016. https://www.vec.vic.gov.au.images/profile
/CaseySummary.gif.
TURABIAN
Full note
PRINT
1. Richard Sobel, ed., Public Opinion in US Foreign Policy: The Controversy
over Contra Aid (Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993), 87, table 5.3.
ONLINE
2. Victorian Electoral Commission, “City of Casey: Local Council Boundaries,
2012” (map), accessed June 22, 2016, https://www.vec.vic.gov.au.images/profile
/CaseySummary.gif.
Subsequent notes
3. Sobel, Public Opinion, 92, table 6.4.  DIFFERENT MAP, SAME SOURCE
4. Victorian Electoral Commission. “City of Casey.”
Bibliography
Sobel, Richard, ed. Public Opinion in US Foreign Policy: The Controversy over
Contra Aid. Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993.
Victorian Electoral Commission. “City of Casey: Local Council Boundaries, 2012”
(map). Accessed June 22, 2016. https://www.vec.vic.gov.au.images/profile/
CaseySummary.gif.
NOTES
•
PRINT: If you have accessed the item in a published work (e.g., a book or journal), give an entry for the
source containing the item, not the item itself, and add the item’s identifying label (e.g., table or figure
number) after the page reference.
•
ONLINE: If you have accessed the item online (e.g., from a website or webpage) give the author, title (in
quotation marks) and description (e.g., map, chart). Note that the description is given in parentheses in
Turabian but not Chicago style. Give access date and URL or DOI.
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Media release
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
Subsequent notes
Bibliography
14
1. Qantas, “Response to Industrial Action,” media release, October 29, 2011,
accessed June 1, 2012, http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/mediareleases/oct-2011/5218/.
3. Qantas, “Response to Industrial Action.”
Qantas. “Response to Industrial Action.” Media release. October 29, 2011.
Accessed June 1, 2012. http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/mediareleases/oct-2011/5218/.
Movie
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO
Full note
MOVIE SCREEN
1. Back to the Future, directed by Robert Zemeckis (Los Angeles, CA: Universal
Pictures, 1985).
DVD
2. Man of Steel, directed by Zach Snyder (Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros,
2013), DVD.
DVD RE-ISSUE OF EARLIER FILM
3. Vertigo, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (1958; Los Angeles, CA: Universal
Home Entertainment, 2003), DVD.
ONLINE
4. Argo, directed by Ben Affleck (Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2012),
accessed June 13, 2016, http://store.apple.com/au.
Subsequent notes
5. Back to the Future.
6. Man of Steel.
7. Vertigo.
8. Argo.
Bibliography
Argo. Directed by Ben Affleck. Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2012. Accessed
June 13, 2016. http://store.apple.com/au.
Back to the Future. Directed by Robert Zemeckis. Los Angeles, CA: Universal
Pictures, 1985.
Man of Steel. Directed by Zach Snyder. Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2013.
DVD.
Vertigo. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. 1958. Los Angeles, CA: Universal Home
Entertainment, 2003. DVD.
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Movie (cont’d)
Chicago/Turabian
TURABIAN
Full note
MOVIE SCREEN
1. Back to the Future, directed by Robert Zemeckis (Universal Pictures, 1985).
DVD
2. Man of Steel, directed by Zach Snyder, DVD (Warner Bros, 2013).
DVD RE-ISSUE OF EARLIER FILM
3. Vertigo, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (Paramount, 1958), DVD (Universal
Home Entertainment, 2003).
ONLINE
4. Argo, directed by Ben Affleck (Warner Bros, 2012), accessed June 13, 2016,
http://store.apple.com/au.
Subsequent notes
5. Back to the Future.
6. Man of Steel.
7. Vertigo.
8. Argo.
Bibliography
Argo. Directed by Ben Affleck. Warner Bros, 2012. Accessed June 13, 2016.
http://store.apple.com/au.
Back to the Future. Directed by Robert Zemeckis. Universal Pictures, 1985.
Man of Steel. Directed by Zach Snyder. DVD. Warner Bros, 2013.
Vertigo. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Paramount, 1958. DVD. Universal Home
Entertainment, 2003.
NOTES
•
Give title (italics), roles and names of primary contributors (e.g., director, writer), studio and year of release.
•
If focusing on the contribution of the director or writer, begin the entry with him/her followed by title.
•
If accessing a re-issue of an earlier studio version, include the original release year as well.
•
If accessing online, add access date and URL
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Multiple sources in the same note
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
Subsequent notes
1. Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms (New York: Scribner, 2012); F. Scott
Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003).
2. Hemingway, Farewell to Arms, 58.
3. Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, 82–93.
Bibliography
Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003.
Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner, 2012.
NOTES
•
Group multiple sources that support a single point into one note and separate by a semicolon.
•
If you have named the sources in your writing, list them in the same order in the note.
•
Do not use ‘ibid.’ to repeat a source in an immediately preceding note containing multiple sources.
16
Music recording
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO
Full note
ALBUM (CD)
1. Richard Strauss, Don Quixote, with Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the
Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy, recorded February 24,
1940, Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, compact disc.
ALBUM TRACK
2. Frank Sinatra, vocal performance of “Autumn in New York,” by Vernon Duke,
recorded October 8, 1957, on Come Fly with Me, Capitol, 1958, LP.
ONLINE MUSIC VIDEO
3. Sheppard, “Geronimo,” YouTube music video, posted August 1, 2014,
accessed July 19, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_EXAyGCkw.
Subsequent notes
4. Strauss, Don Quixote.
5. Sinatra, “Autumn in New York.”
6. Sheppard, “Geronimo.”
Bibliography
Sheppard. “Geronimo.” YouTube music video. Posted August 1, 2014. Accessed
July 19, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_EXAyGCkw.
Sinatra, Frank. Vocal performance of “Autumn in New York.” By Vernon Duke.
Recorded October 8, 1957. On Come Fly with Me. Capitol, 1958, LP.
Strauss, Richard. Don Quixote. With Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the
Philadelphia Orchestra. Conducted by Eugene Ormandy. Recorded February
24, 1940. Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, compact disc.
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Music recording (cont’d)
Chicago/Turabian
TURABIAN
Full note
1. Richard Strauss, Don Quixote, with Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the
Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy, recorded February 24,
1940, Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, CD.
2. Frank Sinatra, “Autumn in New York,” by Vernon Duke, recorded October 8,
1957, on Come Fly with Me, Capitol, 1958, LP.
3. Sheppard, “Geronimo” (music video), posted Aug 1, 2014, accessed July 19,
2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_EXAyGCkw.
Subsequent notes
4. Strauss, Don Quixote.
5. Sinatra, “Autumn in New York.”
6. Sheppard, “Geronimo.”
Bibliography
Sheppard. “Geronimo” (music video). Posted August 1, 2014. Accessed July 19,
2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_EXAyGCkw.
Sinatra, Frank. “Autumn in New York.” By Vernon Duke. Recorded October 8,
1957. On Come Fly with Me. Capitol, 1958, LP.
Strauss, Richard. Don Quixote. With Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the
Philadelphia Orchestra. Conducted by Eugene Ormandy. Recorded February
24, 1940. Biddulph LAB 042, 1991. CD.
NOTES
A music recording can be cited in the notes and bibliography if you are using it as a source. For a general
mention, just identify the work in your writing unless extra detail needs to be added in a note.
•
ALBUM: Give principal contributor (performer or composer), album title (italics), any other major contributors,
label, year and form. Any useful extra information (e.g., names of other major contributors) is added after title.
•
TRACK FROM ALBUM: Give performer and title of song (in quotation marks), songwriter (if different from
performer), recording date (if available), album title (italics), recording label information, year and form.
•
ONLINE: If accessed online, add access date and URL.
17
Music score
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
Subsequent notes
Bibliography
1. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano, prepared
from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder, rev. ed. (Bryn
Mawr, PA: Theodore Presser, 1960).
3. Mozart, Sonatas and Fantasies.
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano. Prepared from
the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder. Rev. ed. Bryn
Mawr, PA: Theodore Presser, 1960.
NOTES
•
Published musical scores are treated like books.
•
Any useful extra information (e.g., name of transcriber or arranger) can be added after the title.
•
If accessed online, treat as above and add access date and URL or DOI.
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Newspaper, magazine article or item
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
BASIC PRINT
1. Jim Hunt, “Assassin Kills Kennedy,” Chicago Tribune, November 22, 1963.
SEPARATE SECTION
2. Nina Rousseau, “Arrival of the Spice Setters,” Age (Melbourne), June 3,
2008, Epicure sec.
NO AUTHOR CREDITED
3. “Ad Heats Up Race for Governor,” New York Times, July 30, 2002.
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
4. Jamila Khan, letter to the editor, Australian, September 7, 2012.
ONLINE REPLICA OF PRINT EDITION (E.G., FROM TROVE)
5. Brian Craig, “Mrs Holt’s Sorrow,” Australian Women’s Weekly, 2–3, January
10, 1968, accessed July 14, 2016, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/.
ONLINE EDITION
6. Wendy Cole and Janice Castro, “Scientology’s Largesse in Russia,” Time,
April 13, 1992, accessed May 1, 2011, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/.
Subsequent notes
7. Hunt, “Assassin Kills Kennedy.”
8. Rousseau, “Arrival of the Spice Setters.”
9. “Ad Heats Up Race.”
10. Khan, letter to editor.
11. Craig, “Australia and the World.”
12. Cole and Castro, “Scientology’s Largesse.”
Bibliography
Cole, Wendy, and Janice Castro. “Scientology’s Largesse in Russia.” Time, April
13, 1992. Accessed May 1, 2011. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/.
Craig, Brian. “Mrs Holt’s Sorrow.” Australian Women’s Weekly, January 10, 1968.
Accessed July 14, 2016. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/.
Hunt, Jim. “Assassin Kills Kennedy.” Chicago Tribune, November 22, 1963.
Khan, Jamila. Letter to the editor. Australian, September 7, 2012.
New York Times. “Ad Heats Up Race for Governor.” July 30, 2002.
Rousseau, Nina. “Arrival of the Spice Setters.” Age (Melbourne), June 3, 2008,
Epicure sec.
NOTES
•
Give author, article title (in quotation marks), newspaper/magazine name (italics) and date of issue.
•
If no author is credited, begin with article title in the note but newspaper/magazine name in bibliography.
•
Omit any ‘The’ from beginning of newspaper name. If city is not in name, add in round brackets.
•
If article is in a separate section, add name (no italics) after title (see Rousseau example).
•
Page references can be omitted from newspaper articles (they may be unreliable due to multiple editions of a
single issue) but should be included when citing magazine articles.
•
If accessed online, treat as for print article and add access date and URL or DOI. If the article is a digital
replica of a print edition (e.g., from Trove), page numbers can be added.
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No date, unknown publisher, or no place of publication
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
DATE AND/OR PLACE UNKNOWN
1. Edith M. Harrison, Pacific Travels (n.p.: Collins, n.d.), 56.
PUBLISHER UNKNOWN
2. Oliver Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wakefield (Salisbury, 1766).
Subsequent notes
3. Harrison, Pacific Travels, 82.
4. Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield, 16–22.
Bibliography
Goldsmith, Oliver. The Vicar of Wakefield. Salisbury, 1766.
Harrison, Edith M. Pacific Travels. N.p.: Collins, n.d.
NOTES
•
If the place of publication is unknown, use ‘n.p.’ (for ‘no place’) in note and ‘N.p’. in bibliography.
•
If the publisher is unknown, give the place (if known) and date.
•
If the date is unknown, use ‘n.d.’ (for ‘no date’).
20
Online discussion, social media
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
ONLINE COMMENT
1. Bazza34, May 6, 2016 (11.23 p.m.), comment on Kevin Ferris, “Close
Borders Now,” The Half-Baked Times (blog), May 5, 2016, accessed May 7, 2016,
http://thehalfbakedtimes.blogs.com.au/2016/05/05/.
TWEET
2. Hillary Clinton, Twitter post, July 19, 2016 (8:09 p.m.), accessed July 20,
2016, https://twitter.com/HillaryClinton.
FACEBOOK POST
3. All Men Must Dial, post to Telstra’s Facebook page, June 27, 2016 (8.53
p.m.), accessed July 20, 2016, https://www.facebook.com/Telstra/.
Subsequent notes
4. Bazza34, comment on Ferris, “Close Borders Now.”
5. Clinton, Twitter post.
6. All Men Must Dial, Facebook post.
Bibliography
No bibliography entries are required for online discussion or social media posts.
NOTES
•
Include in notes only (or identify within your writing) – no bibliography entry is required.
•
Do not cite posts or comments protected by privacy settings.
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21
Performance, live or recorded
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
PLAY
1. Private Lives, by Noel Coward, directed by Sam Strong, Melbourne Theatre
Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, January 30, 2014.
MUSICAL THEATRE
2. Nice Work If You Can Get It, by Joe DiPietro, music by George and Ira
Gershwin, directed by Annette Zol, Broadford Amateur Theatrical Society,
Broadford Shire Hall, June 10, 2016.
CONCERT
3. Glenda Harris (violin) and Kurt Hegelmann (piano), Helen MacPherson
Theatre, Ballarat, April 21, 2014.
RECORDED PERFORMANCE
4. Jerry Seinfeld, I’m Telling You for the Last Time: Live on Broadway.
Recorded Broadhurst Theatre, New York City, August 9, 1998 (Los Angeles:
Universal, 1998), CD.
Subsequent notes
5. Private Lives.
6. Nice Work.
7. Harris and Hegelmann.
8. Seinfeld, I’m Telling You.
Bibliography
Harris, Glenda (violin), and Kurt Hegelmann (piano). Helen MacPherson Theatre,
Ballarat, April 21, 2014.
Nice Work If You Can Get It. By Joe DiPietro. Music by George and Ira Gershwin.
Directed by Annette Zol. Broadford Amateur Theatrical Society. Shire Hall,
Broadford, June 10, 2016.
Private Lives. By Noel Coward. Directed by Sam Strong. Melbourne Theatre
Company. Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, January 30, 2014.
Seinfeld, Jerry. I’m Telling You for the Last Time: Live on Broadway. Recorded,
Broadhurst Theatre, New York City, August 9, 1998. Los Angeles: Universal,
1998. CD.
NOTES
Live performances are not normally included in the bibliography, and you can also do without a note by weaving
the identifying details into your writing. However, different units will have different requirements, so seek your
teacher’s or lecturer’s advice on their preference for citing such sources.
•
Begin with title (italics), or if the performance is untitled or is focused on individual performance, give
performer/s name at the beginning.
•
Add names of major contributors (writers, composers, directors, etc.) and performance group.
•
Give the venue and date of the performance, if these details are known.
•
If accessing a recording, treat according to relevant category above and add the form of recording.
•
If accessing online, add access date and URL.
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Personal communication
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
1. Elizabeth Jensen, email message to author, June 7, 2008.
2. Interview with a regional arts administrator, July 1, 2016 (interviewee’s name
withheld by mutual agreement).
Subsequent notes
3. Jensen, email to author.
4. Interview with regional arts administrator.
Bibliography
No bibliography entry is required for personal communications.
NOTES
Personal communications such as letters, emails, conversations, personal interviews, or posts and comments on
sites protected by privacy settings may be cited in the notes but are not included in the bibliography.
•
Identify the communicator (seek their approval) and give the date of communication.
•
If the communicator wishes to be anonymous, use a generic description and add a phrase that explains the
absence of a name (see note 2 above). If your paper has multiple instances of anonymous interviewees, add
a general explanation to the first interview note; e.g., ‘All interviews cited in this paper were confidential and
names have been withheld by mutual agreement.’
23
Play or film script
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
PUBLISHED (PLAY)
1. Joanna Murray-Smith, Honour (Sydney: Currency Press, 1997), act 1.
UNPUBLISHED
2. Gleeson, Miranda, “Daylight Shines Darkly” (film script, final draft, March 8,
2015), scene 15, accessed July 19, 2016, http://www.scriptheaven.com.au/.
Subsequent notes
3. Murray-Smith, Honour, act 1.
4. Gleeson, “Daylight,” scenes 53–55.
Bibliography
Gleeson, Miranda. “Daylight Shines Darkly.” Film script, final draft, March 8, 2015.
Accessed July 19, 2016. http://www.scriptheaven.com.au/.
Murray-Smith, Joanna. Honour. Sydney: Currency Press, 1997.
NOTES
•
If published, treat like a book.
•
If unpublished, give title in quotation marks (not italics), and add description and any other identifying
information and date as shown on title page.
•
In the notes, give act (and scene and line numbers if relevant) when quoting or referring to specific passages.
•
If accessed online, add access date and URL/DOI.
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Podcast
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO
Full note
Subsequent notes
Bibliography
1. “Frenemies,” This American Life, podcast audio, Chicago Public Media,
September 11, 2009, accessed July 17, 2016,
http://www.thisamericanlife.org/play_full.php?play=389.
3. “Frenemies.”
“Frenemies.” This American Life. Podcast audio. Chicago Public Media, September
11, 2009. Accessed July 17, 2016.
http://www.thisamericanlife.org/play_full.php?play=389.
TURABIAN
Full note
Subsequent notes
Bibliography
1. “Frenemies,” This American Life (MP3 podcast), Chicago Public Media,
September 11, 2009, accessed July 17, 2016,
http://www.thisamericanlife.org/play_full.php?play=389.
3. “Frenemies.”
“Frenemies.” This American Life (MP3 podcast). Chicago Public Media, September
11, 2009. Accessed July 17, 2016.
http://www.thisamericanlife.org/play_full.php?play=389.
NOTES
•
Give episode (quote marks), podcast title (italics), description, production entity and date, access date, URL.
25
Report, government or organisation
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
PRINT
1. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], Australia’s Health 2004,
AIHW cat. no. AUS 44 (Canberra: AIHW, 2004), 25.
ONLINE
2. Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], Mental Health and Experiences of
Homelessness, Australia, 2014, cat. no. 4329.0.00.005 (Canberra: ABS, 2014), 5,
accessed July 11, 2016, http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/.
Subsequent notes
3. AIHW, Australia’s Health 2004, 22.
4. ABS, Mental Health, 8.
Bibliography
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Mental Health and Experiences of Homelessness,
Australia, 2014. Cat. no. 4329.0.00.005. Canberra: ABS, 2014. Accessed July 2,
2016. http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia’s Health 2004. AIHW Cat. No.
AUS 44. Canberra: AIHW, 2004.
NOTES
•
If author’s name is long, use accepted abbreviation for subsequent citations (add to full form in square
brackets in first note). Give title of report in italics. Add any series name or number (no italics) after title.
•
Add access date and URL or DOI if accessed online.
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Review
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
FILM REVIEW
1. Jim Schembri, review of Australia, directed by Baz Luhrmann, Age
(Melbourne), November 10, 2008.
THEATRE REVIEW
2. Alison Croggon, review of Private Lives, by Noel Coward, Melbourne Theatre
Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, Guardian Australia, January 31, 2014,
accessed July 11, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/.
CONCERT REVIEW
3. Allan Kozinn, review of concert performance by Timothy Fain (violin) and
Steven Beck (piano), 92nd Street Y, New York, April 20, 2000, New York Times,
April 21, 2000.
EXHBITION REVIEW
4. Denise Taylor, review of Degas: A New Vision, National Gallery of Victoria,
June 2016, accessed July 17, 2016, http://www.denisemtaylor.com.au/2016/07
/review-degas-a-new-vision/.
Subsequent notes
5. Schembri, review of Australia.
6. Croggon, review of Private Lives.
7. Kozinn, review of Fain and Beck.
8. Taylor, review of Degas.
Bibliography
Croggon, Alison. Review of Private Lives, by Noel Coward, Melbourne Theatre
Company, January 30, 2014. Guardian Australia, January 31, 2014. Accessed
July 11, 2016. http://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/.
Kozinn, Allan. Review of concert performance by Timothy Fain (violin) and Steven
Beck (piano), 92nd Street Y, New York, April 20, 2000. New York Times, April
21, 2000.
Schembri, Jim. Review of Australia, directed by Baz Luhrmann. Age (Melbourne),
November 10, 2008.
Taylor, Denise. Review of Degas: A New Vision, National Gallery of Victoria,
June 2016. Accessed July 17, 2016. http://www.denisemtaylor.com.au/2016/07
/review-degas-a-new-vision/.
NOTES
•
Give reviewer, the words ‘review of’ followed by the work being reviewed and its major contributors (e.g.,
author, director, performance company).
•
For reviews of performances, exhibitions, etc., give the venue and date of work being reviewed.
•
Format the remaining parts according to the publication type (e.g., newspaper article, online post, etc.).
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Secondary source
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
Subsequent notes
Bibliography
1. Fiona Hilferty, “Teacher Professionalism and Cultural Diversity: Skills,
Knowledge and Values for a Changing Australia,” Australian Educational
Researcher 35, no. 3 (2008): 58, quoted in Kathryn Meldrum and Jacqui Peters,
Learning to Teach Health and Physical Education: The Student, the Teacher and
the Curriculum (Sydney: Pearson Australia, 2012), 109.
3. Hilferty, “Teacher Professionalism.”
Hilferty, Fiona. “Teacher Professionalism and Cultural Diversity: Skills, Knowledge
and Values for a Changing Australia.” Australian Educational Researcher 35,
no. 3 (2008): 58. Quoted in Kathryn Meldrum and Jacqui Peters, Learning to
Teach Health and Physical Education: The Student, the Teacher and the
Curriculum, Sydney: Pearson Australia, 2012.
NOTES
If you are using words or ideas from a source that you found quoted or cited in another (secondary) source, you
must identify both of the sources.
•
Give one entry that includes both sources.
•
Begin the entry with the original source and add 'cited in' or 'quoted in' (as relevant) in front of the full details
for the secondary source.
28
Software, app, video game
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
1. Dolphin (version 4.0.2), computer software (Dolphin Emulator Project, 2013),
accessed January 14, 2014, https://dolphin-emu.org/.
2. Weather Flow (version 1.5.0), mobile phone application (Microsoft, 2013),
accessed December 12, 2013, http://www.windowsphone.com/en-au/store/.
3. Minecraft (version 1.10.2), video game (Mojang, 2016), accessed July 21,
2016, https://minecraft.net/en/.
Subsequent notes
4. Dolphin.
5. Weather Flow.
6. Minecraft.
Bibliography
Dolphin (version 4.0.2). Computer software. Dolphin Emulator Project, 2013.
Accessed January 14, 2014. https://dolphin-emu.org/.
Minecraft (version 1.10.2). Video game. Mojang, 2016. Accessed July 21, 2016.
https://minecraft.net/en/.
Weather Flow (version 1.5.0). Mobile phone application. Microsoft, 2013. Accessed
December 12, 2013. http://www.windowsphone.com/en-au/store/.
NOTES
It is not necessary to give a note or bibliography entry for software or video games unless your paper is focused
on this area. Otherwise, simply identify such works in the body of your writing.
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Speech
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
PRINT TRANSCRIPT
1. Patrick Henry, “Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death” (speech, Richmond,
Virginia, March 23, 1775), in The Penguin Book of Historic Speeches, ed. Brian
MacArthur (London: Penguin, 1995), 88–90.
ONLINE TRANSCRIPT
2. Paul Keating, “The Redfern Address” (speech, Redfern, December 10, 1992),
transcript, accessed 14 July 2016, http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/keatingspeech-redfern-address/.
ONLINE VIDEO
3. John F. Kennedy, “Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner)” (speech, Berlin, June
26, 1963), video file, accessed May 11, 2016,
http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html.
ONLINE AUDIO
4. Martin Luther King, Jr., “I Have a Dream” (speech, Washington, DC, August
28, 1963), MP3, accessed April 2, 2016, http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/
Subsequent notes
5. Henry, “Give Me Liberty.”
6. Keating, “Redfern Address.”
7. Kennedy, “Ich bin ein Berliner.”
8. King, “I Have a Dream.”
Bibliography
Henry, Patrick. “Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death.” Speech, Richmond, Virginia,
March 23, 1775. In The Penguin Book of Historic Speeches, edited by Brian
MacArthur, 88–90. London: Penguin, 1995.
Keating, Paul. “The Redfern Address.” Speech, Redfern, December 10, 1992.
Transcript. Accessed 14 July 2016. http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/keatingspeech-redfern-address/extras/.
Kennedy, John F. “Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner).” Speech, Berlin, June 26,
1963. Video file. Accessed May 11, 2016.
http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. “I Have a Dream.” Speech, Washington, DC, August 28,
1963. MP3. Accessed April 2, 2016. http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/.
NOTES
•
Begin entry with speaker. Give title of speech in quotation marks, and place and date of speech.
•
If accessed in a print source, treat like a chapter in a book.
•
If accessed online, add file type, access date and URL.
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Standards, Australian
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
Subsequent notes
Bibliography
31
1. Standards Australia, Microwaveable Heat Packs – Wheat and Other Organic
Filling Materials, AS/NZS 5116:2016 (Sydney: Standards Australia, 2016).
3. Standards Australia, Microwaveable Heat Packs.
Standards Australia. Microwaveable Heat Packs – Wheat and Other Organic Filling
Materials. AS/NZS 5116:2016. Sydney: Standards Australia, 2016.
Television series episode
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
BROADCAST
1. Gilmore Girls, season 3, episode 3, “Application Anxiety,” directed by Gail
Mancuso, aired September 13, 2005, on WINTV.
ONLINE
2. Foyle’s War, season 7, episode 1, “The Eternity Ring,” directed by Stuart
Orme, accessed October 12, 2013, http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/7968839.
DVD
3. Breaking Bad, season 5, episode 2, “Madrigal,” directed by Michelle
MacLaren (Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2012), DVD, disc 1.
Subsequent notes
4. Gilmore Girls.
5. Foyle’s War.
6. Breaking Bad.
Bibliography
Breaking Bad. Season 5, episode 2, “Madrigal.” Directed by Michelle MacLaren.
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2012. DVD, disc 1.
Foyle’s War. Season 7, episode 1, “The Eternity Ring.” Directed by Stuart Orme.
Accessed October 12, 2013. http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/7968839.
Gilmore Girls. Season 3, episode 3, “Application Anxiety.” Directed by Gail
Mancuso. Aired September 13, 2005, on WINTV.
NOTES
•
Give program title (italics), season and episode numbers (if known).
•
Give episode title (quotation marks) and role and name of principal contributor/s (e.g., director and/or writer).
•
If accessed via television broadcast, give date aired and broadcast station.
•
If accessed in recorded form, give production studio, year of production and form.
•
If accessed online, give access date and URL.
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Television or radio broadcast, live to air
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
TELEVISION BROADCAST
Full note
1. Lateline, Tony Jones, aired June 2, 2016, on ABC TV News 24.
RADIO PROGRAM
2. Late Night Live, Phillip Adams, aired July 14, 2016, on ABC Radio National.
3. Lateline, June 2, 2016.
Subsequent notes
4. Late Night Live, July 14, 2016.
Lateline. Tony Jones. Aired June 2, 2016, on ABC TV News 24.
Bibliography
Late Night Live. Phillip Adams. Aired July 14, 2016, on ABC Radio National.
NOTES
•
Give program title (italics), name of presenter, date of broadcast, and broadcast station.
•
If accessed online (after broadcast), give access date and URL.
33
Thesis
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
PRINT
1. John Maxwell Reid, “A Cognitive Study of Dysfunctional Driving Behaviours” (PhD
thesis, University of Melbourne, 1998), 34.
ONLINE
2. Carol Tocknell, “Student Acquisition of Social Skills through Teacher Modelling” (PhD
thesis, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, 2015), 13, accessed August 2, 2016,
http://researchonline.federation.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/75649.
3. Reid, “Cognitive Study,” 43.
Subsequent
notes
Bibliography
4. Tocknell, “Student Acquisition,” 25–27.
Reid, John Maxwell. “A Cognitive Study of Dysfunctional Driving Behaviours.” PhD thesis,
University of Melbourne, 1998.
Tocknell, Carol. “Student Acquisition of Social Skills through Teacher Modelling.” PhD
thesis, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, 2015. Accessed August 2, 2016.
http://researchonline.federation.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/75649.
NOTES
•
Give author and title (in quotation marks).
•
Give description and name and location of institution. Omit location if part of institution name.
•
If accessed online, add date of access and URL/DOI or database name.
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Video post (e.g., YouTube)
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO
Full note
1. MarinaHD2001, “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog,” YouTube video, 0.23, posted
May 1, 2009, accessed May 9, 2015, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BH_CA.
2. Marina HD2001, “Bizkit.”
Subsequent notes
Bibliography
MarinaHD2001. “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog.” YouTube video, 0.23. Posted May
1, 2009. Accessed May 9, 2015. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=z2BH_CA.
TURABIAN
Full note
1. MarinaHD2001, “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog” (video), posted May 1, 2009,
accessed May 9, 2015, http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=z2BH_CA.
2. Marina HD2001, “Bizkit.”
Subsequent notes
Bibliography
MarinaHD2001. “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog” (video). Posted May 1, 2009.
Accessed May 9, 2015. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=z2BH_CA.
NOTES
Video posts are normally cited in the notes only; however, if the video is important to your argument, a bibliography
entry can be included (as above).
•
Give screen name of poster, title (quotation marks), description, length (Chicago style only), date posted,
access date and URL.
35
Visual artwork
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
GALLERY
1. John Brack, The Fish Shop, 1955, oil on composition board, 60.0 x 71.6 cm,
Heide Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne.
ONLINE REPRODUCTION
1. John Brack, The Fish Shop, 1955, oil on composition board, 60.0 x 71.6 cm,
Heide Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne, accessed June 12, 2014,
http://www.ngv/collections/johnbrack.
PRINT REPRODUCTION
1. John Brack, The Fish Shop, 1955, in Australian Artists, ed. Howard Bryant
(Melbourne: Larwitt, 1993), 46.
Subsequent notes
Bibliography
3. Brack, The Fish Shop.
No bibliography entry required.
NOTES
Visual artworks are normally cited in notes only but it is acceptable to include a bibliography entry for published
sources containing reproductions. Check with your teacher or lecturer for their preference in this matter.
•
GALLERY: Give artist, title (italics), year, medium, dimensions (when required), gallery name and place.
•
ONLINE SOURCE: Add access date and URL to details of original.
•
PRINT SOURCE: Give print source information in place of medium and gallery. Add page/plate number.
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Weblog (blog)
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
WHOLE BLOG
1. Melinda Chang, Heart of Me (blog), accessed July 15, 2016,
http://heartofme.blogspot.com/2016/07/.
BLOG POST
2. Kevin Ferris, “Close Borders Now,” Half-Baked Times (blog), May 5, 2016,
accessed May 7, 2016, http://thehalfbakedtimes.blogs.com/2016/05/.
Subsequent notes
3. Chang, Heart of Me.
4. Ferris, “Close Borders Now.”
Bibliography
Chang, Melinda. Heart of Me (blog). Accessed July 15, 2016.
http://heartofme.blogspot.com/2016/07/.
Ferris, Kevin. “Close Borders Now.” Half-Baked Times (blog). Accessed May 7,
2016. http://thehalfbakedtimes.blogs.com//2016/05/.
NOTES
Blogs and blog posts are normally cited in the notes only; however, if the source is cited frequently in your paper
or if it is important to your argument, a bibliography entry can be included (as shown above).
BLOG
•
Give the author and the blog name (italics) followed by ‘blog’ in round brackets (unless already in blog name).
•
Give access date and URL.
BLOG POST
•
Give author, title of post (in quotation marks), blog name (italics) followed by ‘blog’ in round brackets.
•
Give the date of the post, the date you accessed it, and the URL.
37
Website document (PDF)
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
Subsequent notes
Bibliography
1. Parks Victoria, “Fire Ecology in the Grampians,” accessed July 14, 2004,
http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf.
3. Parks Victoria, “Fire Ecology.”
Parks Victoria. “Fire Ecology in the Grampians.” Accessed July 14, 2004.
http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf.
NOTES
•
Give the author, title (quotation marks) and retrieval details of document. Include date if one is shown.
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Website post, page
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
1. “ABC Privacy Policy,” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, last modified
March 12, 2014, accessed July 19, 2016, http://about.abc.net.au/abc-privacypolicy/.
2. “Employment Conditions,” Country Fire Authority, last modified December 8,
2015, accessed May 3, 2016, http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/volunteercareers/employment-conditions/.
Subsequent notes
3. “ABC Privacy Policy.”
4. “Employment Conditions.”
Bibliography
Australian Broadcasting Corporation. “ABC Privacy Policy.” Last modified March
12, 2014. Accessed July 19, 2016. http://about.abc.net.au/abc-privacy-policy/.
Country Fire Authority. “Employment Conditions.” Last modified December 8,
2015. Accessed May 3, 2016. http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/volunteercareers/employment-conditions/.
NOTES
•
Give title of page/post in quotation marks followed by the website name or publisher/sponsor.
•
If there is no title, give a short descriptive phrase (no quotation marks).
•
Give date of last modification or update, access date and URL.
39
Website, general
Chicago/Turabian
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
Full note
GENERAL REFERENCE IN YOUR WRITING
‘Donald Trump’s campaign website is illustrative of …’
NOTE CONTAINING EXTRA DETAIL
1. Make America Great Again! (official 2016 campaign website of Donald
Trump), accessed July 23, 2016, https://www.donaldjtrump.com/.
Subsequent notes
Bibliography
3. Make America Great Again!
No bibliography entry required.
NOTES
•
When referring to a website (as distinct from a specific document, page or post on the site), identify the
website (by name, sponsor/owner or descriptive phrase) in your writing in place of a note.
•
If extra identifying detail is likely to be helpful to your reader, either include this in a note as in the example
above, or weave it into your writing in place of the detailed note.
•
No bibliography entry is needed.
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MLA citation style
This section gives advice on MLA citation style based on the MLA Handbook for
Writers of Research Papers (7th ed., 2009). For more detail or extra clarification,
consult the Handbook in print at the Library.
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Overview of MLA citation style
MLA is an in text citation style. This means you insert a brief reference (‘citation’)
into your writing whenever you use a source. The in text citation is made up of
the author of the source and any page reference enclosed in round brackets.
cost (Breen 273). However, Lee (216) reported a contrary result, along with other
studies (Keen 48; Lee 132; Wojk 86-94, 112). This supports the contention that
the original data was incomplete (Hillsdon 24), or as Johnson and Hansen (1995)
have stated, “seriously deficient” (97).
For each source identified in the text, you also need to create a corresponding
entry in the Works Cited list. The Works Cited list is an alphabetical presentation
of all the sources used in a piece of writing.
Each entry in the Works Cited list should contain enough identifying detail to
allow your reader to locate the source if they wished.
Works Cited
Anderson, Tania D. Panel Data: A Primer. New York, Paragon, 1985. Print.
Baxter, B. H. Models of Economic Analysis. Sydney: Wiley, 2005. Print.
Breen, H. P. “An Empirical Test of the Impact of Managerial Self-Interest on Corporate
Capital Structure.” Journal of Finance 43.2 (1977): 271-281. Print.
Chen, J.J. “Determinants of Capital Structure of Swedish Companies.” Journal of
Business Research 27.12 (2004), 41-52. Web. 13 Jan. 2014.
Dorgan, Delia. Future Funds. Melbourne: Penguin, 1972. Print.
Friedman, B. M. Corporate Capital Structure in the United States. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1985. Print.
Hillsdon, Maria. Basic Econometrics. 4th ed. Sydney: Hill, 2004. Print.
—. Computational Methods. Melbourne: Lansdowne, 2004. Print.
—. Statistical Analysis Primer. Melbourne: Lansdowne, 2002. Print.
Johnson, A., and S. Hanson. “Determinants of Capital Structure: Theory vs Practice.”
Scandinavian Journal of Management, 11.2 (1995): 91-102. Web. 18 Dec. 2013.
Keen, Rex P. Strategy, Structure and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 2004. Print.
Lee, Bung L. Credit Risk and High Yield Bonds. New York: Wiley, 1982. Print.
Oakes, J. D., W. T. Woo, S. Fisher, and G. Hughes. “Structural Factors in Economic
Reforms in Sweden.” Economic Policy 9.18 (1994): 101-145. Print
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How to create MLA in-text citations
Basic treatment (MLA)
As explained in the MLA overview, you need to insert a brief reference (the author’s surname) into your
writing whenever you use a source. A page reference is added when you are referring to a specific part
of the source. (All following examples have page references to show how these would be presented.)
(Author Page)
… which is confirmed by the most recent study (Jenkins 22).
BASIC AUTHOR AND YEAR
… the study by Jenkins (22) confirmed these results.
 AUTHOR IN SENTENCE
… seemingly different from Twain’s later work (M. Grech 45–54).  AUTHOR NEEDING INITIAL
•
•
•
•
•
Enclose author’s surname in round brackets.
Add page reference if quoting from or referring to a specific part of the source.
Insert before punctuation mark ending sentence (or part of sentence) where you used source.
If author is already in sentence, give page reference alone in round brackets.
Add given name or initial/s to surname if you have sources by authors with the same surname.
More than one author (MLA)
2 AUTHORS
(Hendricks and Angwin 34)
•
OR
… Hendricks and Angwin (34) …
Name both authors and join by ‘and’.
3 AUTHORS
(Oakes, Grocz, and Hu 23–45)
•
OR
… Oakes, Grocz, and Hu (23–45) …
Name all authors. Separate each author by a comma. Join last author by ‘and’.
4 OR MORE AUTHORS
(Donat et al. 68)
•
OR
… Donat et al. (68) …
Name the first author followed by ‘et al.’ (a Latin abbreviation meaning ‘and others’).
Group author (government or organisation)
(World Health Org. 57)
•
•
OR
… World Health Organization (57) …
Give the name of the group in all mentions.
Use common abbreviations (e.g., ‘Org.’, ‘Assn.’, ‘Dept.’, ‘Soc.’) if name is in parentheses.
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Same author, different sources (MLA)
(Winton, Riders 34)
•
•
DISTINGUISHES FROM
(Winton, Breath 56)
Add the first words of the title to the author after a comma.
Italicise whole works; enclose parts of works in quotation marks.
No author (MLA)
(Reading Rates 16)
(“Last Gasp” 89)
•
•
•
OR
OR
… Reading Rates (16) …
… “Last Gasp” (89) …
WHOLE WORK
PART OF WORK
If the source has no author, give the first two to three words of the title.
Use italics for whole works, and quotation marks around parts of works.
Use initial capital letters for all major words.
Multiple sources, same citation (MLA)
… along with other studies (Keen 14; Lee 109; Wojk, 123–45).
•
List each source alphabetically by author and separate by semicolons.
Page numbers (MLA)
BASIC TREATMENT
(Johnson 6)
•
•
•
•
… Kennett (55–63) …
Add page or other location/ label references when referring to a specific part of source.
Enclose in round brackets (with or without author depending on if author is in sentence).
No comma between author and page reference.
Do not use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in front of pages.
QUOTATIONS
It was described as “a stunning victory” (Harrison 15).
Harrison described it as “a stunning victory” (15).
•
•
•
Add the page reference after the closing quotation mark.
If author is already in the sentence, give page reference alone.
For block quotations, i.e., set apart from the text with no quotation marks, add page reference
after closing punctuation mark.
NO PAGE NUMBERS
(Duer par. 12)
•
•
… Jansz (sec. 12) …
If no page numbers are shown on the source, give paragraph, location or section number/s.
Use the abbreviations ‘par.’, ‘sec.’, or ‘loc.’ before the numbers.
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How to create MLA Works Cited entries
As explained in the MLA overview, each source that is referred to in the text needs a corresponding
entry in the Works Cited list. The entry should contain enough identifying information about the
source to allow it to be located by someone else. The information is presented as parts in a set order
to help the reader identify at a glance which piece of information relates to which part.
A basic MLA Works Cited entry is made up of the following parts.
AUTHOR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFO + YEAR + PUBLICATION MEDIUM + RETRIEVAL DATE
All the details you need for each part will be found on the source itself. Instructions and examples of
how to format each part are given over the page.
AUTHOR
•
This identifies the creator or principal contributor of the source.
•
It could be a person or it could be a group (organisation or government).
•
Some sources may have more than one author.
•
This is the full title of the source in the words and spelling of the source.
•
If your source is part of a larger work (e.g., article from a journal; chapter from
a book; post or page from a website), you need to include the title of the part
and the title of the larger work.
•
This identifies the publisher and their location (city).
•
For sources published only online, give the publisher/sponsor of the website.
Place of publication is not needed.
•
This information can usually be found with the copyright information.
•
This identifies the year or specific date the source was made available in the
version you accessed. Use the copyright year/date if this is shown.
When was the
source published?
•
For online sources, use the year or specific date the content was created (for a
page or document) or the date of posting (for a post).
PUBLICATION
MEDIUM
•
The publication medium describes the how the source has been made
available. Some examples are: ‘Print’, ‘Web’, ‘Television’, ‘CD’, etc.
•
Some material is made available in more than one form. Give the medium of
the form you accessed.
•
The publication medium must be included in all entries.
•
This is the date you accessed the source online.
•
MLA style does not require URLs, so do not include unless you are instructed
by your lecturer or teacher to do otherwise.
Who created the
source?
TITLE
What is the source
called?
PUBLISHER INFO
Who made the
source available in
the form I used?
PUBLICATION
YEAR/DATE
Is there a Digital
Object Identifier
(DOI)?
RETRIEVAL DATE
When did I access
the source online?
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Below are instructions for formatting the parts of a Works Cited entry. Note that every part ends with
a full stop, and there is a space after each punctuation mark.
AUTHOR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFO + YEAR + PUBLICATION MEDIUM + RETRIEVAL DATE
Author (MLA)
1 AUTHOR
Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Sydney: Picador, 2001. Print.
•
Give the author’s surname plus the given name/s or initials as shown on the source.
2–3 AUTHORS
Hall, Jane. L., and Brian. T. Ashton. A Spoonful of Valour …
Guong, Gina, Terry L. Ferris, and Erin Henderson. Rainfall …
•
•
Name all authors. Give first author with surname first; other authors with given name first.
Separate by commas, join last author by ‘and’.
4 OR MORE AUTHORS
Donat, Tao, et al. “Cardiovascular Health of European…
•
Name first author followed by ‘et al.’ (a Latin abbreviation for ‘et alia’, Latin for ‘and others’.
GROUP AUTHOR (GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION)
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Rural Health …
Victoria. Dept. of Treasury and Finance. Output Specification …
•
•
•
Give name of group.
Give government name in front of agency name (where applicable).
Use common abbreviations (e.g., ‘Dept.’).
LEGISLATION/CRIMINAL CASES (GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION)
Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187  TITLE in CIVIL CASE LAW
Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1)
 TITLE in STATUTES
• No punctuation is required when citing legislation/criminal case.
• Formatting of civil law cases appears the same in your text as in the Works Cited list. See the
section on how to present a Works Cited list for more examples.
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Title (MLA)
BASIC
Harris, Miles. The Mighty Yarra: Rivers of Victoria. …
Australia. Department of Health and Ageing. “Aged Care.” YourHealth. Dept. of Health and
Ageing, 2009. Web. 27 Dec. 2009.
•
•
•
•
Give the title in italics in the wording and spelling shown on the source.
Separate title and subtitle by a colon.
Give initial capitals to the first, last and principal words of the title and the subtitle.
If source is part of a larger work, give title of part in quotation marks before title of larger work.
NO TITLE
Jensen, Paul. R. Wartime Navy Reminiscences. Brisbane: ….
•
Give a brief descriptive title in your own words. No italics or quotation marks.
Publisher information (MLA)
Gourley, Dianne. Action Man. Chicago: Bellinger, 2002. Print.
Australia. Department of Health and Ageing. “Aged Care.” YourHealth. Dept. of Health and
Ageing, 2009. Web. 27 Dec. 2009.
•
•
•
•
Give city and name of publisher. Add state (initials) or country if needed for extra identification.
Separate city and state/country by a comma and publisher by a colon.
If there is more than one city named on the source, give the first-named city.
If a source is published only online, give name of publisher/sponsor after the website name.
Year (MLA)
BASIC
Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Sydney: Picador, 2001. Print.
Normoyle, C. “Nurses’ Wellbeing.” Australian Nursing Journal 20.10 (2013): 30–33. Print.
Greendale, Nilma. “Road Toll Rising.” Age [Melbourne] 4 May 2006. 13. Print.
•
•
Add year after publisher details for books, or in round brackets after issue details for journals.
Add month (abbreviate if long) and day for sources with specific publication dates.
NO YEAR/DATE
Gardiner, Ian T. Life in Rural Australia. Adelaide: Phoenix, n.d. Print.
•
Use ‘n.d.’ (stands for ‘no date’) if no year/date can be found on the source.
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Publication medium (MLA)
Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Sydney: Picador, 2001. Print.
Perry, Katy. Prism. Capitol, 2013. CD.
Youakim, Sami. “Work-related Asthma.” American Family Physician 64.11 (2001): 1839–52.
Health Reference Center. Web. 12 Jan. 2002.
•
•
Give the publication medium (of the form you used) after the publisher information.
Give at the end of the entry for non-online sources; or before retrieval date for online sources.
Retrieval date (MLA)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. “Robonaut Supports Telemedicine Advances.”
Online video clip. YouTube. YouTube, 18 May 2013. Web. 16 Jan. 2014.
•
•
•
Give the date that you accessed the source online as the last part of the entry.
Use standard abbreviations for months.
Break URLs (if needed) after a slash.
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How to present an MLA Works Cited list
How to set up the list
• Begin the list on a new page at the end of your work.
• Give the list the centred heading ‘Works Cited’.
• Use double line-spacing and a hanging indent (approx. 0.75 cm or 4-5 spaces).
• If a DOI or URL needs to be broken, break before a slash or punctuation mark.
What to include
• Give an entry for every recoverable source you have cited in the text.
• Don’t add entries for material you have not used, however relevant.
How to arrange the entries
• List entries alphabetically by author.
• List entries with no author by title. (Ignore ‘A’ or ‘An’ or ‘The’ as first words.)
• If you have more than one entry with same author, list alphabetically by title.
• Use a long dash (or three hyphens) to stand for repeating author’s name.
Example of an MLA Works Cited list
Works Cited
Anderson, Tania D. Panel Data: A Primer. New York, Paragon, 1985. Print.
Baxter, B. H. Models of Economic Analysis. Sydney: Wiley, 2005. Print.
Breen, H. P. “An Empirical Test of the Impact of Managerial Self-Interest on Corporate
Capital Structure.” Journal of Finance 43.2 (1977): 271-281. Print.
Chen, J.J. “Determinants of Capital Structure of Swedish Companies.” Journal of
Business Research 27.12 (2004), 41-52. Web. 13 Jan. 2014.
Dorgan, Delia. Future Funds. Melbourne: Penguin, 1972. Print.
Friedman, B. M. Corporate Capital Structure in the United States. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1985. Print.
Hillsdon, Maria. Basic Econometrics. 4th ed. Sydney: Hill, 2004. Print.
—. Computational Methods. Melbourne: Lansdowne, 2004. Print.
—. Statistical Analysis Primer. Melbourne: Lansdowne, 2002. Print.
Johnson, A., and S. Hanson. “Determinants of Capital Structure: Theory vs Practice.”
Scandinavian Journal of Management, 11.2 (1995): 91-102. Web. 18 Dec. 2013.
Keen, Rex P. Strategy, Structure and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 2004. Print.
Oakes, J. D., W. T. Woo, S. Fisher, and G. Hughes. “Structural Factors in Economic
Reforms in Sweden.” Economic Policy 9.18 (1994): 101-145. Print
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Examples of MLA Works Cited entries
Look for your source in the table below, then find the numbered example on the following pages
where examples are grouped according to type. Each grouping of examples has a template and
explanatory notes.
Examples for online material are included in the groups, not presented as a separate list. To help
you, the numbers of the online examples have been formatted in bold in the table below.
If you don’t know where to start, look under the material type and if there is a relevant online
example, it will be included in that grouping. If your source is in print and the example is for online (or
vice versa) you can still use the example, just modify it for the version you accessed.
If you aren’t clear how to format the individual parts of the entry, return to the beginning of this
section for instructions on formatting author, title, and so on.
If you can’t find an example in this table or on the following pages that matches your source, look for
one in a similar category and customise to fit your particular material.
TYPE OF SOURCE
EXAMPLE NO.
Audiobook (CD, audio file)
7, 8
37
Blog post
TYPE OF SOURCE
Online discussion
EXAMPLE NO.
34, 35, 36, 37
PDF posted on website
73
Book, print basic
1
Personal communication
38
Book, different edition
2
Podcast
39
Book, edited collection
3
PowerPoint slideshow
21
Book, edited collection chapter
4
Radio broadcast
56
Book, multi-volume
2
Reports, government or corporate
42, 43
Review
44, 45
5, 6
Book, online/e-book
Brochure
10
Secondary source
Conference material, presented
11
Software, App
46, 47
Conference material, published
12, 13
Speech, Performance, live
48, 49
5, 6
E-book
Email, Letter
38
14, 15, 16
Encyclopedia entry
Exhibition catalogue
9
Speech, Performance, recorded
77
50, 51, 52, 53
Standards, Australian
54
Television current affairs broadcast
55
Television series episode
57, 58, 59, 60
Facebook post
36
Thesis
61, 62
Film
62
Tweet
35
Image
24, 71
17
Interview transcript
Video file, post
22, 50, 63, 64
Video, Film, DVD, studio production
65, 66, 67, 68
Journal article
18, 19, 20
Video game
69
Lecture or class material
21, 22, 23
Visual artwork, original
70
Map, chart, diagram, image
26
Media release
Music recording (CD, LP, online)
Newspaper, magazine article
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24, 25
31, 32, 33
27, 28, 29, 30
Visual artwork, reproduction
Website document (stand-alone)
Website page/post (general)
Website (general)
GENERAL GUIDE TO REFERENCING 2016 EDITION
71, 72
73
74, 75
76
Page 109
Book, print
TEMPLATE
EX
1
MLA
Author. Title. City: Publisher, Year. Publication medium.
BASIC
Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Sydney: Picador, 2001. Print.
EX 2
DIFFERENT EDITION or MULTI-VOLUME
Goh, Lee. African Voyages. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Montreal: Greyguides, 1984. Print.
EX
3
EDITED COLLECTION
Mills, Alice, and Jeremy Smith, eds. Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable. New York:
Peter Lang, 2001. Print.
EX 4
CHAPTER FROM EDITED COLLECTION
Chapter author

Chapter title

Book title

Brown, Janet. “Silence, Taboo and Infectious Disease.” Utter Silence: Voicing the
Unspeakable. Ed. Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith. New York: Peter Lang, 2001.
83–91. Print.


Book editor/s (Given name then surname)
Chapter page range
NOTES
•
BASIC: Give author, title (italics), place and name of publisher and year, and publication medium.
•
DIFFERENT EDITION: Add edition description after title. Edition information is only given for editions other
than the first. If no edition statement is shown on the book, assume it is the first (and no statement needed).
•
MULTI-VOLUME: Add volume number/s after title. Give all volumes (e.g., ‘3 vols.’) if you are citing a whole
work; or the volume number if citing an individual volume (e.g., ‘Vol. 2’).
•
EDITED COLLECTION: Give editor/s in author position followed by ‘ed.’ or ‘eds’.
•
CHAPTER FROM EDITED COLLECTION: Give chapter author and title (in quotation marks). Give book title
(italics). Give editor/s name/s (given name then surname) preceded by ‘Ed.’. Add page range of chapter in
round brackets (no italics) after publication information.
Book, online, e-book
TEMPLATE
EX
5
MLA
Author. Title. City: Publisher, Year. Website/Database Name (if accessed online).
Publication medium. Retrieval date (if accessed online).
LIBRARY E-BOOK
Hampden-Turner, Charles, and Fons Trompenaars. Building Cross-Cultural Competence:
How to Create Wealth from Conflicting Values. New Haven: Yale University Press,
2000. EBSCOhost. Web. 23 Dec. 2013.
EX
6
ACCESSED VIA E-READER
Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003. Kindle file.
NOTES
•
Treat as for a print book, including publisher information.
•
If accessed online, add website/database name, ‘Web’ as publication medium, and retrieval date.
•
If accessed offline as a digital file, add file type as publication medium. Retrieval date not required.
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Book, audio recording
TEMPLATE
EX
7
MLA
Author. Title. Narr. Recording label, Year. Website Name (if online). Publication
medium. Retrieval date (if online).
CD
FitzSimons, Peter. Kokoda. Narr. Lewis FitzGerald. ABC Audio, 2013. CD.
EX
8
ONLINE
Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. Narr. Peter Batchelor. Trout Lake Media, 2013. Audible.
Web. 15 Aug. 2013.
NOTES
•
Give author and title. Add reader’s name after title preceded by ‘Narr.’ (abbreviation of ‘Narrator’).
•
Give name of recording label/publisher.
•
If accessed online, give name of website and date of retrieval.
Brochure, pamphlet or catalogue
TEMPLATE
EX
9
MLA
Author. Title. City: Publisher, Year. Website Name (if online). Publication medium.
Retrieval date (if online).
EXHIBITION CATALOGUE (PRINT)
Taylor, Elena. Australian Impressionists in France. Exhibition catalogue. Melbourne:
National Gallery of Victoria, 2013. Print.
EX
10
BROCHURE (ONLINE)
Parks Victoria. Fire Ecology in the Grampians. Melbourne: Author, 2004. Brambuk
National Park and Cultural Centre. Web. 18 Dec. 2013.
NOTES
•
Give publication year or date as shown on document. Give title in italics.
•
If publisher is also the author, use ‘Author’ to stand for author’s name.
•
ONLINE: Add website name (italics) before publication medium, Web and retrieval date.
Conference paper presented (unpublished)
TEMPLATE
EX
11
MLA
Presenter. “Title of Paper.” Meeting Name. Location. Day Month Year. Format.
Wenzel, Barry Q. “Films of Fellini.” Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies.
Ballarat, Australia. 4 June 1998. Presentation.
NOTES
•
Give presenter’s name, title of paper (quotation marks), followed by name of meeting and organisation,
location and date. Add description (examples, Speech, Lecture or Presentation).
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Conference paper published in proceedings
TEMPLATE
EX 12
MLA
Author. “Title of Paper.” Proceedings of Name of Conference. Ed. Editor. City:
Publisher, Year. Page range of paper. Website Name (if online). Publication
medium. Retrieval date (if online).
PAPER IN PROCEEDINGS
Carbone, Angela et al. “Designing Programming Tasks to Elicit Self-Management
Metacognitive Behaviour.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers
in Education. Ed. B. Werner. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society, 2002. 533-34.
IEEE Xplore. Web. 22 Jan. 2014.
EX
13
WHOLE PROCEEDINGS
Murphy, C. “Job Design and Leadership.” Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of
the International Employment Relations Association. Ed. Gordon Stewart and Paul
Hyland. Rockhampton: CQU, 2004. 1–13. Print.
NOTES
•
Treat like a book chapter from an edited collection. Give author/s of paper, title of paper (in quotation marks),
title and editor of proceedings, publication information, page range and publication medium.
•
ONLINE: Add website name before publication medium (‘Web’) and give date of access.
•
If using the whole proceedings as a source, treat like a book (edited collection).
Encyclopedia entry
TEMPLATE
EX
14
MLA
Author. “Title of Entry.” Title of Work. City: Publisher, Year. Publication medium.
Retrieval date (if online).
PRINT
Reed, D. L. “Black Holes.” The Encyclopedia of Science. 3rd ed. Vol. 4. New York:
Academic Resources, 2003. 501–08. Print.
EX
15
E-BOOK
McColl, Graham. “Abba.” Encyclopedia of Music in the 20th Century. Ed. Lee Stacy and
Lol Henderson. London: Routledge, 2014. Kindle file.
EX
16
ONLINE
“Watergate Scandal.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2013.
NOTES
** Check with your teacher or lecturer before using Wikipedia as a reference source.
•
Treat like a chapter from a book. (If using the whole work, treat like a book.)
•
Give author of entry if one is named, otherwise begin with title.
•
Give title of entry (in quotation marks) and title of whole work (italics).
•
Add page, edition and volume numbers (if applicable) after title for print (and print versions online).
•
Place and publisher are not needed for widely used reference works; just give year.
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Interview
TEMPLATE
EX
17
MLA
Interviewee. “Title.” By Interviewer. Day Month Year. Title of Whole Work. Website
Name (if online) Publisher, Date. Publication medium. Retrieval date (if online)
ONLINE (TRANSCRIPT)
Armstrong, Neil A. “An Interview with Neil Armstrong.” By S. E. Ambrose. 19 Sept. 2001.
Transcript. Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. NASA. NASA, 2001. Web. 8
Nov. 2013.
NOTES
•
Interviews can be used as references if recoverable by your reader (e.g., transcripts or audio/video
files/recordings). Treat private or informal interviews as personal communications (See Ex 38).
•
Give the interviewee’s name at the beginning of the entry. Give the title, if there is one, in quotation marks
followed by the interviewer’s name. If no title, use the statement ‘Interview by’ and the interviewer’s name.
Format the rest of the entry according to the category of material accessed.
Journal article
TEMPLATE
EX
18
MLA
Author. “Title of Article.” Journal Name vol.issue (Year): Page range. Publication
medium. Retrieval date (if online).
PRINT
Author

Article

Journal Name

Volume Issue Year Pages Medium
 



Normoyle, C. “Nurses' Wellbeing.” Australian Nursing Journal 20.10 (2013): 30–33. Print.
EX
19
ONLINE
Moran, Wendy. “Enhancing Understanding of Teaching and the Profession Through
School Innovation Rounds.” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 39.3 (2014).
Web. 23 Jan 2014.
EX
20
ABSTRACT
Davinder Parsad, Sunil Dogra, and Amrinder Jit Kanwar. Abstract. “Quality of Life in
Patients with Vitiligo.” Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1.58 (2003): 58. PubMed.
Web. 10 Sept. 2013.
NOTES
•
Give author and title of article (quotation marks). If source is an abstract, letter or review, add ‘Abstract’,
‘Letter to the editor’ or ‘Review of …’ (name the work being reviewed)’ after author.
•
Give journal name in italics. Give volume and issue numbers separated by a full stop, no space between. Give
year of publication in round brackets, a colon and page range (if pages are shown).
•
ONLINE: Add website name (if different from name of journal) before publication medium (Web).
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Lecture or class material
TEMPLATE
EX
21
MLA
Author. “Title.” Description. Website Name (if online). Publisher, Year/Date.
Publication medium. Retrieval date (if online).
ONLINE DOCUMENT/FILE
Barrett, Keith. “Cell Structure.” PowerPoint slides. Barrett College. Barrett Education, 19
June 2010. Web. 2 July 2013.
EX
22
ONLINE LECTURE
Lucas, Jennifer. “Drought Tolerant Plants: Introductory Lecture.” Online video clip.
YouTube. YouTube, 4 Sept. 2012. Web. 6 Sept. 2012.
EX
23
PRINT HANDOUT
Huang, Lee “The Cost of Retribution.” Lecture material, Ethics 123, Central University,
Townsville. 5 March 2012. Lecture.
NOTES
** Check with your teacher or lecturer before including lecture/class material in the Works Cited list.
LIVE CLASSES, LECTURES AND PRESENTATIONS: These are not recoverable so are not included in the
reference list. Treat as personal communications; e.g., ‘… in a lecture on chaos theory (M. Green, personal
communication, May 1, 2009) …’
•
ONLINE LECTURES AND PRESENTATIONS: These are recoverable so they can be included in the
reference list if permitted by your teacher or lecturer. Treat according to publication type (e.g., video post,
podcast, stand-alone document, etc.).
•
PRINT CLASS MATERIAL, HANDOUTS: If permitted for use as a source, treat as above.
Map, chart, illustration, figure, image
TEMPLATE
EX
24
MLA
“Title”. Description. Title of Work or Website Name (if online). Publisher, Year.
Publication medium. Retrieval date (if online).
PRINT
“Old Hobart Town.” Chart. Colonial Settlement in Tasmania. By P. E. Timms. Hobart: Tiger
Press, 2006. 13. Print.
EX
25
ONLINE
“City of Casey: Local Council Boundaries.” Map. Victorian Electoral Commission. Victorian
Electoral Commission, 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
NOTES
•
PRINT: Give the title of the item in quotation marks. (If no title or caption, give a short description without
quotation marks.) Give a description of its form (e.g., ‘Map’, ‘Chart’), followed by the title, author, publication
details, and page of the work containing it.
•
ONLINE: Give the title of the item in quotation marks. (If no title or caption, give a short description without
quotation marks.) Give a description of its form (e.g., ‘Map’, ‘Chart’), followed by website name, website
publisher and year, publication medium, and retrieval date.
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Media release
TEMPLATE
EX
26
MLA
Author. Title. Description. Website Name (if online). City: Publisher (or just publisher
if online), Day Month Year. Publication medium. Retrieval date (if online).
ONLINE
Qantas. Response to Industrial Action. Media release. Qantas. Qantas, 29 Oct. 2011.
Web. 30 Oct. 2011.
Music recording
TEMPLATE
EX
31
MLA
Performer. “Title of Song.” By A. Writer (if different from performer). Title of Album.
Label, Year. Website Name (if online). Form. Retrieval date (if online).
SINGLE TRACK (LP)
Sinatra, Frank. “Autumn in New York.” By Vernon Duke. Come Fly With Me. Capitol,
1958. LP.
EX
32
SINGLE TRACK (ONLINE)
Sebastian, Guy. “Big Bad World.” Armageddon. Sony Music Australia, 2012. Apple
iTunes. Web. 12 Jan. 2014.
EX
33
ALBUM (CD)
Perry, Katy. Prism. Capitol, 2013. CD.
NOTES
•
SINGLE TRACK/SONG: Give name of performer and title of song (in quotation marks). Give name of
songwriter if different from performer. Give album title (italics), and name of recording label and year. Add
form (e.g., LP, CD, Web, etc.).
•
WHOLE ALBUM: Give name of performer, album title (italics), label and year, and form.
•
ONLINE: Give website name before publication medium (‘Web’) and give retrieval date. If available originally
in another form, add original publisher (label) and year.
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Newspaper, magazine article
TEMPLATE
EX
27
MLA
Author. “Article Title.” Newspaper/Magazine Name [City (if not in name)] Day Month
Year: page. Publication medium. Retrieval date (if online).
BASIC
Hunt, Jim. “Assassin Kills Kennedy.” Chicago Tribune 22 Nov. 1963: 1+. Print.
EX
28
SEPARATE SECTION
Rousseau, Nina. “Arrival of the Spice Setters.” Age [Melbourne] 3 June 2008, Epicure sec.:
4. Print.
EX
29
ONLINE REPLICA OF PRINT EDITION
Craig, Brian. “Australia and the World Shares Mrs Holt’s Sorrow.” Australian Women’s
Weekly 10 Jan. 1968: 2–3. Trove. Web. 8 Dec. 2013.
EX
30
ONLINE EDITION
Rosen, Len. Letter. “Occupy Starbucks.” New York Times. New York Times, 22 Jan. 2014.
Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
NOTES
•
Give author, or start with title if no author.
•
Give title (quotation marks). If needed, add description (e.g., Letter) before title, or give alone.
•
Give newspaper/magazine name (italics). Omit ‘The’ if at beginning. If city is not in name, add this in square
brackets, no italics. If separate section, add name (no italics) after title.
•
Give date of publication followed by page numbers (no ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’). If non-consecutive, add plus sign (Ex 27).
•
ONLINE: Give website name (italics), publisher of website, date of publication, medium of publication (Web),
and retrieval date. If article is a digital replica of print edition, include page numbers.
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Online discussion, social media
TEMPLATE
EX
34
MLA
Author. (screen name). “Title.” Form. Website Name. Day Month Year of post. Web.
ONLINE COMMENT
GeekBoy. “Re: Who’s messing with Twitter search?” Online forum comment. Techcrunch.
9 Oct. 2008. Web.
EX
35
TWEET
West, Kanye (kanyewest). “Thank you, Mandela, for your life's work and may it serve as a
guiding light to illuminate our future.” 9 Dec. 2013, 8.22 a.m. Tweet.
EX
36
FACEBOOK POST
Coles Supermarkets. “Good News: In another national supermarket first, we’re pleased to
announce 100% of our Coles Brand fresh chicken is now RSPCA Approved.”
Facebook post. Facebook. 2 Jan. 2014. Web.
EX
37
BLOG POST
Daly, Michael. “Pennsylvania student proves you could buy ingredients for a WMD on
Amazon.” Blog post. The Daily Beast. 28 Jan. 2014. Web.
NOTES
This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable (i.e., open access). Posts that are protected by
privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Ex 38).
•
Give real name. Add screen name (if one) in round brackets, or give alone if real name unknown.
•
Give post/comment/tweet as the title (in quotation marks).
•
Add form (e.g., ‘Tweet’, ‘Facebook post’, ‘Photograph’, etc.) title. (Use ‘Twitter page’ or ‘Facebook page’ if
using someone’s entire feed/timeline as a source.)
•
Give date of post/comment/tweet. Retrieval date is not necessary for items with a specific associated date
(e.g., individual tweets, posts, etc.), but is necessary for whole feeds/pages.
Personal communication
TEMPLATE
EX
38
MLA
Communicator. Communication type with the author. Day Month Year. Form.
Gerlich, Erin. Personal communication with the author. 7 June 2008. Email.
NOTES
•
This treatment applies to communications between you and another person in letters, emails, conversations,
personal interviews, or posts/comments on social media or other sites protected by privacy settings.
•
Give the name of the communicator (seek approval) and use the description ‘Personal communication with
the author’ (i.e., you). Give the date of the communication and the form (e.g., ‘Email’, ‘Message’).
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Podcast
TEMPLATE
EX
39
MLA
“Episode Title.” Principal contributor. Podcast Title. Publisher, Day Month Year. File
type.
“Casualties in the Supermarket War.” Pres. Hagar Cohen. Background Briefing. ABC
Radio National, 29 Dec. 2013. MP3 file.
NOTES
•
Give title of podcast episode (in quotation marks). Give role and name of principal contributor. Give title of
podcast/program (italics).
•
Give publisher, date of publication, and publication medium (Web) or file type if accessed offline.
Report, government or corporate
TEMPLATE
MLA
Author. Title. Series number. City: Publisher, Year. Publication medium.
PRINT GOVERNMENT REPORT
EX
40
EX
41
EX
42
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia’s Health 2004. AIHW Cat. No.
AUS 44. Canberra: Author, 2004. Print.
PRINT CORPORATE REPORT
Myer. Annual Report 2015. Melbourne: Author, 2015. Print.
ONLINE PDF DOCUMENT
Australia. Dept. of Defence. 2016 Defence white paper. Canberra: Author, 2016.
Australian Government Dept. of Defence. 22 June 2016. Web.
EX
43
PRINT FACTSHEET
Victoria. Dept. of Education & Training. Resources for inclusion. Melbourne: Author, 2015.
Fact sheet.
NOTES
** Check with your teacher or lecturer before using a factsheet as a reference source. These are usually not
acceptable as academic sources unless as objects of research.
•
Give author. Use common abbreviations for groups’ e.g. ‘Dept. of Defence’, ‘Dept. of Treasury and Finance.’
•
Give title of report in italics. Add any series name or number (no italics) after title.
•
Give publication details. If published by author, use the word ‘Author’ for publisher name.
•
ONLINE: Add website name (italics), publisher and publication date, publication medium (‘Web’), and retrieval
date.
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Review
TEMPLATE
EX
44
MLA
Reviewer. (Year/Date). “Title of Review.” Rev. of Title of Work Reviewed, role and
Name of Principal Contributor. Title of Work containing review. Date of
publication. Publication medium. Retrieval date (if online).
FILM REVIEW (PRINT NEWSPAPER)
Schembri, Jim. Rev. of Australia, dir. Baz Luhrmann. Age [Melbourne] 10 Nov. 2008: 8.
Print.
EX
45
THEATRE REVIEW (ONLINE)
Croggon, Alison. Rev. of Private Lives, by Noel Coward. Melbourne Theatre Company.
Southbank Theatre, Melbourne. Guardian Australia 31 Jan. 2014. Web. 7 Feb. 2014.
NOTES
•
•
•
•
Give author and date of review.
Give title of review (quotation marks) followed by ‘Rev of’, the title of work being reviewed (italics) and the
role/s and name/s of the primary contributor/s. If review has no title, give description alone.
Format remaining parts according to the publication type (e.g., newspaper article, online post, etc.).
ONLINE: Add website name before publication medium (‘Web’) and retrieval date.
Software, app
TEMPLATE
MLA
Title of Software (Version number). Form. Website Name (if online). Company, Year.
Publication medium. Retrieval date (if online).
EX
46
Weather Flow (Version 1.5.0). Mobile phone application. Windows Phone. Microsoft, 2013.
Web. 12 Dec. 2013.
EX
47
Dolphin (Version 4.0.2). Computer software. Official Dolphin Emulator. Dolphin Emulator
Project, 2013. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.
NOTES
•
•
Only give reference entries for specialised software with limited distribution. No reference entry is needed for
standard software and programming languages.
Give title of software followed by version number in round brackets. Add description after version number.
Give name of company and year of production. If accessed online, add website name before publication
medium (‘Web’) and retrieval date.
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Speech, performance, live
TEMPLATE
MLA
Performer/Speaker. “Title of Performance.” Title of Whole Work. Venue, City. Day
Month Year of performance. Form.
EX
48
Andrews, Martin. “The Poems of Philip Larkin.” Poetry Live. Federation Square,
Melbourne. 15 June 2012. Reading.
EX
49
Perfect, Eddie. Misanthropology. The Famous Spiegeltent, Sydney. 13 Jan. 2011.
Performance.
NOTES
•
•
•
Give speaker/performer at beginning of entry.
Give title in italics if it is a stand-alone production. If part of a larger work, or if a speech or lecture, use
quotation marks.
Give name and location of venue, date of performance, and form (e.g., Reading, Lecture, Performance).
Speech, performance, recorded
TEMPLATE
EX
50
MLA
Performer. “Title.” Title of whole work (where applicable). Date recorded. Label, Year
(or Website Name and date, if online). Publication medium. Date retrieved (if
online).
PERFORMANCE (CD)
Seinfeld, Jerry. I’m Telling You for the Last Time: Live on Broadway. Performance. 9 Aug.
1998. Universal, 1998. CD.
EX
51
SPEECH RECORDING (VINYL)
Churchill, Winston. “In a Solemn Hour.” Winston Churchill: A Selection from his Famous
Wartime Speeches. Recorded 19 May 1940. Decca, 1964. LP.
EX
52
SPEECH RECORDING (ONLINE VIDEO)
Kennedy, John F. “Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner).” Speech. 26 June 1963. Online
video clip. American Rhetoric. American Rhetoric, 17 June 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.
EX
53
SPEECH RECORDING (ONLINE AUDIO)
King, Martin Luther, Jr. “I Have a Dream.” Speech. 28 August 1963. Online audio clip. King
Institute. The King Center, 2013. Web. 6 Jan. 2014.
NOTES
•
Give speaker/performer at beginning of entry.
•
Give title of whole show/performance in italics. Give title of speeches/acts in quotation marks.
•
Give date of recording, description of form and label and year of publication.
•
ONLINE: Add website, publisher, publication medium, and date of access.
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Standards, Australian
TEMPLATE
EX
54
MLA
Author. Standard title (Standard number). City/Country: Publisher, Year.
REFERENCE ENTRY (Australian Standard)
Standards Australia. Residential timber framed construction – simplified - non-cyclonic
areas: formal specifications (AS 1684.4:2010). Sydney: Standards Australia, 2010.
Television/radio news or current affairs broadcast
TEMPLATE
EX
55
MLA
Title of Program. Role and Principal Contributor. Broadcast or publication details.
Publication medium.
TELEVISION BROADCAST
A Current Affair. Nine Network, Melbourne, 12 Nov. 2013. Television.
EX
56
RADIO BROADCAST
Sunday Profile. Pres. Monica Attard. ABC Radio 774, Melbourne, 18 Aug. 2009. Radio.
NOTES
•
•
Give program title (italics) and role and name of series principal contributor/s.
Give broadcast station, city and broadcast date and publication medium ‘Television’ or ‘Radio’.
Television series episode
TEMPLATE
EX
57
MLA
“Title of Episode.” Role and Principal Contributor. Title of Series. Role and Principal
Contributor. Broadcast or publication details. Website Name (if online).
Publication medium. Retrieval date (if online).
TELEVISION BROADCAST
“Application Anxiety.” Dir. Gail Mancuso. Gilmore Girls. Nine Network. WINTV, Ballarat. 13
Sept. 2005. Television.
EX
58
ONLINE VIDEO
“The Eternity Ring.” Dir. Stuart Orme. Television series episode. Foyle’s War. Prod. J.
Green. ABC iview. Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2014. Web. 12 Dec. 2013.
EX
59
DVD (SINGLE EPISODE)
“Madrigal.” Dir. Michelle MacLaren. Television series episode. Breaking Bad. Prod. Vince
Gilligan. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2012. DVD.
EX
60
DVD (WHOLE SERIES)
Breaking Bad. Prod. Vince Gilligan. Television series. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment,
2008–13. DVD.
NOTES
•
•
•
•
Give episode title (quotation marks); role and name of episode’s principal contributor/s (e.g., director and/or
writer); series title (italics); and role and name of series’ principal contributor/s. Various roles have been added
to the examples above to show options.
BROADCAST: Give network, station, city and broadcast date and publication medium ‘Television’.
ONLINE: Give website, publisher and year, publication medium (‘Web’) and retrieval date.
DVD: Give studio and year of production (or year range for whole series).
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Thesis
MLA
TEMPLATE
Author. “Title of Thesis.” Description. Institution, Year. Website Name (if online).
Publication medium. Retrieval date (if online).
PRINT
EX
61
Reid, John Maxwell. “A Cognitive Study Of Dysfunctional Driving Behaviours.” Doctoral
thesis. University of Melbourne, 1998. Print.
ONLINE
EX
62
Ryan, David Andrew. “Crowd Monitoring Using Computer Vision.” Doctoral thesis.
Queensland University of Technology, 2013. QUT ePrints. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.
NOTES
•
PRINT: Give title in quotation marks, followed by description and name and location of institution.
•
ONLINE: Add database or repository name before publication medium (‘Web’) and retrieval date.
Video post
TEMPLATE
MLA
Poster. “Title.” Online video clip. Website Name. Publisher, publication date.
Publication medium. Retrieval date.
EX
63
MarinaHD2001. “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog.” Online video clip. YouTube. YouTube, 10
Feb. 2009. Web. 18 June 2012.
EX
64
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. “Robonaut Supports Telemedicine
Advances.” Online video clip. YouTube. YouTube, 18 May 2013. Web. 16 Jan. 2014.
NOTES
** See also Ex 22 and Ex 52.
•
Give real name plus screen name in round brackets, or just screen name if real unknown.
•
Give title in quotation marks. Add description; e.g., ‘Online video clip.’
•
Give name of website hosting the clip, and publisher and date of publication.
•
Give publisher/sponsor of website and date of publication (posting).
•
Give publication medium as ‘Web’.
•
Give date of retrieval.
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Video, film production (studio production)
TEMPLATE
EX
65
MLA
Title. Role Primary Contributor. Distributor/Studio, Year. Website Name (if online).
Form.
FILM
Back to the Future. Dir. Robert Zemeckis. Universal Pictures, 1985. Film.
EX
66
DVD/BLU-RAY RELEASE
Man of Steel. Dir. Zach Snyder. Warner Bros, 2013. Blu-Ray.
EX
67
DVD/BLU-RAY RE-ISSUE
Vertigo. Dir. Alfred Hitchcock. 1958. Universal Home Entertainment, 2003.
EX
68
ONLINE
Argo. Dir. Ben Affleck. Warner Bros, 2012. Apple iTunes. MP3 file.
NOTES
•
FILM: Give title (italics), role and name of primary contributor (e.g., director or writer), and studio and year of
release. (Various roles have been added to the examples above to show options.)
•
DVD/BLU-RAY: If re-issue of an earlier studio version, add original release year.
•
ONLINE: Add website name before publication medium (either ‘Web’ or file type, depending on how the work
was accessed by you).
Video game
TEMPLATE
EX
69
MLA
Title. Description. Publisher, Year. Form.
Doom. Video game. id software, 1993. CD-ROM.
NOTES
•
Give title (italics) followed by description (no italics).
•
Give name of company and year of release.
•
ONLINE: Add website name before publication medium (‘Web’) and retrieval date.
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Visual artwork
TEMPLATE
EX
70
MLA
Artist. Title of Artwork. Year. Medium. Gallery/Museum, City.
ORIGINAL
Brack, John. The Fish Shop. 1955. Oil on composition board. Heide Museum of Modern
Art, Melbourne.
EX
71
PRINT REPRODUCTION
Brack, John. The Fish Shop. 1955. Oil on composition board. Heide Museum of Modern
Art, Melbourne. Australian Artists. Ed. Howard Bryant. Melbourne: Larwitt, 1993. 46.
Print.
EX
72
ONLINE REPRODUCTION
Brack, John. The Fish Shop. 1955. Oil on composition board. Heide Museum of Modern
Art, Melbourne. NGV. Web. 12 Jan. 2014.
NOTES
•
ORIGINAL: Give artist, title (italics), year, medium, and name and city of gallery.
•
PRINT REPRODUCTION: Treat as for original and add title, author and publication details of the book
containing the reproduction, including the page or plate number of where the artwork appears and publication
medium (‘Print’).
•
ONLINE REPRODUCTION: Treat as for original and add website name and publication medium (‘Web’) and
date of access.
Website document (PDF)
TEMPLATE
EX
73
MLA
Author. Title. City: Publisher, Year. Website Name. Web. Retrieval date.
Parks Victoria. Fire Ecology in the Grampians. Melbourne: Parks Victoria, 2004. Brambuk
National Park and Cultural Centre. Web. 18 Dec. 2013.
NOTES
•
Give the author, title (italics) and publication details of the document.
•
Give the name of website where the document was accessed, the medium (Web) and the retrieval date.
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Website post, page (general treatment)
TEMPLATE
MLA
Author. “Title of Post or Page.” Website Name. Publisher/Sponsor of website,
publication date. Publication medium. Retrieval date.
EX
74
Australia. Department of Health and Ageing. “Aged Care.” YourHealth. Dept. of Health and
Ageing, 2009. Web. 27 Dec. 2009.
EX
75
Fry, Stephen. “An Open Letter to David Cameron and the IOC.” The New Adventures of Mr
Stephen Fry. Stephen Fry, 7 Aug. 2013. Web. 9 Aug. 2013.
NOTES
•
Give the name of the person or group who created the post or page, and the title in quotation marks. If there
is no title, give a short descriptive phrase (no quotation marks).
•
Give the name of the website, the publisher/sponsor of the site, and the year or specific date of the post or
page (as displayed on the individual post or page).
•
Give publication medium (‘Web’) and retrieval date.
Website
MLA
TEMPLATE
EX
NO WORKS CITED ENTRY REQUIRED
76
The video-sharing website YouTube (http://www.youtube.com) is …  IN-TEXT ONLY
NOTES
•
When making a general reference to a website as a whole (i.e., not to a specific document, page or post on
the site), give the URL in round brackets after the mention; no reference entry is needed.
Secondary source
EX
77
MLA
IN YOUR WRITING
Hilferty1 describes the nature of teacher professionalism as ‘an evolving idea that responds
to political, social & historical contexts’ (qtd. in Meldrum and Peters 109).
FOOTNOTE (ORIGINAL SOURCE)
1. Fiona Hilferty. “Teacher Professionalism and Cultural Diversity: Skills, Knowledge
and Values for a Changing Australia.” Australian Educational Researcher 35.3
(2008): 53–70.
WORKS CITED ENTRY (SECONDARY SOURCE)
Meldrum, Kathryn, and Jacqui Peters. Learning to Teach Health and Physical
Education: The Student, the Teacher and the Curriculum. Sydney: Pearson
Australia, 2012.
NOTES
•
When using a source that you found in another (secondary) source, refer to the original in your writing but add
its details as a footnote only. Give a Works Cited entry and an in-text citation for the source you accessed (the
secondary source).
•
To make it clear that you have used a secondary source, include ‘cited in’ (or ‘qtd. in’ for a quotation) in the intext citation.
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General FAQs
What should I call the list of sources at the end of my piece of work?
Different styles use different names for this list. In APA and Australian Harvard styles, it is called
‘References’, in MLA style it is called ‘Works Cited’, and in Chicago/Turabian style it is a ‘Bibliography’.
Use the name that is correct for the style you are using. Instructions on how to present this list can be
found in the section for each particular style earlier in this guide.
Should I include entries for sources that I didn’t use but I think are relevant?
No, only include entries for sources that you have used unless you are instructed otherwise.
Do I number my list of entries or group them into categories?
No, arrange them in a single alphabetical sequence by author regardless of type of material.
Author’s given name and surname—which is which?
We have used the terms ‘given name’ (also known as ‘first name’) and ‘surname’ (also known
as ‘family name’) in this guide when referring to the parts of an author’s name.
You need to be able to tell the difference between the parts when creating your in-text
citations and reference entries. However, they are not always shown in the same order on the
source, which can be confusing.
A simple way of telling which is which is to ‘look for the comma’.
•
If there is a comma between the parts, the part appearing first is the surname.
Gilbert, Brian
Li, Ming
•
If there is no comma between the parts, the part appearing first is the given name.
Brian Gilbert
Ming Li
The title on my source has odd wording and spelling. Should I correct it in my entry?
No, write the title as it appears exactly on the source.
What if my source has no author?
Some sources do not list an author. If this is the case, move the title to the author position. Do
not write ‘Anonymous’ (unless this is shown on the source). Then, when you are organising
your list of entries, alphabetise the title in the same sequence as the author surnames. (Ignore
any ‘A’, ‘An’, or ‘The’ at the beginning of a title when alphabetising—move to the next word.)
What if I found my source in another source?
You may have found—and want to use—information, ideas or words in one source that originally
came from another source; for example, past research findings in a journal article; or newspaper
interview extracts included in a book. In academic writing, the original work (in this case the research
report or newspaper interview) is known as the ‘primary’ source and the place where it is discussed,
analysed or interpreted (in this case the article or book) is the ‘secondary’ source.
When you use material found in this way, it is important to acknowledge the source that you accessed
directly, as well as mentioning the original source. Different styles have different approaches when
referencing secondary sources. An example of how to treat secondary sources according to the four
different styles covered in this guide can be found in the examples section for each style.
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When do I need to give page numbers?
You need to give page numbers in the in-text or note citation when you are quoting from or
referring to a specific part of a work. You need to give page numbers in the
reference/bibliography/works cited entry when your source is part of a larger work, such as an
article in a journal, or a chapter in a book. You should then give the beginning and end
page numbers of that part. For more detail, see the examples section for each style.
Do I need to give the source when using quotations?
Yes, you must always acknowledge the source of any quotations you use. This includes
adding the specific page reference to your in-text or note citation. When you are including
quotations, you need to preserve the exact spelling, punctuation and paragraphing of the
original. It is also important to understand that quotations should be used to support your
argument, not construct it. Only use the exact words of another source when it adds to or
highlights your own idea or interpretation. Don’t use quotes to make the point for you.
What if I put the author’s words into my own words?
Even if you change the words, you still need to acknowledge the source. Using your own
words to express someone else’s words or ideas is called paraphrasing. In most cases, it is
better to paraphrase than to quote directly. Aside from not relying on someone else’s words, it
is also a useful way of testing your own understanding of what the author is saying.
How do I make a URL fit in my reference list?
Website URLs will often automatically shift down a line when they are long, making your
reference list look untidy. In addition, the URL appears blue because the hyperlink is still
active. Generally, when included in a reference list, website URLs may be ‘broken’ before
a slash or punctuation mark to enable a better fit across the page. Also, it is customary to
remove hyperlinks to deactivate them, which will remove the blue colour.
How do I give page numbers for online sources?
If your online source does not display any page numbers, use one of the following
methods to specify the location.
•
Give the closest heading (shortened to a few words) and the paragraph number.
•
If no headings, give paragraph number/s alone (as provided, or counted by you).
•
Location numbers as provided in some e-reader files can be given, but as these
can change according to the device used, they are not always useful. Check
before using if these will be helpful to your reader.
My friend did the same assignment last semester. Can’t I just use the list they used?
No, the reference list/bibliography/works cited list is meant to be a list of the sources you used to
produce your piece of writing.
I forgot to note down all the information I need. Does it matter if I leave out those bits?
No, your entries need to be complete as possible. Try to track down the information through the
Library catalogue, online database or website.
I can’t find an example that fits my source. Is it OK to just leave it out?
No, you need to include an entry for all the sources you have used. Look through the list of
examples for a similar source category and use that template to customise to your source. If you
can’t find a similar template, give as many details as you think your reader would need to
retrieve the source and present them in an order that is consistent with the style you are using.
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