Expansion of the Islam (10.2) Main Ideas •  What caused the “rightly guided” caliphs to succeed in spreading Islam? •  How are Shi’ite Muslims different from Sunni Muslims? •  What helped the Abbasids govern their empire? •  How was trade supported throughout the Muslim Empire? Life AKer Muhammad •  Like ChrisNans, Muslims believe it is their duty to spread religion to new people and places. •  Elect Abu-­‐Bakr as the first Caliph – leader of the Muslim world. –  Caliphate – Rule of the caliphate –  Promised to uphold what Muhammad had stood for. Conflict •  AKer Muhammad’s death, tribes in the Arabian Peninsula abandoned Islam. –  Other tribes refused to pay taxes and others claimed to be prophets. •  To defend Islam, Abu-­‐Bakr declared a “jihad”-­‐ movement to strive for something. –  Used the meaning of jihad to jusNfy and encourage the expansion of the Muslim Empire. Expansion of the Muslim State •  By Abu-­‐Bakr’s death in 634, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia. •  Between the 2nd and 4th caliphs, the Muslim state included Syria, lower Egypt, and parts of the ByzanNum and Sassinanid Empires. –  Stretched 6,000 miles from the AtlanNc Ocean to the Indus River. Expansion of Islam •  Reasons for the successful expansion of the Islam. –  Muslim armies were well disciplined and well commanded –  Saw victories as a sign of Allah’s support. –  The ByzanNne and Sassanaids empires were weakened by constant warfare. –  Persecuted groups welcomed the invaders and adopted Islam for its promise of be_er aKer life for everyone. Rise of the Umayyads •  A family known as the Umayyads rose to power and controlled the Muslim Empire. –  Moved capital from Mecca to Damascus making conquered lands easier to rule. •  Abandoned the simple way of life and surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony like non-­‐Muslim rulers. –  Viewed negaNvely by many Muslims and led to a split in the community. Sunni-­‐Shi’a Split •  Shi’a (Shi’ites): A group of Muslims who resisted the rule of the Umayyads. Believed the caliphate needed to be a descendant of Muhammad. •  Sunni: Believe that Muslim rulers should follow Muhammad’s example. Accepted the rule of the Umayyads. •  Sufi: rejected the luxurious life of the Umayyads and pursued a life of poverty and devoNon to the spiritual path. Rise of the Abbasids •  Helped overthrow the Umayyads and took power in 750 •  In 762 moved capital to Baghdad –  Became center of key trade routes •  Developed a bureaucracy to manage affairs –  Treasury, army, and diplomats –  Taxed land, imports and exports and non-­‐
Muslim’s wealth •  Ruled from 750-­‐1258 Rise of New States •  New states arose and dominated local areas. •  FaEma caliphate: formed by Shi'a Muslims who claimed FaNma was the daughter of Muhammad. –  Stretched from North Africa to Arabia and Syria. –  SNll connected to the Abbasid caliphate. Muslim Trade Networks •  West was connected to all major sea and land trade routes •  Connected the Silk Roads of China and India with Europe and Africa. •  Advantage was they needed only one language (Arabic) •  Set up banks and offered credit –  Sakks •  Could exchange bills of credit for money at any bank Main Ideas •  What caused the “rightly guided” caliphs to succeed in spreading Islam? •  How are Shi’ite Muslims different from Sunni Muslims? •  What helped the Abbasids govern their empire? •  How was trade supported throughout the Muslim Empire?